16.04.2013 Views

Trabalhos de Fim de Curso: - Departamento de Engenharia ...

Trabalhos de Fim de Curso: - Departamento de Engenharia ...

Trabalhos de Fim de Curso: - Departamento de Engenharia ...

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

INSTITUTO<br />

SUPERIOR<br />

TÉCNICO<br />

SECÇÃO DE<br />

SISTEMAS<br />

<strong>Trabalhos</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>:<br />

Documentação e<br />

Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 1<br />

NORMAS DE REDACÇÃO E APRESENTAÇÃO<br />

As disciplinas <strong>de</strong> Projecto <strong>de</strong> Sistemas I e Projecto <strong>de</strong> Sistemas II estão<br />

integradas, tendo como objectivo fazer a síntese das matérias leccionadas<br />

nas diversas disciplinas do curso, através da aplicação <strong>de</strong>sses<br />

conhecimentos à resolução <strong>de</strong> um projecto <strong>de</strong> engenharia.<br />

No final, por forma a documentar e permitir a divulgação dos trabalhos<br />

realizados, serão elaborados pelo grupo <strong>de</strong> projecto: um relatório final;<br />

uma folha sumário do trabalho <strong>de</strong>senvolvido; um relatório interno; e um<br />

poster, recomendando-se que os últimos três elementos sejam redigidos em<br />

língua inglesa.<br />

Como documentação <strong>de</strong> referência, serão entregues: três exemplares do<br />

relatório final (integrando um CD contendo todos os elementos <strong>de</strong> avaliação em versão<br />

editável); um do relatório interno; um da folha <strong>de</strong> sumário e um poster.<br />

A avaliação do projecto é efectuada através <strong>de</strong> oral pública, individual por<br />

trabalho, realizada por um júri, nomeado pelo responsável das disciplinas.<br />

A classificação final é atribuída com base num conjunto <strong>de</strong> factores<br />

nomeadamente: o relatório final, a apresentação oral e a discussão do<br />

projecto.<br />

Dez por cento da nota final correspon<strong>de</strong> à avaliação periódica da evolução<br />

do projecto, a qual consta da entrega <strong>de</strong> uma folha sumário e uma<br />

apresentação sumária (~10 min) dos trabalhos em curso por cada um dos<br />

grupos – baseada em acetatos explicativos dos trabalhos <strong>de</strong>senvolvidos, em<br />

curso e futuros – e da entrega <strong>de</strong> um relatório intercalar, com o máximo <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong>z páginas.<br />

Dos parágrafos anteriores (extraídos das regras para elaboração do Projecto<br />

<strong>de</strong> Sistemas I e II, enquadradas nas Regras Gerais <strong>de</strong> Projectos <strong>de</strong>finidas<br />

DEM), conclui-se da necessida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> se elaborarem diversos tipos <strong>de</strong><br />

documentos escritos e <strong>de</strong> serem apresentadas diversas comunicações orais<br />

com apoio audiovisual, para cumprir as exigências estabelecidas e concluir<br />

com sucesso a disciplina.<br />

É sentimento comum, entre os professores orientadores dos trabalhos <strong>de</strong> fim<br />

<strong>de</strong> curso, que os jovens formandos, apresentam enorme dificulda<strong>de</strong> em se<br />

exprimirem correctamente.<br />

Desconhecendo as regras mínimas <strong>de</strong> apresentação das diferentes peças<br />

escritas que se lhes solicita, os alunos apresentam documentos avulso, em<br />

que investiram gran<strong>de</strong> parte do tempo <strong>de</strong>dicado à disciplina, mas on<strong>de</strong>,<br />

muitas das vezes, não conseguem mostrar o trabalho, que, brilhantemente,<br />

foram <strong>de</strong>senvolvendo ao longo <strong>de</strong> dois semestres. É sempre nas últimas<br />

horas que os tutores têm oportunida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> criticar as provas, apontando os<br />

caminhos e traçando orientações, já tardias, para uma redacção mais<br />

eficiente. Raramente, porém, tais conselhos extravasam os limites da<br />

documentação escrita. As apresentações orais e os seus apoios audiovisuais<br />

não são objecto <strong>de</strong> discussão com o discente para além da indicação <strong>de</strong><br />

leves referências.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 2<br />

Temos, os docentes, <strong>de</strong> assumir a responsabilida<strong>de</strong> que nos cabe nesta<br />

lacuna da formação dos nossos alunos. Po<strong>de</strong>mos afirmar, com razão, que<br />

não é da nossa responsabilida<strong>de</strong> as <strong>de</strong>ficiências <strong>de</strong> expressão oral e escrita<br />

dos nossos orientados, que tal se <strong>de</strong>ve a razões pedagógicas, cujos<br />

problemas têm raízes no ensino secundário. Porém não po<strong>de</strong>mos negar que<br />

nos compete a nós a preparação dos nossos discípulos para que estes<br />

possam vir a ocupar o seu lugar na comunida<strong>de</strong> cientifica. A ser assim, e<br />

porque se trata <strong>de</strong> uma comunida<strong>de</strong> que obriga os seus membros a produzir<br />

(relatórios, propostas <strong>de</strong> projectos, intervenções e comunicações) para<br />

sobreviver, somos os primeiros responsáveis porque eles saibam comunicar<br />

os seus trabalhos científicos.<br />

Tem este texto a intenção <strong>de</strong> colmatar aquela lacuna, apresentando linhas<br />

orientadoras, ainda que generalistas e necessariamente incompletas, da<br />

escrita e comunicação em ciência. Preten<strong>de</strong>-se que os nossos estudantes<br />

possuam um manual que os guie na estruturação dos seus escritos e na<br />

elaboração das suas apresentações.<br />

A panóplia <strong>de</strong> documentos escritos a apresentar para avaliação, po<strong>de</strong>m<br />

resumir-se aos tipos, Monografias, Artigos e Notícias, aos quais se<br />

acrescentam os Acetatos e Cartazes, para apoio das Apresentações Orais.<br />

Serão estes, porque necessários à disciplina, que iremos abordar e<br />

<strong>de</strong>screver ao longo <strong>de</strong>stas páginas.<br />

1. RELATÓRIO DO TRABALHO DE FIM DE CURSO<br />

O Relatório do Trabalho <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong> (TFC) é uma monografia , pois é<br />

um tipo específico <strong>de</strong> trabalho cientifico, que se reduz à abordagem <strong>de</strong> um<br />

tema específico do conhecimento. As teses <strong>de</strong> doutoramento e as<br />

dissertações <strong>de</strong> mestrado são também monografias.<br />

As monografias caracterizam-se pela <strong>de</strong>limitação e aprofundamento do tema<br />

escolhido, recorrendo, para se fundamentar, à pesquisa bibliográfica.<br />

São orientados para a realização <strong>de</strong> um trabalho concreto …tendo como<br />

objectivo fazer a síntese das matérias leccionadas nas diversas disciplinas do<br />

curso, através da aplicação <strong>de</strong>sses conhecimentos à resolução <strong>de</strong> um projecto <strong>de</strong><br />

engenharia (In Regras para elaboração do Projecto <strong>de</strong> Sistemas I e II).<br />

A estrutura dos TFC’s <strong>de</strong>ve seguir o sistema adoptado para as<br />

monografias, e não ter mais <strong>de</strong> 80 páginas:<br />

1.1. CAPA<br />

Inclui o nome do autor, título do trabalho e o ano <strong>de</strong> redacção.<br />

Deve seguir as normas estabelecidas pelo Manual <strong>de</strong> Harmonização <strong>de</strong><br />

Imagem do IST.<br />

A figura junta mostra o aspecto geral (e informações úteis) sobre a página<br />

que <strong>de</strong>ve capear o relatório.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 3<br />

As capas <strong>de</strong> relatório são<br />

impressas a azul escuro, Pantone<br />

287, conforme a ilustração.<br />

Para tornar possível a<br />

enca<strong>de</strong>rnação, a banda azul clara<br />

tem mais 15 mm <strong>de</strong> largura no<br />

lado esquerdo do que no lado<br />

direito. As margens superior e<br />

direita à volta do escudo são<br />

iguais ao restante material<br />

impresso <strong>de</strong> formato A4.<br />

O título, o nome do autor e o ano<br />

<strong>de</strong> publicação, são grafados em<br />

24/26pt em letra tipo “Times Bold”,<br />

letra maiúscula e minúscula,<br />

alinhado à esquerda.<br />

As informações adicionais são<br />

centradas impressas por sob o<br />

título, em letra <strong>de</strong> 12pt do tipo<br />

“Arial”.<br />

1.2. PÁGINA DE ROSTO<br />

Figura 1 – Capa do relatório do Trabalho <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong><br />

Folha imediatamente a seguir à capa<br />

(figura 3). Inclui o nome do autor, o<br />

número <strong>de</strong> aluno, o título do trabalho, o<br />

ano, a localida<strong>de</strong> e o nome do orientador,<br />

para além da i<strong>de</strong>ntificação completa do<br />

estabelecimento <strong>de</strong> ensino.<br />

No verso <strong>de</strong>sta folha (figura 2) <strong>de</strong>ve<br />

constar a seguinte frase:<br />

Este trabalho reflecte as i<strong>de</strong>ias dos seus autores<br />

que, eventualmente, po<strong>de</strong>rão não coincidir<br />

com as do Instituto Superior Técnico.<br />

1.3. AGRADECIMENTOS<br />

200<br />

265<br />

INSTITUTO<br />

SUPERIOR<br />

TÉCNICO<br />

SECÇÃO DE<br />

SISTEMAS<br />

Título …<br />

Relatório do Trabalho <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong><br />

Licenciatura em <strong>Engenharia</strong> Mecânica<br />

Ramo <strong>de</strong> Automação e Robótica<br />

Autor …….<br />

2004<br />

Sendo o relatório um documento público, que po<strong>de</strong>rá ser consultado na<br />

biblioteca da Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas, os agra<strong>de</strong>cimentos <strong>de</strong>vem ser redigidos<br />

com parcimónia. Tal não impe<strong>de</strong> porém que se agra<strong>de</strong>ça a todos aqueles<br />

que contribuíram, <strong>de</strong> alguma forma, para a realização do trabalho.<br />

Des<strong>de</strong> logo aos orientadores, a quem caberá uma palavra <strong>de</strong> apreço, e às<br />

instituições que possam ter financiado o trabalho <strong>de</strong>senvolvido.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong><br />

50<br />

80<br />

25<br />

Ffdfdfhdhhdhhnvjvn ,<br />

hgfgd dfgk bdsfhjd<br />

kjdfhhdf jdhf<br />

Ffdfdfhdhhdhhn<br />

70<br />

185<br />

Figura 2 – Verso da página <strong>de</strong> rosto


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 4<br />

Grafados a maiúsculas a 26pt, centrados<br />

em letra tipo “Times New Roman” são o<br />

nome da Universida<strong>de</strong> e do Instituto<br />

(este a “Bold”). A 22pt, no mesmo tipo <strong>de</strong><br />

letra é grafada a restante informação,<br />

sendo Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas impresso a<br />

itálico.<br />

O título (não mais <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>z palavras) é<br />

escrito, a 24/26pt em letra tipo “Times<br />

New Roman Bold”, letra maiúscula e<br />

minúscula, centrado. A informação<br />

complementar terá grafia a “Arial Bold”<br />

<strong>de</strong> 14pt, sendo colocada a seguir ao<br />

título.<br />

O nome do(s) autor(es) e o<br />

correspon<strong>de</strong>nte número <strong>de</strong> aluno são<br />

afixados em letra tipo “Times New<br />

Roman”, maiúsculas e minúsculas,<br />

centrado com 24pt.<br />

O nome(s) do(s) orientador(es) é<br />

antecedido pela expressão Trabalho<br />

Orientado por:. Toda a informação será<br />

grafada a 20pt, centrada e em letra tipo<br />

“Times New Roman”.<br />

O local e o ano <strong>de</strong> realização serão<br />

impressos a a 16pt, centrados e em letra<br />

tipo “Times New Roman”.<br />

1.4. ÍNDICE<br />

Figura 3 – Página <strong>de</strong> rosto do Trabalho <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong><br />

Para permitir ao leitor – em especial aos avaliadores – a rápida consulta<br />

pelas diferentes secções e subsecções do relatório, <strong>de</strong>ve ser incluída uma<br />

paginação geral do trabalho.<br />

A estrutura tradicional <strong>de</strong> um Trabalho <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong> é idêntica à <strong>de</strong> uma<br />

tese ou dissertação, contendo como secções principais:<br />

1.5. RESUMO<br />

UNIVERSIDADE TÉCNICA DE LISBOA<br />

INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO<br />

<strong>Departamento</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Engenharia</strong> Mecânica<br />

Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas<br />

Título<br />

Relatório do trabalho <strong>de</strong> fim <strong>de</strong> curso<br />

Licenciatura em <strong>Engenharia</strong> Mecânica<br />

Ramo <strong>de</strong> Automação e Robótica<br />

Nome do(s) autor(es) e número <strong>de</strong> aluno<br />

Trabalho orientado por:<br />

Lisboa<br />

Ano lectivo<br />

Introdução<br />

Revisão Bibliográfica<br />

Materiais e Métodos<br />

Resultados<br />

Discussão (po<strong>de</strong> ser incluída na secção <strong>de</strong> resultados)<br />

Conclusões<br />

Bibliografia<br />

Refere o assunto a tratar e todas as informações relevantes do trabalho. É<br />

uma visão geral e sintética dos objectivos, resultados e conclusões. Tudo o<br />

que é novida<strong>de</strong> ou que interessa comunicar aos leitores (neste caso, aos<br />

avaliadores) <strong>de</strong>ve ser mencionado.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong><br />

25<br />

120<br />

185<br />

30<br />

25


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 5<br />

A versão inglesa <strong>de</strong>ste resumo (Abstract) <strong>de</strong>ve ser incluída, no verso, ou em<br />

página separada.<br />

O abstract funcionará como “folha sumário do trabalho <strong>de</strong>senvolvido”, a<br />

entregar em separado para avaliação.<br />

O resumo segue as regras apontadas para escrever NOTÍCIAS.<br />

1.6. INTRODUÇÃO<br />

Âmbito, objectivos e motivos que levaram à realização do trabalho.<br />

A forma como o relatório foi estruturado e o que se espera transmitir em<br />

cada secção, po<strong>de</strong> ser abordada <strong>de</strong> forma sintética.<br />

Novas abordagens ao tema, ou limitações a que o trabalho tenha sido<br />

sujeito, <strong>de</strong>vem ser sublinhadas.<br />

Se, em 2/3 página (uma no máximo) não se motivar o leitor a ler com<br />

interesse o relatório, então o trabalho <strong>de</strong> redacção foi infrutífero.<br />

1.7. REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA<br />

Nesta secção apresentam-se as investigações relevantes realizadas por<br />

outros investigadores, ou pelo próprio, sobre o tema. Mostre como o trabalho<br />

se relaciona com as investigações anteriores, como o complementa ou<br />

contradiz.<br />

Esta secção fundamente na literatura publicada sobre o assunto.<br />

1.8. MÉTODOS E TÉCNICAS<br />

O que se fez, como se fez, que materiais se utilizaram e que técnicas foram<br />

seguidas, são as bases para redigir <strong>de</strong>sta secção.<br />

Os procedimentos, <strong>de</strong>scritos pela sequência correcta da sua realização, os<br />

testes e as experiências, são partes integrantes <strong>de</strong>ste capítulo, garantindo a<br />

precisão do que foi realizado.<br />

As metodologias e as análises estatísticas efectuadas <strong>de</strong>vem ser incluídas. A<br />

utilização <strong>de</strong> quadros, gráficos e figuras permitirão clarificar e apreen<strong>de</strong>r<br />

rapidamente as características dos métodos utilizados.<br />

Refere também as técnicas computacionais utilizadas no trabalho. As<br />

listagens dos programas <strong>de</strong>senvolvidos serão incluídas em apêndice.<br />

1.9. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO<br />

Trata-se <strong>de</strong> uma <strong>de</strong>scrição factual dos resultados obtidos, baseando-se em<br />

estatísticas, comparações, tabelas e gráficos construídos com os dados<br />

recolhidos durante o trabalho.<br />

Descreve <strong>de</strong>talhadamente os resultados das experiências <strong>de</strong> sucesso. As<br />

experiências mal-sucedidas e as soluções erróneas <strong>de</strong>vem ser, também,<br />

incluídas, mas referindo-se-lhes <strong>de</strong> forma resumida. Estes tipos <strong>de</strong><br />

conclusões permitem abrir novos caminhos e explorar outras opções.<br />

Uma vez apresentados os resultados obtidos (<strong>de</strong> uma forma lógica, que não<br />

é, necessariamente, a cronológica), introduz-se a opinião pessoal sobre o<br />

êxito ou fracasso do trabalho.<br />

Deve ser-se objectivo, e adjectivar correctamente as opções, por forma a<br />

atingir naturalmente as conclusões principais.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 6<br />

Tudo o que se afirmar <strong>de</strong>ve ser verificável, quer pelo trabalho executado,<br />

quer relacionando-o com trabalhos anteriores.<br />

Quando se utiliza o trabalho <strong>de</strong> outrem, <strong>de</strong>ve-se citá-lo (preferencialmente<br />

através da fonte original) e apresentar as referências correctamente.<br />

1.10. CONCLUSÕES<br />

De forma resumida e clara <strong>de</strong>ve ser feita a apresentação dos resultados<br />

mais importantes e comparados com os objectivos iniciais enunciados na<br />

introdução (o problema que foi proposto).<br />

Os resultados obtidos po<strong>de</strong>m não concluir o trabalho, mas ter contribuído<br />

para a futura solução do problema. Neste caso indicam-se linhas <strong>de</strong><br />

investigação a serem seguidas para o efeito.<br />

1.11. BIBLIOGRAFIA<br />

Apenas as referências citadas no texto <strong>de</strong>vem ser incluídas e enumeradas<br />

por or<strong>de</strong>m alfabética.<br />

Quando se cita uma passagem <strong>de</strong> um trabalho, tal <strong>de</strong>ve ser feito <strong>de</strong> forma<br />

correcta e referir a fonte utilizada. Deve usar-se <strong>de</strong> extremo cuidado para<br />

garantir a exactidão das referências (mesmo a ortografia dos nomes).<br />

O registo das referências <strong>de</strong>ve ser executado <strong>de</strong> acordo com as regras<br />

<strong>de</strong>finidas em CITAÇÕES E REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.<br />

1.12. ANEXOS<br />

Incluir, sempre que existam, as listagens <strong>de</strong> programas, disquete/CD com<br />

programas fonte e executáveis <strong>de</strong>senvolvidos, <strong>de</strong>senhos do projecto,<br />

acetatos com diagramas <strong>de</strong> circuitos impressos, listagens e localização <strong>de</strong><br />

componentes, apresentação do projecto e outros elementos consi<strong>de</strong>rados<br />

úteis.<br />

2. ARTIGOS<br />

A escritura <strong>de</strong> um artigo <strong>de</strong>stina-se, fundamentalmente, à publicação em<br />

revistas científicas. Po<strong>de</strong>, também, ser uma forma, utilizada pelos docentes,<br />

para preparar o aluno para a escrita sintética necessária à divulgação dos<br />

trabalhos científicos ou projectos.<br />

São limitados em extensão (tipicamente seis páginas) e no seu layout, pelos<br />

editores 1 .<br />

A realização <strong>de</strong> um artigo científico obriga a respon<strong>de</strong>r, a anteriori, a um<br />

conjunto <strong>de</strong> questões fundamentais:<br />

Há co-autores? quais?<br />

Quanto tempo é necessário para o completar?<br />

Qual a revista a que irá ser submetido?<br />

Qual a hipótese <strong>de</strong> ser aceite?<br />

Quando será publicado?<br />

1 Cada publicação (ou evento científico), estabelece as suas NORMAS DE REDACÇÃO.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 7<br />

Um artigo <strong>de</strong>ve ser submetido a uma única revista (congresso, evento, …), e<br />

seguir, fielmente, as normas estabelecidas para apresentação 2 . Apenas se<br />

for recusado <strong>de</strong>verá ser submetido a um novo evento.<br />

Ainda que para apresentação em Portugal, os artigos são, normalmente,<br />

redigidos em inglês 3 . Neste caso, o sumário e as palavras-chave, <strong>de</strong>verão<br />

ser escritos nos dois idiomas.<br />

2.1. CO-AUTORES<br />

Todos os autores <strong>de</strong>vem ter dado contribuições explicitas para o trabalho,<br />

quer <strong>de</strong> investigação, quer <strong>de</strong> escrita do artigo.<br />

Se o número <strong>de</strong> co-autores for exagerado (i.e. mais <strong>de</strong> quatro), a sua<br />

listagem <strong>de</strong>ve ser limitada aos que se evi<strong>de</strong>nciaram na realização do<br />

trabalho, sendo os outros referidos, apenas, nos agra<strong>de</strong>cimentos.<br />

2.2. ESTRUTURA<br />

A estrutura <strong>de</strong> um artigo científico é, genericamente, idêntico ao <strong>de</strong> uma<br />

Trabalho <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>, mas normalmente imposta aos autores pelos<br />

editores.<br />

As INSTRUÇÕES AOS AUTORES <strong>de</strong>vem ser seguidas fielmente, para evitar que<br />

o artigo possa, por uma questão meramente formal, ser recusado.<br />

É, porém, comum, ser utilizada uma estrutura do tipo:<br />

2.2.1. TÍTULO<br />

A escolha do título é importante. Deve motivar a leitura e ser o mais curto<br />

possível (máximo <strong>de</strong>z palavras).<br />

2.2.2. NOME DO AUTOR<br />

Título<br />

Autor(es), Instituição e En<strong>de</strong>reço<br />

Resumo<br />

Palavras-chave<br />

Introdução<br />

Métodos e Técnicas<br />

Resultados<br />

Discussão (po<strong>de</strong> ser incluída na secção <strong>de</strong> resultados)<br />

Conclusões<br />

Agra<strong>de</strong>cimentos<br />

Bibliografia<br />

O nome do autor <strong>de</strong>ve seguir, imediatamente abaixo ao titulo. Inclui-se,<br />

sempre, as Instituições a que pertencem e os seus en<strong>de</strong>reços, para além<br />

dos e-mail.<br />

2<br />

Em anexo encontra-se a norma <strong>de</strong> apresentação dos artigos para as disciplinas leccionadas pelo Grupo <strong>de</strong><br />

Controlo Automação e Robótica.<br />

3<br />

Também para a disciplina <strong>de</strong> Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong> se observa a redacção em inglês, enquanto que para a <strong>de</strong><br />

CIP, os artigos <strong>de</strong>vem ser escritos em português.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 8<br />

No caso <strong>de</strong> artigos colectivos, os nomes não <strong>de</strong>vem ser listados por or<strong>de</strong>m<br />

alfabética, mas reflectir a importância das colaborações. Assim, o autor que<br />

aparece citado primeiro será aquele que realizou a maior parte do trabalho<br />

divulgado.<br />

2.2.3. RESUMO<br />

Tão, ou mais, importante que o título, é o resumo. Deve ser escrito o mais<br />

cuidadosamente possível, para garantir o impacto sobre os leitores e motivar<br />

a leitura do artigo. É escrito, apenas, quando o artigo se encontra concluído.<br />

O número <strong>de</strong> palavras é, normalmente, estabelecida nas INSTRUÇÕES AOS<br />

AUTORES. É, porém, comum uma limitação entre as 150 e as 250 palavras.<br />

O resumo segue as regras apontadas para escrever NOTÍCIAS.<br />

2.2.4. PALAVRAS-CHAVE<br />

Também aqui as INSTRUÇÕES AOS AUTORES limitam, não apenas o número<br />

(tipicamente <strong>de</strong> seis a <strong>de</strong>z), mas as próprias palavras a utilizar 4 .<br />

Devem ser recolhidas no resumo apresentado e <strong>de</strong>vem <strong>de</strong>screver, <strong>de</strong> forma<br />

imediata, o conteúdo do trabalho realizado.<br />

As palavras-chave seguem, <strong>de</strong> imediato, o resumo, po<strong>de</strong>ndo ser <strong>de</strong>stacadas.<br />

2.2.5. INTRODUÇÃO<br />

Âmbito, objectivos e motivos que levaram à realização do trabalho. Inclui,<br />

também, uma revisão bibliográfica não exaustiva.<br />

A forma como o relatório foi estruturado e o que se espera transmitir em<br />

cada secção, po<strong>de</strong> ser abordada <strong>de</strong> forma sintética. Deve ser evitada a<br />

referência a conhecimentos perfeitamente consolidados.<br />

2.2.6. MÉTODOS E TÉCNICAS<br />

É a primeira parte do artigo a ser escrita. Ainda que <strong>de</strong> forma resumida<br />

(aten<strong>de</strong>ndo à extensão dos artigos), segue os princípios já enunciados para<br />

os Relatórios <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong> (ver parágrafo 1.8.).<br />

2.2.7. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO<br />

Esta secção <strong>de</strong>ve ser redigida seguindo as linhas filosóficas do parágrafo<br />

1.9.<br />

2.2.8. CONCLUSÕES<br />

Siga as indicações apontadas no parágrafo 1.10.<br />

2.2.9. AGRADECIMENTOS<br />

Devem ser sintéticos, mas agra<strong>de</strong>cer a todos os que contribuíram, <strong>de</strong><br />

alguma forma, para a realização do trabalho apresentado pelo artigo.<br />

No caso <strong>de</strong> trabalhos financiados, tal <strong>de</strong>ve ser sublinhado 5 .<br />

4 Uma lista <strong>de</strong> palavras-chave é, normalmente, fornecida aos autores, para que escolham<br />

entre as que se encontram listadas, as que preten<strong>de</strong> utilizar no seu artigo.<br />

5 É normal existir, fornecida pela instituição financiadora, uma frase para incluir nesta secção<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 9<br />

2.2.10. BIBLIOGRAFIA<br />

As referências citadas no corpo do artigo <strong>de</strong>vem ser incluídas e enumeradas<br />

por or<strong>de</strong>m alfabética. Mas apenas as já publicadas. As não publicadas são<br />

referidas no texto, incluindo o nome completo <strong>de</strong> quem forneceu as<br />

informações (investigador ou instituição) e a data.<br />

O registo das referências <strong>de</strong>ve ser executado <strong>de</strong> acordo com as regras<br />

<strong>de</strong>finidas em CITAÇÕES E REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.<br />

3. NOTÍCIAS<br />

São curtas, tendo cerca <strong>de</strong> 200 palavras, nas quais se resume toda a<br />

informação a transmitir. As notícias têm um prazo para serem escritas, pelo<br />

que não existe uma segunda oportunida<strong>de</strong> para as escrever.<br />

Baseiam-se em Quem, o Quê, Quando, On<strong>de</strong>, Como e Porquê, (em inglês<br />

os five W’s – who, what, where, when and why), <strong>de</strong>vendo ser escritas <strong>de</strong>ntro<br />

do prazo da sua valida<strong>de</strong>. O Quê, Quando e Como, <strong>de</strong>ve constituir a maior<br />

parte da notícia, sendo os pormenores acrescentados através do On<strong>de</strong> e do<br />

Quando.<br />

Use frases curtas e escritas na voz activa – a experiência laboratorial mostra<br />

que…, em vez <strong>de</strong>: verificou-se, pela experiência laboratorial realizada,<br />

que…. Não use nunca a primeira pessoa.<br />

Os RESUMOS, quer integrem os <strong>Trabalhos</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>, quer sejam<br />

redigidos para apresentação individualizada, <strong>de</strong>vem ser consi<strong>de</strong>rados<br />

como NOTÍCIAS.<br />

4. ACETATOS<br />

Devem ser simples, para rápida apreensão pela assistência, ter ilustrações e<br />

caracteres a diferentes cores. Estas, escolhidas criteriosamente, para não<br />

transformar a apresentação num arco íris, permitirão estruturar a<br />

apresentação por codificação através da cor. Hoje, com o uso generalizado<br />

dos vi<strong>de</strong>o-projectores, em vez <strong>de</strong> retroprojectores, os acetatos po<strong>de</strong>m ser<br />

mais elaborados.<br />

São apoios à apresentação oral. Não <strong>de</strong>vem ser lidos integralmente.<br />

Apresentam, apenas, as i<strong>de</strong>ias básicas (por utilização <strong>de</strong> palavras-chave) a<br />

transmitir.<br />

A quantida<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>ve ser consistente com o tempo que se dispõe para a<br />

apresentação. Muitos, obrigará a falar <strong>de</strong>pressa, omitir alguns e esquecer as<br />

i<strong>de</strong>ias a transmitir. Poucos, sobrará tempo, obrigando a uma apresentação<br />

discursiva, o que po<strong>de</strong> motivar a dispersão da assistência. Apresentam-se,<br />

em média, três a quatro acetatos em cada <strong>de</strong>z minutos (2,5 a 3 min/acetato).<br />

Para permitir uma leitura e compreensão quase que automática dos<br />

conceitos a transmitir, <strong>de</strong>ve seguir-se as seguintes regras:<br />

Por cada acetato, que <strong>de</strong>ve comunicar uma única i<strong>de</strong>ia, o texto não<br />

<strong>de</strong>ve ter mais do que oito a 12 linhas com sete a <strong>de</strong>z palavras por<br />

linha. Cada linha exprime um conceito da i<strong>de</strong>ia a comunicar.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 10<br />

Tamanho dos caracteres (que <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>m do tamanho da sala) <strong>de</strong>ve<br />

permitir uma leitura confortável da assistência. Para uma sala normal<br />

(30 a 50 lugares) utiliza-se vulgarmente letras <strong>de</strong> 22/24 pt.<br />

Usar cores para sublinhar diferenças e/ou semelhanças.<br />

Cada acetato não <strong>de</strong>ve conter mais do que um gráfico, quadro ou<br />

tabela. Po<strong>de</strong>m compor-se com frase elucidativas dos pormenores a<br />

realçar.<br />

Uma figura vale por mil palavras, mas não coloque várias no mesmo<br />

acetato, pois cada uma transmite, normalmente, uma i<strong>de</strong>ia. Po<strong>de</strong>m<br />

compor-se com frase elucidativas dos pormenores a realçar.<br />

Use animação ou filmes para clarificar ou mostrar os pormenores mais<br />

importantes do trabalho. Esta facilida<strong>de</strong> está, actualmente, disponível<br />

pela utilização <strong>de</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o-projectores e computador. Esta capacida<strong>de</strong>,<br />

se explorada, reduz, porém, o número que acetatos a utilizar na<br />

apresentação.<br />

Como meio <strong>de</strong> apoio visual (cada vez mais audiovisual <strong>de</strong>vido à utilização <strong>de</strong><br />

computadores e vi<strong>de</strong>o-projectores), há que ter em atenção a imagem a<br />

transmitir.<br />

4.1. IMAGEM<br />

Promove a consistência e qualida<strong>de</strong>... por harmonização… gráfica e visual.<br />

A i<strong>de</strong>ntida<strong>de</strong> será tanto mais forte e eficaz, quanto mais simples, directa e<br />

consistente for a imagem.<br />

A excelência, quer a nível global quer a nível <strong>de</strong> cada <strong>de</strong>talhe, <strong>de</strong>ve constituir<br />

um modo <strong>de</strong> estar para o IST. Des<strong>de</strong> a originalida<strong>de</strong> da investigação às maiores<br />

realizações académicas, passando pelo grafismo e impressão dos seus<br />

relatórios... todos estes aspectos <strong>de</strong>vem expressar a cultura do IST.<br />

(In Manual <strong>de</strong> Harmonização <strong>de</strong> Imagem IST - 1996)<br />

Por tal motivo, os acetatos, <strong>de</strong>vem seguir as normas estabelecidas pelo<br />

Manual <strong>de</strong> Harmonização <strong>de</strong> Imagem do IST.<br />

A figura junta mostra o aspecto geral (e informações úteis) do layout a usar<br />

para as apresentações referentes ao Instituto Superior Técnico.<br />

80<br />

68<br />

59<br />

25<br />

25<br />

INSTITUTO<br />

SUPERIOR<br />

TÉCNICO<br />

Secção<br />

<strong>de</strong> Sistemas<br />

140<br />

Título<br />

Sub-título<br />

Área para introdução (preferencial) <strong>de</strong> textos e<br />

imagens em letra tipo Times, com títulos em Gill<br />

Sans ou Arial, tamanho suficiente para permitir a<br />

leitura.<br />

Os textos <strong>de</strong>vem ser alinhados à esquerda.<br />

Figura 4 – Layout recomendado para acetatos<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong><br />

25<br />

Os títulos (36pt.,<br />

negrito) e os subtítulos<br />

(24pt., simples), são<br />

grafados em letra tipo<br />

Gill Sans ou Arial, letras<br />

maiúsculas e<br />

minúsculas, alinhados à<br />

esquerda.<br />

O nome da Secção <strong>de</strong><br />

Sistemas é impresso a<br />

azul escuro, Pantone<br />

287, conforme a<br />

ilustração, a 11pt.,<br />

negrito, em letra tipo Gill<br />

Sans ou Arial, letras<br />

maiúsculas e<br />

minúsculas, alinhado à<br />

esquerda.


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 11<br />

4.2. ESTRUTURA<br />

A estrutura da apresentação com acetatos segue o esquema indicado pelas<br />

figuras. Em baixo à direita, entre parênteses rectos, sugere-se o número <strong>de</strong><br />

acetatos conveniente, para uma apresentação <strong>de</strong> 30 minutos.<br />

INSTITUTO<br />

SUPERIOR<br />

TÉCNICO<br />

Secção<br />

<strong>de</strong> Sistemas<br />

INSTITUTO<br />

SUPERIOR<br />

TÉCNICO<br />

Secção<br />

<strong>de</strong> Sistemas<br />

INSTITUTO<br />

SUPERIOR<br />

TÉCNICO<br />

Secção<br />

<strong>de</strong> Sistemas<br />

INSTITUTO<br />

SUPERIOR<br />

TÉCNICO<br />

Secção<br />

<strong>de</strong> Sistemas<br />

Título do Trabalho<br />

Nome do(s) autor(es)<br />

Nome do Apresentador<br />

Afiliação<br />

Trabalho orientado por: Prof. ….<br />

Introdução<br />

Justificação do tema do trabalho<br />

Enquadramento<br />

Objectivos<br />

Resultados<br />

(resumidamente)<br />

Gráficos<br />

Quadros comparativos<br />

Outras indicações necessárias<br />

Trabalho futuro<br />

Projectar o trabalho no futuro<br />

Como po<strong>de</strong> ser completado<br />

[1 acetato]<br />

Figura 5 – Acetatos <strong>de</strong> abertura<br />

[2 a 3 acetatos]<br />

[3 a 4 acetatos]<br />

Figura 6 – Acetatos <strong>de</strong> apresentação<br />

[1 acetato]<br />

Figura 7 – Acetatos <strong>de</strong> encerramento<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong><br />

INSTITUTO<br />

SUPERIOR<br />

TÉCNICO<br />

Secção<br />

<strong>de</strong> Sistemas<br />

INSTITUTO<br />

SUPERIOR<br />

TÉCNICO<br />

Secção<br />

<strong>de</strong> Sistemas<br />

INSTITUTO<br />

SUPERIOR<br />

TÉCNICO<br />

Secção<br />

<strong>de</strong> Sistemas<br />

INSTITUTO<br />

SUPERIOR<br />

TÉCNICO<br />

Secção<br />

<strong>de</strong> Sistemas<br />

Agra<strong>de</strong>cimentos<br />

Agra<strong>de</strong>cimentos a pessoas e instituições.<br />

A existência <strong>de</strong> apoios financeiros é<br />

referida <strong>de</strong> forma nominativa.<br />

[1 acetato]<br />

Métodos e Técnicas<br />

(resumidamente)<br />

Como se realizou<br />

On<strong>de</strong> foi realizado<br />

O que se obteve<br />

Conclusões<br />

Que se obteve dos resultados<br />

Como enquadra o trabalho<br />

...<br />

Discussão<br />

(facultativo)<br />

[4 acetatos]<br />

[1 a 2 acetatos]<br />

Esta acetato final, <strong>de</strong>ve motivar a sessão<br />

<strong>de</strong> perguntas e respostas e manter-se<br />

exposto até ao seu encerramento.<br />

[1 acetato]


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 12<br />

4.3. OUTRAS INFORMAÇÕES<br />

A estrutura da apresentação po<strong>de</strong> variar, adaptando-se ao trabalho<br />

realizado.<br />

É dada gran<strong>de</strong> liberda<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> concepção para os acetatos individuais, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong><br />

que as referências obrigatórias (logotipo do IST e indicação da secção)<br />

estejam presentes, para preservar a imagem da Instituição.<br />

Todos os acetatos <strong>de</strong>vem ser i<strong>de</strong>ntificados. Para além do primeiro, cuja<br />

função principal é a apresentação do trabalho e indicação da autoria, os<br />

restantes <strong>de</strong>vem sê-lo em rodapé. À esquerda o nome do(s) autor(es), a data<br />

e o local (opcional) on<strong>de</strong> se faz a apresentação. À direita, o título do trabalho<br />

e a paginação. Utilizar letra tipo Gill Sans ou Arial, 8/10 pt., letras maiúsculas<br />

e minúsculas.<br />

Alberto Moreno e Tiago Norte - Março 2004 - Lisboa Controlo <strong>de</strong> Processos por Visão - 12<br />

5. CARTAZES<br />

Figura 8 – I<strong>de</strong>ntificação dos acetatos em rodapé<br />

O cartaz (genericamente <strong>de</strong>signado por painel ou poster), é um dos<br />

elementos <strong>de</strong> avaliação da disciplina <strong>de</strong> Projecto <strong>de</strong> Sistemas I e II.<br />

Preten<strong>de</strong>-se que possam ser exibidos alguns dias antes das apresentações<br />

e que se mantenham em exposição, por toda a semana que se seguir.<br />

Servirão, também, para apresentação em eventos, que durante o ano lectivo<br />

seguinte tenham lugar. É uma forma <strong>de</strong> mostrar o que se produz, em termos<br />

científicos e <strong>de</strong> ensino no DEM e, mais especificamente, no Grupo <strong>de</strong><br />

Controlo Automação e Robótica.<br />

Um POSTER <strong>de</strong>ve ser :<br />

ATRACTIVO – mas contribuindo para veicular, <strong>de</strong> forma<br />

eficiente a mensagem cientifica.<br />

ORGANIZADO – o tema é focado <strong>de</strong> forma simples e<br />

posicionado em lugar <strong>de</strong> máxima<br />

visibilida<strong>de</strong>.<br />

DE FÁCIL LEITURA – estando colocado numa pare<strong>de</strong>, <strong>de</strong>ve<br />

permitir a leitura a uma distância mínima <strong>de</strong><br />

1,5 m.<br />

Não esquecer que a estrutura, organização, <strong>de</strong>sign, clareza e apresentação<br />

cuidada, são essenciais para o sucesso dum cartaz.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 13<br />

5.1. ESTRUTURA<br />

5.1.1. LÍNGUA<br />

Um poster, ainda que para apresentação interna, <strong>de</strong>ve, tal como os artigos<br />

científicos e os sumários, ser escrito em língua inglesa.<br />

5.1.2. DIMENSÕES<br />

Para garantir a normalização dimensional, com os cartazes utilizados por<br />

outras instituições, utiliza-se 100cm (altura) x 70 cm (largura).<br />

5.1.3. SUPORTE<br />

Para permitir a exposição suspensa, o cartaz <strong>de</strong>ve ter um suporte rígido.<br />

Utiliza-se, vulgarmente, K-line <strong>de</strong> 4/6 mm <strong>de</strong> espessura.<br />

5.1.4. LOGOTIPO DO IST<br />

Garantindo a imagem do IST, o logotipo <strong>de</strong>ve ser colocado no canto superior<br />

esquerdo do cartaz, com a indicação do <strong>Departamento</strong> (i.e. DEM), Instituto<br />

(i.e. IDMEC) ou secção (i.e. Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas), <strong>de</strong> acordo com as normas<br />

estabelecidas pelo Manual <strong>de</strong> Harmonização <strong>de</strong> Imagem.<br />

5.1.5. TÍTULO<br />

Com letras maiúsculas tipo Times New Roman (60-pt negrito). Não mais <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong>z palavras. Centrado.<br />

5.1.6. AUTORES<br />

Inscritos sob o título, grafados a letra tipo Times New Roman (33-pt negrito)<br />

em maiúsculas e minúsculas. Utilizar uma única linha centrada.<br />

Apenas o nome próprio e o apelido, serão impressos por extenso. Uma<br />

inicial intermédia po<strong>de</strong>rá ser utilizada caso possa haver ambiguida<strong>de</strong>.<br />

5.1.7. FILIAÇÃO<br />

Em letra tipo Times New Roman (24-pt itálico) maiúsculas e minúsculas,<br />

centrado, <strong>de</strong>ve escrever-se o en<strong>de</strong>reço completo da instituição que acolhe os<br />

autores. Caso existam, os e-mail <strong>de</strong>stes <strong>de</strong>vem ser adicionados.<br />

5.1.8. RESUMO<br />

Título em letra tipo Times New Roman, 24-pt negrito, alinhado à esquerda.<br />

Texto em letra tipo Times New Roman <strong>de</strong> 24-pt, maiúsculas e minúsculas,<br />

justificado, com o máximo <strong>de</strong> 100 palavras.<br />

Con<strong>de</strong>nsado ao mínimo <strong>de</strong>ve incluir como e on<strong>de</strong> o trabalho foi realizado.<br />

5.1.9. BIBLIOGRAFIA<br />

Apenas as referências, directamente citadas no texto, são listadas<br />

alfabeticamente, pelo nome do primeiro autor. As regras <strong>de</strong> inscrição<br />

bibliográfica são idênticas às utilizadas nos artigos científicos.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 14<br />

Título em letra tipo Times New Roman, 24-pt negrito, maiúsculas, centrado.<br />

Restantes linhas <strong>de</strong>vem ser in<strong>de</strong>ntadas.<br />

5.1.10. CORPO<br />

O texto <strong>de</strong>ve ser impresso a duas colunas, sempre que possível, sem<br />

sacrificar a clareza da mensagem ou a imagem do cartaz.<br />

O tipo <strong>de</strong> letra a utilizar é <strong>de</strong>ixada à imaginação do autor(es). O tamanho <strong>de</strong><br />

24pt, maiúsculas e minúsculas, <strong>de</strong>ve ser escolhido para permitir a leitura a,<br />

no mínimo, 1,5 m.<br />

Os parágrafos são justificados, usam espaçamento a uma linha e não são<br />

in<strong>de</strong>ntados. Usa-se uma linha em branco para separar parágrafos.<br />

5.1.11. AGRADECIMENTOS<br />

Título em letra tipo Times New Roman, 24-pt negrito, maiúsculas, centrado.<br />

Corpo em letra tipo Times New Roman 18-pt, maiúsculas e minúsculas,<br />

centrado.<br />

5.2. CONTEÚDO<br />

5.2.1. INTRODUÇÃO<br />

Breve, referindo apenas os tópicos do trabalho realizado. A introdução não é<br />

um amontoado <strong>de</strong> teorias e equações. Po<strong>de</strong> utilizar frases curtas (bullet<br />

points).<br />

5.2.2. OBJECTIVOS<br />

Devem ser realçados e apresentados em frases curtas.<br />

5.2.3. TRABALHO REALIZADO<br />

Textos resumidos. Devem ser utilizados <strong>de</strong>senhos e esquemas.<br />

5.2.4. RESULTADOS<br />

Utilizar tabelas, figuras ou esquemas para apresentar os resultados obtidos<br />

experimentalmente.<br />

5.2.5. CONCLUSÕES<br />

Não <strong>de</strong>vem incluir discussão, apenas indicar as i<strong>de</strong>ias principais, a serem<br />

extraídas dos resultados encontrados.<br />

5.3. GRAFISMO<br />

5.3.1. FIGURAS<br />

Devem ser posicionadas o mais perto possível da referencia que lhe é feita<br />

no texto.<br />

As fotografias e figuras <strong>de</strong>vem ser coloridas, porém preparadas para<br />

impressão em níveis <strong>de</strong> cinzento.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 15<br />

5.3.2. TABELAS<br />

Não se utilizam linhas verticais para<br />

separar as colunas, apenas as linhas<br />

horizontais <strong>de</strong> separação das entradas.<br />

O título <strong>de</strong>ve ser sublinhado e utilizar<br />

letras do tipo Times New Roman <strong>de</strong> 18-pt,<br />

maiúsculas e minúsculas, centrado.<br />

6. APRESENTAÇÕES ORAIS<br />

Uma prova pública, apesar <strong>de</strong> interna, é realizada em ambiente<br />

relativamente formal. Trajar, pois, <strong>de</strong> acordo com a ocasião.<br />

Deve falar-se claramente, <strong>de</strong>vagar, em voz alta (para garantir a audição<br />

sobre o ruído <strong>de</strong> fundo dos ouvintes) e olhando directamente para a<br />

audiência. O recurso a notas escritas <strong>de</strong>ve ser o mais reduzido possível.<br />

Não ultrapassar o tempo atribuído à apresentação. Ter-se-à oportunida<strong>de</strong>,<br />

na sessão <strong>de</strong> perguntas e respostas, <strong>de</strong> voltar aos temas que tenham ficado<br />

menos explícitos na apresentação.<br />

O poster po<strong>de</strong> ser utilizado como apoio à sessão <strong>de</strong> perguntas e respostas.<br />

Deve, por isso, distribuir-se, pela audiência, uma cópia (A4) a preto e branco.<br />

Também o resumo do trabalho <strong>de</strong>ve estar disponível à assistência.<br />

Durante a sessão <strong>de</strong> perguntas e respostas, <strong>de</strong>ve analisar-se as perguntas<br />

recebidas e dar respostas curtas, concisas e objectivas, mas em perfeita<br />

ligação com a comunicação efectuada. Não sustentar discussões<br />

discordantes. Neste caso convidar o interlocutor para uma conversa no fim<br />

dos trabalhos.<br />

7. CITAÇÕES E REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS<br />

A forma <strong>de</strong> registar as referências <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong> do estilo da publicação e das<br />

suas regras, <strong>de</strong>vendo ser seguidas no mais ínfimo pormenor.<br />

Indicam-se, seguidamente, as regras para citações e referências<br />

bibliográficas a utilizar nos trabalhos das disciplinas leccionadas pelo Grupo<br />

<strong>de</strong> Controlo Automação e Robótica, nomeadamente Projecto <strong>de</strong> Sistemas I e<br />

II e Controlo Integrado da Produção, que seguirão o SISTEMA HARVARD<br />

(também <strong>de</strong>signado por Sistema Nome-e-Ano).<br />

7.1. SISTEMA HARVARD<br />

Table heading un<strong>de</strong>rlined and centred<br />

Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx Xxxx<br />

X X XX<br />

XXX X XX XX<br />

X XXX XX XXX<br />

Na secção <strong>de</strong> Bibliografia, a listagem dos autores <strong>de</strong>ve ser feita por or<strong>de</strong>m<br />

alfabética. Quando o autor, possui várias publicação referidas, estas serão<br />

inscritas por or<strong>de</strong>m cronológica. Se inscrever mais do que uma publicação,<br />

do mesmo autor e ano, <strong>de</strong>ve distinguir as referências por letras minúsculas a,<br />

b, c, etc.<br />

Exemplos:<br />

ABREU, R. (2003), …<br />

BAKER, Gold (1998), …<br />

BAKER, Richard (2000), …<br />

CARVALHO, H. (1999), …<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 16<br />

CARVALHO, H. (2001), …<br />

ESTRELA, E., SOARES, M.A., e LEITÃO, M. J, (2003), …<br />

MADEIRA, A.C. e ABREU, M.M., (2004), …<br />

RICARDO, D. (2003a), …<br />

RICARDO, D. (2003b), …<br />

RICARDO, D. (2003c), …<br />

A vantagem <strong>de</strong> se adoptar este sistema, em relação a outros (i.e. Vancouver,<br />

que utiliza numeração sequencial), é o po<strong>de</strong>r-se adicionar ou apagar citações<br />

ou referencias dos textos, sem alterar a secção Bibliográfica. Há, também,<br />

uma imediata i<strong>de</strong>ntificação das referências.<br />

7.2. CITAÇÕES NO TEXTO<br />

Ao citar uma referência, <strong>de</strong>ve indicar o nome do autor e o ano da publicação.<br />

Se citar mais do que uma publicação, do mesmo autor e ano, <strong>de</strong>ve distinguir<br />

as referências, adicionando ao ano letras minúsculas. Publicações com dois<br />

autores, <strong>de</strong>vem ser indicadas com ambos os nomes seguidos do ano. Se as<br />

referências tiverem mais do que dois autores, será indicado apenas o nome<br />

do primeiro autor seguido <strong>de</strong> et al.<br />

Exemplos:<br />

Ricardo (2003b) apresentou …<br />

De acordo com Ma<strong>de</strong>ira e Abreu (2004), concluímos….<br />

Tal como <strong>de</strong>scrito (Estrela et al.,2003), sugere-se …<br />

7.3. REGRAS DE LISTAGEM BIBLIOGRÁFICA<br />

Há diversas regras sobre a forma como as citações feitas no texto <strong>de</strong>vem ser<br />

listadas na Bibliografia. A inscrição <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong> do tipo <strong>de</strong> publicação.<br />

Listam-se, seguidamente, os esquemas <strong>de</strong> inscrição que <strong>de</strong>ve utilizar.<br />

7.3.1. ARTIGOS<br />

Autor(es) (apelido por extenso [virgula], inicial do nome próprio [ponto]<br />

separação entre autores feito por virgula) [espaço] Ano da publicação (entre<br />

parênteses) [vírgula] Título do artigo [virgula] Nome da publicação (em<br />

itálico) [espaço] número do volume (em negrito) [dois pontos] páginas<br />

referidas [ponto].<br />

Exemplo:<br />

Charlie, P. (1985b), Controlling by Remote Sensing, Journal of Process<br />

Control 66:125-131.<br />

7.3.2. CAPÍTULOS DE LIVROS<br />

Autor(es) (apelido por extenso [virgula], inicial do nome próprio [ponto]<br />

separação entre autores feito por virgula. Utilização do separador [e] para o<br />

último autor) [espaço] Ano da publicação (entre parênteses) [vírgula] Título<br />

do capítulo [ponto] [In] Título do livro (em itálico) [virgula] Nome(s) do<br />

editor(es) [ed(s).] [vírgula] [pp.] páginas referidas [ponto] Entida<strong>de</strong> editora<br />

[vírgula] Local (cida<strong>de</strong>) [vírgula] e país <strong>de</strong> publicação (siglas) [ponto]<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 17<br />

Exemplo:<br />

MADEIRA, A. e CARDEIRA, M. (1954), Referências Bibliográficas. In<br />

Comunicar e redigir trabalhos científicos, R. Dias (ed.), pp. 53-58. Aca<strong>de</strong>mia,<br />

Lisboa, PT.<br />

7.3.3. LIVROS<br />

Autor(es) (apelido por extenso [virgula], inicial do nome próprio [ponto]<br />

separação entre autores feito por virgula. Utilização do separador [e] para o<br />

último autor) [espaço] Ano da publicação (entre parênteses) [vírgula] Título<br />

do livro (em itálico) [ponto] Entida<strong>de</strong> editora [vírgula] Local (cida<strong>de</strong>) [vírgula]<br />

e país <strong>de</strong> publicação (siglas) [ponto] Número total <strong>de</strong> páginas [pp.]<br />

Exemplo:<br />

MADEIRA, A. e CARDEIRA, M. (1954),Comunicar e redigir trabalhos<br />

científicos. Aca<strong>de</strong>mia, Lisboa, PT. 155 pp.<br />

7.3.4. ACTAS DE CONFERÊNCIAS<br />

Autor(es) (apelido por extenso [virgula], inicial do nome próprio [ponto]<br />

separação entre autores feito por virgula. Utilização do separador [e] para o<br />

último autor) [espaço] Ano da publicação (entre parênteses) [vírgula] Título<br />

do trabalho [ponto] [Actas da Conferência (ou Proceedings of)] Nome da<br />

conferência (em itálico) [virgula] Nome(s) do editor(es) [ed(s).] [vírgula] Local<br />

(cida<strong>de</strong>) [vírgula] e país (siglas) on<strong>de</strong> foi realizada a Conferência [ponto] [pp.]<br />

páginas referidas [ponto]<br />

Exemplo:<br />

Pereira, A. et al.(2000), Remote Control in Industrial Processes. Proceedings of<br />

Industrial Processes’2007: 9th Portuguese Conference on Remote Control,<br />

Barrera, C. (ed.), Castelo Branco, PT. pp. 4-6.<br />

7.3.5. DISSERTAÇÕES E TESES<br />

Autor (apelido por extenso [virgula], inicial do nome próprio [ponto]) [espaço]<br />

Ano <strong>de</strong> apresentação (entre parênteses) [vírgula] Título completo do trabalho<br />

(em itálico - incluindo subtítulos se existir) [ponto] Grau (Tese <strong>de</strong><br />

Doutoramento, Dissertação <strong>de</strong> Mestrado) [ponto] Instituição [vírgula] e Local<br />

(cida<strong>de</strong>) [vírgula] e país on<strong>de</strong> foi apresentada [ponto] número <strong>de</strong> páginas<br />

[pp.]<br />

Exemplo:<br />

Kong, X. (1999), Incorporating Landscape Pattern Features in a Spatial<br />

Harvest Mo<strong>de</strong>l. Ph.D. Thesis. University of British Columbia. Vancouver,<br />

CAN. 121 pp.<br />

7.3.6. INTERNET<br />

A Internet é um meio <strong>de</strong> pesquisa bibliográfica importante, logo não po<strong>de</strong> ser<br />

esquecida como forma <strong>de</strong> consulta em trabalhos científicos. Porém, sendo<br />

um ambiente extremamente dinâmico, os en<strong>de</strong>reços, on<strong>de</strong> se encontram os<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 18<br />

trabalhos a referenciar, <strong>de</strong>sactualizam-se rapidamente. Por este motivo, a<br />

Bibliografia, obtida por pesquisa na Internet, só <strong>de</strong>ve ser utilizada quando<br />

não se teve acesso a versões impressas, caso contrário <strong>de</strong>vem ser estas as<br />

referidas.<br />

a) Artigos científicos on line:<br />

Autor(es) (apelido por extenso [virgula], inicial do nome próprio [ponto]<br />

separação entre autores feito por virgula) [espaço] Data do documento –se<br />

existir - (entre parênteses) [vírgula] Título do trabalho [virgula] Título da<br />

publicação (em itálico) [espaço] número do volume (em negrito) [dois<br />

pontos] páginas referidas [ponto] [Disponível em: ]<br />

[ponto] [Acesso em:] [ponto]<br />

b) Homepage:<br />

Autor(es) (apelido por extenso [virgula], inicial do nome próprio [ponto]<br />

separação entre autores feito por virgula) [espaço] Título [ponto] Informações<br />

complementares [ponto] [Disponível em: ] [ponto] [Acesso<br />

em:] [ponto]<br />

8. ANEXOS<br />

Os exemplos que se juntam, ainda que não sigam exactamente as regras<br />

<strong>de</strong>finidas por estas normas, o que não será possível nos trabalhos a realizar<br />

futuramente, mostram, <strong>de</strong> uma forma geral, o modo como se <strong>de</strong>vem<br />

apresentar, quer posters quer papers.<br />

PAPER 1<br />

PAPER 2<br />

PAPER 3<br />

AUTOMATIC CREATION OF SIMULATION MODELS FOR FLOW<br />

ASSEMBLY LINES<br />

WEB BASED SUPERVISION OF REMOTE UNITS<br />

INDUSTRIAL SENSORS FOR GUIDING AN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 19<br />

POSTER<br />

IDMEC<br />

FPIAA (Find Persons in Atlas Areas)<br />

Abstract: The main objective of this system is to find persons insi<strong>de</strong> the ATLAS area, in case of<br />

acci<strong>de</strong>nt, or if someone is still insi<strong>de</strong> when an experiment is about to begin. As such, both software<br />

and hardware issues must be resolved. ATLAS presents a unique working environment, both in<br />

environment and in requirements.<br />

In the hardware issue, only the solution based on volumetric ultrasonic sensors appears to be feasible,<br />

due to restrictions with other volumetric sensors and high cost of non-volumetric alternatives. A field<br />

bus will connect these sensors to a computer to process the data.<br />

Also software will be <strong>de</strong>veloped to process hardware input, visualization and alarm generation.<br />

The prototype has the following abilities :<br />

• Detect position of persons as indicated by volumetric sensors;<br />

• Generate alarms when a person disappears. That happens when sensors are <strong>de</strong>tecting<br />

someone, and sud<strong>de</strong>nly both that sensor and nearby sensors stop <strong>de</strong>tecting for a given amount<br />

of time. That could signal a problem with that person.<br />

This is a viability study. As such, it’s unclear whether a useful system can be produced, and if so,<br />

whether it can be produced within budget. This is due to the fact that the environment and<br />

requirements are unique.<br />

Carlos Car<strong>de</strong>ira 1 , Amélia Maio 2 , Gianpaolo Benicasa 3<br />

1<br />

Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon<br />

Mechanical Engineering Department, IDMEC-GCAR<br />

Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal<br />

e-mail: {xxx, yyyyy, zzzzz}@<strong>de</strong>m.ist.utl.pt<br />

2<br />

LIP Lisboa<br />

Av. Elias Garcia 14, 1º 1000-149 Lisboa, Portugal<br />

e-mail: ameliamaio@werkygtdr.pt<br />

3<br />

CERN<br />

CH-1211 Genève 23 Switzerland<br />

e-mail: g.benicasa@sw.d<strong>de</strong>uvgft.com<br />

BIBLIOGRAPHY<br />

Atlas Technical Design Report, Cern Report Number ATLAS-TL13, January 1999<br />

G. Benicasa, “Equipment fault report and safety: a proposition”, EDMS:ATC-TY-EN-0001<br />

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<br />

This research is partially financed by the FCT through the program POCTI - Unida<strong>de</strong> 46 - Linha 3,<br />

subsidized by FEDER.<br />

This work was partly supported by CERN (IDMEC grant nº PL208).<br />

This proposal addresses CERN’s person surveillance needs insi<strong>de</strong> the<br />

ATLAS area.<br />

During the maintenance periods, tens of specialists enter the cavern<br />

where the system is located for verifications and repair work. The<br />

specialists need to enter the ATLAS itself and other exiguous areas not<br />

visible from the outsi<strong>de</strong>. Sometimes it is even necessary to crawl some<br />

distance to the area of interest. The topology of the working environment<br />

is complex making very difficult the work of rescue teams in case of<br />

acci<strong>de</strong>nts such as fire or cryogenic liquid spills.<br />

The need to know where people are is essential to prevent fatal<br />

consequences if any acci<strong>de</strong>nt ever occurs.<br />

This work proposes the study and implementation of a prototype of a<br />

data acquisition system that can remotely show the positions of persons<br />

in the monitored areas. This prototype if successful in a controlled<br />

environment can be tested in the ATLAS environment so that a<br />

production system can be <strong>de</strong>signed.<br />

Architecture overview<br />

Each volumetric sensor is connected to the computer hosting the monitoring software. The prototype has only a limited number of sensors connected only to show the<br />

concept. The monitoring software picks up the signals sent from the sensors, and displays them in a graphical interface showing the physical space occupied by the monitoring<br />

system. The software keeps track of incoming signals and remembers them in or<strong>de</strong>r to activate alarm signals to the operator when a contact is lost. The notion of a lost contact<br />

is a time-out on a signal.<br />

Software<br />

The monitoring application displays graphically the monitored area. This area is organized by no<strong>de</strong>s, each one being a monitored zone. Each zone corresponds to a sensor. When<br />

a signal is being received from that zone the application shows a person icon over the no<strong>de</strong>.<br />

The application generates alarms when a given contact is not followed by another contact either in the same zone or any adjacent navigable zone, in a given amount of time.<br />

The software takes an optimistic approach. If a contact is lost before the timeout and another adjacent contact overlaps the first, no alarm is generated. It is assumed that the<br />

second contact is responsible for giving out the alarm if the first one corresponds to an injured person.<br />

The mo<strong>de</strong>l of the hypothetical area to be monitored will be simple enough to fit in a normal <strong>de</strong>sktop computer screen.<br />

sensor<br />

sensor<br />

sensor<br />

sensor<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong><br />

sensor<br />

sensor<br />

Workstation


IST - DEM – Secção <strong>de</strong> Sistemas Normas <strong>de</strong> redacção e apresentação - 20<br />

BIBLIOGRAFIA<br />

ESTRELA, E., SOARES, M.A., e LEITÃO, M. J. (2003), Saber Escrever Saber Falar:<br />

Um guia completo para usar correctamente a língua portuguesa, Dom Quixote,<br />

Lisboa.<br />

MADEIRA, A.C. e ABREU, M.M. (2004), Comunicar em Ciência: como redigir e<br />

apresentar trabalhos científicos, Escolar Editora, Lisboa.<br />

RICARDO, D. (2003), AINDA BEM QUE ME PERGUNTA: manual <strong>de</strong> escrita<br />

jornalística, Editorial Notícias, Lisboa.<br />

WILSON, A. (org.) (2001), MANUAL DE COMUNICAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA: Como transmitir<br />

num minuto ou numa página o trabalho <strong>de</strong> anos, Tradução <strong>de</strong> Tânia Rocha,<br />

Editorial Replicação, Lisboa.<br />

Rui Loureiro - 2004 Projecto <strong>de</strong> <strong>Fim</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Curso</strong>


AUTOMATIC CREATION OF SIMULATION MODELS FOR FLOW ASSEMBLY<br />

LINES<br />

João Weinholtz†, Rui Loureiro‡, Carlos Car<strong>de</strong>ira†, João M. Sousa†<br />

†Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon<br />

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, GCAR - IDMEC<br />

Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal<br />

joao.weinholtz@netcabo.pt, {carlos.car<strong>de</strong>ira, jmsousa}@ist.utl.pt<br />

‡Bombardier Transportation Portugal, SA<br />

Rua Vice-Almirante Azevedo Coutinho , nº 1, 2700-843 Amadora, Portugal<br />

rui.loureiro@pt.transport.bombardier.com<br />

Abstract: This paper presents a new software tool for automatic creation of simulation<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>ls for flow lines. The tool was <strong>de</strong>veloped in a general way. The tool was applied to the<br />

production flow line at the rolling stock Company Bombardier Transportation Portugal, SA,<br />

in Amadora, in or<strong>de</strong>r to <strong>de</strong>velop its simulation mo<strong>de</strong>l. Information regarding manufacturing<br />

philosophies, flow assembly lines, production scheduling, and software tools for the mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />

creation are required to perform this task. The paper mainly focuses on the mo<strong>de</strong>l creation<br />

process and the productivity gains generated by this work. Copyright © 2004 IFAC<br />

Keywords: Process simulators, production systems, scheduling, simulation.<br />

1. INTRODUCTION<br />

New manufacturing philosophies points to production as<br />

the central area of the manufacturing process. Note that<br />

production is supported by many other service functions<br />

in or<strong>de</strong>r to timely <strong>de</strong>liver high-quality, low-cost,<br />

functional products to customers, see Pinedo (2002). The<br />

major concerns of the or<strong>de</strong>r/project management are then<br />

process organization, resource optimization and<br />

throughput time reduction according to vision and<br />

objectives of the company.<br />

The dynamic strategies of corporations, especially the<br />

ones that have to lead with long lead-time products, are<br />

<strong>de</strong>aling with a strong increase of management<br />

complexity, since processes and information must be<br />

adjusted quickly and consistently. Currently, these<br />

adjustments to changes have not been done in an<br />

efficient way; the costs of changes are usually high.<br />

Therefore, the low adaptation of enterprises to the<br />

constraints of the market resources is not allowing the<br />

optimization of processes and is <strong>de</strong>grading production<br />

costs.<br />

Several software solutions are commercially available to<br />

this optimization, but they normally are focused on the<br />

sequence generation and/or line balancing, disregarding<br />

the optimization of production processes and the<br />

dynamism of the companies.<br />

Due to the high costs associated with the revision of a<br />

manufacturing process (a methods team would spend<br />

weeks or months to re<strong>de</strong>sign a running process and the<br />

double of the time to issue all required documentation)<br />

process optimization is only verified once – in the initial<br />

phase of layout <strong>de</strong>sign and aggregate documentation.<br />

Thus, the optimization process is done by local subprocess<br />

improvement with the goal of reducing the<br />

execution time of individual tasks, ignoring completely<br />

the dynamic philosophies linked with company main<br />

lines.<br />

In or<strong>de</strong>r to achieve optimized solutions at reduced cost, it<br />

is imperative to <strong>de</strong>velop algorithms to be implemented in<br />

some standard software.<br />

This paper presents the <strong>de</strong>velopment of software tools to<br />

simulate and optimize flow assembly lines. The<br />

presented tool allows the inclusion of methods staff<br />

expertise. This know-how allows a fast dynamic<br />

reconfiguration of the assembly scheduling, a fast<br />

response to shortages in assembly line or equipment


malfunctions and an efficient adaptation to changes in<br />

the company objectives.<br />

The study of flow production lines is a very complex task<br />

due mainly to the huge number of variables to handle<br />

(Pinedo and Chao, 1999). The <strong>de</strong>veloped work started by<br />

analyzing an existing production line. A <strong>de</strong>ep and<br />

continuous communication with the methods team was<br />

required for acquiring data and learning in <strong>de</strong>tail the<br />

implementation of the production line.<br />

The key point in a flow assembly line is the production<br />

schedule. The scheduling solutions for production were<br />

optimized based on standard techniques, namely the<br />

Shifting Bottleneck Heuristic (Pinedo, 2002). These<br />

solutions were <strong>de</strong>veloped recurring to the software<br />

MatLab. The obtained scheduling is stored in a database<br />

and becomes the input necessary for the mo<strong>de</strong>l creation.<br />

These data is translated to Arena using Visual Basic, to<br />

simulate, validate and test the obtained production<br />

simulation mo<strong>de</strong>ls. Note that the work is general enough,<br />

such that the <strong>de</strong>veloped mo<strong>de</strong>ls can simulate different<br />

types of large-scale products, such as rolling stock<br />

material, planes or armored vehicles.<br />

Classically, simulations mo<strong>de</strong>ls are built to represent the<br />

reality. As so, the i<strong>de</strong>al mo<strong>de</strong>l should allow the<br />

simulation of unforeseen difficulties and adapt itself to<br />

new environments. A simulation, beyond representing<br />

the reality, can also be used to study the mo<strong>de</strong>l responses<br />

to chosen sequences of events. The main goals of the<br />

<strong>de</strong>veloped work were then to obtain a solution for the<br />

scheduling problem and to <strong>de</strong>fine the risk of the solutions<br />

found. To achieve these objectives the following steps<br />

were performed:<br />

1. Analysis of flow assembly lines and i<strong>de</strong>ntification of<br />

their constraints.<br />

2. Definition of a data structure to store the production<br />

schedule for simulation purposes.<br />

3. Development of a software tool for automatic<br />

creation of simulation mo<strong>de</strong>ls of a given production<br />

schedule.<br />

4. Application to the flow assembly line of the train<br />

manufacturing process implemented at Bombardier<br />

Transportation SA – Amadora.<br />

5. Analysis of obtained results.<br />

This article is organized as follows. Section 2 presents<br />

some software simulation tools and the reasons to choose<br />

a special one. Section 3 <strong>de</strong>scribes the characteristics of<br />

the <strong>de</strong>veloped software tool, presenting both the objects<br />

of the tool and the flow assembly lines specifications and<br />

special characteristics. The <strong>de</strong>tailed <strong>de</strong>scription of the<br />

<strong>de</strong>veloped software tool and the justification for some<br />

options that were ma<strong>de</strong> are presented in Section 4. A<br />

case study and its production scheduling are <strong>de</strong>scribed in<br />

section 5, and some conclusions are drawn in section 6.<br />

2. SOFTWARE SIMULATION TOOLS<br />

The simulation of industrial assembly lines has been<br />

done by different methodologies, especially by those that<br />

are computer ai<strong>de</strong>d. Different software tools can be<br />

found for discrete or continuous event systems exist.<br />

Due to the industrial focus of simulation software<br />

houses, some difficulties arise in finding information<br />

about the features of commercial available tools.<br />

Hssain (2000) presents some solutions to flux simulation.<br />

Moreover, there are different software simulation and<br />

scheduling tools available like Arena (Kelton et al.,<br />

2003), Witness, Automod, Asprova, or Jobboss, for<br />

which their features were summarily studied. Russo and<br />

Vicente (2003) performed a comparative study of those<br />

software tools based on learning easiness, process<br />

adaptation, graphic features and cost aspects, as<br />

presented in Table 1.<br />

Table 1: Software tools comparison<br />

learning<br />

easiness<br />

process<br />

adaptation<br />

continuos<br />

process<br />

graphic<br />

features<br />

cost<br />

ARENA D A C A C<br />

AUTOMOD C A C A D<br />

EXTEND B B A B A<br />

PROMODEL B B D B D<br />

SIMPLE ++ C C D C E<br />

TAYLOR B C D B B<br />

WITNESS C A C B D<br />

The characteristics that are more relevant for the<br />

presented work are process adaptation and the<br />

visualization facility translated in the graphic features.<br />

By observing Table 1, it is easily conclu<strong>de</strong>d that both<br />

Arena and Automod are suitable to the simulation<br />

purposes of this paper. As Arena is less expensive, and<br />

moreover a license un<strong>de</strong>r special conditions for research<br />

and <strong>de</strong>velopment was possible to be bought, it was the<br />

software chosen for simulation of the production line.<br />

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOFTWARE TOOL<br />

This section presents the <strong>de</strong>scription of the basic<br />

features, in terms of functional characteristics to allow<br />

the <strong>de</strong>velopment of simulation mo<strong>de</strong>ls.<br />

3.1 Objects of the software tool<br />

The objects of the software <strong>de</strong>velopment tool are the<br />

following.


Entities – are the dynamic objects for simulation.<br />

They can be created, used through the system and<br />

<strong>de</strong>leted when they no longer necessary for the<br />

simulation. They are abstract representations of the<br />

objects to be processed in the system.<br />

Attributes – are each characteristic of an entity. An<br />

entity can contain several different characteristics at<br />

same time.<br />

Variables – are <strong>de</strong>fined as global for a specific<br />

system, and have read/write access by all the<br />

entities.<br />

Resources – represent any need, such as a worker, a<br />

machine, etc. of a task. The resources have limited<br />

capacity, can be used in any section of the mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />

and can be used by any entity.<br />

Queues – are entities that request a resource in use<br />

by other entity. The entities must wait in the queue<br />

until the resource is released.<br />

Arena<br />

Macros<br />

Visual<br />

Basic<br />

Automatic creation of<br />

simulation mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />

Macros<br />

Fig. 1: Creation of the simulation mo<strong>de</strong>l.<br />

In or<strong>de</strong>r to build a simulation mo<strong>de</strong>l automatically it is<br />

necessary to make the connection between a production<br />

schedule using the Shifting Bottleneck Heuristic (stored<br />

in Excel) and Arena. The communication is established<br />

using a Visual Basic program, which receives the<br />

necessary information and creates the simulation of the<br />

production line in Arena.<br />

3.2 Specifications and special characteristics<br />

During the process analysis important constraints were<br />

taken into account:<br />

Working stations may share resources<br />

Tasks may have pre<strong>de</strong>cessors<br />

Assembly lines have the ability to produce vehicles<br />

of different types<br />

Different tasks can be executed simultaneously in<br />

the same working station, but at different locations<br />

Task assembly times follow a probabilistic<br />

distribution<br />

Task times can have large variations.<br />

These specifications were all implemented in the<br />

software tool to create simulation tools. It should be<br />

stressed that he cooperation of workers and production<br />

experts was fundamental for the <strong>de</strong>termination of the<br />

characteristics of the assembly line and their respective<br />

constraints.<br />

4. SOFTWARE TOOL FOR MODEL CREATION<br />

The software tool <strong>de</strong>veloped for the simulation of<br />

production lines is at the moment implemented for<br />

Flexible Flow Shop configurations (Pinedo, 2002). Any<br />

production schedule can be mo<strong>de</strong>led and simulated by<br />

Arena using the <strong>de</strong>veloped tool.<br />

The mo<strong>de</strong>l manages all the existing resources and tasks,<br />

creating sequences and attributes characteristics to them.<br />

Each task can be <strong>de</strong>scribed as in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt, i.e., it does<br />

not need to follow a sequence, and can be part of<br />

different sequences. Several variables must be created,<br />

namely: vehicle type, vehicle type comparison, station<br />

occupation control and task execution i<strong>de</strong>ntification. The<br />

software tool also creates the processing mo<strong>de</strong>ls<br />

<strong>de</strong>scribed next.<br />

4.1 Entity creation<br />

Each entity represents a “vehicle”, which receives all<br />

tasks and resources required, and transport them until the<br />

end of the manufacturing process. The entity must follow<br />

the tasks <strong>de</strong>fined in the production schedule, which are<br />

accomplished in the given station. At any instant the<br />

entity must contain the work in progress of the process.<br />

This module <strong>de</strong>termines also the first stations of the<br />

routing to be followed by the entity, holding it in case the<br />

<strong>de</strong>stination station is not free. An example of the Arena<br />

aspect of an entity is given in Fig. 2.<br />

Fig. 2: Entity creation and routing indication.<br />

4.2 Start of an assembly station<br />

Assembly stations are in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt amongst them. These<br />

stations transform the arriving entity and process it. The


entity type is verified and routed to the task sequence<br />

<strong>de</strong>fined for the station. The number of teams and its<br />

location in the station are <strong>de</strong>fined and inclu<strong>de</strong>d into the<br />

entity. Also task works are attributed to the entity. The<br />

assembly station can receive different kinds of entities<br />

and processes them sequentially. An example of an<br />

assembly station is given in Fig. 3.<br />

Fig. 3: Example of an assembly station with 4 types of<br />

entities to process.<br />

4.3 Tasks<br />

The objective of a task is to use the respective resources<br />

taking a certain time according to its requirements. Some<br />

tasks may be <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt of others (prece<strong>de</strong>nts) to be<br />

initialized. Only the prece<strong>de</strong>nt tasks processed in the<br />

same station are verified before the initialization of a<br />

task.<br />

When an entity arrives at a certain task, the availability<br />

of resources must be verified. If the resources are not<br />

available, the entity is retained until they are at disposal.<br />

The resources are retained by that task during a certain<br />

time, and are released when this time elapses. After the<br />

task conclusion, the entity is routed to the next task or to<br />

the end of the station. The task formation in Arena is<br />

shown in Fig. 4.<br />

Fig. 4: Task formation.<br />

4.4 Closing of the assembly station<br />

When an assembly station is closing, the leaving entities<br />

represent an assembled product or part of it.<br />

This module is used to aggregate all assembled parts of<br />

the product in just one entity that represents all work in<br />

process incorporated in the tasks processed before. This<br />

last entity is then routed to the end of the module, where<br />

is retained until the next station is available to receive it.<br />

Transport of entities between stations is ma<strong>de</strong> by a single<br />

resource. If the transportation means are not available,<br />

the entity remains at the end of the station waiting for its<br />

availability.<br />

Each closing assembly station can concatenate up to 25<br />

teams (processes) into one single entity. Is also in this<br />

module that some statistical data can be stored for later<br />

analysis. An example is given in Fig. 5.<br />

Fig. 5: Example of a closing assembly station module<br />

concatenating 2 teams.<br />

4.5 End module<br />

After an entity had passed through all assembly stations<br />

it is routed to the end module (were its throughput time is<br />

computed) and disposed, see Fig. 6.<br />

Fig. 6: Process ending module.<br />

5. CASE STUDY<br />

In this paper, the case study for software validation is the<br />

production line of rolling stock vehicles of the CP2000<br />

type, manufactured at Bombardier Transportation<br />

Portugal SA, Amadora. The flow assembly line is<br />

producing a train of four different vehicles, as shown in<br />

Fig. 8.


Fig. 8: The CP2000 train formation.<br />

5.1 The CP2000 assembly line<br />

The assembly line is unique and processes all vehicles<br />

simultaneously at the same bit-rate. Each vehicle has its<br />

own assembly tasks but the assembly line responds well<br />

to the different solicitations. Eight workstations, with<br />

four locations each, form the flow assembly line to built<br />

the train, see Fig. 9.<br />

Entrada<br />

Saída<br />

Pré-Montagem<br />

Bogies<br />

Estação 650<br />

EA<br />

Estação 620 Estação 625 Pré-Montagem<br />

Fluxo <strong>de</strong> Trabalho<br />

IA IB<br />

Estação 640<br />

Fig. 9: Assembly line implemented.<br />

5.2 Sequence of workstations<br />

EB<br />

Estação 630<br />

Ensaio estanqueida<strong>de</strong><br />

The assembly line is composed by five workstations<br />

(numbered 620, 625, 630, 640 and 650) and the station<br />

640 is divi<strong>de</strong>d into four in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt stations. The<br />

workstation 650 does the concatenation of the four<br />

vehicles for train formation. The sequence of<br />

workstations is presented in Fig. 10.<br />

Station 640 (1)<br />

Vehicles EB<br />

Bit Rate 12 days<br />

Station 640 (2)<br />

Vehicles IB<br />

Bit Rate 12 days<br />

Station 620<br />

All vehicles<br />

Bit Rate 3 days<br />

Station 625<br />

All vehicles<br />

Bit Rate 3 days<br />

Station 630<br />

All vehicles<br />

Assembly tasks<br />

Duration 2 days<br />

Tightness test<br />

Duration 1 days<br />

Bit Rate 3 days<br />

Station 650<br />

Vehicle concatenation EA<br />

Station 640 (3)<br />

Vehicles IA<br />

Bit Rate 12 days<br />

Station 640 (4)<br />

Vehicles EA<br />

Bit Rate 12 days<br />

Fig. 10: Sequence of working stations.<br />

A bottleneck is found in workstation 630 due to the<br />

tightness tests.<br />

5.3 Working locations<br />

The team working locations vary <strong>de</strong>pending on the<br />

workstation. Teams can have 1, 2 or 4 workers each.<br />

Working locations by station are <strong>de</strong>termined according<br />

the following rules:<br />

Vehicle interior<br />

o Salon – Max 2 teams of 2 workers<br />

o Cab (EA, EB) – Max 1 team of 1 worker<br />

Vehicle exterior<br />

o Lateral – Max 2 teams of 2 workers<br />

o Roof – Max 2 teams of 2 workers<br />

o Un<strong>de</strong>r floor – Max 2 teams of 2 workers<br />

The majority of working stations have three up to four<br />

teams (six up to eight workers) at a time. On Cab only<br />

one worker is allowed.<br />

5.4 Production schedule<br />

The <strong>de</strong>velopment of the production schedule for this<br />

assembly line is a time consuming and difficult task since<br />

it is necessary to conciliate constraints and minimize<br />

resources, while a balance of works is required to reduce<br />

the idle time and cost of the process. Experts make this<br />

task manually with the know-how acquired in past<br />

projects and constant revision of the tasks.<br />

An Excel file containing the sheets: tasks; resources and<br />

scheduling stores the production schedule to which the<br />

simulation mo<strong>de</strong>l is inten<strong>de</strong>d. The first sheet relates to<br />

the list of executable tasks, the second to the list of<br />

existing resources and the third to the list of the schedule<br />

planning to simulate. The database must follow a fixed<br />

format and must have the configuration shown in Fig.<br />

11.


Fig. 11: Production scheduling data sheets example.<br />

5.5 Simulation<br />

The database is read by Arena, using the Visual Basic<br />

program to communicate between softwares. The created<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>l is then simulated by Arena. First, possible<br />

scheduling errors are checked. If no errors are <strong>de</strong>tected,<br />

Arena runs the simulation mo<strong>de</strong>l.<br />

Fig. 12: Probability distribution for the through put time<br />

of the process studied<br />

The simulation produces a report that stores important<br />

information about the process. A MatLab program called<br />

Analyzer was <strong>de</strong>veloped to analyze the data stored during<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>l creation, to i<strong>de</strong>ntify <strong>de</strong>lays due to pre<strong>de</strong>cessors<br />

and shared resources, to i<strong>de</strong>ntify the critical path, to<br />

<strong>de</strong>termine the confi<strong>de</strong>nce intervals and to i<strong>de</strong>ntify the<br />

minimum resources nee<strong>de</strong>d. Figures 13, 14 and 15<br />

present some results produced by Analyzer.<br />

Fig. 13: Statistical analysis for the throughput time of the<br />

studied process.<br />

Fig. 14: Confi<strong>de</strong>nce interval for the throughput time of<br />

the process studied.<br />

Utilizacao do(s) Recurso(s) ao longo do tempo<br />

Mec 16.rdat<br />

Mec 18.rdat<br />

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200<br />

Tempo (em Unida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> Tempo)<br />

Fig. 15: Comparison between the usage of two<br />

different resources. Idle time and tasks performed by the<br />

resources are shown.<br />

6. CONCLUSION<br />

This paper presents the <strong>de</strong>velopment of a software tool to<br />

create simulation mo<strong>de</strong>ls of flow assembly lines. One<br />

example of a very complex mo<strong>de</strong>l, the production line of<br />

rolling stock vehicles, showed the powerful capabilities<br />

of the tool, which is able to simulate a wi<strong>de</strong> variety of<br />

assembly lines. The software tool was able to reduce the<br />

production in 45 days for a manual solution, and 8 hours<br />

in the study of different solutions for the flow assembly<br />

line. Also some scheduling errors in the implemented<br />

solution at Bombardier were found. The study shown<br />

that the major constraint of the process, i.e. the limitation<br />

to 5% of extra time to fulfill all tasks within the bit rate<br />

of 3 days (24 hours), is easily achieved by small<br />

adjustments in the production schedule.<br />

The intention of this paper was to briefly discuss the<br />

simulation mo<strong>de</strong>l creation process. The <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />

process was not shown in <strong>de</strong>tail, as it can be consulted in<br />

(Russo and Vicente, 2003). Future work will <strong>de</strong>al with<br />

other scheduling methods based on soft computing<br />

methods.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Hssain, A., (2000). Optimisation <strong>de</strong>s Flux <strong>de</strong> Production.<br />

Metho<strong>de</strong>s et Simulation, Éditions Dunod, Paris.<br />

Russo, J., Vicente R., (2003). Análise e Simulação <strong>de</strong><br />

uma Linha <strong>de</strong> Montagem, Technical Report GCAR<br />

Lisboa, Portugal.<br />

Kelton, W., R. Sadowski, D. Sturrock (2003). Simulation<br />

with Arena, McGraw-Hill.<br />

Pinedo, M. (2002). Scheduling: Theory, Algorithms, and<br />

Systems, 2 nd Edition, Prentice Hall.<br />

Pinedo, M. and X. Chao (1999). Operations Scheduling<br />

with Applications in Manufacturing and Services,<br />

Irwin/McGraw Hill.


Abstract<br />

WEB BASED SUPERVISION OF REMOTE UNITS<br />

Rui Delgado 1 , Gustavo Santos 1 , Carlos Car<strong>de</strong>ira 1 , Rui Loureiro 1 , Otto Leichsenring 2<br />

1 Lisbon Technical University, Instituto Superior Técnico, GCAR – DEM<br />

1049-001 Lisboa<br />

{rmdd,gmsa}@mega.ist.utl.pt, rui.loureiro@pt.transport.bombardier.com, carlos.car<strong>de</strong>ira@.ist.utl.pt<br />

2 Infocontrol - Electrónica e Automatismos,<br />

2745-740 Massamá<br />

otto@infocontrol.pt<br />

In this paper we present the monitoring of a remote facility, using a simple web based interface instead of the usual<br />

monitoring and supervision system. The HMI (Human Man Interface) was <strong>de</strong>veloped using standard html (as well as<br />

some Javascript instructions) providing access to the user from an internet browser without need of specific SCADA<br />

software. Letting HMI of equipments be built as a common web page we take advantage on large expertise existing for<br />

making web pages instead of being <strong>de</strong>pendant of a specific HMI provi<strong>de</strong>d by a given SCADA software. A case study is<br />

presented were we monitor the state of a remote retransmission unit and control its access remotely from a usual web<br />

client. This work results from cooperation between university and industry. Copyright © IFAC Controlo2004<br />

Keywords: Industry automation, Monitored control systems, Remote control, Supervision.<br />

1. Introduction<br />

In many applications, a facility may be located in places<br />

difficult to access. This arises often in applications like<br />

urban water supply, radio transmitting antennas, electric<br />

power stations, and so on. In these applications the<br />

facility may work remotely without human assistance for<br />

long periods. The human presence in such systems<br />

presents a high cost due to the difficulty on accessing<br />

these remote locations.<br />

Human teams usually go to these places to solve any<br />

given problem reported by any sort of generated alarm or<br />

for maintenance purposes, but it is important that these<br />

visits remain unfrequent.<br />

The usual solution is to opt for a commercial SCADA<br />

solution, which will monitor the system and provi<strong>de</strong> the<br />

necessary alarms.<br />

However these SCADA systems are expensive.<br />

Moreover, some PLCs manufacturers already offer low<br />

cost web based solutions that might provi<strong>de</strong> the set of<br />

features provi<strong>de</strong>d by a SCADA system. It’s up to the user<br />

the responsibility of making the work with the languages<br />

usually used for web browsers.<br />

Using this approach we <strong>de</strong>veloped such a system<br />

providing similar features as a commercial SCADA<br />

system but relying on simpler techniques like<br />

programming in html, letting the system observable from<br />

any web browser.<br />

To achieve this goal, this paper is organized as follows: in<br />

section 2 we present a state of the art on existing SCADA<br />

1<br />

solutions; in section 3 we present a <strong>de</strong>scription of the<br />

system studied and the way how communications were<br />

handled; section 4 presents our experimental results; in<br />

section 5 conclusions are drawn.<br />

2. State of the art<br />

SCADA (Supervision Control and Data Acquisition)<br />

systems are often used to monitor remote facilities<br />

[Bailey 2003], [Boyer 1999]. The i<strong>de</strong>al SCADA would<br />

provi<strong>de</strong> these important features:<br />

• Run on multiple platforms (win32, unix, RTOS,<br />

etc.)<br />

• Have a good database support (SQL Server,<br />

Oracle, etc.)<br />

• Good LAN support<br />

• Nice script languages (VBScript or JavaScript)<br />

• Graphical Reports<br />

• High speed historian<br />

• Low Cost<br />

• …<br />

Factory Link, Rsview32, Citect, Cimplicity, iFix, Intouch,<br />

and many others are well known commercial SCADA<br />

systems that compete with each other trying to achieve<br />

these goals. They usually have rich HMI (Human<br />

Machine Interface) providing the user a complete<br />

overview of the remote controlled system (fig 1).


Fig. 1 HMI of a typical SCADA system<br />

In spite of all these features, commercial SCADA systems<br />

are very expensive and some times proprietary meaning<br />

that a SCADA systems will work better with several<br />

brands of equipment (likely with equipment from the<br />

same manufacturer) and will work worse or not work at<br />

all with other brands (likely with equipment from a<br />

concurrent manufacturer).<br />

Web based approaches, when available, provi<strong>de</strong> a nice<br />

way to bypass these drawbacks as they are wi<strong>de</strong>ly<br />

available at a lower cost [Neto 2000].<br />

3. System Description<br />

The remote system to be monitorized is composed by a<br />

PLC and two external connected equipments:<br />

• Energy analyser<br />

• Access control rea<strong>de</strong>r<br />

The PLC is the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) of the<br />

system which communicates with a PC running a specific<br />

Web Server (SAIA Web Connect). This part of the system<br />

is our version of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data<br />

Acquisition).<br />

The PLC used was SAIA-BURGESS PCD4.M170 which<br />

supports the allocation of HTML files and communicates<br />

with the SCADA, via a TCP/IP protocol. For this effect<br />

the PLC has incorporated an Ehernet RJ45 Connector.<br />

Energy Analyser<br />

Remote PC<br />

Modbus Modbus<br />

TCP/IP<br />

RTU<br />

SCADA<br />

TCP/IP<br />

Fig 2 : System architecture.<br />

ASCII ASCII communication<br />

communication<br />

Access Control<br />

Rea<strong>de</strong>r<br />

2<br />

The RTU controls the system, communicates with the<br />

external equipments and stores the information received<br />

in its memory. Therefore this information can be<br />

remotely accessed by anyone with permission, in remote<br />

PCs. These PCs communicate via TCP/IP with the Web<br />

Server that runs in the SCADA.<br />

The tasks that control the system were programmed in<br />

Graftec language (a specific SAIA language similar to<br />

Grafcet) and downloa<strong>de</strong>d to the PLC using the SAIA PG5<br />

application.<br />

The energy analyser used was Electrex Kilo (3 phase<br />

energy analyser/controller). It was connected to a serial<br />

communication port of the PLC over an RS485 link,<br />

using Modbus protocol. Modbus is an open, serial<br />

communications protocol based on the master/slave<br />

architecture.<br />

The Access Control Rea<strong>de</strong>r used was PRX-4. The<br />

communication protocol for this <strong>de</strong>vice is pure ASCII<br />

based, and was implemented over an RS232 serial link to<br />

the PLC.<br />

The group formed by the RTU and its external connected<br />

equipments are viewed remotely as stations.<br />

3.1. Communication RTU-SCADA<br />

The communication between the PLC and the PC running<br />

the Web Server can be ma<strong>de</strong> using TCP/IP, S-BUS or<br />

PGU. The last two mo<strong>de</strong>s use a RS232 connection. The<br />

communication and respective configuration is ma<strong>de</strong> with<br />

the Web Server provi<strong>de</strong>d by SAIA-BURGESS (SAIA<br />

Web Connect) which is installed in the PC [SAIA 2003].<br />

SAIA-Burgess Web Server functions are splitted: The<br />

PLC has the responsibility to do the file administration<br />

while the PC running the Web Server handles the requests<br />

from TCP/IP communications used to call control and<br />

monitoring functions. It’s then possible to communicate<br />

between the PC and PLC using a simple, efficient<br />

protocol that uses fewer resources than TCP/IP. Reduced<br />

to the essential transfer function, this protocol does not<br />

affect the real-time behaviour of the PLC.<br />

Standard browsers, like Microsoft Internet Explorer or<br />

Netscape Communicator, make file requests to the Web<br />

Server using the TCP/IP protocol. To enable<br />

communication with the Web Server in the PLC, the Web<br />

Connect software must be installed on a PC, which works<br />

as the communication part of the Web Server. Web<br />

Connect receives those requests from the browser using<br />

the TCP/IP protocol and forwards them with an efficient<br />

protocol from the PC to the PLC. This is ma<strong>de</strong> using one<br />

of the possible communication mo<strong>de</strong>s previously<br />

configured. PLC answers are converted back into TCP/IP<br />

and sent to the browser.


Some advantages of this Web Server are:<br />

• Simple and low-cost creation of control and<br />

monitoring interfaces with familiar HTML editors,<br />

such as Frontpage or Dreamweaver.<br />

• Control and Monitoring of the system accessing the<br />

interface with commonly used web browsers, like<br />

Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape<br />

Communicator.<br />

The Web Server allows the configuration of multiple<br />

stations using different communication mo<strong>de</strong>s.<br />

Fig 3 : SAIA Web Connect General Setup<br />

The configuration is ma<strong>de</strong> using a setup page pre-built in<br />

the Web Server accessed with a common web browser at<br />

the location http://pc-ip-address/setup, exemplified in Fig<br />

3. In our case the station was connected via TCP/IP.<br />

After the station configuration the Web Interface can be<br />

accessed at the location http://pc-ip-address/stationname/.<br />

Fig 4: Web Server individual Elements<br />

2.2.1. HTML Server<br />

The HTML Server is the core of the Web Server. Its<br />

function is sending HTML pages requested by the Web<br />

Browser (as well as images) across the S-BUS Driver to<br />

the PC. HTML pages or images are stored in the user files<br />

3<br />

memory of the PLC, which were previously<br />

downloa<strong>de</strong>d to it, along with the remaining program.<br />

The HTML server also checks HTML pages for possible<br />

existing process data point i<strong>de</strong>ntification key (PDP key).<br />

When the HTML Server finds a PDP key in a HTML<br />

page, sends it to the Data Server.<br />

PDP keys are embed<strong>de</strong>d in the HTML co<strong>de</strong>, being used<br />

for addressing PLC data. In a brief <strong>de</strong>scription of the tag,<br />

it starts with the PDP i<strong>de</strong>ntification, then the characters<br />

“,,”. After these, come the media area and the address of<br />

the media. Depending on the media type it is possible to<br />

have a range of values, so numbers of elements can be<br />

specified, separated with the address by “/”. At the end,<br />

separated with a comma, the representation format is<br />

specified.<br />

Below are some examples of these keys application:<br />

• %%PDP,,I16,B% addressing one input “I16” and<br />

format is binary.<br />

• %%PDP,,R300,F% addressing the register 300,<br />

format is in floating point.<br />

• %%PDP,,DB10.20,d% addressing Data Block 10,<br />

element 20, format is <strong>de</strong>cimal.<br />

2.2.2. Data Server<br />

The Data Server processes PDP keys received from the<br />

HTML Server and transfers them in the requested PLC<br />

data directly from the PLC’s memory to the HTML<br />

Server.<br />

The Data Server can access registers, flags, data blocks,<br />

inputs, outputs, timers, counters, texts and PLC status.<br />

2.2.3.User Files<br />

One of the Web Server big advantages is the creation of a<br />

monitoring and control interface using any tool that<br />

generates HTML. Any tables, graphics, pictures, etc. that<br />

can be displayed by the web browser may be inserted.<br />

All HTML pages, images or files ad<strong>de</strong>d by the user are<br />

stored in the PLC as data blocks of the user program. The<br />

user is able to store any file in any preferred format and<br />

with whatever suffix (*.htm, *.html, *.bmp, *.gif, *.txt,<br />

*.zip or any other) in the PLC, as long as the file does not<br />

exceed 100 KByte in size.<br />

The HTML Server only checks files with suffix *.html or<br />

*.htm for PDP keys.<br />

2.2.4. Local Files<br />

If the files are too large, like big images, or the user<br />

simply doesn’t want to store them in the PLC memory, it<br />

is possible to store them in the Web Connect directory in<br />

the PC hard drive (local files).<br />

When the file is requested and it doesn’t exist in the PLC<br />

memory, the Web Connect will check the local directory


and load it. This operation is transparent to the user that is<br />

using the interface.<br />

2.2.5. Web Buil<strong>de</strong>r<br />

The programming tool used to program the PLC’s is PG5.<br />

The control and monitoring files are then stored in the<br />

PLC’s user files memory.<br />

All HTML pages, images, etc, are stored in the user<br />

program of PG5, but these files must first be converted<br />

into source files to be integrated in the project. The<br />

conversion tool used for this purpose is Web Buil<strong>de</strong>r.<br />

This tool is used to add and remove HTML files and<br />

images from the project and then generate a source file.<br />

That file is then compiled with the remaining control files<br />

and downloa<strong>de</strong>d into the PLC.<br />

3.2. External Equipments<br />

3.2.1. Energy Analyser<br />

The energy analyser is used to measure several local<br />

variables to the station that influence the performance of<br />

the system.<br />

The RTU communicates with the energy analyser (Kilo)<br />

via a Modbus protocol in which the first is the master and<br />

the second is the slave. Only the master can begin the<br />

dialogue with the slave. As referred above the<br />

communication was ma<strong>de</strong> with a RTU serial port in a<br />

RS485 link.<br />

This equipment is used to measure AC Voltage,<br />

Temperatures, Current, Active and Reactive Power and<br />

Energy, Power Factor and Maximum Demand.<br />

The RTU memory is used to store the measured values as<br />

real-time variables, in registers, but also used as a buffer<br />

to make historical registries over an integration period.<br />

This enables the SCADA to build profiles and to follow<br />

the variables evolution, constructing graphics (Fig 5),<br />

tables, etc.<br />

We can also <strong>de</strong>fine the allowed values for the variables.<br />

When the measured values exceed these limits the RTU<br />

produces time stamped alarms that are communicated to<br />

the SCADA and to the responsible technicians.<br />

4<br />

Fig 5 : Portion of a HTML web page with a graphic based<br />

on the values measured with the energy analyser<br />

3.2.2. Access Control Rea<strong>de</strong>r<br />

The access control rea<strong>de</strong>r is used to give access to stations<br />

for local maintenance. In this way, when the access right<br />

is granted the door will be opened by the RTU which will<br />

control the access control rea<strong>de</strong>r.<br />

The communication between and PRX-4 and the RTU is<br />

pure ASCII based and was ma<strong>de</strong> using an RS232 serial<br />

link.<br />

The access control rea<strong>de</strong>r will only receive the co<strong>de</strong>s from<br />

the magnetic cards and the validation is ma<strong>de</strong> by the<br />

RTU. So when a card is passed in the PRX-4 the<br />

respective co<strong>de</strong> will be copied to the RTU temporary<br />

memory which will compare it with a list of valid co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

that have the access rights to the station. If the read co<strong>de</strong><br />

appears in the list a RTU output will open the door and<br />

this access will be recor<strong>de</strong>d in the RTU memory.<br />

As mentioned above there are two kinds of information to<br />

be recor<strong>de</strong>d in the RTU memory, so two buffers can be<br />

distinguished:<br />

• access control co<strong>de</strong>s, which stores the valid<br />

access co<strong>de</strong>s to the station<br />

• access control, which registers the physical<br />

access to the station. Each access will be<br />

represented by its co<strong>de</strong>, date and time of access.<br />

Each co<strong>de</strong>, and consequently the associated access right,<br />

will have a validity period (end date) and/or number of<br />

entries. So every time a card is validated the number of<br />

allowed entries has to be <strong>de</strong>cremented. When this number<br />

reaches zero the co<strong>de</strong> is <strong>de</strong>leted from the RTU memory.<br />

In the same way at the end of each day the RTU will<br />

<strong>de</strong>lete the co<strong>de</strong>s for which the end date is no longer valid.<br />

If a co<strong>de</strong> has both a validity period and a number of<br />

entries allowed the co<strong>de</strong> will be <strong>de</strong>leted when the first of<br />

the two expires.


4. Experimental Results<br />

As a practical example to illustrate the performance of the<br />

system and its architecture it’s presented bellow the<br />

supervision of the access rights, which integrates some<br />

elements referred above.<br />

The first step was to introduce co<strong>de</strong>s in the system, so<br />

they can be read and validated when a respective<br />

magnetic card is locally passed in the PRX-4. These co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

also need to be supervised: remotely visualization and<br />

<strong>de</strong>letion.<br />

In this way this section was divi<strong>de</strong>d in three sub-sections<br />

according to the tasks referred.<br />

All the programming was ma<strong>de</strong> in Graftec language (Fig<br />

6) in the RTU si<strong>de</strong> and in Javascript and HTML (Fig 7,8)<br />

for the Web pages.<br />

The Graftec routines programmed run in parallel in the<br />

RTU.<br />

Fig 6: Graftec example main routine for access co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

validation<br />

4.1. Access Co<strong>de</strong>s Insertion<br />

To insert a co<strong>de</strong> in the system an authorized person just<br />

needs to know the IP of the station, configured with the<br />

Web Connect application, and access it with a browser at<br />

a remote PC.<br />

5<br />

Fig 7 : Portion of a HTML web page with the form that<br />

allows the insertion of an access co<strong>de</strong> in the system<br />

In the first place HTML pages were built in an editor.<br />

These pages (fig 7) give the possibility to insert a co<strong>de</strong> in<br />

the RTU access control co<strong>de</strong>s buffer and to configure its<br />

validity. After the insertion of these parameters a web<br />

page is loa<strong>de</strong>d with the embed<strong>de</strong>d PDP keys in it, as<br />

shown in Fig 8.<br />

Fig 8: HTML example, which calls a Javascript function,<br />

and has PDP keys embed<strong>de</strong>d<br />

This HTML form receives the data from the previous<br />

page using cookies and puts it in its “hid<strong>de</strong>n” fields.<br />

When the “Confirm” button of the form is clicked each<br />

character of the co<strong>de</strong> is translated to its correspon<strong>de</strong>nt<br />

ASCII value (with the help of a Javascript function), and<br />

loa<strong>de</strong>d to consecutive registers, together with its validity<br />

parameters.<br />

Then this data needs to be copied to the access control<br />

co<strong>de</strong>s buffer, which is a RTU data-block.<br />

To execute this, a routine was programmed which is<br />

constantly running in the RTU and, when <strong>de</strong>tects the<br />

insertion of a co<strong>de</strong>, transfers it from the registries to the<br />

data-block correct position and increments the number of<br />

cards of the system.<br />

Instead of loading the data from the page to registers, they<br />

could have been loa<strong>de</strong>d directly to the data-blocks.<br />

However this would difficult the task, because we would<br />

have to first get the number of co<strong>de</strong>s in the system to<br />

insert the co<strong>de</strong> the correct position, and the PDP keys<br />

parameters would have to be dynamic.


With the chosen option the web pages and the RTU are<br />

totally separated.<br />

Each co<strong>de</strong> was saved using one data-block position for<br />

each character of it because of the way the co<strong>de</strong>s are read<br />

from the card rea<strong>de</strong>r, <strong>de</strong>scribed bellow.<br />

4.2. Access Co<strong>de</strong>s Validation<br />

For this task a Graftec (Fig 6) constantly runs in the PLC<br />

waiting the arrival of co<strong>de</strong>s to the access control rea<strong>de</strong>r.<br />

In the fist place the establishment of the communication<br />

with the PRX-4 card rea<strong>de</strong>r nee<strong>de</strong>d to be done. For this,<br />

specific SASI SAIA PLC instructions were used. Then<br />

the PRX-4 was put in the “Card read mo<strong>de</strong>” for which it<br />

sends automatically the co<strong>de</strong> number, in ASCII, of the<br />

card being read through the serial channel.<br />

This co<strong>de</strong>, is stored in a serial receive buffer and several<br />

diagnostic flags are actualized.<br />

Because of limitations of the programming language, the<br />

reading of the receive buffer can only be done character<br />

by character.<br />

When a card is passed in the card rea<strong>de</strong>r the content of the<br />

receive buffer is transferred to consecutive registries.<br />

Next the read co<strong>de</strong> is searched in the access control co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

buffer and, if it’s valid, an output is set that simulates the<br />

opening of the door.<br />

In this case the recording of this access in the access<br />

control buffer needs to be done, saving it with the<br />

respective date and time. This buffer is also a data-block.<br />

If the co<strong>de</strong> has validity by number of accesses the actual<br />

number of entries is incremented and if reaches the total<br />

number allowed a flag that activates the routine that<br />

automatically <strong>de</strong>letes the co<strong>de</strong> from the system is set.<br />

4.3. Co<strong>de</strong>s Supervision<br />

To supervise the valid co<strong>de</strong>s and the time stamped<br />

accesses recor<strong>de</strong>d in the RTU respective buffers PDP<br />

keys are simply embed<strong>de</strong>d in the HTML co<strong>de</strong> and in any<br />

browser this information can be visualised.<br />

To <strong>de</strong>lete the co<strong>de</strong>s from the system a Graftec routine is<br />

constantly running in the RTU waiting for the set of a flag<br />

which activates it.<br />

This can happen in three situations:<br />

• When an authorized user explicitly gives the or<strong>de</strong>r<br />

for it in a Web page. In this case each co<strong>de</strong> number is<br />

copied to temporary RTU registries to know what<br />

co<strong>de</strong> to <strong>de</strong>lete.<br />

• When the actual number of accesses for a card<br />

reaches the total allowed.<br />

• When the actual date equals the end date allowed.<br />

6<br />

In each situation the coorresponding co<strong>de</strong> is searched and<br />

<strong>de</strong>leted from the access control co<strong>de</strong>s buffer and the<br />

number of co<strong>de</strong>s in the system is <strong>de</strong>cremented.<br />

For the third case another routine was programmed, that<br />

at the end of each day searches for invalid end dates and<br />

in those cases simply sets the flag referred.<br />

5. Conclusion and further work<br />

The web based supervision system presented monitors the<br />

state of a remote facility reducing the number of human<br />

local assistances.<br />

The system is able to:<br />

• control the access to the station<br />

• allow or <strong>de</strong>ny the access to the facility in<br />

function of the co<strong>de</strong>s validity<br />

• update the co<strong>de</strong>s validity remotely<br />

• maintain an historic file with the hour and date<br />

of the accesses<br />

• be accessed remotely by a normal web client<br />

Moreover the system will be able to scan a given number<br />

of data important to the system, like temperature, supply<br />

voltages, active and reactive power, and others that are<br />

important to predict failures and have the power to<br />

reinitialize the system.<br />

With this work we avoid the need of an expensive<br />

SCADA system, using a much simpler approach, meeting<br />

the requirements ma<strong>de</strong> by the industry.<br />

6. Acknowledgements<br />

This work is being supported by INFOCONTROL, which<br />

provi<strong>de</strong>d us the experimental setup to <strong>de</strong>velop the<br />

monitored system and the base document of the system to<br />

be conceived, written by Fernando Pimenta.<br />

This work was <strong>de</strong>veloped in a research laboratory<br />

supported by POCTI, FCT, Ministério da Ciência e do<br />

Ensino Superior.<br />

References<br />

[Bailey 2003] D. Bailey, E. Wright, SCADA for Industry,<br />

Newnes, 2003.<br />

[Boyer 1999], S. Boyer, SCADA: Supervisory Control<br />

and Data Acquisition, ISA - The Instrumentation,<br />

Systems, and Automation Society, 1999<br />

[Neto 2000] R. Neto, João Alves, Jorge Alves, A.<br />

Carvalho, I. Fonseca, N. Miguel, E. Emílio, H. Fachada,<br />

"Remote Control of Industrial Processes", Controlo’2000:<br />

4th Portuguese Conference on Automatic Control,<br />

Guimarães, October 4-6, 2000<br />

[Saia 2003] Saia - Burguess, "Manual Web-Server<br />

Classic", document n. 26/790, Edition E2, 18.05.2003.


Abstract<br />

WEB BASED SUPERVISION OF REMOTE UNITS<br />

Rui Delgado 1 , Gustavo Santos 1 , Carlos Car<strong>de</strong>ira 1 , Rui Loureiro 1 , Otto Leichsenring 2<br />

1 Lisbon Technical University, Instituto Superior Técnico, GCAR – DEM<br />

1049-001 Lisboa<br />

{rmdd,gmsa}@mega.ist.utl.pt, rui.loureiro@pt.transport.bombardier.com, carlos.car<strong>de</strong>ira@.ist.utl.pt<br />

2 Infocontrol - Electrónica e Automatismos,<br />

2745-740 Massamá<br />

otto@infocontrol.pt<br />

In this paper we present the monitoring of a remote facility, using a simple web based interface instead of the usual<br />

monitoring and supervision system. The HMI (Human Man Interface) was <strong>de</strong>veloped using standard html (as well as<br />

some Javascript instructions) providing access to the user from an internet browser without need of specific SCADA<br />

software. Letting HMI of equipments be built as a common web page we take advantage on large expertise existing for<br />

making web pages instead of being <strong>de</strong>pendant of a specific HMI provi<strong>de</strong>d by a given SCADA software. A case study is<br />

presented were we monitor the state of a remote retransmission unit and control its access remotely from a usual web<br />

client. This work results from cooperation between university and industry. Copyright © IFAC Controlo2004<br />

Keywords: Industry automation, Monitored control systems, Remote control, Supervision.<br />

1. Introduction<br />

In many applications, a facility may be located in places<br />

difficult to access. This arises often in applications like<br />

urban water supply, radio transmitting antennas, electric<br />

power stations, and so on. In these applications the<br />

facility may work remotely without human assistance for<br />

long periods. The human presence in such systems<br />

presents a high cost due to the difficulty on accessing<br />

these remote locations.<br />

Human teams usually go to these places to solve any<br />

given problem reported by any sort of generated alarm or<br />

for maintenance purposes, but it is important that these<br />

visits remain unfrequent.<br />

The usual solution is to opt for a commercial SCADA<br />

solution, which will monitor the system and provi<strong>de</strong> the<br />

necessary alarms.<br />

However these SCADA systems are expensive.<br />

Moreover, some PLCs manufacturers already offer low<br />

cost web based solutions that might provi<strong>de</strong> the set of<br />

features provi<strong>de</strong>d by a SCADA system. It’s up to the user<br />

the responsibility of making the work with the languages<br />

usually used for web browsers.<br />

Using this approach we <strong>de</strong>veloped such a system<br />

providing similar features as a commercial SCADA<br />

system but relying on simpler techniques like<br />

programming in html, letting the system observable from<br />

any web browser.<br />

To achieve this goal, this paper is organized as follows: in<br />

section 2 we present a state of the art on existing SCADA<br />

1<br />

solutions; in section 3 we present a <strong>de</strong>scription of the<br />

system studied and the way how communications were<br />

handled; section 4 presents our experimental results; in<br />

section 5 conclusions are drawn.<br />

2. State of the art<br />

SCADA (Supervision Control and Data Acquisition)<br />

systems are often used to monitor remote facilities<br />

[Bailey 2003], [Boyer 1999]. The i<strong>de</strong>al SCADA would<br />

provi<strong>de</strong> these important features:<br />

• Run on multiple platforms (win32, unix, RTOS,<br />

etc.)<br />

• Have a good database support (SQL Server,<br />

Oracle, etc.)<br />

• Good LAN support<br />

• Nice script languages (VBScript or JavaScript)<br />

• Graphical Reports<br />

• High speed historian<br />

• Low Cost<br />

• …<br />

Factory Link, Rsview32, Citect, Cimplicity, iFix, Intouch,<br />

and many others are well known commercial SCADA<br />

systems that compete with each other trying to achieve<br />

these goals. They usually have rich HMI (Human<br />

Machine Interface) providing the user a complete<br />

overview of the remote controlled system (fig 1).


Fig. 1 HMI of a typical SCADA system<br />

In spite of all these features, commercial SCADA systems<br />

are very expensive and some times proprietary meaning<br />

that a SCADA systems will work better with several<br />

brands of equipment (likely with equipment from the<br />

same manufacturer) and will work worse or not work at<br />

all with other brands (likely with equipment from a<br />

concurrent manufacturer).<br />

Web based approaches, when available, provi<strong>de</strong> a nice<br />

way to bypass these drawbacks as they are wi<strong>de</strong>ly<br />

available at a lower cost [Neto 2000].<br />

3. System Description<br />

The remote system to be monitorized is composed by a<br />

PLC and two external connected equipments:<br />

• Energy analyser<br />

• Access control rea<strong>de</strong>r<br />

The PLC is the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) of the<br />

system which communicates with a PC running a specific<br />

Web Server (SAIA Web Connect). This part of the system<br />

is our version of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data<br />

Acquisition).<br />

The PLC used was SAIA-BURGESS PCD4.M170 which<br />

supports the allocation of HTML files and communicates<br />

with the SCADA, via a TCP/IP protocol. For this effect<br />

the PLC has incorporated an Ehernet RJ45 Connector.<br />

Energy Analyser<br />

Remote PC<br />

Modbus Modbus<br />

TCP/IP<br />

RTU<br />

SCADA<br />

TCP/IP<br />

Fig 2 : System architecture.<br />

ASCII ASCII communication<br />

communication<br />

Access Control<br />

Rea<strong>de</strong>r<br />

2<br />

The RTU controls the system, communicates with the<br />

external equipments and stores the information received<br />

in its memory. Therefore this information can be<br />

remotely accessed by anyone with permission, in remote<br />

PCs. These PCs communicate via TCP/IP with the Web<br />

Server that runs in the SCADA.<br />

The tasks that control the system were programmed in<br />

Graftec language (a specific SAIA language similar to<br />

Grafcet) and downloa<strong>de</strong>d to the PLC using the SAIA PG5<br />

application.<br />

The energy analyser used was Electrex Kilo (3 phase<br />

energy analyser/controller). It was connected to a serial<br />

communication port of the PLC over an RS485 link,<br />

using Modbus protocol. Modbus is an open, serial<br />

communications protocol based on the master/slave<br />

architecture.<br />

The Access Control Rea<strong>de</strong>r used was PRX-4. The<br />

communication protocol for this <strong>de</strong>vice is pure ASCII<br />

based, and was implemented over an RS232 serial link to<br />

the PLC.<br />

The group formed by the RTU and its external connected<br />

equipments are viewed remotely as stations.<br />

3.1. Communication RTU-SCADA<br />

The communication between the PLC and the PC running<br />

the Web Server can be ma<strong>de</strong> using TCP/IP, S-BUS or<br />

PGU. The last two mo<strong>de</strong>s use a RS232 connection. The<br />

communication and respective configuration is ma<strong>de</strong> with<br />

the Web Server provi<strong>de</strong>d by SAIA-BURGESS (SAIA<br />

Web Connect) which is installed in the PC [SAIA 2003].<br />

SAIA-Burgess Web Server functions are splitted: The<br />

PLC has the responsibility to do the file administration<br />

while the PC running the Web Server handles the requests<br />

from TCP/IP communications used to call control and<br />

monitoring functions. It’s then possible to communicate<br />

between the PC and PLC using a simple, efficient<br />

protocol that uses fewer resources than TCP/IP. Reduced<br />

to the essential transfer function, this protocol does not<br />

affect the real-time behaviour of the PLC.<br />

Standard browsers, like Microsoft Internet Explorer or<br />

Netscape Communicator, make file requests to the Web<br />

Server using the TCP/IP protocol. To enable<br />

communication with the Web Server in the PLC, the Web<br />

Connect software must be installed on a PC, which works<br />

as the communication part of the Web Server. Web<br />

Connect receives those requests from the browser using<br />

the TCP/IP protocol and forwards them with an efficient<br />

protocol from the PC to the PLC. This is ma<strong>de</strong> using one<br />

of the possible communication mo<strong>de</strong>s previously<br />

configured. PLC answers are converted back into TCP/IP<br />

and sent to the browser.


Some advantages of this Web Server are:<br />

• Simple and low-cost creation of control and<br />

monitoring interfaces with familiar HTML editors,<br />

such as Frontpage or Dreamweaver.<br />

• Control and Monitoring of the system accessing the<br />

interface with commonly used web browsers, like<br />

Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape<br />

Communicator.<br />

The Web Server allows the configuration of multiple<br />

stations using different communication mo<strong>de</strong>s.<br />

Fig 3 : SAIA Web Connect General Setup<br />

The configuration is ma<strong>de</strong> using a setup page pre-built in<br />

the Web Server accessed with a common web browser at<br />

the location http://pc-ip-address/setup, exemplified in Fig<br />

3. In our case the station was connected via TCP/IP.<br />

After the station configuration the Web Interface can be<br />

accessed at the location http://pc-ip-address/stationname/.<br />

Fig 4: Web Server individual Elements<br />

2.2.1. HTML Server<br />

The HTML Server is the core of the Web Server. Its<br />

function is sending HTML pages requested by the Web<br />

Browser (as well as images) across the S-BUS Driver to<br />

the PC. HTML pages or images are stored in the user files<br />

3<br />

memory of the PLC, which were previously<br />

downloa<strong>de</strong>d to it, along with the remaining program.<br />

The HTML server also checks HTML pages for possible<br />

existing process data point i<strong>de</strong>ntification key (PDP key).<br />

When the HTML Server finds a PDP key in a HTML<br />

page, sends it to the Data Server.<br />

PDP keys are embed<strong>de</strong>d in the HTML co<strong>de</strong>, being used<br />

for addressing PLC data. In a brief <strong>de</strong>scription of the tag,<br />

it starts with the PDP i<strong>de</strong>ntification, then the characters<br />

“,,”. After these, come the media area and the address of<br />

the media. Depending on the media type it is possible to<br />

have a range of values, so numbers of elements can be<br />

specified, separated with the address by “/”. At the end,<br />

separated with a comma, the representation format is<br />

specified.<br />

Below are some examples of these keys application:<br />

• %%PDP,,I16,B% addressing one input “I16” and<br />

format is binary.<br />

• %%PDP,,R300,F% addressing the register 300,<br />

format is in floating point.<br />

• %%PDP,,DB10.20,d% addressing Data Block 10,<br />

element 20, format is <strong>de</strong>cimal.<br />

2.2.2. Data Server<br />

The Data Server processes PDP keys received from the<br />

HTML Server and transfers them in the requested PLC<br />

data directly from the PLC’s memory to the HTML<br />

Server.<br />

The Data Server can access registers, flags, data blocks,<br />

inputs, outputs, timers, counters, texts and PLC status.<br />

2.2.3.User Files<br />

One of the Web Server big advantages is the creation of a<br />

monitoring and control interface using any tool that<br />

generates HTML. Any tables, graphics, pictures, etc. that<br />

can be displayed by the web browser may be inserted.<br />

All HTML pages, images or files ad<strong>de</strong>d by the user are<br />

stored in the PLC as data blocks of the user program. The<br />

user is able to store any file in any preferred format and<br />

with whatever suffix (*.htm, *.html, *.bmp, *.gif, *.txt,<br />

*.zip or any other) in the PLC, as long as the file does not<br />

exceed 100 KByte in size.<br />

The HTML Server only checks files with suffix *.html or<br />

*.htm for PDP keys.<br />

2.2.4. Local Files<br />

If the files are too large, like big images, or the user<br />

simply doesn’t want to store them in the PLC memory, it<br />

is possible to store them in the Web Connect directory in<br />

the PC hard drive (local files).<br />

When the file is requested and it doesn’t exist in the PLC<br />

memory, the Web Connect will check the local directory


and load it. This operation is transparent to the user that is<br />

using the interface.<br />

2.2.5. Web Buil<strong>de</strong>r<br />

The programming tool used to program the PLC’s is PG5.<br />

The control and monitoring files are then stored in the<br />

PLC’s user files memory.<br />

All HTML pages, images, etc, are stored in the user<br />

program of PG5, but these files must first be converted<br />

into source files to be integrated in the project. The<br />

conversion tool used for this purpose is Web Buil<strong>de</strong>r.<br />

This tool is used to add and remove HTML files and<br />

images from the project and then generate a source file.<br />

That file is then compiled with the remaining control files<br />

and downloa<strong>de</strong>d into the PLC.<br />

3.2. External Equipments<br />

3.2.1. Energy Analyser<br />

The energy analyser is used to measure several local<br />

variables to the station that influence the performance of<br />

the system.<br />

The RTU communicates with the energy analyser (Kilo)<br />

via a Modbus protocol in which the first is the master and<br />

the second is the slave. Only the master can begin the<br />

dialogue with the slave. As referred above the<br />

communication was ma<strong>de</strong> with a RTU serial port in a<br />

RS485 link.<br />

This equipment is used to measure AC Voltage,<br />

Temperatures, Current, Active and Reactive Power and<br />

Energy, Power Factor and Maximum Demand.<br />

The RTU memory is used to store the measured values as<br />

real-time variables, in registers, but also used as a buffer<br />

to make historical registries over an integration period.<br />

This enables the SCADA to build profiles and to follow<br />

the variables evolution, constructing graphics (Fig 5),<br />

tables, etc.<br />

We can also <strong>de</strong>fine the allowed values for the variables.<br />

When the measured values exceed these limits the RTU<br />

produces time stamped alarms that are communicated to<br />

the SCADA and to the responsible technicians.<br />

4<br />

Fig 5 : Portion of a HTML web page with a graphic based<br />

on the values measured with the energy analyser<br />

3.2.2. Access Control Rea<strong>de</strong>r<br />

The access control rea<strong>de</strong>r is used to give access to stations<br />

for local maintenance. In this way, when the access right<br />

is granted the door will be opened by the RTU which will<br />

control the access control rea<strong>de</strong>r.<br />

The communication between and PRX-4 and the RTU is<br />

pure ASCII based and was ma<strong>de</strong> using an RS232 serial<br />

link.<br />

The access control rea<strong>de</strong>r will only receive the co<strong>de</strong>s from<br />

the magnetic cards and the validation is ma<strong>de</strong> by the<br />

RTU. So when a card is passed in the PRX-4 the<br />

respective co<strong>de</strong> will be copied to the RTU temporary<br />

memory which will compare it with a list of valid co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

that have the access rights to the station. If the read co<strong>de</strong><br />

appears in the list a RTU output will open the door and<br />

this access will be recor<strong>de</strong>d in the RTU memory.<br />

As mentioned above there are two kinds of information to<br />

be recor<strong>de</strong>d in the RTU memory, so two buffers can be<br />

distinguished:<br />

• access control co<strong>de</strong>s, which stores the valid<br />

access co<strong>de</strong>s to the station<br />

• access control, which registers the physical<br />

access to the station. Each access will be<br />

represented by its co<strong>de</strong>, date and time of access.<br />

Each co<strong>de</strong>, and consequently the associated access right,<br />

will have a validity period (end date) and/or number of<br />

entries. So every time a card is validated the number of<br />

allowed entries has to be <strong>de</strong>cremented. When this number<br />

reaches zero the co<strong>de</strong> is <strong>de</strong>leted from the RTU memory.<br />

In the same way at the end of each day the RTU will<br />

<strong>de</strong>lete the co<strong>de</strong>s for which the end date is no longer valid.<br />

If a co<strong>de</strong> has both a validity period and a number of<br />

entries allowed the co<strong>de</strong> will be <strong>de</strong>leted when the first of<br />

the two expires.


4. Experimental Results<br />

As a practical example to illustrate the performance of the<br />

system and its architecture it’s presented bellow the<br />

supervision of the access rights, which integrates some<br />

elements referred above.<br />

The first step was to introduce co<strong>de</strong>s in the system, so<br />

they can be read and validated when a respective<br />

magnetic card is locally passed in the PRX-4. These co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

also need to be supervised: remotely visualization and<br />

<strong>de</strong>letion.<br />

In this way this section was divi<strong>de</strong>d in three sub-sections<br />

according to the tasks referred.<br />

All the programming was ma<strong>de</strong> in Graftec language (Fig<br />

6) in the RTU si<strong>de</strong> and in Javascript and HTML (Fig 7,8)<br />

for the Web pages.<br />

The Graftec routines programmed run in parallel in the<br />

RTU.<br />

Fig 6: Graftec example main routine for access co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

validation<br />

4.1. Access Co<strong>de</strong>s Insertion<br />

To insert a co<strong>de</strong> in the system an authorized person just<br />

needs to know the IP of the station, configured with the<br />

Web Connect application, and access it with a browser at<br />

a remote PC.<br />

5<br />

Fig 7 : Portion of a HTML web page with the form that<br />

allows the insertion of an access co<strong>de</strong> in the system<br />

In the first place HTML pages were built in an editor.<br />

These pages (fig 7) give the possibility to insert a co<strong>de</strong> in<br />

the RTU access control co<strong>de</strong>s buffer and to configure its<br />

validity. After the insertion of these parameters a web<br />

page is loa<strong>de</strong>d with the embed<strong>de</strong>d PDP keys in it, as<br />

shown in Fig 8.<br />

Fig 8: HTML example, which calls a Javascript function,<br />

and has PDP keys embed<strong>de</strong>d<br />

This HTML form receives the data from the previous<br />

page using cookies and puts it in its “hid<strong>de</strong>n” fields.<br />

When the “Confirm” button of the form is clicked each<br />

character of the co<strong>de</strong> is translated to its correspon<strong>de</strong>nt<br />

ASCII value (with the help of a Javascript function), and<br />

loa<strong>de</strong>d to consecutive registers, together with its validity<br />

parameters.<br />

Then this data needs to be copied to the access control<br />

co<strong>de</strong>s buffer, which is a RTU data-block.<br />

To execute this, a routine was programmed which is<br />

constantly running in the RTU and, when <strong>de</strong>tects the<br />

insertion of a co<strong>de</strong>, transfers it from the registries to the<br />

data-block correct position and increments the number of<br />

cards of the system.<br />

Instead of loading the data from the page to registers, they<br />

could have been loa<strong>de</strong>d directly to the data-blocks.<br />

However this would difficult the task, because we would<br />

have to first get the number of co<strong>de</strong>s in the system to<br />

insert the co<strong>de</strong> the correct position, and the PDP keys<br />

parameters would have to be dynamic.


With the chosen option the web pages and the RTU are<br />

totally separated.<br />

Each co<strong>de</strong> was saved using one data-block position for<br />

each character of it because of the way the co<strong>de</strong>s are read<br />

from the card rea<strong>de</strong>r, <strong>de</strong>scribed bellow.<br />

4.2. Access Co<strong>de</strong>s Validation<br />

For this task a Graftec (Fig 6) constantly runs in the PLC<br />

waiting the arrival of co<strong>de</strong>s to the access control rea<strong>de</strong>r.<br />

In the fist place the establishment of the communication<br />

with the PRX-4 card rea<strong>de</strong>r nee<strong>de</strong>d to be done. For this,<br />

specific SASI SAIA PLC instructions were used. Then<br />

the PRX-4 was put in the “Card read mo<strong>de</strong>” for which it<br />

sends automatically the co<strong>de</strong> number, in ASCII, of the<br />

card being read through the serial channel.<br />

This co<strong>de</strong>, is stored in a serial receive buffer and several<br />

diagnostic flags are actualized.<br />

Because of limitations of the programming language, the<br />

reading of the receive buffer can only be done character<br />

by character.<br />

When a card is passed in the card rea<strong>de</strong>r the content of the<br />

receive buffer is transferred to consecutive registries.<br />

Next the read co<strong>de</strong> is searched in the access control co<strong>de</strong>s<br />

buffer and, if it’s valid, an output is set that simulates the<br />

opening of the door.<br />

In this case the recording of this access in the access<br />

control buffer needs to be done, saving it with the<br />

respective date and time. This buffer is also a data-block.<br />

If the co<strong>de</strong> has validity by number of accesses the actual<br />

number of entries is incremented and if reaches the total<br />

number allowed a flag that activates the routine that<br />

automatically <strong>de</strong>letes the co<strong>de</strong> from the system is set.<br />

4.3. Co<strong>de</strong>s Supervision<br />

To supervise the valid co<strong>de</strong>s and the time stamped<br />

accesses recor<strong>de</strong>d in the RTU respective buffers PDP<br />

keys are simply embed<strong>de</strong>d in the HTML co<strong>de</strong> and in any<br />

browser this information can be visualised.<br />

To <strong>de</strong>lete the co<strong>de</strong>s from the system a Graftec routine is<br />

constantly running in the RTU waiting for the set of a flag<br />

which activates it.<br />

This can happen in three situations:<br />

• When an authorized user explicitly gives the or<strong>de</strong>r<br />

for it in a Web page. In this case each co<strong>de</strong> number is<br />

copied to temporary RTU registries to know what<br />

co<strong>de</strong> to <strong>de</strong>lete.<br />

• When the actual number of accesses for a card<br />

reaches the total allowed.<br />

• When the actual date equals the end date allowed.<br />

6<br />

In each situation the coorresponding co<strong>de</strong> is searched and<br />

<strong>de</strong>leted from the access control co<strong>de</strong>s buffer and the<br />

number of co<strong>de</strong>s in the system is <strong>de</strong>cremented.<br />

For the third case another routine was programmed, that<br />

at the end of each day searches for invalid end dates and<br />

in those cases simply sets the flag referred.<br />

5. Conclusion and further work<br />

The web based supervision system presented monitors the<br />

state of a remote facility reducing the number of human<br />

local assistances.<br />

The system is able to:<br />

• control the access to the station<br />

• allow or <strong>de</strong>ny the access to the facility in<br />

function of the co<strong>de</strong>s validity<br />

• update the co<strong>de</strong>s validity remotely<br />

• maintain an historic file with the hour and date<br />

of the accesses<br />

• be accessed remotely by a normal web client<br />

Moreover the system will be able to scan a given number<br />

of data important to the system, like temperature, supply<br />

voltages, active and reactive power, and others that are<br />

important to predict failures and have the power to<br />

reinitialize the system.<br />

With this work we avoid the need of an expensive<br />

SCADA system, using a much simpler approach, meeting<br />

the requirements ma<strong>de</strong> by the industry.<br />

6. Acknowledgements<br />

This work is being supported by INFOCONTROL, which<br />

provi<strong>de</strong>d us the experimental setup to <strong>de</strong>velop the<br />

monitored system and the base document of the system to<br />

be conceived, written by Fernando Pimenta.<br />

This work was <strong>de</strong>veloped in a research laboratory<br />

supported by POCTI, FCT, Ministério da Ciência e do<br />

Ensino Superior.<br />

References<br />

[Bailey 2003] D. Bailey, E. Wright, SCADA for Industry,<br />

Newnes, 2003.<br />

[Boyer 1999], S. Boyer, SCADA: Supervisory Control<br />

and Data Acquisition, ISA - The Instrumentation,<br />

Systems, and Automation Society, 1999<br />

[Neto 2000] R. Neto, João Alves, Jorge Alves, A.<br />

Carvalho, I. Fonseca, N. Miguel, E. Emílio, H. Fachada,<br />

"Remote Control of Industrial Processes", Controlo’2000:<br />

4th Portuguese Conference on Automatic Control,<br />

Guimarães, October 4-6, 2000<br />

[Saia 2003] Saia - Burguess, "Manual Web-Server<br />

Classic", document n. 26/790, Edition E2, 18.05.2003.

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!