Phylogeny & Revision of the genus Heraclides

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................6
LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................8
LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................9
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................16
CHAPTERS
1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................18
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page
Introduction .............................................................................................................................18
Historical Classification and Phylogenetics ...........................................................................19
Phylogenetic Placement of Heraclides ...................................................................................21
Historical Taxonomic Treatment of Heraclides .....................................................................24
Research Objectives and Questions ........................................................................................26
2 SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES ...............................................................................................28
The Gordian Knots of Taxonomy ...........................................................................................28
What is a Species? ..................................................................................................................30
The Subspecies .......................................................................................................................33
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...........................................................................................37
Sources of Material Examined ................................................................................................37
Specimen Preparation .............................................................................................................37
Taxon Sampling ......................................................................................................................39
Genes and Alignment of Molecular Sequence Data ...............................................................40
Phylogenetic Reanalysis of Molecular Data ...........................................................................40
Phylogenetic Analysis of Morphological Data .......................................................................42
Morphological Characters ......................................................................................................45
4 RESULTS ...............................................................................................................................81
Phylogenetic Reanalysis of Molecular Data ...........................................................................81
Phylogenetic Analysis of Morphological Data .......................................................................84
5 HERACLIDES PHYLOGENY ...............................................................................................99