Cleavage and gastrulation in the shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus ...

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arrest at 32-cells suggests that this state was also shared by
the common ancestor of the Sicyoniidae and Penaeidae. The
stage at mesendoderm cell arrest (32-cells) is also known for
P. indicus, further supporting 32-cells as the ancestral
condition. Finally, in the Euphausiacea, the presumptive
mesendoderm cells also arrest at 32-cells, suggesting that
this was the condition for the last common ancestor of the
Decapoda and the Euphausiacea. In the clade containing
P. japonicus and P. kerathurus, at least two transitions have
occurred for this character, from mesendoderm cell arrest at
32-cells to arrest at either 16- or 64-cells. Given that
P. kerathurus is the most basal member of this clade
(Lavery et al., 2004), the first transition was likely from 32to
16-cells (Fig. 8, step 2), then from 16- to 64-cells (Fig. 8,
step 4).
Finally, the lineage of the primordial endoderm cell as
Xva is shared in S. ingentis and P. vannamei, while the
lineage of this cell is Xdpv in P. kerathurus. If the cell
division pattern can be taken as a reliable indicator of the
endoblasts, then this indicates that Xva was also the
primordial endoderm cell in the last common ancestor of
the Sicyoniidae and the Penaeidae. With the data from
P. vannamei, it is more likely that X dpv was incorrectly
identified as the primordial endoblast in P. kerathurus, and
that Xva is likely to be the correct identity. An early marker
for endoderm would be very useful for a more definitive
identification of the endoderm and solution to these
conflicting results.
In summary, the cell lineage of P. vannamei provides a
reference for an economically important member of the
Dendrobranchiata, as well as comparative data for studies of
the evolution of development in this group and the
Euphausiacea. It will be of interest to obtain additional
data for other members of the Penaeidae, as well as for
the other families of the Dendrobranchiata to test the
hypotheses suggested in Fig. 8.
Acknowledgements
I thank Robert Shleser, Komarey Moss, Kathy Rasher,
Jane Sylvester, and John Ho at Hawaii Oahu Suisan Inc.,
Hawaii for access to and assistance with Penaeus vannamei
broodstock and Athula Wikramanayake, Dept. of Zoology,
University of Hawaii, Manoa for the use of laboratory
facilities. This work was completed during Spring 2002
Research Professorship and Fall 2004 sabbatical leaves
from Central Michigan University.
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