- Page 1: PHYLOGENY AND REVISION OF THE GENUS
- Page 5 and 6: intricacies of relationships betwee
- Page 7 and 8: Molecular Phylogeny ...............
- Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 3-1 Pap
- Page 11 and 12: 6-13 (a) H. andraemon bonhotei ♂,
- Page 13 and 14: 6-42 Heraclides caiguanabus male ge
- Page 15 and 16: 6-83 Distribution map for Heraclide
- Page 17 and 18: 1994. Additionally, distribution ma
- Page 19 and 20: Historical Classification and Phylo
- Page 21 and 22: under Papilio but fell short of des
- Page 23 and 24: (sensu lato) shows Heraclides as a
- Page 25 and 26: ecognized to be a part of Heraclide
- Page 27 and 28: and mitochondrial gene NADH-dehydro
- Page 29 and 30: arbitrary groups that have little b
- Page 31 and 32: concepts lead to differences in spe
- Page 33 and 34: have few or no intermediates when i
- Page 35 and 36: and/or phenotypic variation over a
- Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Sou
- Page 39 and 40: separate lines on each label is sep
- Page 41 and 42: substitution rate patterns in the d
- Page 43 and 44: according to a rescaled consistency
- Page 45 and 46: Morphological Characters Table 3-3
- Page 47 and 48: species place their eggs together i
- Page 49 and 50: The cephalic profile (dorsal view)
- Page 51 and 52: many of the characters are duplicat
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36. DFW c entral ba nd s pot touchi
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(2006; c haracter 25) . I have mo d
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74. DHW cell sc-rs with e yespot: 0
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used to reflect the rounded valve r
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101. Posterior edge of the harpe on
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112. Male genitalia with juxta (fur
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conjoined sclerotized spikes simila
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Table 3-1. (Continued) Catalogue #
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Table 3-1. (Continued) Catalogue #
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Table 3.3. Morphological Character
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Table 3-3 (continued). 73 Character
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Table 3-3 (continued). 75 Character
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Table 3-3 (continued). Characters T
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Figure 3-2. Terminology for genital
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CHAPTER 4 RESULTS Phylogenetic Rean
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concatenated molecular data yielded
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uninformative characters of 0.7139,
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Figure 4-3. The most parsimonious t
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Figure 4-7. Phylogenetic tree infer
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Figure 4-9. Phylogenetic tree infer
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Figure 4-11. Strict consensus tree
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Figure 4-13. Cladogram showing the
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Figure 4-15. Cladogram showing only
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CHAPTER 5 HERACLIDES PHYLOGENY Mole
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Morphological Phylogeny The main ch
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appears to have several derived cha
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although several homoplasious chara
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H. anchisiades and similar species
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Figure 5-1. Cladogram showing the d
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5a. Hindwing underside with a large
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The “thoas” Subgroup This subgr
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peripheral vestibular plates are he
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Distribution. Upper Amazon basin. R
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and; sub-marginal spots from r3-r4
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Type(s). “Holo- / type // Nov. Zo
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Adult Female (Figure 6-5d) Body. As
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Around the opening of the ostium th
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marginal band, inner post-discal ba
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Papilio androgeos form feyeri (Niep
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Papilio astyalus (Godart, 1819): 62
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Forewing. Length 60 mm (n = 1). Sim
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Genitalia. (Figure 6-45c5) Similar
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Forewing. Length 38-46 mm (n = 20).
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spp., Bidens spp., Bauhinia divaric
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Forewing. Length 46-50 mm (n = 2).
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fused anteriorly, below the ostium.
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Heraclides himeros (Hopffer, 1865)
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Forewing. Length 40-48 mm (n = 44).
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four red proximal post-discal spots
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Life History. The greenish-yellow c
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Hindwing. Similar to the nominate s
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Papilio tolmides (Goodman & Salvin,
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Life History. A survey of the liter
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ut, similar to its island companion
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Remarks. Females may be a little pa
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Genitalia. (Figure 6-56) Similar to
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Heraclides anchisiades philastrius
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Papilio isidorus brises (Rothschild
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Life History. Unknown. Type(s). “
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Remarks. Three subspecies are recog
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astyalus astyalus (Godart, 1819) ly
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lamarchei (Staudinger, 1892) machao
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Table 6-1. List of host plants for
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Table 6-1. (Continued) thoas H. Hos
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Table 6-1. (Continued) lamarchei H.
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Figure 6-2. Heraclides adults dorsa
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Figure 6-4. Heraclides adults dorsa
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Figure 6-6. Heraclides adults dorsa
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Figure 6-8. Heraclides adults dorsa
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Figure 6-10. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-12. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-14. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-16. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-18. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-20. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-22. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-24. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-26. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-28. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-30. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-32. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-34. Heraclides adults dors
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Figure 6-36. Heraclides thoas male
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Figure 6-38. Heraclides homothoas m
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Figure 6-40. Heraclides paeon male
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Figure 6-42. Heraclides caiguanabus
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Figure 6-44. Heraclides androgeus m
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Figure 6-46. Heraclides ornythion m
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Figure 6-48. Heraclides andraemon m
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Figure 6-50. Heraclides lamarchei a
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Figure 6-52. Heraclides torquatus m
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Figure 6-54. Heraclides epenetus an
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Figure 6-56. Heraclides anchisiades
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Figure 6-58. Heraclides chiansiades
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Figure 6-60. Heraclides erostratus
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Figure 6-62. Heraclides female geni
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Figure 6-64. Heraclides female geni
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Figure 6-66. Heraclides female geni
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Figure 6-68. Heraclides female geni
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Figure 6-70. Distribution map for H
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Figure 6-72. Distribution map for H
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Figure 6-74. Distribution map for H
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Figure 6-76. Distribution map for H
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Figure 6-78. Distribution map for H
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Figure 6-80. Distribution map for H
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Figure 6-82. Distribution map for H
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Figure 6-84. Distribution map for H
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Figure 6-86. Distribution map for H
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Heraclides anchisiades capys Brazil
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Heraclides andraemon andraemon Cuba
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Heraclides androgeus epidaurus Trin
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Heraclides astyalus pallas USA Sant
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Heraclides cresphontes Mexico Verac
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Heraclides cresphontes USA Key West
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Heraclides cresphontes USA Somerton
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Heraclides garleppi interruptus Bra
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Heraclides ornythion Mexico Cola de
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Heraclides rogeri pharnaces Mexico
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Heraclides thoas brasiliensis Brazi
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Heraclides thoas thoantiades Argent
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LIST OF REFERENCES Adams JK (2002)
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de Queiroz K (2005) Ernst Mayr and
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Hopffer CH (1865) Neue Arten der Ga
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Nijhout HF (1991) The Development a
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Townsend CHT (1893) The larva of Pa