Phylogeny & Revision of the genus Heraclides

used to reflect the rounded valve rim seen in all the Heraclides. Nazari et al. (2006; character
179) looked at the valve tip, weather it was rounded, narrowed, with a blunt tip, or narrowed,
with a poi nted t ip. I found t hat t his c haracter di d not f ully r epresent t he va riation s een i n t he
Heraclides and t he outgroup t axon; f urthermore t hey appeared t o ha ve be en c oding f or t wo
characters, shape of valve rim shape, and the presence or absence of a pointed tip.
Hiura (1983; character 40), Miller (1987; characters 54, 60, 81, 116, 132, 155, a nd 156),
Tyler e t a l. (1994; c haracter 131 ), Zakharov e t a l. ( 2004), S mith a nd V ane-Wright ( 2008;
character 35) and Nazari et al. (2006; character 183) coded for the presence or absence of the
harpe (or cl asper) as w ell as i f i t w as s imple or co mplex. T hey often co mbined t hese two
characters an d d id n ot ex plicitly s tate w hat t hey m eant b y t he t erms “s imple” o f “co mplex”.
Because of this, I did not reuse the character as they postulated, but instead suggest the following
thirteen characters as representative of the taxa being investigated.
91. Male genitalia with harpe shape: 0 = roughly triangular (Figure 6-56c3), 1 = cup-shaped
(Figure 6-37c2), 2 = “spoon-shaped” (Figure 6-52c4).
92. Harpe o n m ale genitalia w ith a t ooth-like pr ojection on the d orsal ed ge: 0 = absent
(Figure 6-41c), 1 = present (Figure 6-43c). In P. demoleus, this projection is not tooth-like or free
but appears as a flange that is contiguous with the rest of the harpe. I treat it as not possessing a
tooth-like projection.
93. Tooth-like projection on t he dorsal edge of the harpe on the male genitalia serrated: 0 =
absent (Figure 6-39c), 1 = p resent (Figure 6-44c1). In H. melonius, the tooth-like projection is
not serrated; instead, it appears more sclerotized and blunt.
94. Harpe on th e ma le genitalia w ith o ne broad he avily s clerotized s pine on t he ve ntral
surface: 0 = absent (Figure 6-55c4), 1 = present (Figure 6-44c2).
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