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Coarticulation Introduction (6) • Vowels affect the articulation of adjacent consonants (and adjacent vowels) • Consonants affect the articulation of adjacent vowels (and other adjacent consonants) Coarticulation Introduction (8) Tongue Height and Coarticulation • Most lingual consonants have a high tongue position • High vowels are least affected by these high consonants • Low vowels are most affected by these high consonants • Why is this important? Phoneme Inventory Effects (1) • Coarticulation is resisted when it will result in perceptual confusion • Vowels coarticulate most strongly in languages with a small number of vowels • Consonants coarticulate most in languages with a small number of places of articulation Coarticulation Introduction (7) • Some sounds are more resistant to coarticulation than other sounds • Coarticulation is greatest when there is the greatest articulator movement between phonemes Coarticulation Introduction (9) • The lower the vowel, the lower the tongue position is for the production of that vowel. • For low vowels the tongue has a greater distance to travel (compared to high vowels) to achieve appropriate stricture relative to the teeth (dental, not labiodental), hard or soft palate. • For bilabial, labiodental, and glottal this consonantal effect is absent as there is no required consonantal tongue contact. Phoneme Inventory Effects (2) • In English there are a large number of vowels. English speakers need to restrict the degree of coarticulation to prevent vowels from crossing over into the articulatory and acoustic space of another vowel phoneme. • We mostly need to ensure that long vowels are not confused for other long vowels (and short vowels for short vowels) 2
Phoneme Inventory Effects (3) • In Arabic there are three long vowels and three short vowels (plus some diphthongs). • There are two high vowel positions (front and back) and no mid vowels. Arabic high vowels can move down to mid-high positions without confusion and can also move a small distance towards the high central position without being confused. Phoneme Inventory Effects (5) • In English there are only three stop places of articulation (or four if the post-alveolar affricate is treated as a stop). • English alveolars can move to dental without confusion. • English velars can, and do, move between palatal and uvular as a consequence of coarticulation with adjacent sounds (particularly vowels). Prosody, Stress & Coarticulation • One of the reasons why we stress a syllable or accent a word is to slow it down so that its articulatory patterns are more readily perceived. • Even in Australian Aboriginal languages the distinction between stop places of articulation is relaxed in weaker syllables and is only completely clear in strong syllables. Phoneme Inventory Effects (4) • The Arabic low vowels can move around quite freely in the mid-low to low part of the vowel space and from front to back in this part of the vowel space. • There are significant differences in vowel production (and therefore formant values) in the context of different consonants and the pattern varies between dialects. Phoneme Inventory Effects (6) • Most Australian Aboriginal languages have a much larger number of places of articulation for oral stops. • Compared to English there is much less freedom to move stop place of articulation around without the possibility of perceptual confusion. Locus Theory (1) • In its original form, locus theory assumed a fixed ideal target for each phoneme. This target would be achieved by the articulators if there was enough time to do so. • Undershoot is said to occur if the ideal target is not reached in time. The idea of “undershoot” implies a fixed ideal target. 3
Page 1: Speech Acoustics Acoustics of Coart
Page 5 and 6: Coarticulation and Resonance (3)
Page 7 and 8: Schwa (4) Schwa (6) The three fille
Page 9 and 10: Alveolar and Velar Stops (8) Stop:
Page 11: Alveolar and Velar Stops (20) • T

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