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Title 

University Library, Singapore. 

The impact of mass media on Sri Lankan villages and the 

changing face of the media scene. 

Author(s) Sunanda Mahendra. 

Citation 

Date 1983 

Sunanda M. (1983). The impact of mass media on Sri 

Lankan villages and the changing face of the media 

scene. In AMIC-Ministry of Information and Broadcasting 

(Pakistan) Regional Seminar on Mass Media, Tradition 

and Change : Islamabad, Mar 28-30, 1983. Singapore: 

Asian Mass Communication Research & Information 

Centre. 

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10220/632 

Rights

ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library 

The Impact Of Mass Media On Sri Lankan Villages 

And The Changing Face Of The Media Scene 

By 

Sunanda Mahendra 

Paper No.15


S- •! 

DK.'SUNANDA MAHENDHA. SHI LANKA T -f^[3 •; • '•'^••• rl[ '" A • •'•'«• ! -^^* 

AMIC - Governaent of Pakistan Seminar on , Mass Media,Tradition and Change. 

KggixxMxricx Islamabad,Pakistan, March 28 - 30,1983. .,-- 

"" 0 

'• ion'-. A 

Sri Lankan radio listner)b)th4 peak listening times and radio channel preferences; 

'•.'niknii •: i i i*"-. • , Pul el • • ••••' 

c) programme preferences A !•- via channels and types} d) the index of programme prefere 

the likes â/ndîslikes of programmes etc; e) technical issues pertaining to 

the listnersi'dii- vairibus patfWnbf the country,the channel distortions interferences 

sound fluctuations etc, f) programr.e/J planr.ing on the part of the listener and 

information' fi"rtxxnigxtlx^ôn various programmes newly introducedêtc. • g) the impa 

of radio listening on the day-to-day life, attitudes and optnion formation etc. 

•. 1 . .' ol nhoi'l 1'"'"; . "~.r« ,/'"

4*-These projefts also helped xxxxxxzxx us to gauge the preferences and information 

gatherings from other media as well and allowed us to understand the present 

state of tfass Media operation in Sri Lanka, especially at the grassroots level. 

v 

Y,0$> Broadcasting scene 

J B5 — 

PH «Over a oeriod of fifty five years $£s&- broadcasting in Sri Lanka has developed with 

s—» " r^^—i" l 

.u 


ixxe/two major regional broadcasting services and a{JJnosco)sponsored Community 

Radiol service affiliated to one of the regional stations. On%ofthe majoY* f-mra-tionis/of 

radio broadcasting in Sri Lanka is that it has become unique medium in the abs/ence 

of private broadcasting agencies. ttFe^»*ifBnl BAky* Broadcasting Corporation 

n un HflZ^. 

£ixi is a g.vern*ment body x«xxxX.challenged by any other agency.XXIXXHBXXXSXX OJ 

gT^vprviir-f»»yr^KyiH»'^» : ?^ t A s the research.r and administrator Anura Gunasekara, 

one of the few Who had actively xxxxixi conducted a survey into variouâreas of 

mass media in the country.^points out: /till 1966 broadcasting CBrporxtXEX in Sri 

Lanka was a function of a Government department.In 1966,the Sri ânka Broadcasting 

p 

Corporation was constituted by an act of arliament and began to function 

withinrf thejframLork of a puhlic XHX^XXEKXX corporation.The main reason for setting 

up a public corporation for broadcasting was to free broadcasting from the 

xfcxEixshKXKS shackles of financial and administrative regulations that would 

apply invariably as long as it remained within the framework of a government 

department.As a public corporation it was believed that the broadcasting corporatior 

would xx have the freedom of a commercial enterprise and the power and backing of a 

# government ministry.Whether the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation lived up to these 

expectations is debatable'^ 

0 ni*" The fi nSL l verdict of Gunasekara has a sixx meaningful tone.It seems tcjus that 

the status given to the Broadcasting Corporation has not xzxxs been achieved from 

the point of view of the radio output over the years. The listening masses seem to 

believe that there shoulabe a drastic change injthe programme output. The listener 

preferences show that they are being constantly disappointed by the broadcasting 

corporation. Several farmers in the area of Puleliya told me that they not being»W3 

by the radio broadcasts.By 'help' what they meant was quite important.There are oevc 

channels declared as 'farmer broadcasts'. But £hny do not serve BSJT purpose for 

them. Thus the ideology of rural broadcasting/needs reassesment.


1^ (w oÛ ^Q-i^CQ^ 

the peak listenening hours are found jt» the early morning transmissions, 

(ie., from 5.30 a.^ to 8.00 a.m) and the late night transmissions, (ie. from 

9.00 p.m. to 11.00 p.m). 

C30'$"Tne following are the types of programmes preferred by listeners of the 

(^NHApC> services (whichks the main listening channel), in order of preference: 

1. Music 83.75 % 

2. Plays and short stories, 6*+.62 % 

3. Quix^Tprogrammes, 50.2? % fci-(4 fs.^^") 

4. News, News programmes and current affairs, 46.27 % 

5. Religious programmes 64.62 V» 

6. Educational Development and Agriculture, 50.27 % 

7. Sports 47.28 % 

8. Children's and Women's 46.28 % 

v «"-' 9. Features and ôetry 46.25 % 

10. Commercials and announcements 39.97 % 

]Q ^ It would be interesting to note here the radio broadcasting channels preferred by 

the listeners in Sri L anka.Following is the order of preference found by me. 

1. Sinhala channel two, ezzzxHXxxxxaf a radio channel Which ZZBZKEZZZZZ 

J) 1 ° ^ 

is designed Zzxza for commercial broadcasting, where the clients who so desire toi*« 

their commodities have the joption of selecting the type of programmes they 

intend to zzxz use.These pro^ramês include mainly j£e remote villge^life and set in villages, light musical 

programmes, quizji. programmes etc. 

2. Sinhala Channel ,one,this channel is also known by the term National service, 

and designed .to suit a more^sophisticated lis&er.But it must xz be xxzx noted that 

the out_put is mpre or less similar in nature and the same type of programme 

producer handles^ \he^materia^tlp-at go into the channel.The average listener deems th 

channel one as a serious seryiafec.caterA


Educational service/- a n cnannel operating from the main station in Colombo,and 

broadcasts/programmes in ixii three languages^ Sinhala, Tamil and English. 

6. Sinhala Channel three, this channel;which was mainly meant for sports 

oroerammes .was closed down recently. 

?. English channel two- like the channel two °inhala this channel was designated *• 

for commeicial broadcasts in English.This channel too was closed down recently, and 

affiliated to the channel one, English. 

8.Tamil channel two. This cha. nel likelthe ckhnnel twoTinhala and English was design' 

ia coAMvefcial broadcasts in the • L amil language.lt is notable that this channel is 

preferred to by the listeners in Jaffaa in Northern part of °ri Lanka and South 

India. 

9. English channel One, like the channel one Sinhala, this channel wasi designed to 

cater to more sophisticated audience^ ialistening^W in) tknEnglish language. 

1C. Tamil Channel One, like the channel one Sinhala and channel oneEnglish this 

•witohno-L n.tiznxx*&xtx is designed to cater to listeners predominantly listening to 

more sophisticated programmes in Tamil yi language. 

11. Educational Service Tamil. 


J 

Radio and cassette players 

It- vv 

It is necessary to note that the traditional mode of listening to radio, 

especially in the rural areas of 3 ri Lanka underwent a drastic change towards 

the end of thejseventies. SkxxgxxxtxxxjsxiB The local listeners who used to 

listen to the main radio »out put of broadcasting programmes from the main station 

a ;N 

in Colombo and the two regional x stations had the added advantage of obtaing 

5 L 

casette players. I e have seen that the use of casettes have had a very significant 

impact on -tJ*e radio listening in the country. Instead of its+en-ing to the programme -0 

output of the above »itaA stations the listener hmrhis own way of listening to 4 

K /music and other features readily available in the market. The broadcasting anmpiAV- 

Hon had over the years tried their tneir best oest to define aeiine the term 'good^J 'good' music as 

against the 'pop' music 

availAWle and sometimes /banned by the board of KXXXKBXZ 

directors .This was especalllly observed during the/seventies when the Director- 

General xka himself sat on judgement on someof the music output of the broadcasting 

Corporation. He had a record player and listened to all the reoords and casettes 

- K 

manufactured in the country.J?hefi.nroduction of 'good' music and other programmes 

was not quite *XKX felt on the xxxx listening masses. #Thus it is sufficient to 

S 

mention here that the coming of the 'casette culture' made a xxxrstir in the 

climate of listening. On onekxi hand the radio broadcasts/in the country are challeng 

S .. . ..M. . . . . . . ' . . .. ft 

of casettes intad ,,j witk the advent 

the country.On the other hand.the ccasette 

production has 'brought about a change in the format of the existing radio 

broadcastingspattern in the country. Recently x the board of directors of the 

^ • l :.; • • • - I... :TI| I Vlt tlV: ' I 1 • 

Sri Laican Broadcasting Corporation kx rejected a certain popular xxxxixixxx 

a * i ; ii" '"••'• '•"••> 'if ' n ' 

serialised radio play. A private company requested the writer concerned to 

; u.. -.-....• i*. V-:.xi;:-::$£ ' i 

design the same material for a castte ( or a xxrxx series of casettes).This 

particufylr casette containing v a sensational/ play is quite popular now. Iîs 

o , m r ! tit'- ' •:" • •.-' i •-'!)•, . 

so observed that somefof the broadcasting material rejected gotfs into many 

S t • '.H.V •:.-« J III. : :»'!ll U„' • •'•" >•!••• 

casettes.This is true especially of music, an area which is constantly a debatable 

subject in the country. The scholars 'in music say that no zxEXKKXBf proper place is 

given to our indigenous music or the traditional music of the country. The radio 

planners on the other hand say that the out put of tradtional music is so 

that the radio listeners are xai constantly worried. So the debate goes on. 

: )i i •;,:;'. "I | r;i\ i i • i. ;iiKlr'?m •>• > • 

• . . • i . iU h-" 1 '! n '•' ''I p I •'


In our surveys we have found that casette users have preferred to use their 

private tapes for entertainjtment purposes as they believo that the radio 

out-out is hardly sufficient for their needs.For instance tin! Sri Lanka private 

vehiclesirxxKX used for commuter transport are £A«ed/with a small gaigmxcasette 

player-cum-radio. Most of the time the drivers and the conductors use their 

private casettes/. In Sri Lanka there vsmxtxxx is one.in each five of the private 

vehicles a rr^yttn r "1"y~r of this sort.In the village of Puleliya I have foun^ the 

the use of the radio cum casette is widely spread. Out of a number of *+20 

f 

respondents interv. ewed, k$ perbent Said that they listened either into the 

channel two of the local radio services, which is predominantly a commercial 

broadcast, and 30 perc»et to the local channel one which is predominantly 

^the 

national services.Out of £*re total number of respondents interviewed 60 

/ L fy 

percent possessed radio cum casette players.In onebf the surceys conducted in the 

year 1980, at the local airport it was found that out of a group of four who comes 

to the country either from the Middle âst or from any pxi other part of the world 

one. brings a casette cum radio with him./This number has gradually decreased 

in the year 198? as the *xaiixi3xiityxBfxtJut purchasing of these casette cum radio 

sets was found possible in the duty free complex withinA the country. But still 

it is found that the number of users of casett sets is increasing and the 

out put of the number of casjettes is also in the increase, My present observation 

is that in f traditional village like Puleliya in the region of North Central 

Province,there is a caafette—infested cultural xkvzk shock.A certain farmer told 

me that '. a casette is a very useful companion who helpd him to keep himself awake 

the night, in his little watch hut in the farmyard (hena)* 

I A certain lorry driver told one of our researchers i&>te the oo« ef oaoettes,that 

'the modern casettes with jazzy type of songs is a very useful companion 

especially when -fas drives b*« lorry in the night. When the entire world is fast xx 

asleep jig—ia- kept alive because of the calibre of songs in the casette 1 

The same researcher who wrote a dissertation txtxtkx point* out that several hotel i 

e A 

keepess have formed the habit of supplying casettes to lorry and bus drivers 

in ordeC to attract their attention on tho>r business. When the bus drivers stop 

near one of these hotels the passengers have to take their meals and that brings


lot of XKKXXX money. Thus it is seen that supplving a casette tape free of charge is 

lw^P^*«/c«- 9/wl ). 

/ It would be quite/interesting to note how the listening «fcto casettes Iwute lowered the 

^cultural values in our society. T'-.is has xisaxkHxyxxxxxx created a steady decrease 

in the pattern of listening to/radio music on the part of the youth in Sri Lanka. 

1 « 

55 percent of the Xouth who used to listen to good music from radio services 

broadcast in 1979 dropped steadj^y_/MxiaE$S££I8xfHXBxxxBxxxxKxxxx«i±xx±xkxxxxxx«±x 

in the year 1982:aa-therhabit formation via casette players intensified.fThis is 

ItvC;,, yy U 

well indicated:in out* -radio'lrstefeership survey of 1982. xxxXkaxxaaaxxtiaxxaXxxxxxx 

\/~:i It was also observed'that a gal&x-y 'of xxxxx pop musicians were emerging fxaaxxxa 

r 

with'the advenfc r 6f'bhe 1 casette-pfreauction.' Some of the best artists utilised by the it 

local radio services'were absotfBed'into the casette industry. It is alao observed 

that in the 1982 listehership atifv^y conducted island-wide, the/emerging pointy is 

that though music is listened tOfthere is a steady dedrease in the listening 

habits and charmel'Idyaltiea.

WA**HZSU 

,'Out of ten farmers living in the area of Puleliya in^s^ Anuradhapura,(NCP of 

SJ?i Lanka),who have bought television sets recently.the reason for buying seems to b' 

to watch the Sinhala film telecast once a week on Thursdays. Now the Sinhala film 

that is projected is not made for fê-'televsion by a team of telvison aritits ^fli 

wks*«bd a film that has been in circulation/somatimnnya.The "Television service in 

Sri Lankaxyjttxaxidue to tiieVfact that it is formed jusay iinds it difficult to 

make use of the medium to cater to all the needs of the viewers.As such they have 

to depend entirely on some of theroreviousvo^t«TOa/fniich tey TiTIl ineotts doaxt not 

x ) ' ' S" 

come up to any watchable level.ttt is also important to understand that some of these 

v_3^-i««a!=2ar _ so very bad that they should not be telecast at all.But the fact remains xl 

that it is a good way of earning money for the sustatntfnce of the "XelV^sion medium. 

The critics of the "Telvision medium have time and again pointed out that somaof 

the denatured t Sinhala and T amil films shouldhot be shown.These films when shown A


The impact of picture story 

/One of the most striking changes in the xx&xw. local media scene is the advent 

of the picture story or the chitra V;atha as it is commonly knownJand the 

impact it had created especially n the lines of Captain Marvel, %perman, Batman and stories of cow-boys and 

jungle girls cane to be translated and adapted to suit local conditions c«i!w=*o 

flooding the newstalls. This-trend still continues. Firstly, one observes the 

appearance of several picture-story weeklies which XBBC instantly caught the 

book market.The young•gi»ixx«nBxte*ya school girls and boys could buy a fourteen 

page glossy a*52ezx£. picture,story paper for, low price %&t« Rs 1.50. As the 

A. '*demand 

incresed the price too went *• up to Rs.2.50 - 5.00. One of the pioneer pic 

f e£ 

ture story papers titled, Sittara/as the editor of the s**4- paper point* out, 

sold xiSBMt nore than 80,000jj fifiht^^maftflthw^W a week. Later on as the 

conp€tion drew closer with the appearance of other picture^tcry papers and magazines 

the number slowly decreased to about 50,000, (fifty thousand).[i have found several 

picture-story clubs formed by young boys in remote villages.They collect * 

subscription fee to buy all the popular picture papers published weekly. When 

a EXMIKX particular member pays ±XR a subscription fee of about one rupee a 

month he gets the opportunity Df-fe*-**ai all the picture story papers, As the 

membership increases there is a"tendency to buy more and more papers. I found one such 

picture-story club well formed in the village of Biyagama close to the University. 

) .!'! ! !•-• -i I'.hat l.'i ! . I;' 

[Jtfhat is the type of reading material one finds in these picture stories? As 

I pointed out eariier^they are''basically J&b foreign stories of the type one 

sees printed in 'comics'. Quite apart" from these models there are the local 

love stories, adventure stories,"popular novels serialised in picture forms etc. 

li' Of Cap' 'Ml i-'l , T". nl, ^>ft.. ! 1.1, ; . 

(most of these stories are sentimental and banal and does not add any valuable 

•i cano hi. I... r:\.\-r.lat ..d •>* •!•• •' , ,, . . 

ssxtr sifenificar.ee to the readers acquisition of knowledge. Out of the picture 

i. .•'• • nowrit'xVi :•.. Thi.."(trond r. t • • .-.,•.;:: 1 • .- . v 

story papers published in Sri 'Lanka the following are the moat popular. 

;' : 1: "1 :30"O)-fl •: i -story ••' li 

- -1 1 nv-' --lory ;: 

•6 t h " i" ' • • •''•"• uoti I". 

•vn f ; 1 ' •1 ••' i. earn f /»•• 

th?ip \ •"•:•' tUs.phi

I 

uu 


Satuta, Sittara, Madura, Dasuna, Chitra mitra, Swarna, Suhada. On appgaaehint; the 

auujmt of the impact of ,thn,. read< ag rrf picture stories on *ha part ef bke school 

children and adolescents, many a literary critic teacher xxti educationist and 

XSXKZ social scientist ha3b»-pointed out the ill effects,£#d the imbalance that it 

has created in tpfr* reading habits and the disturbance in the day-to-day activities. 

Vu*v*-t (of the Buddhist sect) 

A i-i-g^—prieot/who disliked his novice reading picture-stories told me that 'one of 

;hese days this novice (samanera) will leave the robes and go home'. 

An elderly parent who found his child deeply £ngrossed in the reaaing of picture 

story papers xxi without mxKxxxXXHXlxBxxxBXXxxx giving any atv.ention to his school 

work remarked: 'This boy will grow up to be an idiot,attthe rate he is reading 

these trash! 1 . A KEKX certain mother told me that xxzx her little child who is about 

ten years old constantly troubles her to buy a weekly picture-story paper and that 

she finds it difficult to buy aXit. She t&ld ^me that she -46 helping him to be a 

^ sinner by buying these papers.I asked her why she sarti so. Then she told me: 

'I once read one of these papers for curiosity sake and found that it is packed jfo 

with obscene scenes. We are not used to read/ such papers during our schoor$|$fr daysl • 

A certain examiner of children s art at school £KKK level at an interview told me xx> 

that, 'most children have acquired the worst form of xxxxxxx drawing tendencies 

by XXXXHX trying to imitate the picture-story papers. Theynave gone to the 

•Kt I 

extent of drawing the picture of/Buddha and *

it. xxxxxx most children and even adults have become addicts to picture«»story 

reading to the extent that xxxx their normal life styles have BXXXKXK observably 

changed from good to bad. 

5. most parents find it difficult to save their children from the menace of reading 

picture-6tories. 

6. picture stories are instantly produced by irresponisble media men whose sole 

intention is grabbing money from their readers. These contributors are neither 

creative in the strict sense of the word noraensitive to *krfi£- local KBXK realities. 

7. ?icture-story messages will not h'elp build a better development communication. 

8./picture story reading habit will detract a person from reading any serious 

reading material.lt also takes Ahyii"" mind /from xdxxxxxx individual CO his betterment and the dissemination 

of a good development message creatively. 

It is also noted that most picture«.stories that became quite xEpxaix popular in 

Sri Lnkan newspapers were made into films.But the trend d\d not last too long. 

Some how the cine-audiences did not like xx most of th/>se films and/*«r not receive 

^ *f At * > U 

4 equ4:ally, ôlXr iail'ii' thai »'ftoe l 'tiif the print medium.' 

Newspaper ."cieTie"" !"• " " ' ' ; "''•'"• 1; '' " 

Two of our i.imedia surveys show us that roading nowopaper at the village level is 

^ ] ~\ L *rl 

radually da creasing'.' In> the*fvlllag4 Puleliya) I foundjthat there to- axx only x 

01 % of people reading newsppers. There are several significant reasons attached 

* /- 

to this. Though ; there" is a : -c»lfta.in degree of literacy prevalent in our country 

the availabilV-t^'of' good readirigmmaterSil is one factor. Analysing the content 

of our local newsapers xxxxBxiixxx one will observe that there is more governmental 

news x printed' andithereâ sever*" relutitahce' on the part of the reader to read them. 

On the other hand'the newspapers*lack 'insight ' stories and investigative reporting 

Out of the four 1 main hewspaperx^jbxfixxxxti in Sri Lanka, two are RBXX government owne 

n.-dia agendies'.'CLake' House i 'Timesdf Cey'ion, Davasa group of newspapers or the 

, ,- : 1 r i >•• •• i •••' ore- •• ' 

,,. , M 1,-1.1' '"• ' '' ; "' :rrr - ' ' ' ,,: ' 

• -., • l,M'ni-

Independent Newspaper ômpany and Dpali Newspaper group are the6e four major 

media agencies) Our surveys show that there is a-steady decrease in the circulation 

of the txB publications of the two governmental groups, ie Lake house and Times of 

Ceylon. Silumina the Sunday Sinhala newsaper used to be onepfAhe leading important 

publications of 4H%$ âke Jfbuse. Since the governner.txi take-over it has gradually 

lost its calibre. A certain Buddhist î(j,k \iu ia-fr in an interview told merxkxx 

'Silumina was a real store house of knowlege zkBXK during those good old days. 

Now it has become a ware rouse for governae t >p»hlli-fta*-yI ' A social scientist 

once tola me that.'Lake Jtbune papers are fcxxKZHdolitically biasedl I interviewed 

several working journalists attached to the group.Some of the seniojr editors told 

me that 'they are forced to do a job of work which brings no real satisfaction* 

A 

f 


/These papers at the turn of the century catered to an intelligentsia that in turn 

^ e U i 

became opinion leaders both at the village level and at/the more urbanised levels of 

k. A 

our country. One/observ^T that the two private groups sup ljmore XXXZXXXXBZXXKX 

' me r* w 

tkxHXtHH stimulating and resourceful reading natter than the govern*«nt owned paper. 

Some of the topics covered by these private groups are received well by the 

readers as they generally s--e the 'other side of the story'( thejstory that is 

not published in the government papers). 

Reading of political newspapers is a significant trend in Sri Lanka. Duringrche 

timeof the presidential election -cîrliirf^ the Communist-oriented daily titled, 

'AT/*//'' (Truth) was the largest circulating news^feper available infche newstalls. 

C:;eafxxx of the major factors was the powerful editorial it carried.Followed by thi 

there appeared several creative and humourous pieces and information that was readi 

received by masses. This also ina way gave way to a strong ' acid'/. writ ing which 

resulted in the imposing of a ban on this particular paper. The acquisition of 

'political knowledge '• at the grass roots level is onaof the most important 

factors.ixxxkxl have observeathat many a villager who dilikes himself to be a 

Tonmunist 1 acquired the habit of reading this particular paper inbrder to gain 

^knowledge about the 'actual situation' in the country. Buddhist npjnflrs who 

dislike Communist ideology were seen reading ATTA.and received it as their gxxotixx; 

unoffci^l opiniontieader.

e XKWSXXZXX k> bleak newspaper scene in Sri Lanka has given way to the publication 

of a galaiy of little magazines irthe forms o• • .n--: iiit 

v - knowledge acquisition.The broadcasjters and programme producers in the country have 

„! orn 

not gone through correct training processes and are devoid of the mass KIIXBKXBXSXHXX 

, .,,-. | ,,:..' • ••n': • :••: >j v/nl/ •• i< v : •' •• 

conscience of the country. Theiradib as a medium xf is undergoing challenges XXKXX 

M-.-, .,. - ' 1.1(0 ' ru '- ! - '•••'• v 

easily understood,and need to be understood at the planning levels. 

/ ri/ewspaper world too has faced lot of challenges especially due to the limitations 

it has infcaSfe' structure.As I have pointed out the two governmentôwned newspaper group; 

j ; •: . ••Ml:....- - .••••• - y t e t l A U ^ • '- 

XXM have over the years become) o&fcft-f instruments in channelising all government 

.-,. :v,M • ... iht". fl fc CU.Jj±jS°& 

messages without much thought given v Htc==»Kcreative communication.People believe that 

,.,-.-| ,--xrh. '!'•• •; '"•' 'Ui 0-: T •' 

the newsapers txxXxxtxxiixxx xkxx which have sprung up as opposed td these established 

. i , „-v,-...•;••. .-:. • :;...r7jnc- • *_ 

pattern should be accepted as dational newspapers. A reorientation in newsppaer out 

,,.-'.:• i.r.al ;• ' ' • •••" noon '

• - \ - • 


put is anticipated. The view that 'old newspapers were really good and the 

modern newspalars are bad'remain to be assessed. Theppinion leaders at the grass 

roots level believe that

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