Phonetics: The Sounds of Language
Phonetics: The Sounds of Language
Phonetics: The Sounds of Language
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<strong>Phonetics</strong>: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Sounds</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Language</strong><br />
Lichin Jennifer Yang<br />
March 20, 2012
<strong>Phonetics</strong><br />
! <strong>Phonetics</strong> is the study <strong>of</strong> speech<br />
sounds that occur in all human<br />
languages to present meanings.<br />
! p.189
Examples:<br />
Sound Segments<br />
‘cat’ (one sound) /kæt/ 3 sound segments<br />
‘knock’ (one sound) /nɑk/ 3 sound segments<br />
! Linguistics studies the word’s meaning,<br />
not how to spell it.<br />
! p.190, 191
<strong>The</strong> Phonetic Alphabet<br />
ʘ
<strong>The</strong> Phonetic Alphabet<br />
(p.192-194)<br />
ʘ
Organs <strong>of</strong> Articulation
IPA <strong>of</strong> Consonants<br />
! Let’s draw the chart on the blackboard!
Consonants<br />
! Place <strong>of</strong> Articulation: bilabial,<br />
labiodental, interdental alveolar,<br />
palatal, velar, uvular, glottal<br />
! Manner <strong>of</strong> Articulation: oral stop,<br />
fricative, affricate, nasal stop, liquid,<br />
glide
Consonants<br />
! Manner <strong>of</strong> Articulation<br />
! Voicing: voiceless, voiced<br />
! Aspiration: aspirated, unaspirated<br />
Can you find some examples in English &<br />
Mandarin for the following consonants?<br />
Aspirated voiceless Unaspirated voiceless Voiced<br />
pʰ p b<br />
tʰ t d<br />
kʰ k ɡ
Consonants<br />
! Manner <strong>of</strong> Articulation<br />
! Approximants<br />
! <strong>The</strong>y are /l/, /r/, /w/ and /j/.<br />
! Trills<br />
! Flaps<br />
! A flap is produced by a flick <strong>of</strong> the<br />
tongue against the alveolar ridge. (ex:<br />
writer [raIᴅɚ] vs. rider [ra:Iᴅɚ])
Descriptions <strong>of</strong> Consonants<br />
! voicing + place + aspiration + manner<br />
[pʰ] a voicelss bilabial aspirated (oral) stop<br />
[b] a voiced bilabial oral stop<br />
[p] a voicelss bilabial unaspirated (oral) stop<br />
[ʔ] a glottal (oral) stop<br />
[p,b] bilabial unaspirated oral stop<br />
[x,ɤ] velar fricatives
IPA <strong>of</strong> Vowels<br />
! Let’s draw the chart on the blackboard!<br />
ʘ
! Tongue Position<br />
! front, central, back<br />
! Tongue Height<br />
! high, mid, low<br />
! Lip Shape<br />
! rounded, unrounded<br />
! Tense & Lax<br />
Vowels<br />
~<br />
! Oral & Nasal (ex: ‘down’ [daUn])
Descriptions <strong>of</strong> Vowels<br />
! height + position + rounded + tense + vowel<br />
unrounded lax<br />
[i] a high front unrounded tense vowel
Binary Features<br />
! Features <strong>of</strong> Consonants<br />
! Major Class Features<br />
! syllabic, consonantal<br />
! Manner Features<br />
! sonorant, continuant, nasal, voiced, aspirated,<br />
strident, lateral<br />
! Place Features<br />
! anterior, coronal, labial, high, back, low<br />
! Features <strong>of</strong> Vowels
Features <strong>of</strong> Consonants<br />
! high [±high]<br />
-- Place Features<br />
[+high] palatal, velar<br />
! back [±back]<br />
[+back] velar, uvular<br />
! low [±low]<br />
[+low] uvular, glottal
Features <strong>of</strong> Vowels<br />
! round [±rd] / labial [±lab]<br />
[+rd] ü, Ü, ö, ɔ, u, ʊ, o, ɔ<br />
..<br />
! tense [±tense]<br />
[+tense] i, e, ü, ö, u, o, ɑ, ɰ, a
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