The Biology, Husbandry and Conservation Scimitar-horned Oryx ...

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29 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines resulting in chronic rumenitis (Lechner-Doll et al., 2000). Pellets should be fed to lactating females with young offspring, but the amount should be reduced if scouring is observed in the calves (E. Flach, pers comm.). Some concentrated feeds are reported to contain too little copper leading to symptoms synonymous with copper deficiency (Allen & Oftedal, 1996). This is discussed further in section 15. Table 3. The number of EEP zoos which provide each food item in the summer diet for captive scimitar-horned oryx. The data is derived from the 22 returned questionnaires sent to all EEP institutions holding scimitar-horned oryx. Food stuff Total number of EEP zoos which feed the food stuff to scimitarhorned oryx Pellets 19 Grass/grazing 18 Hay 22 Lucerne hay 8 Mineral salts 22 Maize 5 Oats 8 Barley 4 Fruit 8 Vegetables 10 Browse 8 Dried sugar beet pulp 1 Acacia fruit 1 Sugar beet 1 Bran carrubba 1 Table 4. The number of EEP zoos which provide each food item in the winter diet for captive scimitar-horned oryx. The data is derived from the 22 returned questionnaires sent to all EEP institutions holding scimitar-horned oryx. However only 18 institutions provided data on the winter diet for the oryx. See Appendix H for a nutritional breakdown of some of the food items. Food stuff Total number of EEP zoos which feed the food stuff to scimitar-horned oryx Pellets 15 Grass/grazing 11 Hay 18 Lucerne hay 6 Mineral salts 12 Maize 4 Oats 5 Barley 4 Fruit 7 Vegetables 8 Browse 4 Bran molasses 1
30 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines The pellets themselves are made of a variety of constituents, which vary according to the brand manufacturer. No manufactured pellet should contain meat meal due to the concerns over Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in ungulates. Some EEP institutions report seasonal adjustment to diet to maintain condition of animals in the winter when pasture access is limited, and energy requirements are higher to cope with thermal stress. At Marwell, scimitar-horned oryx have daily access to grazing during the summer months (Knowles & Oliver, 1975), and are provided with ad libitum hay and one kilogram of formulated pellets per animal. During the winter months the animals are maintained off paddock, and oats are added to the diet together with rations of flaked maize if there is a noticeable loss of body condition (Appendix G). Feeding fruit and vegetables should be unnecessary given adequate provision of hay and concentrates. Domestic fruits grown for human consumption are unlikely to match the nutritional composition of wild fruits that the oryx encounter in their natural habitat. These foodstuffs should not be harmful if occasionally offered in small quantities, but should not comprise a significant proportion of the daily diet. Provision of browse is likely to be more suitable as a supplement to hay and concentrates given reports of natural utilisation of woody plants by scimitar-horned oryx. However, as the species is primarily a grazer, browse should be offered in moderation. There may be behavioural benefits to provisioning oryx with browse as it may increase time spent feeding and enable animals to exhibit a greater range of their feeding behavioural repertoire, especially if they are restricted to hard stands. If feeding browse, it is always preferable to offer a range of species rather than just one. Specific vitamin and mineral requirements for scimitar-horned oryx have not been established. Until further information becomes available, it is sensible to base requirements on those for domestic ruminants and to supplement the diet accordingly. Beyond this, it is difficult to be prescriptive as requirements will vary depending on overall dietary husbandry, access to pasture, soil type, and other factors including behavioural stress. While commercially available feed concentrates contain added vitamins and minerals, most EEP institutions provide mineralised salt licks and offer some further vitamin supplement in the diet, with an emphasis on vitamin E to meet anti-oxidant requirements. Despite the scimitar-horned oryx being an arid adapted species which may not drink for several months at a time, in captivity a continuous supply of fresh, clean water should be available at several places in the enclosure. Summary of Dietary Problems Reported in Captive Scimitar-horned Oryx • By far the most prevalent dietary problem associated with captive scimitar-horned oryx is obesity due to overfeeding. Additionally, body reserves accumulated in the autumn are not mobilised in the winter as the animals are maintained on full rations (as opposed to the conditions that their wild conspecifics encounter) (Lechner-Doll et al., 2000). • When commercial concentrates are fed in large quantities, acidosis develops resulting in chronic rumenitis (Lechner-Doll et al., 2000).
Page 1 and 2: The Biology, Husbandry and Conserva
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements We would like to t
Page 5 and 6: Contents Acknowledgements i Forewor
Page 7 and 8: 1 Taxonomy & Nomenclature JUERGEN E
Page 9 and 10: 2 Morphology & Genetics JUERGEN ENG
Page 11 and 12: 5 Part 1: Biology & Conservation 19
Page 13 and 14: 7 Part 1: Biology & Conservation At
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Continued… Group Species
Page 17 and 18: 11 Part 1: Biology & Conservation m
Page 19 and 20: 13 Part 1: Biology & Conservation O
Page 21 and 22: 15 Part 1: Biology & Conservation T
Page 23 and 24: 17 Part 1: Biology & Conservation N
Page 25 and 26: 19 Part 1: Biology & Conservation d
Page 27 and 28: PART TWO Husbandry Guidelines Photo
Page 29 and 30: 22 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines Sev
Page 31 and 32: 24 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines Sin
Page 33 and 34: 26 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines imm
Page 35: 10 Zoo Diet & Nutrition TANIA GILBE
Page 39 and 40: 32 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines but
Page 41 and 42: 34 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines Env
Page 43 and 44: 36 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines Eto
Page 45 and 46: 13 Transport RENATA MOLCANOVA & TAN
Page 47 and 48: 40 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines of
Page 49 and 50: 42 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines Ani
Page 51 and 52: 44 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines Tat
Page 53 and 54: 15 Veterinary guidelines EDMUND FLA
Page 55 and 56: 48 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines c)
Page 57 and 58: 50 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines Fun
Page 59 and 60: 52 Part 2: Husbandry Guidelines It
Page 61 and 62: Bibliography 54 Bibliography Abaiga
Page 63 and 64: 56 Bibliography Bush, M. & Custer,
Page 65 and 66: 58 Bibliography Estes, R.D. (1991a)
Page 67 and 68: 60 Bibliography Gosling, L.M. (1974
Page 69 and 70: 62 Bibliography Krebs, J.R. & Davie
Page 71 and 72: 64 Bibliography Newby, J.E. (1981b)
Page 73 and 74: 66 Bibliography Roth, T.L., William
Page 75 and 76: 68 Bibliography Wakefield, S. (1993
Page 77 and 78: 70 Appendices were also interrelate
Page 79 and 80: 72 Appendices APPENDIX B The Reintr
Page 81 and 82: Appendices After the herd was mixed
Page 83 and 84: 76 Appendices This relates to a juv
Page 85 and 86: 78 Appendices 3. Reintroducing the
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80 Appendices national park had def
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Appendices APPENDIX D The Reintrodu
Page 91 and 92:
Appendices APPENDIX E Other Conserv
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86 Appendices APPENDIX F Captive an
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88 Appendices • herding (male tri
Page 97 and 98:
90 Appendices APPENDIX H Nutritiona
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Table I1. continued… Variable Uni
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Hans-Peter Muller 3 Rue Maarif 1000
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