Economic Lexicon 1 - CDRI

sTÞanuRkmesdækic© 

Economic Lexicon 

PaKTI 1³ Gg;eKøs - Exµr 

Part One: English – Khmer 

PaKTI 2³ Exµr - Gg;eKøs 

Part Two: Khmer – English 

erobcMeday Epñke)aHBum

Economic Lexicon 

Copyright © 2006 Cambodia Development Resource Institute 

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval 

system or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, 

photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the written permission of the Cambodia 

Development Resource Institute. 

ISBN 99950-52-00-8 

Cambodia Development Resource Institute 

56 Street 315, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh 

PO Box 622, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 

(855-23) 881-384/881-701/881-916/883-603 (855-23) 880-734 

e-mail: cdri@camnet.com.kh website: http://www.cdri.org.kh 

Editing: Publishing Team 

Design and Layout: Em Sorany and Oum Chantha 

Printed and bound in Cambodia by JSRC Printing House

Foreword 

I am pleased to introduce a new edition of CDRI’s Economic Lexicon, an English- 

Khmer and Khmer-English guide to technical terms in economics and related fields 

such as accounting, banking, finance, and development. CDRI's recent experience 

in publishing, and contributing to a range of publications, conferences, seminars 

and workshops, has shown that there is a real need for such a resource to assist 

stakeholders in Cambodia's development to use more standard and easily 

understood terms in Khmer and English when writing about development issues. 

Our new 2006-10 Strategic Plan includes a commitment to produce research 

products that are more flexible and appropriate for Cambodia. This new edition of 

the Economic Lexicon is an expression of that commitment. We hope that it will 

help promote the expansion of development material originally written in Khmer, 

and the quality of translation from English material into Khmer. 

The lexicon is in two parts. Part 1: The English-Khmer Lexicon, is a revision and 

expansion of the last edition published in 1995. Over the past 10 years there have 

been many developments in technical language. This is especially true for the 

Khmer language, where many new words have been created and many others have 

changed their meaning or become more specific. Also, many more technical 

Khmer documents are being produced by various institutions taking different 

approaches to the use of language. 

CDRI, like many other institutions, publishes technical and policy documents on a 

wide range of development-related topics. Wherever possible, CDRI's editorial 

team makes great efforts to use words that are already in use in official documents 

and to refrain from creating new words. This is not always easy as official 

documents may use different Khmer words to express the same meaning, so 

choices have to be made as to what would be the most commonly understood word 

or term. Sometimes a new word or term needs to be used for a new concept which 

-i-

does not yet have a specific translation in Khmer. Wherever possible a 

combination of simple words is used to express any new idea or concept. 

Part II, The Khmer-English Lexicon, is new. It has been compiled in response to 

requests from many of our readers who may have some difficulty with Khmer 

technical terms, especially new ones. Where there is no exact equivalent, this 

lexicon provides the nearest translation. It does not contain a detailed explanation 

for each word, and the reader is advised to use the English word to further research 

its meaning. The reason the lexicon contains many headwords of Pali or Sanskrit 

origin is that their meaning is not immediately obvious to the general public. 

Wherever any one particular word is not very much in use, the reader is referred to 

another word more frequently used or more readily understandable. 

Extensive research and the opinions of many people have gone into the 

compilation of this lexicon. CDRI would like to thank everyone who has 

contributed to this final product. We hope this lexicon will serve as a tool to help 

readers to make better use of both CDRI publications and the broader development 

literature. We see the lexicon as a continuous ''work in progress' so would welcome 

any comments or suggestion from readers to help improve and expand on the 

current edition. 

-ii- 

Larry Strange 

Executive Director CDRI 

October 2006

uBVkfa 

´manesckþIrIkraysUmENnaMbgðajCUnnUv sTÞanuRkmecjpSayfµIeday vbsG EdlCa 

bNþúMBakübkERb Gg;eKøs-Exµr nig Exµr-Gg;eKøs kñúgvis½yCMnajbec©keTsCaeRcIn dUcCaxag 

KNenyü FnaKar hirBaØvtßú nigkarGPivDÆn_CaedIm . bTBiesaFn_naeBlfµI²rbs; vbsG kñúgkar 

e)aHBum

PaK2³ snÞanuRkm Exµr-Gg;eKøs³ PaKenHKWCaÉksarcgRkgfµITaMgRsug edIm,IeqøIytbnwg 

sMNUmBrrbs;GñkGanCaeRcIn Edl)anCYbbBaðaxøH²Bak;B½n§nwgBakübec©keTsExµr CaBiess 

BaküfµI² . kñúgkrNIBMuGacrk)anBaküesµI snÞanuRkmenHmanpþl; BakübkERbEdlmann½yEk,rKña 

bMput . snÞanuRkmenHBMumanpþl;karBnül;n½ylMGitelIBakünImYy²eT b:uEnþGñkGanGaceRbIR)as; 

BaküGg;eKøs edIm,IeFVIkarRsavRCavn½ybEnßmeTot)an . mü:ageTot snÞanuRkmmankt;RtaBakü 

CaeRcInEdlmanb£sKl;ecjBI)alI rWsMRsáwt BIeRBaHmanGñkGanCaeRcInminGacyl;n½yrbs;va)an 

Pøam²eT . kñúgkrNIBaküNamYyminsUvmaneKeRbIR)as;snÞanuRkmmancuHBakümYyeTotEdlRkum 

GñkniBn§yl;famankareRbIR)as; jwkjab;Cag rWk¾Gacqab;yl;)anCag . 

snÞanuRkmenH)ancgRkgeLIg edaymankarRsavRCavy:agTUlMTUlay nigkarCYymtiBI 

GñkmancMeNHdwgCMnajCaeRcInnak; . vbsG sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;RKb;²KñaEdl)ancUlrYmcMENk 

CYyeRCamERCg[smiT§iplfµIenHelcecjCarUbrageLIg . vbsG sgÇwmfa snÞanuRkmenHkøayCa 

]bkrN_mYyCYydl;GñkGannanakñúgkareRbIR)as;ÉksarepSg²rbs; vbsG RBmTaMgÉksarxag 

GPivDÆn_epSg²eTot . vbsG cat;TukÉksarenHCa {kargarbnþeTAmuxCanic©} ehIysUmsVaKmn_ 

RKb;mtieyabl;BIGñkGan edIm,IeFVIkarEklMG nigBRgIksTÞanuRkm[)aneCOnelOneTAmuxeTot . 

-iv- 

PñMeBj/ Extula qñaM2006 

LarI e®sþn© 

naykRbtibtþi vbsG

PaKTI 1 

Gg;eKøs-Exµr 

Part One: English–Khmer

A, a 

a posteriori kñúgbcäakal 

abacus n. k,ac; ¬]bkrN_buraNsMrab; 

Kitelx¦ 

abandonment of a trade (occupation) 

kare)aHbg;muxCMnYjGVImYy 

abatement karbnßy ¬éfø/ Bn§>>>¦ 

aberration karXøatBIsPaBFmµta/ 

kMritxusKña/ karP½nþRcLM 

abeyance karp¥ak/ goods in ~ TMnijKµan 

GñkTTYl 

abide v. eKarB/ eFVItam/ ~ by a promise 

kan;Baküsnüa 

abolish v. lubecal 

above-mentioned dUcmanEcgxagelI 

abrogate v. TukCanarakrN_ 

absolute acceptance karTTYlRBmTaMg 

Rsug 

absolute advantage ]tþmPaBdac;xat 

absolute majority vote sMelgPaKeRcIn 

dac;xat ¬CagBak;kNþaléncMnYnGñkmke)aH 

eqñat¦ 

absolute poverty PaBRkIRkCak;Esþg/ 

PaBRkIRkdac;xat 

absolute (total) loss kMhatsrubsuT§ 

absorption karRsUbcUl/ karbBa©ÚlCasaxa 

absorptive capacity smtßPaBRsUbyk 

abstain Gnub,vaT 

abstract n. & v. 1> sMrg;GtßbT 2> eFVI 

GrUbIykmµ 

1 

Economic Lexicon Part 1 

abuse of trust karrMelaPesckþITukcitþ 

abuse of process karbMBanelInItiviFI 

accelerate v. BenøÓn 

accelerated depreciation method 

viFIKitrMls;bgçM 

accept (a bill of exchange) TTYlRBm 

¬rUbiyaNtþi>>>¦ 

accept deposit v. TTYl R)ak;beBaØI¼R)ak; 

tMkl; 

acceptance karTTYlRBm/ notification of 

~ lixitCUndMNwgkarTTYlRBm/ present a bill 

for ~ bgðajrUbiyaNtþiedIm,IsMukarbBa¢ak; 

TTYlsÁal;/ ~ in full karTTYlRBmTaMgRsug 

acceptance certificate viBaØabnb½Rt 

TTYlRBm 

access 1> lT§PaB)aneRbIR)as; 

2> lT§PaB¼pøÚv eTAdl; 

accessible price éføEdlGacTijdUr)an 

accession n. 1> ])aKmn_ ¬kar)anCa 

kmµsiT§inUvvtßúrNb¦ 2> karcUlCasmaCik 

accident insurance 

karFanar:ab;rgelIeRKaHfñak; 

acclimate v. pSa‘¿nwgGakasFatufµI 

accord karRBmeRBog 

accordance karGnuBaØateGay/ in ~ with 

edayGnuelameTAtam 

account KNnI 

account amended KNnI)anEksMrYl 

account book esovePAKNnI 

account currency rUbiyvtßúTUTat; 

account day éfTUTat;


account holder m©as;KNnI 

account payable KNnIRtUvsg 

account payee only sMrab;EtsgcUlKNnI 

account receivable KNnIRtUvTar/ KNnI 

GtifiCn 

account, sales r)aykarN_lk;TMnij 

account, unit of ÉktaKit 

account, domestic KNnIépÞkñúg 

account, expense KNnIcMNay 

account, outstanding 

KNnIenAminTan;sg 

accountability KNenyüPaB ¬PaBTTYl 

xusRtUv¦/ to demand ~ from TamTar 

KNenyüPaBBI 

accountancy KNenyü (GB)/ KNenyükic© 

accountant KNenyükr/ chartered ~ or 

public ~ (US) KNenyükrrdæTTYlsÁal; 

accounting KNenyü (US)/ financial ~ 

KNenyühirBaØvtßú/ tax ~ KNenyüBn§dar 

accounting analysis karviPaKKNenyü 

accounting cycle vdþKNenyü 

accounting period RKaKNenyü/ 

KNenyükal 

accounting plan bøg;KNenyü 

accounting price éføKNenyü 

accounting statement 

r)aykarN_KNenyü 

accounting system RbB½n§KNenyü 

accreditation karEtgtaMg/ karTTYlsÁal; 

accredited party PaKITTYlsar\NTan 

accrued (interest/rent...) expense 

cMNay ¬karR)ak;¦ )anKitbEnßm 

2 

accrued (interest/rent...) income 

cMNUl ¬karR)ak;¦ )anKitbEnßm 

accrued interest karR)ak;)anKitbEnßm 

accumulate bgÁrTuk/ smac½y/ bUkRtYt/ 

accumulated depreciation rMls;bgÁrTuk 

accuracy PaBCak;lak;/ PaBRtwmRtUv 

accused n. CnCab;ecaT 

acknowledge receipt (of a cheque...) 

TTYlsÁal;karTTYl ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt>>>¦ 

acknowledge v. TTYlsÁal; 

acknowledgment (of receipt) 

esckþIbBa¢ak;fa)anTTYl 

acquire v. eFVIlT§kmµ 

acquisition lT§kmµ/ kar)anmkCakmµsiT§i 

acquittance roll b½NÑsgR)ak; 

act of war ehtuekIteLIgedays®gÁam/ 

sßanPaBsßitkñúgs®gÁam 

acting chairman/woman RbFansþITI 

activate eFVIeGayskmµeT,Ig 

activity skmµPaB/ business ~ skmµPaB 

GaCIvkmµ 

actor tYGgÁ/ economic ~ tYGgÁesdækic© 

act of God RbFanskþi 

actual Cak;Esþg/ ~ delivery karRbKl; 

Cak;Esþg/ ~ order karbBa¢aTijCak;Esþg 

ad hoc committee KN³kmµaFikarcMeBaHkic© 

ad valorem duty Bn§yktaméfø 

ad valorem freight éfødwkCBa¢ÚnyktaméføTMnij 

addendum, law on c,ab;sþIBIc,ab;bEnßm 

additional bEnßm/ ~ insurance karFana 

r:ab;rgbEnßm/ ~ premium buBVlaPbEnßm


additional profit tax (APT) 

Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNjbEnßm 

addressee GñkTTYl ¬lixit¦/ GñkEdlRtUvTTYl 

adequate smlµm 

adjourn v. elIkvarkal/ p¥ak 

adjudicate CMrHkþI 

adjusting entries (accounting) 

elxnaEktMrUv 

adjustment kMENtMrUv/ ~ account KNnI 

EktMrUv/ ~ factor (AF) ktþaEktMrUv/ ~ value 

tMélEktMrUv 

administrative expenses cMNayrdæ)al 

administrative-economic entity 

GgÁPaBesdækic©rdæ)al 

admissible evidence PsþútagRbevsnI/ 

PsþútagTTYlyk)an 

adult eBjv½y/ ~ citizen RbCaBlrdæeBjv½y 

advance buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIk[mun¦/ 

~ deposit R)ak;kk;mun 

advance money R)ak;buerRbTan/ R)ak; 

pþl;eGaymun 

advance notice karpþl;dMNwgCamun 

advance on documents buerRbTan 

sMGagelIÉksar 

advance on securities buerRbTaneday 

manvtßúFana 

advance payment karTUTat;Camun 

advancement kareCOnelOneTAmux/ 

karrIkcMerIn 

advantage ]tþmPaB 

adversary proceeding svnakarRbtibkS 

3 

¬svnakarEdlKUkþItTl;Kña¦ 

adverse minl¥/ minGMeNaypl/ ~ factor/ 

trade balance ktþa¼CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ 

minGMeNaypl 

advertise v. pSayBaNiC¢kmµ 

advertisement, advertising 

karpSayBaNiC¢kmµ 

advertising campaign yuT§nakarpSay 

BaNiC¢kmµ 

advice note lixitCUnB½t’man/ lixitCUneyabl; 

advice, collection lixitCUndMNwgkar 

RbmUlR)ak; 

advice, debit/credit Rbkas \NBn§¼ 

\NTan 

advice, dispatch/shipment 

/forwarding lixitCUndMNwgbBa¢ÚnTMnij 

adviser (advisor) TIRbwkSa/ financial ~ 

TIRbwkSahirBaØvtßú 

advising bank FnaKarCUndMNwg 

advisory function muxgarpþl;eyabl; 

advocacy karts‘Umti 

affidavit lixitEføgsc©a ¬GHGagsc©PaB 

cMeBaHmuxc,ab;¦ 

affiliated company (or associated 

company) Rkumh‘unbuRtsm


after-tax income cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§ 

aftercost cMNaybEnßm 

age group RkumGayu 

agency TIPñak;gar/ employment ~ kariyal½y 

rkkargareGayeFIV/ pre-investment ~ TIPñak;gar 

BinitülT§PaB muneBlvinieyaK 

agenda rebobvar³/ kargarEdlRtUveFVI 

agent Pñak;gar/ sole ~ tMNagpþac;mux 

agglomerate pþMúcUlKña 

aggregate GgÁpSM/ tYelxRbmUlpþúM/ ~ demand/ 

supply tMrUvkar¼karpÁt;pÁg; srub 

aggregate, monetary xn§b,maNrUbiyvtßú/ 

rUbiyvtßúTaMgGs; 

aggregation karpþúM/ xn§b,aT/ karpÁúMGgÁpSM 

aggrieved person Gñkminsuxcitþ 

agrarian éndIFøI/ ~ reform kMENTMrg;dIFøI 

agrarian society sgÁmksikmµ 

agreed (price) ¬éfø¦ RBmeRBog 

agreement kic©RBmeRBog/ verbal ~ kic© 

®BmeRBogpÞal;mat;/ ~ on the exchange of 

goods kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIkarpøas;bþÚrTMnij/ ~ in 

principle kic©RBmeRBogCaeKalkarN_ 

agribusiness ksi-BaNiC¢kmµ 

agricultural product ksipl 

agriculture ksikmµ/ Ministry of 

Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries 

RksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT 

agro-industry ksi-]sSahkmµ 

agronomist ekSRtviTU 

agronomy ekSRtsaRsþ/ ekSRtviTüa 

aid CMnYy/ economic ~ CMnYyEpñkesdækic©/ ~ 

agreement kic©RBmeRBogpþl;CMnYy/ 

4 

~ coordination mechanism ynþkar 

sMrbsMrYlCMnYy/ ~ programme kmµviFICMnYy 

air bill of lading b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas 

air cargo/freightTMnijbBa¢ÚntamynþehaH 

air-consignment note b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas 

airport tax Bn§RBlanynþehaH 

airway bill b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvGakas 

alien CnbreTs 

alien act c,ab;sþIBICnbreTs 

alienation karepÞrkmµsiT§i 

alienator n samIbrivtþ/ Gñklk; rW epÞrsiT§i[eK 

alimony R)ak;]btßmÖ ¬BIbþIeTARbBn§ rWBIRbBn§ 

eTAbþI/ eRkayeBlElgKña¦ 

allegation karecaTRbkan;edaymin)an 

bgðajPsþútag 

allegiance (politics) karesµaHsµ½RK 

allegiance, oath of sc©aRbNiFan 

alliance sm>>¦ 

allocate v. (fund) élEck/ eFVIviPaCn_/ 

allocated resources FnFanEdl)anélEck 

allocation 1> karélEck/ karviPaCn_/ 

proportional ~ karélEcksmamaRt 

2> R)ak;viPaCn_ 

allotment of shares karEbgEckPaKh‘un 

allowance R)ak;]btßmÖ/ TayC¢Tan/ 

depreciation ~ TayC¢Tan[dl;rMls;/ 

family ~ R)ak;]btßmÖRKÜsar/ make an ~ 

eFVIkarbBa©úHéføkñúgkarlk;eGayGñkTij 

all-risks insurance/policy kar¼b½NÑ 

Fanara:b;rghaniP½yRKb;RbePT


alteration karEk ¬Bakü¼elx¼bBa¢I 

KNenyü>>> edayekaslub¼sresrRtYt>>>¦ 

alternative CMerIs¼meFüa)ayepSgeTot/ ~ 

technology bec©kviTüaEbbepSg ¬Gac 

eRbICMnYs)an¦ 

amalgamation karbBa©Úl ¬Kña¦ 

ambition karR)afñad¾elIslub/ mhicäta 

amelioration n. kareFIVeGayRbesIreT,Ig/ 

suvuDÆikmµ 

amendment 1> viesaFnkmµ ¬c,ab;>>>¦/ 

~ of a contract viesaFnkmµkic©snüa/ 

~ advice lixitCUndMNwgsþIBIkarEksMrYl 

viesaFnkmµ 2> c,ab; b¤ maRtaénc,ab;Edl 

RtUv)anEkERbehIy 

amicable settlement dMeNaHRsay 

RbkbedaykareyaKyl; ¬min)ac;eTAtulakar¦ 

amnesty karelIkElgeTas 

amortisation of a debt ¬kar¦rMls;bMNul 

amount TwkR)ak;/ gross ~ TwkR)ak;dul/ 

~ of invoice TwkR)ak;énvikáybRt 

amount past due TwkR)ak;hYskalkMNt;sg 

analysis karviPaK/ cost ~ karviPaKBIéføedIm/ ~ 

of job requirements karviPaKtMrUvkarkargar 

analysis, discounted cash flow (DCF) 

karviPaKcracrsac;R)ak; 

analytical thinking KMnitviPaK 

ancestor buBVCn 

ancillary services esvakmµbnÞab;bnSM 

annual RbcaMqñaM/ ~ budget KMeragfvikaRbcaMqñaM 

annualised adj. KitelImUldæanRbcaMqñaM 

annuity FnlaP/ R)ak;sMNgRbcaMqñaM/ 

5 

life ~ CIvFnlaP 

annulment emaXkmµ/ karcat;TukCaGasasUnü 

antedate v. cuHbuerkalbriecäT/ cuHkalbriecäT 

GtItkal 

anthropology mnusSsaRsþ/ nrviTüa 

anti- RbqaMg/ anti-personnel mine 

mInRbqaMgmnusS 

anticipated profit R)ak;cMeNjeRBogTuk 

anti-dumping karRbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚc 

éfø/ ~ duty Bn§RbqaMgnwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø 

anti-inflation measure/programme 

viFankar¼kmµviFI Tb;Tl;GtiprNa 

anti-trust law c,ab;RbqaMgnwgRtwsþ 

apellate court sala]T§rN_ 

apparatus briFan/ bznP½NÐ 

appeal 1> bNþwgtv:a/ ]T§rN_ 

2> karGMBavnav 

appliance eRKOgeRbIR)as; 

applicant Gñkdak;BaküsMu 

applicant for a letter of credit 

Gñkdak;BaküsMu¼GñkesñIsMu ebIksar\NTan 

applied economics viTüasaRsþesdækic© 

apply v. ¬dak;¦ Gnuvtþ/ applied research 

karRsavRCavsMrab;Gnuvtþ 

appointed days, on naéf)ankMNt; 

appointment karEtgtaMg/ permanent ~ 

to the rank of administrative agent 

kartaMgs‘ubkñúgzannþrskþiPñak;garrdæ)al 

apportion v. EbgEck 

apportionment bMENgEck 

appraisal karvaytémø


appreciation 1> kareLIg éfø¼tMél 

2> mUlvicar ¬karvaytMél¦ 

3> karTTYlsÁal;KuNPaB 4>GMNrKuN 

approach viFIsaRsþ 

appropriate adj. smRsb/ ~ size TMhM 

smRsb/ ~ technology bec©kviTüasmRsb 

appropriation (financial) ¬R)ak;¦ viPaCn_ 

¬R)ak;élTukenAmçagsMrab;eKaledAedayELk¦ 

appropriation accounts KNnIcMNUlcMNay 

approval karyl;RBm/ on ~ etagman 

karyl;RBm 

approximately RbEhl/ RbmaN 

aquaculture, aquatic culture varIvb,kmµ 

aquatic product Clpl 

aquatic resources FnFanClpl 

arable land dIGacdaMduH 

arbiter mCÄtþkr ¬GñkmanGMNac¼\T§iBl 

edIm,IeFVIkarkat;kþI³ ]> kñúgkic©karrdæ¦ 

arbitrage 1> mCÄtþkmµ 2> karepÞrTunBIpSar 

mYyeTApSarmYyedIm,IeqøótrkkMér 

arbitrageur GñkepÞrTunBIpSarmYyeTApSar 

mYyedIm,IeqøótrkkMér 

arbitrary tamEtGMeBIcitþ 

arbitration mCÄtþPaB/ mCÄtþvinicä½y/ 

karkat;kþIedayGaCJakNþal/ ~ committee 

KN³kmµkarmCÄtþkmµ 

arbitrator mCÄtþkr ¬xagBaNiC¢kmµ¦ 

architectural company Rkumh‘unsikSa 

KMeragbøg; 

architecture sßabtükmµ/ nimµabnkmµ 

area unit ÉktatMbn; 

6 

area, free trade tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrI 

area-based frame eRKagelImUldæantMbn; 

arid area tMbn;sÜtEhg 

arithmetic nBVnþ/ ~ mean mFümnBVnþ 

arm’s length sale karlk;KµankareyaK 

yl;Biess 

arrears bMNulyWty:avminTan;sg/ to be in 

~ yWty:avkñúgkarsgbMNul 

art work sñaédsil,³ 

article of copartnership 

kic©snüacUlh‘un/ maRtashPaKkmµ 

articles of association (GB) or bylaws 

(US) lkçnþik³ 

articles of incorporation (US) or 

memorandum of association (GB) 

GnusSarN³begIátRkumh‘un 

articulate v. bBa¢ak;CaBaküeBCn_ 

as provided, as stated, set forth 

dUcmanEcg ¬kñúgc,ab;¦ 

Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA) 

tMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an 

assembly line ExSplitkmµ ¬tMelIgeRKOgcRk¦ 

assessed taxes Bn§)ankMNt; 

assessment karvaytMél 

assessor of taxes GñkkMNt;Bn§¼vayBn§ 

asset RTBüskmµ/ RTBüsm,tiþ/ current ~ 

RTBüskmµcrnþ/ foreign ~ RTBüskmµCa 

rUbiyb½NÑ ¬FnaKar¦/ RTBüenAbreTs, fixed 

(capital) ~ RTBüskmµCab;lab; ¬ÉksarxøH 

ehAfa GclnRTBü EdlRtUvnwgBakü 

immovable property), tangible ~ 

RTBürUbI/ frozen ~ RTBüp¥ib/ intangible ~


RTBüGrUbI/ financial ~ RTBühirBaØvtßú 

assign (property) epÞrsiT§ieRbIR)as;Gclnvtßú 

assignable credit sar\NTanGacepÞr)an 

assignee 1> Gnub,Tanik ¬GñkTTYlsiT§i¼ 

RTBüsm,tþi¼karEtgtaMg ¦ 

2> GñkTTYlsiT§iRbTan/ GaNtþiKahk 

assignee in bankruptcy GñkRtUv)an 

cat;taMg[RKb;RKgRTBüsm,tþiGñkkS½yFn 

assignor 1> Gnub,TayI ¬GñkepÞrRTBüsm,tþi/ 

GñkeFVIkarcat;taMg¦ 

2> GñkRbKl;siT§i/ GaNtþiTayk 

assimilation smankmµ ¬kareFVI[RCYtRCab¦ 

assistance kar]btßmÖ/ CMnYy/ CMnYy]btßmÖ 

assistant CMnYykar/ brivcäkarI/ ]bkarI 

assistant accountant KNenyükrCMnYykar 

assistant manager Gñkcat;karrg 

associated company (see affiliated 

company) Rkumh‘unBak;B½n§ 

association smaKm/ bar ~ KN³emFavI 

assurance 1> karFanar:ab;rg 

2> PaBR)akdkñúgcitþ ¬KµankarsgS½y¦ 

at call, money kMcIEdlm©as;bMNulGacTar 

ykvij)anPøam 

at par, share PaKh‘unEdlmantMélenA 

pSarh‘unesµIKñanwgtMélcuHelIsnøwkb½NÑPaKh‘un 

at sight draft rUbiyaNtþiRtUvsgR)ak;enA 

eBlbgðaj 

at sight, to pay sgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar 

ATM (automatic teller machine) 

m:asuInebIkR)ak;s½VyRbvtiþ 

attitude \riyabf 

7 

attorney 1> GaNtþiKahk ¬GñkTTYlGaNtþi¦ 

2> tMNagkarBarkþI 3> emFavI 

attractive adj. Tak;Taj/ ~ prices 

éføTak;TajGtifiCn 

auction karedjéfø 

auction sale karlk;edjéfø 

audit n. & v. 1> svnkmµ/ external ~ 

svnkmµBIxageRkA/ internal ~ svnkmµépÞkñúg 

2> eFVIsvnkmµ ¬Binitü¼Eqk bBa¢IKNenyü¦ 

auditing svnkmµ/ National Auditing 

Authority GaCJaFrsvnkmµCati/ ~ procedures 

nItiviFIsvnkmµ 

auditor svnkr ¬GñkRtYtBinitübBa¢I/ sñgkar 

KNenyü¦/ independent/external ~ 

svnkrÉkraCü 

auspices kar]btßmÖ/ under the ~ enAeRkam 

»vaT ¬sßab½n¦ 

austerity PaBt,itet,ót/ PaBtwgrwg/ tbkmµ 

autarchy GMNac¼RbeTskan;rbb pþac;kar 

autarky sV½yaFibetyü/ esdækic©m©as;kar 

xøÜnÉgpÞal;/ ¬minBwgEp¥kelI karnaMecj-naMcUl rW 

CMnYyesdækic©¦ 

authentic deed/act lixityfaPUt 

authenticate eFVInItüanukUlkmµ ¬bBa¢ak;faBit¦ 

authenticity yfaPaB 

authorised bank FnaKarmankarGnuBaØat/ 

FnaKarRbtiRsuti 

authorised capital edImTuncuHbBa¢I 

authoritarianism GMNacniym 

authority siT§iGMNac/ GaCJaFr/ rdæGMNac 

authorisation 1> esckþIGnuBaØat


2> lixitGnuBaØat 

authorised representative tMNagman 

siT§iRbTan/ GaCJanukarI ¬tMNagmankarGnuBaØat¦ 

automatic teller machine (see ATM) 

m:asuInebIkR)ak;s½VyRbvtiþ 

automatic drawing right 

siT§idkR)ak;sV½yRbvtþi 

autonomous economic entity 

GgÁPaBesdækic©sVy½t 

autonomous enterprise shRKassVy½t 

autonomy sV½yPaB/ sVy½tPaB/ economic 

~ sV½yPi)alesdækic© 

average mFüm/ ~ annual growth rate 

GRtakMeNInmFümRbcaMqñaM/ ~ cost tMél¼ 

éføedIm mFüm 

average collection period (ACP) 

ry³eBlRbmUlbMNulCamFüm 

avoidance, tax karecosvagBn§ 

award n. & v. 1> esckIþsMercrbs;GaCJa 

kNþal 2> rgVan; 3> pþl;rgVan;[/ ~ a contract 

RbKl;kic©snüa[ 

awareness kardwgsÁal;/ raise public ~ 

bMpuskaryl;dwgdl;saFarNCn 

B, b 

baccalaureate (degree) 

¬sBaØab½Rt¦mFümsikSaTutiyPUmi 

bachelor’s degree fñak;briBaØab½Rt 

back eRkay/ xageRkay/ ~ interest karR)ak; 

minTan;sg/ ~ a bill cuHhtßelxaFanaelI 

8 

back out v. dkxøÜnecj/ ~ from a 

contract dkxøÜnecjBIkic©snüa 

back to back xñgTl;xñg/ ~ credit 

\NTanxñgTl;xñg 

back up v. KaMRT/ bBa¢ak;KaMRT/ ~ a claim 

bBa¢ak;KaMRTkarGHGag 

backbone infrastructure ehdæarcna 

sm épÞxageRkay 

backing, financial karKaMRTxaghirBaØvtßú 

backlog kargarenAKrminTan;eFVI 

backup eRtombMrug 

backwardness PaBGn;fy 

bad debt \NeTyüTarmin)an ¬xUc¦/ 

\NeTyüBi)akTar ¬Cab;sgS½y¦ 

bad faith GsT§a/ KMnitevocevr 

bad title b½NÐkmµsiT§iykCakarmin)an 

bad workmanship TwkédGn;/ kareFVImin 

)anl¥ ¬plitpl¦ 

bail R)ak;Fana ¬]> R)ak;bg;[tulakaredIm,I[ 

CnCab;ecaT)anenAeRkAXMu¦/ ~ bond b½NÑFana 

bail out v. 1> se®gÁaHRkumh‘unCYbkarlM)ak 

xaghirBaØvtßú 2> bg;R)ak;FanaxøÜn 

bailiff n. GaCJasala 

bail cover R)ak;Fana


bailment karepJITuk ¬dak;TMnij[GñkepSg 

kan;kab; b:uEnþGñkenaHBMuEmnCam©as;kmµsiT§ieT¦ 

bait n. nuy/ use money as ~ eRbIluyCanuy 

balance n. 1> tulüPaB 2> smtulü/ credit/ 

debit ~ smtulü \NTayI¼ \Nayik/ closing 

~ smtulücugRKa/ pay the ~ sgR)ak;CMBak;/ 

positive ~ smtulü viC¢man/ ~ on goods and 

services smtulüTMnijnigesva 

balance of payments CBa¢IgTUTat;/ 

~ deficit/surplus »nPaB¼Gtierk CBa¢IgTUTat; 

balance of trade CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmµ 

balance sheet taragtulükar/ off- ~ 

items xÞg;eRkAtaragtulükar/ ~ date éf 

eFVItaragtulükar 

balance v. eFVIeGaymantulüPaB 

balance v. an account bUksrubKNnI 

balance v. the budget eFVItulükarfvika 

bale KIb/ eb ¬vtßúGVImYymancMnYneRcIndUcCa 

RkNat; Rkdas esµA>>> EdlcgCa dMu¼kNþab;¦ 

bank FnaKar/ central ~ FnaKarkNþal/ 

deposit money bank FnaKarTTYl 

R)ak;beBaØI/ national ~ FnaKarCati 

bank acceptance b½NÑTTYlRBmedayFnaKar 

bank account KNnIFnaKar 

bank book esovePAFnaKar/ esovePAepJI 

R)ak;enAFnaKar 

bank charge esah‘uyFnaKar 

bank clearing karTUTat;tamFnaKar 

bank deposit R)ak;beBaØIenAFnaKar 

bank draft rUbiyaNtþiFnaKar rW b½NÑFnaKar 

¬lixitecjedayFnaKarbBa¢aeGayFnaKarmYy 

9 

eTotsgR)ak;eTAbuKÁlNamñak;¦ 

bank financing hirBaØb,TanFnaKar 

bank note RkdasR)ak; 

bank of deposit FnaKarTTYlR)ak;beBaØI 

bank reconciliation karepÞógpÞat;FnaKar 

¬GgÁPaBsamIepÞógbBa¢Irbs;xøÜneTAnwgRbkas 

\NBn§¼\NTan rbs;FnaKar/ kargarenHEtg 

eFVIenAcugEx¦ 

bank reference TIsMGagbBa¢ak;BIxagFnaKar 

bank statement r)aykarN_¼Rbkas 

FnaKar/ sMrg;KNnIBIFnaKar 

bank transfer karepÞrR)ak;enAFnaKar 

bank v. dak;R)ak;enAFnaKar 

bank-credit guarantee scheme 

kmµviFIFana\NTanrbs;FnaKar 

banker FnaKarik 

banker’s draft (see bank draft) 

banking muxCMnYjFnaKar/ muxviC¢aFnaKar 

bankrupt kS½yFn/ FnkS½y/ niT§½n 

bankruptcy PaBkS½yFn/ niT§nPaB/ 

discharge in ~ karrYcputBIkarkS½yFn 

bar association KN³emFavI 

barefoot doctor RKUeBTüCnbT 

bargain and sale kic©snüaTij-lk; 

bargain v. téfø/ (free) collective 

bargaining karcrcaBIkartMelIgR)ak;QñÚl 

rvagnieyaCit nignieyaCk 

barrier r)aMg/ ]bsKÁ/ customs/tariff ~ 

r)aMgBn§Ky/ lift trade ~ dkr)aMgBaNiC¢kmµ/ 

non-tariff ~s ( NTBs) r)aMgminEmnBn§Ky 

barrister emFavI ¬Gg;eKøs¦


barter karedaHdUrTMnijnigTMnij 

¬karpøas;bþÚrTMnijedaymineRbIluy¦ 

base mUldæan/ exOn/ ~ level of 

consumption kMritmUldæanénkareRbIR)as; 

base rate GRtaeKal/ GRtamUldæan 

base year qñaMeKal 

baseline survey GegátCamUldæan 

basic CamUldæan/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBog 

CamUldæan/ ~ price éføeKal/ ~ research 

karRsavRCavCamUldæan 

basic commodities plitplksikmµ 

CamUldæan ¬ksiplFmµtaEdlpliteRcIn² 

dUcCaRsUv/ eBat>>>¦ 

basic discount GbhareKal ¬Gbhar 

FmµtaedayKµanbEnßmPaKryGVIeTot¦ 

basic human needs (BHN) tMrUvkarCa 

mUldæanrbs;mnusS 

basic salary/wage ebovtSr_eKal 

¬ebovtSr_FmµtaedayKµanbUkR)ak;bEnßm¦ 

basin (Mekong River) Gag ¬TenøemKgÁ¦ 

basket n. k®nþk/ consumer ~ or 

consumption ~ k®nþkTMnijeRbIR)as; 

batch LÚt_ ¬GIv:an;EdlplitenAeBlEtmYy¦/ 

~ number elxLÚt_ 

BCC (business cooperation contract) 

kic©snüashRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ 

bear Gñklk;snøwkh‘un¼TMnij¼rUbiyvtßú Edl 

eCOfaGIv:an;eKnwgcuHéfø/ ~ market TIpSarEdl 

eKeCOfaGWv:an;nwgcuHéfø 

bear v. interest pþl;nUvkarR)ak; 

bearer Gñkkan;/ ~ cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt 

10 

KµaneQµaH ¬elImUlb,Tanb½RtKµancuHeQµaH 

GñkRtUvebIkR)ak;eT KWfaGñkkan;mUlb,Tanb½Rt 

GacebIkR)ak;)an¦ 

bearer instrument/paper lixitUbkrN_ 

sMrab;Kahk 

beginning inventory sareBIP½NÐedIm qñaM¼RKa 

behave v. kan;criya 

behaviour Gakb,kiriya 

below cost TabCagéføedIm 

benchmark kMriteKal/ ~ survey GegáteKal 

benefactor ]bkarI ¬GñkTMnukbMrug/ Gñkp©úgepþIm¦ 

beneficiary GñkTTYlpl/ GtßKahk 

benefit GtßRbeyaCn_/ R)ak;]btßmÖ/ medical 

~ R)ak;]btßmÖéføBüa)al 

benefit-cost ratio 

smaPaKplcMeNjeFobcMNay 

bequeath v. eFVIGc©½yTanCaclnvtßú 

bequest n. Gc©½yTanCaclnvtßú/ GMeNay 

tamry³mrtksasn_ 

best interest ]tþmRbeyaCn_ 

best-seller esovePAlk;dac;bMput 

biannual BIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM/ ~ monitoring 

karXøaMemIlBIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM 

bias lMeGog 

bid v. & n. 1> edjéfø 2> karedjéfø 

bilateral eTVPaKI/ ~ aid/assistance 

CMnYyeTVPaKI 

bill 1> vikáybRt 2> rUbiyaNtþi 

bill at sight vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi RtUvsg 

enAeBlbgðaj 

bill in transit vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi kMBugbBa¢Ún


bill of entry RbtievTn_Ky ¬lixitRbkas 

bg;Bn§Ky¦ 

bill of lading (B/L) GBaØtb½NÑ rW 

GBaØtb½Rt/ lixitpÞúkTMnijnava/ b½NÑdwkCBa¢Ún 

TMnij/ direct ~ GBaØtb½NÑedaypÞal; 

bill payable vikáybRt¼rUbiyaNtþi RtUvsg 

bill sent for collection 

b½NÑepJI[RbmUlR)ak; 

bill/letter of exchange rUbiyaNtþi/ lixitpøas;bþÚr 

billion Ban;lan 

bin tag pøakFug 

bind v. cg/ mantMélGnuvtþ/ P¢ab;katBVkic© 

biodiversity CIv³cMruH 

biogas CIv]sµ½n 

biomass CIvm:as 

biosphere reserve, Tonle Sap 

zbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab 

birth certificate sMbuRtkMeNIt 

birth rate GRtakMeNIt/ GRtaRbsUtikmµ 

birth spacing karBnüakMeNIt 

black market pSarggwt/ ~ price éføpSarggwt 

blacklist bBa¢IexµA 

blank enAs¥at/ minTan;sresr/ ~ cheque 

mUlb,Tanb½RtcMh ¬cuHhtßelxaehIy EtKµan 

cuHTwkR)ak; rW eQµaHGñkTTYl¦ 

blank endorsement carxñgcMh 

block bøúk 

block fund mUlniFipþúM 

blocked account KNnI bBaÄb;¼p¥ib 

¬min[dkR)ak;ecj¦ 

blue-collar union shCIBhtßkr 

11 

board of directors RkumRbwkSaPi)al 

board of inquiry KN³kmµkaresuIbGegát 

board of investment (BOI) 

RkumRbwkSavinieyaK 

board of management RkumRbwkSaRKb;RKg 

boat TUk/ Clyan/ ~ log book esovePA 

skmµPaBClyan 

body xøÜn ¬mnusS>>>¦/ tY ¬rfynþ>>>¦/ ~ of rules 

and regulations GgÁc,ab; ¬nigbTb,BaØtþi¦ 

bona fide esµaHRtg;/ ~ purchaser 

GñkTijesµaHRtg; 

bond sBaØab½NÑ/ government/treasury ~ 

b½NÑrtnaKar/ bearer ~ sBaØab½NÑKµaneQµaH/ 

goods (held) in ~ TMnijrkSaTukenAXøaMgKy 

¬rg;caMkarbg;Bn§¦/ mortgage ~ b½NÑniekçb 

¬b½NÑbMNulmanvtßúbBa©aM¦/ take goods out of 

~ bg;Bn§elITMnijedIm,IGacykvaecjBIXøaMgKy/ 

~ yield TinñplsBaØab½NÑ ¬cMNUl)anBIsBaØab½NÑ 

KitCaPaKryénéføTijsBaØab½NÑ¦ 

bonded warehouse XøaMgsþúkTMnijRKb; 

RKgedayPñak;garKy 

bonus R)ak;bEnßm/ buBVlaP ¬]> R)ak;rgVan;¦/ 

cost of living ~ R)ak;bEnßmsMrab;RTRTg; 

CIvPaB/ incentive ~ R)ak;elIkTwkcitþ/ 

productivity ~ rgVan;plitkmµ 

book of investment esovePAbnÞúkén 

karvinieyaK 

book value (accounting) tMélkñúgbBa¢I/ 

tMélKNenyü 

bookkeeper Gñkkan;bBa¢I/ KNenyükr


bookkeeping karcuHbBa¢IKNenyü/ single 

entry ~ karcuHbBa¢IÉkPaK/ double entry ~ 

karcuHbBa¢IeTVPaK 

books of accounts bBa¢IKNenyü 

boom v. rIkduHdaly:agrh½s/ ~ industry 

]sSahkmµEdlrIkduHdalya:grh½s/ 

booming sector vis½ykMBugrIkduHdal 

boost v. CMruj/ rujeLIg 

booty C½yP½NÐ ¬rbs;EdldeNþImrWbøn;BIeK¦/ 

GcäinRTBü 

border price éføenARBMEdn 

borrow v. x©I¼sMux©I/ borrowed reserves 

R)ak;bMrug)anx©I ¬EdlFnaKarnana)anx©IBI 

FnaKarkNþal¦ 

borrower Gñkx©I/ \Nvnþ 

borrowings karx©Ibul 

boss n. bri)al/ ecAhVay/ GñkRtYtRta/ 

bossy EdlcUlcitþRtYtRtaeK 

BOT (build, operate, transfer) sagsg;- 

GaCIvkmµ-epÞr 

botany n. PUtKamsaRsþ ¬karsikSaBIrukçCati¦ 

bottleneck PaBraMgsÞH/ PaBkkkuj 

bottom out v. cuHTabbMput 

¬RbEhlminGacFøak;cuHeToteT¦ 

bottom-up BIeRkameLIgelI/ 

~ development karGPivDÆn_BIeRkameLIgelI 

bourgeois KhbtI 

bourgeoisie or middle class 

vNÑ³KhbtI b¤ vNÑ³kNþal 

boycott Bhikar ¬karRbqaMgedayminRBmTij 

minRBmcUlrYm>>>¦ 

brain drain kar)at;bg;GñkmanCMnaj 

12 

brainstorming karBiPakSabMpusKMnit 

branch (of a company) saxa ¬Rkumh‘un¦ 

brand sBaØa/ sBaØasMKal;/ rUb/ m:ak ¬TMnij¦ 

brand name eQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ/ yIeha 

breach of contract karelµIskic©snüa 

breach of discipline karelµIsvin½y 

breakages GIv:an;)ak;Ebk ¬minrab;CaRTBü 

skmµeTenAeBleFVIsareBIP½NÐ¦ 

break-even point cMNucrYcedIm 

breakthrough karTMlayPaBTal;Rck 

bribe v. & n. 1> sUk 

2> sMNUk/ take a ~ sIusMNUk 

bridging loan kMcIry³eBlxøI ¬sMrab;Tij 

pÞHfµI enAeBllk;pÞHcas;minTan;dac;¦ 

broadcast v. pSBVpSay ¬tamviTüú/ TUrTsSn_>>>¦ 

brochure n. esovePAesþIg/ kUnesovePA 

pSBVpSay 

broker eCIgsarCMnYj/ KYkeC 

brokerage 1> kMéreCIgsar 2> kargareCIgsar 

brought forward (accounting) eyagmk 

bring in (assets as investment) 

eFVI]bharit/ ykcUl 

budget fvika/ ~ control karRtYtBinitü 

fvika/ ~ credit \NTanfvika/ ~ fund 

mUlniFifvika/ ~ prices éføTab² 

buffer RTnab;/ ~ zone tMbn;RTnab; 

buffer stock sþúksMrab;Tb;karERbRbYl ¬éfø/ 

karpÁt;pÁg;>>¦/ ~ facility (BSF) 

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;Tb;snñiFi 

built-in stabilisers ktþaeFVIeGayman 

sßirPaBCasV½yRbvtþi 

bulk buying karTijduM


bulk order bBa¢aTijdMu 

bull Gñklk;snøwkh‘un¼TMnij>>>EdleCOfa 

muxGIv:an;eKnwgeLIgéfø 

bull market TIpSarEdleKeCOfaGIv:an;nwgeLIgéfø 

bulletin 1> RBwtþib½Rt/ 

2> esckþIRbkasCapøÚvkar ¬BIerOgsMxan;GVImYy¦ 

burden bnÞúk/ ~ of proof bnÞúkPsþútag/ tax 

~ bnÞúkBn§ 

bureau kariyal½y/ employment ~ 

kariyal½ykargar 

bureaucracy kariyaFibetyü 

bureaucrat kariyaelxanukar/ GñkeFVIkar 

kariyal½y 

business Furkic©/ GaCIvkmµ/ kic©karCMnYj/ 

karrksuI/ ~ card namb½NÑ 

business cooperation contract 

(BCC) kic©snüashRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmµ 

business format franchising 

karpþl;siT§ieGayrksIupþac;muxtamEbbbTeK 

business licence tax ¬Bn§¦ )a:tg; 

business name namkrN_GaCIvkmµ 

business undertaking kareFVIkic©karCMnYj 

businessman/woman GaCIvkr/ FurCn 

buy v. Tij/ ~ back Tijykvij/ ~ time 

BnüaeGay)anyUr 

buyer’s price éføGnueRKaHdl;GñkTij 

buying order karbBa¢aTij 

buying power GMNacTij 

by-election kare)aHeqñateLIgvij 

bylaws (see also articles of association) 

c,ab;bEnßm ¬RbcaMtMbn;¦/ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg 

13 

by-product plitplbnÞab;bnSM/ nisSnÞvtßú 

C, c 

cabinet xuTÞkal½y/ political ~ KN³rdæm®nþI 

cable transfer karepÞrR)ak;edayTUrKmn_ 

cadastre surieyadI 

cadre Rkbx½NÐ/ public ~ Rkbx½NÐ 

m®nþIraCkar/ ~ of administrative agent 

Rkbx½NÐPñak;garrdæ)al 

calculus KNnaGtüaNU 

calendar RbtiTin/ ~ year qñaMRbtiTin 

call deposit R)ak;beBaØIcrnþ 

call loan/money \NTanKµankalkMNt; 

¬RtUvsgvijenAeBleKTar¦ 

called-up capital mUlFn)anehA 

¬)anbg;cUlRkumh‘unehIy¦ 

campaign yuT§nakar/ sales ~ yuT§nakarlk;dUr 

cancel v. lubecal/ ~ an entry bdiesF 

elxna ¬KNenyü¦/ ~ an order lubecal 

karbBa¢aTij 

cancellation karlubecal 

canvass 1> sÞabsÞg; ¬mti¦ 

2> eXasnaTak;TajkarKaMRT 

capability smtßPaB ¬eFVIGVImYy¦ 

capacity 1> smtßPaB/ earning ~ 

smtßPaBrkR)ak;/ in a legal ~ kñúgsmtßPaB 

tampøÚvc,ab;/ load-carrying ~ smtßPaBpÞúk 

¬GIv:an;¦/ production ~ smtßPaBplit 

2> cMNuH


capital mUlFn/ Tun/ authorised ~mUlFn 

Edl)anGnuBaØat/ paid in ~ mUlFnEdl 

)anbg;/ ~ accumulation smac½yTun 

capital account KNnI mUlFn¼Tun 

capital adequacy ratio smaPaKsm 

lµménmUlFn 

capital amortisation rMls;mUlFn 

capital asset RTBümUlFn/ RTBüskmµCab;lab; 

capital assistance kar]btßmÖTun 

capital contributor GñkcUlh‘un/ PaKTunik³ 

capital endowment edImTunEdlRtUvbg; 

capital expenditure/investment/ 

outlay cMNayelIRTBümUlFn/ vinieyaK 

capital expense cMNayCamUlFn 

capital gains (accounting) tMélelIs 

capital goods TMnij mUlFn¼CaTun 

¬TMnijsMrab;plitTMnijepSg²eTot¦ 

capital intensive RbBlvb,kmµedImTun 

¬EdleRbITun¼m:asIuneRcIn¦ 

capital levy Bn§elIRTBübuKÁl 

capital loss (accounting) tMélxVH 

capital market pSarTun 

capital movement clnaTun/ karepÞrTun 

capital productivity plitPaBénTun 

capital reserves TunbMrug 

capital revenue cMNUlCamUlFn 

capital, authorised TunGtibrimaEdlRtUv 

)anGnuBaØat[manenAkñúgRkumh‘un/ TuncuHbBa¢I 

capital, frozen mUlFnpw¥¥b 

capital, risk (venture capital) 

TunvinieyaKpSgeRKaHfñak; 

capital, working TunbgVil/ 

14 

mUlFnRbkbkar 

capitalism mUlFnniym 

capitalist mUlFnik/ nayTun 

capitalisation mUlFnPavUnIykmµ 

capitalise v. eqøótykcMeNj/ qk;»kas/ 

mUlFnkmµ 

captive market TIpSarpþac;mux 

card b½NÐ/ sMbuRt/ business ~ namb½NÑ 

¬GaCIvkmµ¦/ cash ~ b½NÑsac;R)ak;/ cheque ~ 

mUlb,Tanb½NÑ/ credit ~ b½NÑ\NTan/ 

identity ~ GtþsBaØaNb½NÑ 

career GaCIB 

caretaker (of a motor vehicle) Gñkkan; 

kab;EfTaM ¬]> yanynþ¦/ ~ government 

rdæaPi)alsMrab;RKb;RKgbeNþaHGasnñ 

cargo navaPNÐ/ TMnijdwktamnava/ nava 

¬dwkTMnij¦/ ~ documents ÉksarsMrab; 

kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij 

cargo list bBa¢ITMnijdwkCBa¢Ún 

cargo outturn report r)aykarN_erITMnij 

carriage forward éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;eday 

GñkTTYl 

carriage paid éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;edayGñkepJI 

carried forward (accounting) eyageTA 

¬]> eyageTATMB½rmYyeTotnUvtYelxbUksrubcug 

snøwkbBa¢IKNenyü¦ 

carrying value (accounting) 

tMélkñúgbBa¢I/ tMélKNenyü 

cartel n. karEtl/ shRkumh‘un 

case study karsikSakrNI ¬rW krNIsikSa¦ 

cash 1> ebLa ¬RkdasR)ak; + R)ak;kak;¦ 

2> sac;R)ak; ¬ebLa + FnaKar¦/ ~ substitute


CMnYssac;R)ak; 

3> rtnvtßú ¬KNenyü¦ 

cash account 1>KNnIebLa 2>KNnIrtnvtßú 

cash advance R)ak;buerRbTan ¬R)ak;ebIkmun¦ 

cash against document (CAD) 

RbKl;R)ak;eBl)anTTYlÉksar 

cash book (CB) n. bBa¢IR)ak;ecjcUl 

cash budget EpnkarcMNUlcMNaysac;R)ak; 

cash credit \NTansac;R)ak; 

cash crop dMNaMlk;ykR)ak; 

cash discount karlk;cuHéføtamkarbg;Ca 

sac;R)ak; 

cash down sale karlk;ykR)ak;Pøam 

¬Casac;R)ak; rW mUlb,Tanb½Rt b:uEnþminyk 

b½NÑ\NTaneT¦ 

cash economy esdækic©eRbIR)ak;kas 

cash flow lMhUrsac;R)ak;/ ~ analysis 

karviPaKlMhUrsac;R)ak;/ ~ statement 

r)aykarN_lMhUrsac;R)ak; 

cash in on eqøótykcMeNjBIelI 

cash in hand (GB), cash on hand 

(US) sac;R)ak;kñúg ebLa¼éd/ ebLa 

cash in/with bank sac;R)ak;enAFnaKar 

cash on delivery (COD) RbKl;TMnij 

RbKl;R)ak;/ bg;R)ak;eBlTTYlTMnij 

cash over and short R)ak;elIsxVH 

¬bnþicbnþÜckñúgebLa¦ 

cash paid book esovePAsgR)ak; 

cash price éfølk; ¬efak¦ Kittamkarbg; 

Casac;R)ak; 

cash rebate cMnYncuHéføeGaytamkarbg;Ca 

15 

cash reserves sac;R)ak;bMrug 

cash voucher b½NÑcMNayebLa 

cash with order (CWO) bg;R)ak;eBl 

bBa¢aTij 

cash-disbursement book esovePA 

cMNayR)ak; 

cashier ebLakr/ ebLaFikar 

cash-receipt book esovePAcMNUlR)ak; 

casting vote sMelg]tþmanuPaB 

¬e)aHeqñat¦ 

casual labourer BlkrGENþt 

¬ry³eBlxøI¦ 

casualty at sea mhnþrayenAsmuRT 

cataclysm n. mhavinas 

catalogue kataLúk ¬esovePAbgðaj rUb¼vtßú 

epSg²¦ 

catalyst katalIkr/ ~ role tYnaTICakatalIkr 

¬bnSúI/ CMruj¦ 

catchment area EdnrgTwkePøóg 

catalyse v. bnSúI ¬Kña¦/ BenøÓn 

categorisation of goods karkMNt; 

RbePTTMnij 

category RbePT/ BYk/ Epñk 

causal sehtu ¬EdlR)ab;BIkarTak;Tgehtu 

nigpl¦ 

CD-ROM suIDIr:m 

ceiling price éføGtibrma/ éføx karCMerOn ¬RbCaCn¦/ 

~ sample KMrUtagCMerOn/


2> r)ab; ¬karrab;¦ 

census-enumeration area tMbn;rab; 

bBa©ÚlCMerOn 

central kNþal/ mCÄwm/ ~ administration 

rdæ)al mCÄwm¼kNþal 

central bank FnaKarkNþal 

centralisation mCÄkar 

centralised eFVImCÄkar/ ~ economy 

esdækic©mCÄkar/ ~ record kMNt;RtamCÄkar/ 

~ system RbB½n§mCÄkar 

centrally planned economy esdækic© 

EpnkarRbmUlpþúM 

ceramics kulalPaCn_/ ceramic product 

plitplkulalPaCn_ 

certificate viBaØabnb½Rt/ ~ of approval 

lixitGnuBaØat/ ~ of processing viBaØabnb½Rt 

bBa¢ak;plitkmµ/ ~ of deposit viBaØabnb½Rt 

beBaØI¼ epJIR)ak;/ ~ of origin viBaØabnb½Rt 

RbPBedImTMnij/ ~ of quality viBaØabnb½Rt 

bBa¢ak;KuNPaB/ ~ of quarantine viBaØabnb½Rt 

BinitüeraKqøg/ ~ of registration viBaØabnb½Rt 

Gnusidæ/ ~ of weight viBaØabnb½RtTMgn; 

certified cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rtr:ab;rg 

edayFnaKar rWmUlb,TanbR½tFanacMNay 

certified public accountant (US) 

KNenyükrrdæTTYlsÁal; 

cessation karQb;/ ~ of business 

karbBaÄb;GaCIvkmµ 

cession n. Gnub,Tan/ karRbKl;eGay 

¬]> kat;eGayeTAm©as;bMNul¦ 

ceteris paribus (other things being 

equal) GVIepSgeTotenAdEdl 

16 

chairman RbFan/ ~ of the meeting 

RbFanGgÁRbCMu/ GFibtI 

challenge bBaðaRbQm 

chamber of commerce sPaBaNiC¢kmµ 

chance of selection P½BVénCMerIs 

change 1> bMErbMrYl/ karpøas;bþÚr/ sm,rivtþn_/ 

2> R)ak;Gab;/ ~ fund R)ak;Gab; 

channel Rck 

chaos PaBRcbUkRcbl; 

chapter CMBUk 

character crit 

charge bnÞúk/ bnÞúkcMNay/ éfø ¬RtUvbg;¦ 

charge v. a commission ykkMéreCIgsar 

charge/credit account KNnIeCO 

¬GtifiCnGacykrbs;EdlxøÜnTij edaybg; 

R)ak;TUTat;smtulüKNnIenAéfeRkay¦ 

charges, overhead bnÞúkcMNayTUeTA 

charity sb,úrsFm’/ kuslkic© 

chart tarag/ KMnUssißti/ EpnTI/ BinÞúerxIy/ bøg;/ 

organisation ~ GgÁkarelx/ sale ~ KMnUs 

taglk;/ ~ of accounts taragKNnI/ ~ of 

general accounting bøg;KNenyüTUeTA 

charter 1> FmµnuBaØ 2> lkçnþik³ (US) 

charter plane ynþehaHCYldwkBiess 

¬eCIgehaHehIrmineTogTat;¦ 

chattel mortgage (US) karbBa©aMRTBü 

sm,tþipÞal;xøÜn 

check karRtYtemIl/ karEqkeqr/ ]bsKÁ/ 

karbg¥g;/ put a ~ on imports bg¥g;karnaMcUl 

check v. the accounts BinitüKNnI 

checkoff RbB½n§kat;R)ak;dak;shCIBeday 

nieyaCk


checks and balances karRtYtemIl nig 

føwgGMNac 

cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt/ bouncing/dud/ 

rubber ~ mUlb,Tanb½RtKµanR)ak; ¬RKb;RKan; 

kñúgKNnI¦/ blank ~ mUlb,Tanb½RtcMh/ cash 

a ~ ebIkR)ak;elImUlb,Tanb½Rt/ crossed ~ 

mUlb,TanbR½tqUt ¬eRbIsMrab;EtbBa©ÚlR)ak;kñúg 

KNnI¦/ dishonoured ~ mUlb,TanbR½tKµan 

R)ak;kñúgKNnI/ traveller’s ~ mUlb,Tanb½Rt 

eTscrN_¼eFVIdMeNIr/ open/ uncrossed ~ 

mUlb,TanbR½t\tmanqUt ¬bBa©ÚlR)ak;kñúgKNnI 

k¾)an ebIkR)ak;k¾)an¦/ ~ book esovePA 

mUlb,TanbR½t/ ~ to bearer mUlb,Tanb½Rt 

KµaneQµaH/ ~ crossed specially mUlb,TanbR½t 

qUtBiess ¬Ca mUlb,Tanb½RtEdlbBa¢ak;lMGit 

bEnßmnUvlkçxNÐ epSg²dUcCa eQµaHFnaKarrbs; 

GñkTTYlCaedIm¦/ ~ stubs Kl;mUlb,TanbR½t/ 

~ voucher b½NÑcMNaymUlb,Tanb½Rt 

chronic ruaMér:/ ~ unemployment PaBGt; 

kargareFVIraMuér: 

chronological order tamlMdab;éfEx/ 

lMdab;erogtamkal 

CIF (cost, insurance, freight) 

éføTMnijbUkéføFanar:ab;rgbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún 

circular saracr 

circular adj. EdlepJIeTAbuKÁlCaeRcIn/ 

~ letter of credit b½NÐ\NTanepJIeTARKb;saxa 

¬énFnaKarEdlecjva¦ 

circular systematic sampling 

karykKMrUtagCaRbB½n§vil 

circulating capital TunbgVil 

17 

circulation cracr/ ~ of capital cracr¼ 

karbgVil Tun/ ~ of goods cracrTMnij 

citizen Blrdæ 

civics viC¢anaTIBlrdæ/ elaknIti 

civil suIvil/ ~ disobedience karbdiesF 

c,ab;rdæ/ ~ law c,ab;rdæb,evNI/ ~ liberty 

esrIPaBénBlrdæ/ ~ servant m®nþIraCkarsuIvil 

¬tamFmµtaminrab;bBa©ÚlTahaneT¦/ 

~ society sgÁmsuIvil 

civil status GRtanukUldæan/ ~ book 

esovePAGRtanukUldæan/ certificate of ~ 

sMbuRtGRtanukUldæan 

civilian n. & adj. 1> CnsuIvil 

2>énCnsuIvil 

claim 1> \NeTyü ¬R)ak;eKCMBak;¦/ ~ on 

the government \NeTyüelIrdæaPi)al 

2> kar tv:a¼TamTar 3> karGHGag 

claim v. compensation TamTarsMNg 

karxUcxat¼R)ak;b:Hb:Uv 

claimant GñkTamTar/ edImecaT 

clarify v. bMPøW 

class 1> fñak;/ vNÑ³/ social ~ vNÑ³sgÁm/ 

economy/business/first ~ fñak;eGkUnUmI¼ 

CMnYj¼elxmYy ¬fñak;ekAGIynþehaHdwk 

GñkdMeNIr¦ 

classical Ebbkøasuik/ ~ view TsSn³Ebb 

køasuik/ ~ economics viTüasaRsþesdækic©køasIuk 

classification cMNat;fñak;/ system of ~ 

RbB½n§eFVIcMNat;fñak; 

classify v. cat;fñak;/ eFVIcMNat;fñak; 

clause 1> lkçxNÐ/ ~ of a contract


lkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ 2> x ¬]> xTI1/ xTI2>>>¦/ 

special ~ xviessénc,ab;/ terminate ~ x 

bBa©b;kic©snüa 

claw back v. R)ak;dkykmkvij 

clean adj. s¥at/ ~ development 

mechanism ynþkarGPivDÆn_s¥ats¥M 

clean bill of health viBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak; 

suxPaBl¥ 

clean bill of lading b½NÑpÞúkTMnij RtwmRtUv 

¬KµankMNt;RtaBITMnijxus¼xUceT¦ 

clean collection EbbEpnTUTat;BaNiC¢kmµ 

KµanP¢ab;Éksar ¬KWeyagelIlixitCMBak;R)ak; 

b¤mUlb,TanbR½tEdleFVItamry³FnaKar¦ 

clear v. a cheque dak;mUlb,Tanb½Rt 

eGayRbB½n§FnaKarcat;karepÞrR)ak; 

clear v. goods through customs 

bMeBjEbbbTKy ¬edIm,InaMcUl b¤naMecjTMnij¦ 

clear profit R)ak;cMeNjsuT§ 

clearance certificate 

b½NÑRtYtBinitürbs;Ky 

clearance inwards TMnijEdlKyXat;Tuk 

clearance outwards TMnijEdlputBIKyBinitü 

clearance sale karlk;LayLúgbegðIysþúk 

clearing account KNnIpat;Tat; 

clearing bank FnaKarTUTat; 

clearing house (banking) sPapat;Tat; 

clearing the arrears eFVIkarTUTat;R)ak; 

EdlBMuTan;)ansg 

clerk esµón/ bank ~ buKÁlikFnaKar 

clientele n. Gtifita ¬GtifiCnTaMgGs; 

rbs;hagNamYy¦ 

clinic KøInik 

18 

close v. an account biTKNnI 

¬eFVI[KNnImansmtulüsUnü¦ 

close company Rkumh‘unbiTCit 

¬Gñkkan;kab;PaKh‘unmanticnak;Nas;¦ 

closed economy esdækic©biTCit 

¬rdæRtYtRtatwgruwgelIBaNiC¢kmµ nighirBaØvtßú¦ 

closing entries elxnabiTbBa¢I 

closing price éføTMnijeBlehobbiThag 

closing rate GRtabiT 

¬GRtabþÚrR)ak;eBlbiTRbtibtþikarRbcaMéf¦ 

closing the books karbiTbBa¢I 

club køib/ regional industry ~ køib 

]sSahkmµtMbn; 

cluster kBa©úM 

clustering of elements smasFaturYmCakBa©úM 

coaching karbgVwk/ karbgðat; 

co-chair shRbFan 

co-creditor n. sh\NTayk 

code Rkm/ commercial ~ RkmBaNiC¢kmµ/ 

~ of conduct/ethics RkmsIlFm’ 

code kUd/ elxkUd 

co-defendant shcugecaT 

coding kardak;elxkUd 

coefficient of variation emKuNbMErbMrYl 

cognitive level kMrityl;dwg 

coherence PaBrlUn/ PaBsuIKña 

cohesion karrYmsM)ac;/ karrYbrYmKña/ siniT§Bl 

¬kMlaMgpSarP¢ab;Kña¦ 

coin n. & v. 1>R)ak;kas 2>e)aHR)ak;kas 

coincidence n. karKab;CYn/ Ékb,harPaB 

collaboration kic©shkar 

collate v. 1> RbmUlB½t’manmkBinitü


eRbobeFob 2> erobcMtamlMdab; ¬Éksar¦ 

collateral loan kMcImanrbs; bBa©aM¼dak;Fana 

collateral vtßú bBa©aM¼dak;Fana/ sc©karP½NÐ 

colleague shesvik 

collect v. payment Tar ¬RbmUlR)ak;¦ 

collecting agent/bank Pñak;gar¼FnaKar 

RbmUlR)ak; 

collecting charges esah‘uyCYyRbmUlR)ak; 

collection smuc©½y/ karRbmUl/ karTar/ debt 

~ agency TIPñak;garTarbMNul/ ~ of stamps 

karsnSMTukEtm/ debit ~ karRbmUlbMNul 

collective CasmUhPaB/ rYm/ ~ bargaining 

karcrcarCa rYm¼smUhPaB/ ~ farm ksidæanrYm/ 

shkrN_ksikr/ ~ ownership kmµsiT§irYm/ 

~ work sñaédCasmUhPaB 

collectivity smUhPaB 

collectivisation smUhPavUbnIykmµ 

collector n. GñkRbmUl/ farm produce ~ 

GñkRbmUlTijplitplksikmµ/ money ~ 

GñkRbmUlR)ak; 

column xÞg;/ xÞg;bBaÄr ¬tarag¦ 

combine KYbpSM/ lay/ ~ business and 

pleasure KYbpSMCamYyKñanUvBaNiC¢kmµ nigkarkMsanþ 

combustion n. cMehH ¬kareqH¦ 

come v. into effect/force cUlCaFrman 

come v. into line RBmeRBogCamYyKña 

come v. to an agreement QaneTAdl; 

kic©RBmeRBog 

comfort pasukPaB/ letter of ~ lixitKaMRT 

RKwHsßansaxa ¬kñúgkarrkx©IR)ak;¦ 

commerce BaNiC¢kmµ 

19 

commercial BaNiC¢/ énBaNiC¢kmµ/ non ~ 

bank FnaKarGBaNiC¢/ ~ aircraft ynþehaH 

CMnYj ¬dwkGñkdMeNIr rWTMnij¦/ ~ attaché 

GnuB½n§BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ bank FnaKarBaNiC¢/ 

~ bill rUbiyaNtþi/ ~ court tulakarBaNiC¢kmµ/ 

~ credit \NTanBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ dealing 

esdæBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ enterprise shRKas 

BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ impracticability GRbtibtiþPaB 

BaNiC©kmµ/ ~ invoice vikáybRtBaNiC¢kmµ/ 

~ paper RkdassñamBaNiC¢kmµ/ lixitTTYl 

CMBak;/ ~ port kMBg;EpBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ register 

bBa¢IBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ traveller tMNagBaNiC¢kmµ/ 

~ usage TMenomTMlab;BaNiC¢kmµ 

commercialisation BaNiC¢PavUbnIykmµ 

commercialise v. eFVIBaNiC¢PavUbnIykmµ 

commission 1> kMéreCIgsar/ ~ agent 

Pñak;garTTYlkMéreCIgsar/ ~ buyer/seller 

Pñak;gartMNag Tij¼lk;/ ~ sale karlk;yk 

kMéreCIgsar 2> KN³kmµkar 

commitment karebþCJa ¬karsnüadac;Nat;¦ 

committed credit (state budget) 

\NTanP¢ab;snüa ¬fvikardæ¦ 

committee KN³kmµaFikar/ standing ~ 

KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_/ ~ of inspection 

KN³kmµaFikarRtYtBinitü/ steering ~ 

KN³kmµaFikar dwknaMkargar¼nayk 

commodity plitpl ¬EdleKlk;¼Tij 

eRcIn²CaBiess vtßúFatuedIm niges,óg¦/ 

~ accounts KNnIplitpl 

Common Effective Preferential 

Tariff (CEPT) taragGnueRKaHBn§Kyman


RbsiT§iPaBrYm 

common property resources (CPR) 

FnFanRTBürYm 

common sense suPnicä½½y 

common stock PaKh‘unsamBaØ 

commonwealth shFn ¬RkumrdæFøab; 

enAkñúgcRkPBGg;eKøs¦/ ~ of independent 

states shFnrdæÉkraCü 

communication karR)aRs½yTak;Tg/ 

~ of information KmnaKmn_B½t’man 

communist adj. kumµúynisþ 

community property RTBürYmsM)ac; 

bþIRbBn§ ¬Cam©as;rYmKña¦ 

company Rkumh‘un/ affiliated (or 

associated) ~ Rkumh‘unbuRtsm>¦ 

compile v. cgRkg 

complain v. t¥ÚjEt¥r/ tv:a 

complainant Gñkbþwgtv:a 

complaint bNþwg/ BakübNþwg 

complementary EdlbMeBj[KñaeTAmk 

completion karbBa©b;/ karbegðIy/ ~ of a 

contract karbBa©b;kic©snüa 

complex adj. misSPaK ¬sµúKsµaj¦ 

superiority ~ esyümanH/ inferiority ~ 

hInmanH/ complexity misSPaB 

complex business plan bøg;GaCIvkmµ 

sµúKsµaj 

complex multi-stage design bøg;eRcIn 

dMNak;minsamBaØ 

complexity PaBsµúKsµaj/ PaBsaMjúaM 

compliance with, in RsbCamYy 

complicate v. eFVIeGaysµúKsµaj 

complicity karcUléd 

complimentary 1> EdlsesIr 

2> EdleGayTeT ¬\tKitéfø¦ 

comply Rbtibtþitam/ eFVItam


component smasPaK/ FatupSM 

composition smasPaB 

compound entry elxnapÁúM 

¬elxnamaneRbIcab;BIbIKNnIeLIgeTA¦ 

compound growth vDÆnPaBsmas 

compound interest karR)ak;smas 

comprehensive adj. RKb;RCugeRCay/ 

TUlMTUlay/ ~ analysis karviPaKRKb;RCugeRCay 

compromise karRsuHRsYl 

comptroller GñkRtYtBinitüxaghirBaØvtßú 

compulsory CakatBVkic©/ Edlxanmin)an/ 

~ inspection GFikarkic©CakatBVkic© 

computable EdlGacKNna)an 

computer virus vIrus¼visaNU kMuBüÚT½r 

comrade n. smmitþ/ shCIvin/ BYkm:ak 

conceal v. lak;elom 

concealment karlak;elom 

concentration karRbmUlpþúM/ land ~ 

karRbmUlpþúMdIFøI/ ~ level of a substance 

kMritkMhab;énsarFatu 

concept eKalKMnit/ TsSnaTan 

conception TsSnaTan 

conceptual error el¥ógEpñkTsSnaTan 

conceptualise v. KitKUrbegáItfµI 

concern kgVl;/ RBYy)armÖ/ business ~ 

RKwHsßan ¬CMnYj¦/ his business is a going 

~ muxCMnYjrbs;Kat;kMBugdMeNIrkareTAmux 

¬nigmancMeNj¦ 

concerned EdlBak;B½n§/ ~ ministry 

RksYgBak;B½n§ 

concert, act in v. eFVIskmµPaBrYmKña 

21 

¬edIm,IsMerceKaledAGVImYy¦ 

concerted economic action skmµPaB 

esdækic©manvKÁmanesñI 

concession sm,Tan/ forest ~ sm,Tan 

éRBeQI/ ~ holder sm,Tanik/ social land ~ 

sm,TandIsgÁmkic©/ price ~ sm,Tanéfø 

concessionaire sm,Tanik/ forest ~ 

éRBsm,Tanik 

concessional, concessionary Edl 

pþl;sm,Tan¼GnueRKaH/ ~ loan kMcIpþl; 

sm,Tan/ ~ terms lkçxNÐsm,Tan 

conciliate v. pSHpSa 

conclusion n. snñidæan/ Gvsankfa 

¬PaKbBa©b;énr)aykarN_¦ 

concrete measure viFankarCak;Esþg 

concurrence 1> karyl;RBm/ karÉkPaB 

2>karekItdMNalKña ¬RBwtþikarN_¦ 

condition lkçxNÐ/ working ~ lkçxNÐ 

eFVIkargar/ ~ precedent lkçxNÐbegáIt 

katBVkic©/ ~ subsequent lkçxNÐbBa©b; 

katBVkic© 

conditional edaymanlkçxNÐ/ ~ 

acceptance karTTYlRBmedaymanlkçxNÐ 

conditionality PaBmanlkçxNÐ 

conducive to GMeNaypldl; 

conduct kiriyamayaT/ karRbRBwtþi¬xøÜn¦ 

conduct v. & n. 1> dwknaM/ eFVI/ dMeNIrkar 

2> ~ of business kic©dMeNIrkareFVIGaCIvkmµ 

conference snñisIT 

confession n. karsarPaB/ sc©avIkrN_ 

confidential sMgat;


confirmation karbBa¢ak;/ ~ of order 

karbBa¢ak;nUvkarbBa¢aTij/ ~ of price karbBa¢ak;éfø 

confirmed letter of credit 

sar\NTanGnusiT§i 

confirming bank FnaKarbBa¢ak; 

confiscate rwbGUs ¬ykRTBü¦/ dkhUt 

conflict TMnas;/ ~ of interest TMnas;pl 

RbeyaCn_ 

confrontation n. karRbTl;muxKña/ 

smµúxIkmµ/ ~ meeting karRbCMuTl;muxKña 

confusing RcLMbl;/ gayP½nþRcLM 

confusion karP½nþRcLM/ karRcLMbl;/ 

karRcbUkRcbl; 

conglomerate Rkumh‘unBhuplitpl 

conscience mnsikar 

conscientious Edlmanmnsikar/ Edlyk 

citþTukdak; 

consensus karmUlmti/ kugsg;s‘us 

consent v. & n. 1> RBm 2> karyl;RBm 

consequential EdlCavi)ak 

conservation GPirkS/karrkSa/ ~ of 

nature GPirkSFmµCati/ soil ~ GPirkSdI 

conservative adj. GPirkS 

consideration karBicarNa/ under ~ kMBug 

BinitüBicarNa 

consignee GñkTTYlTMnij 

consignee’s account, all charges to 

ral;esah‘uycMNayCabnÞúkrbs;GñkTTYlTMnij 

consignment n. 1> karbBa¢ÚnTMnij/ 

~ note lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij 2> GIv:an;mYyRkum 

¬]>mYykugtWn½r¦EdlbBa¢ÚneTA 

consignor GñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij 

22 

consistency 1> sgÁtPaB/ PaBsuIKña 

2> PaBminpøas;bþÚr 

consolidated (information) ¬B½t’man¦ 

Rc)ac;bBa©ÚlKña 

consolidated balance sheet tarag 

tulükarsrub¬bUkcUlEfmnUvbuRtsm>>¦ 

consolidation of balance sheets 

karRc)ac;bBa©ÚlKñanUvtaragtulükar 

consortium kugs½rsüÚm/ smaKm 

conspiracy n. karKitk,t;/ shk,d 

¬karrYmKMnitk,t;¦ 

constant efr/ ~ price éføefr 

constituency mCÄdæanGñkKaMRT/ mNÐle)aHeqñat 

constitution rdæFmµnuBaØ 

Constitutional Council RkumRbwkSaFmµnuBaØ 

constitutionality FmµnuBaØPaB 

constraint kMhit ¬]bsKÁ¦ 

constructive CalkçN³ksag/ ~ criticism 

karTietonCalkçN³ksag 

consultancy karpþl;eyabl;ÉkeTs 

consultant GñkBieRKaHeyabl; 

consultation karBieRKaHeyabl; 

Consultative Group (CG) 

RkumBieRKaHeyabl; 

consumables vtßúFatueRbIR)as; 

consume v. eRbIR)as; ¬es,ógGahar/ \n§n³>>>¦ 

consumer GñkeRbIR)as;/ ~ basket k®nþk 

TMnijeRbIR)as;/ ~ credit \NTansMrab;Tij 

TMnijeRbIR)as;/ ~ goods TMnijeRbIR)as;/ 

~ price éføTMnijeRbIR)as; ¬éfølk;ray¦/ 

~ price index (CPI) snÞsSn_éføTMnijeRbI 

R)as;/ ~ surplus plcMeNjénGñkeRbIR)as;


consumption kareRbIR)as;/ ~ expenditures 

cMNayeRbIR)as;/ home (domestic) ~ kareRbI 

R)as;kñúgRsuk/ ~ curve ExSekageRbIR)as; 

contact karCYbTak;Tg/ ~ person mnusS 

sMrab;CYbTak;Tg 

container kugtWn½r ¬pÞúkTMnij¦ 

contemporary shkal/ shsm½y 

contempt karemIlgay/ ~ of court 

karRbmaftulakar 

content 1> xøwmsar 2> matika 

contest n. karRbECg/ karRbkYt/ 

~ a decision CMTas;tva:nwgesckþIsMerc 

context bribT/ brikarN_ 

contingency yfaPaB/ kar\tRBagTuk/ 

~ beneficiary GtßKahkCayfaehtu/ 

~ plan EpnkarTukGnuvtþCayfaehtu 

contingent adj. GaRs½yelI ¬RBwtþikarN_GVI 

mYyEdlGacekIteLIg rWminekIteLIg¦/ Gnimitþ 

continuity nirnþrPaB 

continuous adj. bnþrhUt/ bnþCab; 

contra account KNnIbdiPaK 

contra entry elxnabRBa©as 

¬edIm,IlubecalnUvelxnamun¦ 

contraband TMnijrt;Bn§ 

contraception karbgáarkMeNIt 

contract kic©snüa/ ~ of insurance 

kic©snüaFanar:ab;rg/ ~ of sale kic©snüalk;/ 

~ of work kic©snüakargar 

contract (public) employee 

buKÁlik¬rdæ¦Cab;kic©snüa 

contract law c,ab;kic©snüa 

23 

contract v. out of an agreement dk b¤ 

lubkic©snüa ¬edaymankaryl;RBmCa 

laylkçN_GkSrBIPaKImçageTot¦ 

contract v. 1> cuHkic©snüa 2> rYmcuH ¬esdækic©¦ 

contract, under Cab;kic©snüa/ eRkamkic©snüa 

contracting party PaKIcuHkic©snüa 

contractor GñkcuHkic©snüa/ Gñkem:Akar/ 

sub-contractor Gñkem:Akarbnþ 

contractual business GaCIvkmµQrelI 

kic©snüa 

contradiction bdivaTkmµ/ PaBpÞúyKña 

contradictory EdlpÞúyKña 

contrast n. PaBpÞúyKña/ Bütierk 

contra-transfer cuHbRBa©as/ eFVIRbtiRkanþ 

elxna 

contravene v. elµIs/ bMBan 

contribute v. rYmviPaKTan/ rYmcMENk 

contribution viPaKTan/ karrYmcMENk/ 

~ in kind viPaKTanCasMPar³ 

control v. RtYtBinitü/ RtYtRta 

controllable expenses cMNayRKb;RKg)an 

controlled selection CMerIsmankarRtYtBinitü 

controller GñkRtYtBinitü 

controlling interest, have a 

mancMENkPaKh‘unRtYtRta ¬KWmanelIsBI 

50°énPaKh‘unsrubrbs;Rkumh‘un¦ 

controversy vaTb,divaT ¬rW vaTRbtivaT rW 

karCECkrkxusRtUvCasaFarN³¦ 

contumacy n. TudæPaB 

¬karminRBmcUlxøÜneTAtulakar¦ 

convenience food Gaharevcx©b;Rsab;


¬EdlRsYl erobcM¼cMGin¦ 

convention 1> GnusBaØa 2> snñi)at 

3> snµtikmµ¼karsnµt 

conversation karsnÞna/ snÞnakar 

conversion karbþÚr/ ~ price/rate GRtabþÚr 

¬edIm,IKitbþÚrrUbiyvtßúmYyeTACarUbiyvtßúbreTs¦ 

convertible currency rUbiyvtßúEdlGac 

bþÚrykrUbiyvtßúepSg)an 

conveyance 1> karepÞr ¬kmµsiT§i¦ 

2> ÉksarepÞr 

convict TNÐit ¬GñkCab;Bn§naKar¦ 

cooperate v. eFVIshRbtibtþikar 

cooperative adj. & n. 

1> EdleFVIshRbtibtþikar 2> shkrN_ 

coordinates niyamkar ¬ry³TTwg¼ry³beNþay¦ 

co-owner, co-proprietor shkmµsiT§ikr/ 

m©as;kmµsiT§irYmKña 

co-ownership shkmµsiT§i 

co-property RTBüsm,tiþrYmKña 

copyright siT§icMlg/ rkSasiT§i 

core sñÚl/ ~ budget fvikasñÚl/ ~ funding 

mUlniFisñÚl/ ~ resources FnFansñÚl 

corn n. (US) eBat/ baby ~ esñóteBat ¬bEnø¦ 

corporate state rdæshRKin 

corporation saCIvkmµ/ multinational ~ 

saCIvkmµBhuCati/ ~ tax (GB) Bn§elIR)ak; 

cMeNjRkumh‘un 

correct adj. RtwmRtUv 

correlated response variance v:arIy:g; 

cMelIyTak;Tin 

correlation shsm tMél 2> briyaTan 3> éføedIm 

4> bnÞúkcMNay/ cMNay 

cost accounting KNenyüéføedIm/ 

KNenyüviPaK 

cost and freight (C & F) 

éføTMnijbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún 

cost of goods sold or cost of sales 

éføedImTMnijlk;ecj 

cost of living éføRTRTg;CIvPaB 

cost price éføedIm 

cost, historical tMélTijcUl 

cost, insurance, freight (CIF) 

éføTMnijbUkéføFanar:ab;rgbUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún 

cost, manufacturing éføedImplitkmµ 

cost-benefit analysis karviPaKcMNay 

nigplcMeNj 

cost-effective adj. EdlmanRbsiT§PaB 

cMNay 

costing karKNnaéføedIm 

Council of Ministers TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI 

counter bBa¢r 

counter party bdiPaKI 

counter valuation bdiekaslvic©½y 

counterbalance v. raMgxÞb;\T§iBl 

countermand bdiesFbgÁab;munecal/


ecjRbtiGaNtþi 

counter-offer kareGayéføelI ¬edIm,IRbECgTij¦ 

counterpart smPaKI 

counterpart adj. bdiPaK/ ~ entry 

elxnabdiPaK/ ~ fund mUlniFibdiPaK 

counter-revolution n. Rbtibdivtþn_ 

country report r)aykarN_sþIBIRbeTs 

country-representative office 

kariyal½ytMNagRbcaMRbeTs 

country-risk analysis karviPaKeRKaHRbeTs 

coupe, forest éRBKub 

court clerks RkLabBa¢I 

court or lawcourt sala kat;kþI¼CMrHkþI 

covenant karRBmeRBogCapøÚvkar 

cover note (insurance) kMNt;sMGag 

¬Fanar:ab;rg¦ 

cover price éføelIRkb ¬éfølk;raycuHelI 

RkbesovePA/ TsSnavdþI >>>¦ 

cover, banking R)ak;Fana 

cover, full (insurance) b½NÑFanar:ab;rgelI 

haniP½yRKb;RbePT 

cover, temporary (insurance) 

b½NÑFanar:ab;rgbeNþaHGasnñ 

coverage kar¼TMhM RKbdNþb; 

¬]> edayb½NÑFanar:ab;rg¦ 

craftsmanship n. htßekaslü 

creation n. karbegáIt/ mabnkmµ/ nimiµtkmµ/ 

mabnvtßú 

creative thinking KMnitécñRbDit 

creativity KMnitécñRbDit 

credibility PaBKYr[eCO/ kitþinam 

25 

credit bank FnaKar\NTan 

credit bureau kariyal½ypþl;B½t’man 

BIkitþinam ¬énshRKas>>>¦ 

credit in kind \NTanvtßú ¬minEmnCaR)ak;¦ 

credit institution sßab½n\NTan 

credit market TIpSar\NTan 

credit n. & adj. & v. 1> \NTan 

2> \NTayI 3> kt;Rtaxag\NTan 

credit plus \NTanbUk ¬\NTanEdl 

KitKUrTaMgkarCYyCaR)ak;kas nigbec©keTs¦ 

credit rating cMNat;fñak;\NTan/ 

smtßPaBsgbMNulrbs;Gñkx©I 

credit restrictions kMhitén\NTan 

credit risk haniP½yén\NTan 

credit sale karlk;eCO 

credit slip b½NÑsMeNA\NTan/ skçIb½Rt 

\NTan 

credit solvency lT§PaBsgbMNul 

credit status CMhr\NTan 

credit terms lkçxNÐ\NTan 

credit worthiness PaBKYr)anTTYl\NTan 

credit worthy borrower Gñkx©IR)ak; 

EdlKYreGayTukcitþ 

credit, open \NTanKµandak;vtßúFana 

¬sMrab;GtifiCnl¥rbs;FnaKar¦ 

credit, tax \NTanBn§ 

credit, trade \NTanCMnYj ¬pþl;[shRKas 

manTMnak;TMngCMnYjCamYyKña¦ 

creditor \NTayk/ m©as;bMNul 

credulity n. PaBgayeCO/ sT§aluPaB 

creeping inflation GtiprNasnSwm²


crime bTelµIsRBhµT½NÐ 

criteria, criterion lkçN³vinicä½y 

crop n. dMNaM/ pldMNaM/ supplementary ~ 

dMNaMrYmpSM 

cross check epÞógKñaeTAvijeTAmk 

cross class fñak;qøg 

cross rate, exchange cross rate 

GRtabþÚrrUbiyb½NÑepÞógpÞat; ¬GRtabþÚrR)ak; 

eFobtam rUbiyvtßúTI3 dUcCa duløar¦ 

cross border (trade) qøgkat;RBMEdn 

¬BaNiC¢kmµ¦ 

crossed cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtqUt 

cross-examine v. karsYrbBa¢ak;sakSI 

epÞógpÞat;nwgcMelIyeBlmun 

cross-voting n. kare)aHeqñateGayKNbkS 

epSg ¬minEmnKNbkSxøÜn¦ 

crude oil eRbgeqA 

culprit n. BiruT§ikCn 

cultivated land dIdaMduH 

culture vb,Fm’/ ~ of impunity vb,Fm’ 

rYceTas 

cumulated list bBa¢IbUkRtYt 

curb v. Tb;sáat; 

curfew bMrameKacr 

currency rUbiyvtßú/ hard ~ rUbiyvtßúxøaMg 

¬rbs;RbeTsmanesdækic©maMmYn niggaybþÚr 

ykrUbiyvtßúepSgeTot¦/ soft ~ rUbiyvtßúexSay 

currency in circulation rUbiyvtßúkñúgcracr 

currency of account rUbiyvtßúykmkKitKUr 

currency of payment rUbiyvtßúTUTat; 

currency of the contract rUbiyvtßúén 

kic©snüa 

26 

currency operation RbtibtþikarelI 

rUbiyvtßú ¬dUcCakarbþÚrR)ak;CaedIm ¦ 

current account or checking 

account (US) KNnIcrnþ 

current adj. crnþ/ ~ expenditures cMNaycrnþ 

current assets RTBüskmµ crnþ¼cl½t 

current liabilities RTBüGkmµcrnþ 

current price éføcrnþ/ éføbc©úb,nñ/ ~ list 

taragéføcrnþ 

current revenue cMNUlcrnþ 

¬cMNUlCaRbcaM kñúgÉksarxøH¦ 

current account holder m©as;KNnIcrnþ 

current market rate GRtaéføTIpSarRbcaMéf 

curtailment karkat;bnßy 

curve ExSekag/ aggregate supply ~ 

ExSekagpÁt;pÁg;srub 

custody (keeping) karrkSaTuk 

custom of the port (COP) 

TMenomTMlab;Ep 

custom-built/made ksag¼eFVI Biess 

sMrab;GtifiCnNamñak; 

customer GtifiCn 

customs house TIcat;karKy 

customs Ky/ ~ agent Pñak;garKy/ 

~ Department TIcat;karKynigrdæakr/ 

~ breach bTelµIsc,ab;Ky/ ~ declaration 

RbtievTn_Ky/ ~ examination karRtYtBinitü 

énPñak;garKy/ ~ frontier RBMEdnKy/ 

~ invoice vikáybRtKy/ ~ permit lixit 

GnuBaØatBITIcat;karKy/ ~ regulations 

bTbBaØtþiKy/ ~ tariff taragBn§Ky/ 

~ territory tMbn;RtYtBinitüKy ¬tMbn;EdlKy


Gactamcab;TMnij)an¦ 

customs broker buKÁl¼Rkumh‘un EdlnaM 

TMnijqøgkat;Ky ¬bMerIeGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún¦ 

customs duties (or dues) Bn§Ky 

cycle vdþ/ suIkø/ xYb/ CMu/ ~ of poverty 

vdþénPaBRkIRk 

D, d 

daily RbcaMéf/ ~ sales return cMNUllk; 

RbcaMéf 

damage karxUcxat/ Gnþray/ ~ by 

seawater GnþrayedaysarTwksmuTÞ 

damages R)ak;sMNgcMeBaHkarxUcxat 

danger money R)ak;pþl;bEnßmsMrab;kargar 

maneRKaHfñak; 

DARE (Demand and Resource 

Evaluation) karvaytMélFnFan nigtMrUvkar 

data Tinñn½y/ enter v. ~ bBa©ÚlTinñn½y 

data processing karcat;EcgTinñn½y 

database mUldæanTinñn½y 

data-collection stage dMNak;kalRbmUl 

Tinñn½y 

date kalbriecäT/ éfEx/ interest to ~ 

karR)ak;mkTl;bc©úb,nñ 

date a cheque forward cuHkalbriecäT 

GnaKtelImUlb,Tanb½Rt 

date of maturity éfdl;kMNt;sgR)ak;/ 

\NRbtiTan/ 

date, by the due dl;éfkMNt; 

27 

date, interest to R)ak;karmkTl;bc©úb,nñ 

day éf/ settlement ~ éfTUTat;bBa¢I/ éfCMrHbBaI¢ 

day labourer BlkrsuIR)ak;éf/ TinikCn 

day-release 1> éfrYcput ¬Bn§¦ 

2> RbB½n§EdlGnuBaØat[nieyaCitsMrakBIkargar 

edIm,IeronsURt 

DCB (Domestic Competitive Bidding) 

karedjéføedayRbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk 

de facto tamkarCak;Esþg/ tamRBwtþin½y/ 

~ management karRKb;RKgtamRBwtþin½y 

de jure tampøÚvc,ab; 

dead account KNnIQb;eRbI/ KNnIgab; 

dead loss karxatbg;srub 

dead money R)ak;gab;/ R)ak;minykeTAeFVI 

karrksuI 

dead season rdUvsb;skmµPaB 

¬]> rdUvlk;dUrminsUvdac;¦ 

deadline kalkMNt;/ kalbriecäTdl;kMNt; 

deadlock PaBTal;Rck break the ~ 

TMlayPaBTal;Rck 

dead-weight 1> TMgn;nicl/ TMgn;gab; 

¬KµanCYybMerIkar¦ 

deal karRBmeRBogxagCMnYj/ GabNsBaØa/ 

get a good ~ Tij)anefak/ package ~ 

karRBmeRBogCakBa©b; 

dealer BaNiC¢kr 

dealership TMnak;TMMngCMnYjpþac;mux 

dealing karlk;dUrh‘unenApSarh‘un/ CMnYj, 

commercial ~ esdæBaNiC¢kmµ/ fair ~ CMnYj 

Rsbc,ab;/ insider ~ karCYjdUrh‘uneday 

GñképÞkñúg ¬EdldwgB½t’mansMgat;BIRkumh‘un¦


dear éfø ¬pÞúynwgefak¦ 

dear money R)ak;x©ImanR)ak;karx enAsPa¦ 

debenture sBaØab½NÑ ¬ry³eBlEvg²¦/ 

lixitbMNul/ register of ~ bBa¢IeQµaHGñk 

kan;sBaØab½NÑrbs;Rkumh‘un/ ~ holder 

Gñkkan;sBaØab½NÑ 

debit n. & adj. & v. 1> \NBn§ 

2> \Nayik 3> kt;Rtaxag\NBn§ 

debit/credit memorandum or 

debit/credit memo kMNt;ehtu \NBn§¼ 

\NTan b¤ Rbkas \NBn§¼\NTan 

debt bMNul/ ~ holder embMNul/ bad ~ 

bMNul GaRkk;¼Bi)akTar/ doubtful ~ bMNul 

sgS½y/ irrecoverable ~ bMNulTarmin)an/ 

~ crisis vibtþibMNul/ ~ ratio smaPaKbMNul/ 

secured/unsecured ~ bMNul man¼Kµan 

dak;RTBüFana 

debt-collection letter lixitTarR)ak; 

debt-for-nature swaps bMNuledaHdUr 

nwgFmµCati 

debtor kUnbMNul/ \Nvnþ 

decadence n. PaBcuHGab;»n/ GtßgÁt 

decapitalise n. dkTunecj 

deceased n. Gñksøab; 

decennial population census 

CMerOnRbCaCnRbcaMTsvtSr_ 

28 

decent smrmü/ ~ livelihood CIvPaBsmrmü 

decentralisation n. vimCÄkar 

decentralise v. eFVIvimCÄkar/ decentralised 

power GMNacvimCÄkar 

deciding vote sMelg]tþmanuPaB ¬e)aHeqñat¦ 

decile n. TsPaK ¬sßiti¦ 

decimal n. & adj. 1> elxTsPaK 

2> TsPaK 

decision esckþIsMerc/ ~ maker GñkeFVI 

esckþIsMerc/ ~ making kareFVIesckþIsMerc/ 

~ tree KMnUsedImeQIénRbB½n§sMerc 

declaration 1> kar¼esckþI Rbkas 

2> lixitRbkas/ RbtievTn_/ customs ~ 

RbtievTn_Ky/ tax ~ lixitRbkassareBIBn§ 

declared value tMél)an Rbkas¼RbtievTn_ 

decline n. karFøak;cuHyWt² 

declining balance method of 

depreciation viFIrMls;fyCalMdab; 

decoding karbkRsayelxkUd 

¬ERbCaPasaFmµtavij¦ 

deconcentration vishmCÄkar 

decrease karFøak;cuH/ karfycuH/ ~ in price 

karFøak;éfø 

decree Rkwtü 

de-dollarisation bdiduløarUbnIykmµ 

deduct v. kat;kg/ pat;ecj/ after deducting 

depreciation eRkay)anpat;rMls; 

deductible adj. EdlGackat;kgecj/ tax 

~ EdlGackat;kgecjBIcMNUlCab;Bn§ 

deductive method viFITajehtupl/ 

viessanumanviFI


deed 1> kic©snüaCalaylkçN_GkSr 

2> GMeBI ¬l¥ rW GaRkk;¦/ good ~ kuslkic© 

deed of assignment lixitepÞrkmµsiT§ 

¬BIkUnbMNuleTAm©as;bMNul¦ 

deed of conveyance lixitepÞrkmµsiT§i 

GclnRTBü 

default karxusqÁg/ karxVHxat/ karKµan 

lT§PaBsg 

default of acceptance karminTTYlRBm 

defendant n. cugecaT 

deferred payments karsgR)ak;bNþak; 

¬eRcInelIk¦ 

deferred share PaKh‘unEdlTTYlPaKlaP 

eRkayeK 

deferred/unearned revenue ¬R)ak;¦ 

cMNUlTTYlmun ¬KWRtUveyageTAbBa©Úlkñúg 

kariybriecäTeRkay²¦ 

deficiency PaBminRKb;RKan;/ ~ in weight 

PaBxVHTMgn; 

deficient reserves R)ak;bMrugxVH 

deficient supply karpÁt;pÁg;mankgVHxat 

deficit »nPaB/ balance of payments/ 

trade ~ »nPaBCBa¢Ij TUTat;¼BaNiC¢kmµ/ budget 

~ »nPaBfvika/ meet v. a ~ bMeBj»nPaB 

deficit financing hirBaØb,Tan»nPaB 

deflate the economy eFVIbritþprNa 

esdækic© ¬tamry³karkat;bnßysac;R)ak;pÁt;pÁg; 

rW cMNayrdæaPi)al¦ 

deflation britþprNa ¬sPaBkarN_TMnij 

cuHéføCaTUeTA ¦ 

deflationary gap KMlatbritþþþprNa 

29 

deflator (GDP) snÞsSn_britþprNa ¬pss¦ 

deforestation karkab;éRBeQI/ vivnkar 

defrauder GñkbnøM ¬]> Bn§¦ 

defray ecjcMNayCYs 

degradation TuBVlPaB/ karbBa©úHKuNPaB 

del credere R)ak; ¬bUkbEnßmsMrab;¦ 

FanakarTUTat;/ ~ clause RbkarFanaTUTat;/ 

~ commission kMéreCIgsarFanakarTUTat; 

delay 1> karyWty:av/ ry³kalkMNt; 

yWty:av/ ~ in delivery karRbKl;yWty:av/ 

2> karBnüaeBl/ grant a ~ pþl;karBnüaeBl 

delegate power eFVIRbtiPUkmµGMNac/ 

rMElkGMNac/ epÞrGMNac 

delegation 1> karepÞr ¬siT§iGMNac¦ 

2> KN³RbtiPU 

deliberation karBiPakSaedjedal 

delinquent adj. 1> hYskalkMNt; 

2> min)anbMeBjkatBVkic©edayectna 

delinquent n. GnItiCnRbRBwtþelµIs 

deliver v. RbKl; 

delivered at duty paid RbKl;enAkEnøg 

)anbg;Bn§ehIy 

delivered at frontier RbKl;enARBMEdn 

delivery karRbKl;/ ~ against payment 

RbKl;TMnijeBlmankarTUTat;/ ~ order b½NÑ 

bBa¢aeGayRbKl;TMnij/ ~ by instalments 

RbKl;TMnijtamdMNak;kal/ ~ note lixit 

RbKl;TMnij ¬[eTAGtifiCn CamYyKñanwgTMnij¦ 

demagogue n. GñkbeBa©IcraRsþ/ RbCaPiftik³ 

demand tMrUvkar/ sMNUmBr/ ~ bill/draft 

lixitbþÚrykR)ak; ¬eBlbgðajFnaKar¦/


~ curve ExSekagtMrUvkar/ ~ deposit R)ak; 

beBaØIcrnþ/ ~ exceeds supply tMrUvkarelIs 

karpÁt;pÁg;/ ~ loan kMcIKµankalkMNt; 

¬eBlTarRtUvsg¦ 

demand, to be in poor minsUvmantMrUvkar 

demarcation (boundary) karkMNt; 

RBMRbTl; 

demilitarise v. dkT½Becj/ eFVIvieyaFkmµ 

de-mining kare)assMGatmIn 

demise 1> Ptisnüa/ kic©snüaCYl 

2> mrNPaB 

demobilise v. rMsay ¬kgT½B¦ 

democratisation 

RbCaFibetyüPavUbnIykmµ/ RbCanuvDÆn¾ 

demographic rate (birth, death ...) 

GRtaRbCasaRsþ ¬kMeNIt/ mrN³ >>>¦ 

demonetise karbBa©b;tMéleRbIR)as;én 

RkdasR)ak;¼kak; 

denationalisation niCatUbnIykmµ/ karbþÚr 

RTBüsm,tþirdæeTACaÉkCn 

denial, flat karRbEkkdac;Ghgáar 

denominated in USD (cheque) 

carwkCaduløarGaemrik ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦ 

denomination ÉktatMélénRkdasR)ak; 

¬rW kak;¦ 

denominator (fraction) PaKEbg 

density dg;sIuet 

Department of Overseas Trade 

naykdæanBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs 

Department of Public Prosecution 

GgÁkarGyükar 

department store PNÐaKar 

30 

dependability PaBGacBwgBak;)an 

depletion karfycuHeRcIn²/ kareRbIGs;/ tnukmµ 

depletive asset RTBüfycuHtamkareRbIR)as; 

deport v. nireTs 

deposit R)ak;beBaØI/ nikçitP½NÐ/ certificate of 

~ RbkasnIyb½RtbeBaØI/ demand ~ R)ak; 

beBaØIcrnþ/ guaranteed ~ nikçitP½NÐFana/ 

savings ~ R)ak;beBaØIsnSM/ fixed/time ~ 

R)ak;beBaØImankalkMNt;/ ~ bank FnaKar 

TTYlR)ak;beBaØI/ ~ guaranty account KNnI 

R)ak;tMkl;Fana/ ~ in transit R)ak;beBaØIkMBug 

epÞr/ ~ receipt bgáan;édTTYlR)ak;beBaØI/ 

~ slip b½NÑsresrepJIR)ak; 

deposit R)ak;kk; 

deposit (minerals...) RsTab;Er: 

deposit v. 1> kk; 2> tMkl;R)ak;/ epJIR)ak; 

¬enAFnaKar¦ 

depositor GñkepJIR)ak; 

depreciate v. Føak;éfø 

depreciation 1> karFøak;éfø¼tMél 

2> ¬kar¦ rMls; 3> karswkerc 

depreciation allowance (accounting) 

TayC¢TaneGaydl;rMls; 

depress v. sgát;cuH ¬TIpSar/ GarmµN_/ 

Qñan;RhVaMgrfynþ >>>¦ 

depression, economic vism


derivative instrument (banking) 

]bkrN_nisSnÞ 

descendant bcäaCn 

description 1> karBiBN’na 

2> RbePTTMnij/ ~ of goods karraymuxTMnij 

desertification rehadæanIykmµ ¬kareFVI[ 

eTACavalrehadæan¦ 

design karrcnatak;Etg/ bøg;/ ~ effect 

\T§iBlénbøg;/ ~ weight TMgn;bøg; 

design v. rcnatak;Etg 

designation letter lixit]eTÞsnam 

¬GñktMNag>>>¦ 

desk study karsikSaenAkariyal½y 

detailed adj. lMGit/ ~ instructions 

bTbBa¢alMGit 

deteriorated Gn;KuNPaB ¬TMnij¦ 

deterioration karGn;fy ¬KuNPaB/ éfø>>>¦ 

determine v. kMNt; 

detriment karxUcRbeyaCn_ 

detrimental Edl eFVIeGayxUcRbeyaCn_¼ 

bgáeRKaHfñak; 

devalue v. bBa©úuHtMélrUbiyvtßú ¬eFobnwg 

rUbiyvtßúÉeTot²¦ 

development karGPivDÆn_/ karlUtlas;/ ~ 

strategies yuT§saRsþGPivDÆn_/ ~ aid CMnYyGPivDÆn_/ 

~ project KMeragGPivDÆn_/ Development Triangle 

Zone tMbn;GPivDÆn_RtIekaN 

deviation 1> kargakecj 2> KMlat 

devise n. Gc©½yTanCaGclnRTBü 

¬tammrtksasn_¦ 

diagnosis n. eraKvinicä½y 

31 

diagram KMnUsbMRBYj 

differentiate v. Ejk 

differentiation karEjkeGayeXIjPaBxusKña 

digit elx/ single ~ inflation GtiprNa 

mantYelxEtmYyxÞg; 

digital EdlbgðajCaelx/ DIhSúItal; 

digitalised economy esdækic©erxUbnIykmµ 

dignitary \sSrCn 

dignity PaBéføfñÚr/ \sSrPaB 

dilemma n. sßanPaBRtUveFVICMerIsd¾Bi)ak 

dimension TMhM/ TidæPaB ¬énsPaBkarN_GVImYy¦ 

direct adj. pÞal;/ foreign ~ investment 

(FDI) vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs/ ~ cost tMél 

plitpÞal;/ briyaTanpÞal;/ ~ exchange 

karedaHdUredaypÞal;/ ~ export karnaMecj 

edaypÞal;/ ~ tax Bn§pÞal; 

direct v. tMrg;Tis 

direction 1> Tis/ TisedA 2> esckþIENnaM/ 

provide ~ and guidance pþl;TisedA 

nigkarENnaM ¬[eFVIGVImYy¦ 

directive karcg¥úlTis/ bTENnaM/ ~ on 

wages and prices bTENnaMsþIBIebovtSr_nigéfø 

direct-lending schemes kmµviFI\NTanpÞal; 

director nayk 

director-general GKÁnayk/ deputy ~ 

GKÁnaykrg 

directory 1> bBa¢IrayeQµaH 

2> ftdak;Tinñn½y ¬kMuBüÚT½r¦ 

direct-transit trade BaNiC¢kmµqøgkat;pÞal; 

disability BikarPaB 

disadvantage plvi)ak/ KuNvibtþi


disadvantaged caj;eRbob/ ~ farmers 

ksikrTn;exSay 

disaggregation karbMEbkGgÁpSM 

disagree v. minRBmeRBog/ minÉkPaB/ 

minyl;Rsb 

disagreement n. karminRBmeRBog, in the 

event of ~ kñúgkrNIKµankarRBmeRBog 

disbursement karebIkpþl;¬R)ak;¦/ 

~ account KNnIraymuxkarebIkpþl;R)ak;/ 

~ schedule kalviPaKebIkpþl;R)ak; 

discharge 1> dkbNþwg/ ~ a bankrupt 

eGaybuKÁl)anrYcputBIPaBBIkS½yFn BIeRBaH 

)anTUTat;bMNulehIy 2> TUTat;bMNulTaMgRsug 

3> bBaÄb; ¬buKÁlik¦ 

disciplinary action kardak;vin½y 

¬kardak;eTasxagrdæ)al¦ 

disciplinary council RkumRbwkSavin½y 

¬GñksMercdak;vin½yelIbuKÁlik¦ 

disciplinary sanction TNÐkmµxagvin½y/ 

to impose ~ dak;vin½y 

disciplinary transfer 

karpøas;ecjedaydak;vin½y 

disclaimer bTRbkasbdiesF 

¬karTTYlxusRtUv/ siT§i >>>¦ 

discount 1> Gbhar ¬karcuHéfø¦/ cash ~ 

karlk;cuHéføtamkarbg;Casac;R)ak;/ to sell 

goods at a ~ lk;TinijcuHéfø 

2> Gbharit ¬R)ak;cuHéføeGay¦ 3> cuHéfø 

discount a bill v. eFVIGbharrUbiyaNtþi 

¬lk;rUbiyaNtþieGayFnaKar¦ 

discount bank FnaKarTij]bkrN_ 

TUTat;lixitbMNul 

32 

discount rate GRtaGbhar/ GRtacuHéfø 

discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis 

karviPaKlMhUrsac;R)ak;Kittamry³eBl 

discouraged worker Blkr)ak;Twkcitþ 

discretion qnÞanusiT§i ¬siT§isMerceBjelj¦/ 

at the ~ of the government CaqnÞanusiT§i 

rbs;rdæaPi)al 

discrimination karerIseGIg 

disequilibrium vismta/ PaBKµanlMnwg 

dishonoured bill of exchange 

rUbiyaNtþiEdlRtUv)anbdiesF 

dishonoured cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt 

bdiesdæ ¬minTUTat;¦ 

disillusion esckþIRsgakcitþy:agxøaMg 

disincentive eRKOgbg¥ak;Twkcitþ 

disinflation karbnßyGtiprNa 

disinvestment kardkTunQb;vinieyaK 

dismiss v. bBaÄb;BIIkargar/ edjecal/ 

dismissal n. karbBaÄb;BIIkargar 

dispatch n. karbBa¢Ún/ karEbgEck 

dispatch v. epJI/ bBa¢Ún ¬TMnij>>>¦ 

dispersion diagram düaRkambMEbkray 

disposable personal income cMNUl 

enATMenrrbs;buKÁl/ cMNUlbuKÁleRkaykat;Bn§ 

¬]> R)ak;ExebIkykeTApÞH)an¦ 

dispose v. CMrHbBa©b; 

dispossess dkhUtrbs;RTBü 

disproportionate (amount of cash) 

vismamaRt ¬cMnYnsac;R)ak;¦ 

dispute vivaT/ CMelaH/ ~ settlement 

mechanism ynþkaredaHRsayvivaT


dissemination karpSBVpSay 

dissolution karrMlay 

distortion karERbRbYlxusPaBedIm 

distress (sale) edaymanFur³bnÞan;/ edaHT½l 

¬karlk;¦ 

distribution karEckcay 

distribution of sample r)ayKMrUtag 

distribution, unequal wealth 

r)ayvismFn ¬karEckcayRTBüminesµIKña¦ 

disturbance karrMxan/ noise ~ karrMxan 

edaysMelg 

diversification cMruHkmµ/ BiBiFkmµ 

dividend PaKlaP 

divisible adj. EdlEckdac;/ GacEbgEck/ 

~ letter of credit sar\NTanGacbMEbk)an 

division of labour karEbgEckBlkmµ 

docker kmµkrkMBg;Ep 

documentary collection 

1> karRbmUlR)ak;eRkayeBl)anTTYlÉksar 

2> karRbmUlÉksar 

documentary credit \NTanÉksar 

documentation 

1> Éksar ¬TaMgGs;Tak;TinnwgerOgGVImYy¦ 

2> karksagsMNMuÉksar 

documents against acceptance (D/A) 

pþl;ÉksarRbKl;TMnijeBlbBa¢ak;TTYlRBmCMBak; 

documents against payment (D/P) 

pþl;ÉksarRbKl;TMnijenAeBlsgR)ak; 

dogma n. siT§anþ ¬CMenOrbs;mnusSmYyRkumEdl 

eKrMBwgfaGñkÉeTotTTYlykedayKµanCECktv:a¦ 

dollarisation duløarUbnIykmµ 

33 

domestic kñúgRsuk ¬rW kñúgRbeTs¦/ ~ assets 

(bank) RTBüskmµkñúgRsuk>/ ~ credit \NTan 

kñúgRsuk/ ~ demand tMrUvkarkñúgRsuk/ ~ income 

(DI) plTunkñúgRsuk/ ~ financing hirBaØb,Tan 

kñúgRbeTs/ ~ product (DP) plitplkñúgRsuk/ 

~ savings sBa¢½yFnkñúgRsuk ~ supply 

karpÁt;pÁg;kñúgRsuk/ ~ price stability sßirPaB 

éføkñúgRsuk/ ~ trade BaNiC¢kmµkñúgRsuk 

domicile n. lMenA/ ~ of origin lMenAedIm 

¬lMenABIkMeNIt tamFmµtaKW lMenA«Buk¦ 

domiciled bill of exchange rUbiyaNtþi 

manbBa¢ak;Gas½ydæan 

domiciled in Cambodia 

manlMenApøÚvkarenAkm


¬]> kñúgkarBüakrN_tMélsnøwkh‘un¦ 

downsize v. kat;bnßy 

downstream product plitpl 

xageRkam¼cugExS ¬ekItecjBIplitpledIm¦ 

downward tendency ninñakarfycuH 

dowry ekrþ×xagRsI 

draconian measures viFankartwgrwgsMebIm 

draft 1> esckþIRBag 2> rUbiyaNtþi/ bank ~ 

rUbiyaNtþiFnaKar ¬lixitbBa¢a[FnaKarebIkR)ak;¦ 

draft term lkçxNÐlixit 

draught animals (GB), draft 

animals (US) stVGUsTaj 

draw lots v. cab;eqñat ¬edIm,IeRCIserIs¦ 

drawback n. cMNucminl¥ 

drawback n. Bn§KybgVilsgvij ¬enAeBl 

TMnijRtUv)annaMecjeTAvij¦ 

drawee bharit/ GñkeGayeKdkR)ak;/ 

GñkRtUv)anesñIeGaybg;R)ak; 

drawer bhar½k/ GñkdkR)ak; 

drawing account KNnIR)ak;beBaØI 

KµankalkMNt; 

drawing rights siT§idkR)ak; ¬siT§isMux©I¦ 

drop karFøak;cuH 

dual price system RbB½n§éføTVIk³/ RbB½n§éføBIr 

due 1> EdlCMBak; 2> Edldl;kMNt; 

due date \NRbtiTan/ éfdl;kMNt;sgR)ak; 

due-card salakb½Rtpþl;TMnij 

dumping karcak;Kr/ karlk;bgçÚcéfø/ 

~ duty Bn§Tb;Tl;nwgkarlk;bgçÚcéfø 

duplication 1> kareFVI[eTVKuN 

2> karRtYtKña ¬\tRbeyaCn_¦ 

durability PaBCab;lab;/ PaBzitezr 

34 

dutiable EdlRtUvbg;Bn§/ ~ goods TMnij 

RtUvbg;Bn§¼Cab;Bn§ 

duty Bn§ ¬BiessBn§Ky nigGakrBiess¦/ ad 

valorem ~ Bn§yktaméfø/ customs ~ Bn§Ky/ 

excise ~ GakrBiess/ ~ paid price 

éføKitTaMgBn§ 

duty Parkic©/ ~ bound Cab;Parkic© 

duty-free EdlrYcBn§/ ~ goods TMnijrYcBn§ 

duty-paid goods TMnijbg;Bn§ehIy 

DVD DIvIDI ¬fasvIedGU¦ 

dwindle v eFVIrMls;bnþicmþg² 

dynamic adj. DINamik/ Edlman famPaB¼snÞúH 

dynamics n. DINamik/ famPaB 

dynamism DINamIs/ famPaB/ snÞúHkMlaMg 

E, e 

earmark v. élTuk ¬sMrab;eKaledAGVImYy¦ 

earned fees kMérrk)an 

earnest R)ak;kk;/ kMNt; 

earning capacity smtßPaBrkR)ak; 

earnings cMNUl/ kMér/ 

retained ~ R)ak;cMeNjrkSaTuk 

¬Edlmin)anebIk[m©as;h‘unCaPaKlaPeT¦ 

ease, prices are inclined to éføman 

ninñakarfycuH 

easement esvPaB/ siT§ieRbIR)as;dIGñkdéT 

easy money policy eKalneya)ay 

sac;R)ak;gayRsYl ¬EdlsMrYlkarpÁt;pÁg; 

sac;R)ak;edIm,IBRgIkesdækic©¦


easy terms of payment lkçxNÐTUTat; 

gayRsYl 

ecological equilibrium lMnwgeGkULÚsuI 

ecological tourism eGkUeTscrN_ 

ecological zone tMbn;eGkULÚsuI 

ecology eGkULÚsuI 

eco-national product (ENP) 

plitplbrisßanCati 

econometrics esdækic©maRtsaRsþ/ 

viC¢avas;Evgesdækic© 

economic énesdækic©/ ~ austerity 

tbkmµesdækic©/ kart,itet,ótxagesdækic©/ 

~ blockade/embargo karh‘u¿B½T§esdækic©/ 

~ conditions lkçxNÐesdækic©/ sPaBkarN_ 

esdækic©/ ~ conversion bMlas;esdækic© 

¬BiessBIrcnasm


~ worker kmµkrEdlmansmtßPaB 

elaborate y:agl¥itl¥n;/ briyayy:agl¥itl¥n; 

elasticity PaByWt/ EdlGacpøas;bþÚr)an/ 

~ of supply and demand PaByWténkar 

pÁt;pÁg; nigtMrUvkar 

elderly Cncas;Cra 

electoral official m®nþIe)aHeqñat 

electrification GKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmµ/ rural 

~ fund mUlniFiGKÁIsnIPavUbnIykmµCnbT 

electronic adj. eGLicRtUnik 

element smasFatu 

eligibility for bank loans PaBGacTTYl 

)an\NTanBIFnaKar 

eligible EdlmansiT§i/ EdlGacTTYlyk)an 

elite Gñkzan³x karham 

Xat;mineGaynaMTMnijecj-cUl¦/ lift an ~ 

elIkkarh‘¿uB½T§ecj/ place an ~ dak;karh‘¿uB½T§ 

embezzlement karekgRbv½Ba© 

emergency PaB bnÞan;¼Gasnñ/ in case of 

~ kñúgkrNIbnÞan;/ ~ aid CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan;/ 

~ condition lkçxNÐPaBGasnñ/ ~ fund 

mUlniFise®gÁaHbnÞan;/ ~ loan kMcIse®gÁaHbnÞan;/ 

~ relief CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan;/ ~ tax Bn§visamBaØ 

emerging economies esdækic©kMBugegIbeT,Ig 

emerging markets TIpSarkMBugpuseT,Ig 

emission bnSay ¬]> ]sµ½nBul¦ 

emolument brilaP/ R)ak;bMNac;muxtMENg 

emotional buying motive bMNgTij 

edayrMePIbcitþ 

emphasise v. sgát;Fn;/ KUsbBa¢ak; 

employee nieyaCit/ ~ oriented Edlyk 

36 

citþTukdak;eTAelInieyaCit 

employer nieyaCk 

employment 1> kargar ¬eTogTat;manR)ak; 

kMér¦ 2> sßanPaBmankargareFVI/ ~ rate GRta 

GñkmankargareFVI 3>karCYl ¬[bMerIkargar 

eTogTat;¦/ ~ bureau kariyal½yrkkargar 

eGayeFVI/ ~ shock karb:HTgÁicxagkargar 

empower v. pþl;GMNac¼pþl;siT§iGMNac[ 

emulation karRbECgtamKMrUl¥ 

enact a law Gnum½tc,ab; 

encode v. sresrCaelxkUd ¬bkERbPasa 

samBaØeTACaelxkUd¦ 

encouragement karelIkTwkcitþ/ karCMruj 

end product plitplsMerc 

end result plsMerc 

endangered species RbePTesÞIrputBUC 

ending inventory sareBIP½NÐcugRKa 

endorse v. 1> KaMRT 2> carxñg ¬ Éksar¦ 

endorse v. (an expense) cuHTidæakar 

¬bBa¢ak;yl;RBmelIcMNay¦ (French: viser) 

endorsee GñkmansiT§ieRbIR)as;lixitsñam 

tamcMNarxñg 

endorsement bidæielx/ cMNarBIxñg/ 

rUbiybdiePaK/ ~ for collection cMNarxñg 

ÉksaredIm,IRbmUlR)ak; 

endorser GñkeFVIbidæielx/ GñkcarxñgÉksar/ 

rUbiybdiePaKI 

endowment R)ak;pþl;[/ TayC¢Tan ¬R)ak; 

EbgEckCaeTogTat;sMrab;eKaledAGVImYy¦ 

energy conservation karsnSMsMécfamBl 

energy efficiency RbsiT§PaBfamBl 

enforce payment v. bgçMeGayTUTat;


enforce v. dak;eGayRbtibtþi/ dak;bgçM[Gnuvtþ/ 

BRgwgkarGnuvtþn_ ¬c,ab;¦/ enforcement (n) 

enforceable mantMélRbtibtþi/ Gacdak;bgMç 

[Gnuvtþ)an 

engage v. Bak;B½n§cUl 

engagement karcUlRbLÚk 

engine of economic growth 

k,alma:sIunkMeNInesdækic© 

enhancement karelIksÞÜy 

enough RKb;RKan; 

enquiry esckþIesñI/ 

make enquiries saksYrB½t’man 

enrollment rate (school) 

GRtacuHeQµaHcUleron 

enterprise shRKas/ free ~ shRKasesrI 

¬minenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ¦/ smallscale 

~ shRKasxñattUc 

entertainment karkMsanþ/ ~ centre 

mNÐlkMsanþ 

entitle v. pþl;siT§i 

entity GgÁPaB/ legal ~ nItibuKÁl 

entrepreneur shRKin 

entrepreneurship shRKinPaB/ lkçN³ 

écñRbDitrksuI 

entry 1> elxna ¬KNenyü¦ 2> karcUl/ 

~ point cMNuccUl/ RckcUl 

enumerator GñkcuHeFVIGegát/ GñksYrGegát 

¬KYreRbI interviewer rW surveyor vij¦ 

environment brisßan/ ~ scan karemIl 

cMNucsMxan;kñúgbrisßan 

environmental adj. énbrisßan/ ~ impact 

37 

karb:HBal;brisßan/ ~ protection 

kic©karBarbrisßan/ ~ security snþisuxbrisßan 

envoy eRbsit¼ebskCnBiess 

equality smPaB/ income ~ smPaBén 

R)ak;cMNUl/ ~ benefit plRbeyaCn_esµIKña/ 

equalisation kareFVIeGaymansmPaB 

equation smIkar 

equilibrium lMnwg/ tulüPaB/ smta/ 

~ price éfølMnwg 

equitable edaysmFm’/ esµIPaB 

equities h‘unFmµta 

equity n. RTBüm©as; ¬RTBüskmµ dk 

bMNUlcrnþ nigh‘unGnueRKaH¦ 

equity smFm’/ with ~ EdlmansmFm’/ ~ 

fund mUlniFismFm’ 

equity capital Tunm©as;h‘unFmµta 

equity of redemption siTi§ls; 

¬rbs;kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk¦ 

equity participation PaKkmµ ¬cUlh‘un¦ 

equivalent smmUl/ esµIKña/ b:unKña/ ~ to 

smmUlnwg/ ~ value tMélsmmUl 

error el¥óg/ kMhus/ micäaelx/ ~ in 

measurement el¥ógkñúgkarvas;Evg 

escalation karrIkraldal ¬TMnas;¦/ 

kMeNInkartantwg 

escrow, in EdlrkSaTukkñúgédttIyCn 

essential Casarvnþ/ ~ goods TMnijCasarvnþ 

established business GaCIvkmµEdl 

cak;bJsehIy/ GaCIvkmµmanRsab; 

establishment 1> RKwHsßan 2> karbegáIt 

estate 1> dIkmµsiT§i ¬FM²¦


2> RTBüsm,tþirbs;buKÁlEdlsøab; 

estate agent Pñak;garrksuICYl rWlk;Gcln 

RTBü 

estate, real GclnRTBü 

estimate v. )a:n;sµan/ vaytémø 

estimated profit R)ak;cMeNj)a:n;sµan 

estimation bias lMeGogénkar)a:n;sµan 

ethics sIlFm’/ sIlFm’viC¢aCIv³ ¬RkmsIlFm’¦ 

ethnography CatiBn§úviTüa 

Eurodollar duløarGWr:ub ¬duløarepJIkñúgFnaKarenA 

eRkAshrdæGaemriksMrab;bMerIBaNiC©kmµkñúgGWr:ub¦ 

evaluation karvaytémø/ credit project ~ 

karvaytMélKMerag\NTan 

evasion (tax) kareKc ¬Bn§¦ 

even number elx Kt;KUr¼KUr 

event RBwtþikarN_/ ~ of default krNIKµan 

lT§PaBsg 

eventuality yfaehtu 

evidence Psþútag 

evolution karvivtþn_ 

evolving process dMeNIkarvivtþþin_ 

exacerbate eFVIeGayrwtEtFn;Fr 

examine v. Binitü 

ex-ante price éføEpnkar ¬muneBlGnuvtþ 

Cak;Esþg¦ 

excavation kMNay ¬buraNviTüa¦ 

exceed v. elIs 

excess n. & adj. 1> el,Is/ sMNl; ¬fvika¦ 

2> elIs/ ~ capacity smtßPaBelIs 

¬tMrUvkarplit¦/ ~ reserve R)ak;bMrugelIs 

exchange 1> karedaHdUr/ karbþÚr/ karpøas;bþÚr 

¬BaNiC¢kmµ¦/ ~ control karRtYtBinitü 

38 

karbþÚrR)ak;/ ~ dumping karlk;bMpøajGRta 

bþÚrR)ak;/ ~ gain/loss cMeNj¼kMhatelI 

karbþÚrR)ak;/ ~ office kariyal½ybþÚrR)ak; 

2> pSar/ kEnøglk;Tij/ stock ~ pSarh‘un 

exchange rate or rate of exchange 

GRtabþÚrR)ak;/ monthly average ~ GRta 

bþÚrR)ak;mFümRbcaMEx/ closing ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak; 

enAeBlbiT/ fixed ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;minERbRbYl¼ 

efr/ parallel market ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;TIpSar/ 

forward ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;mankalkMNt;/ 

official ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;pøÚvkar/ spot ~ GRta 

bþÚrR)ak;dl;éd 

exchange, letter of (or bill of ) 

rUbiyaNtþi 

excise tax GakrBiess ¬c,ab;km GMNacnItiRbtibtþi 

executive power GMNacnItiRbtibtþii 

¬rdæaPi)al¦/ GMNacRbtibtþi ¬sßab½nepSgeTot 

dUcCaRkumRbwkSaXMu¦ 

exemption, tax karelIkElgBn§/ muFaPaB 

énBn§Gakr


exert pressure v. dak;sMBaF/ eFVIkarekobsgát; 

existence GtßiPaB 

existing EdlmanRsab;/ ~ structure 

rcnasm tam 

GMNac¼edaysar muxgarCahirBaØik Kat;RtUv 

køayCasmaCikénKN³kmµkarhirBaØvtßú¦ 

exogenous xageRkA/ negative ~ factors 

ktþaGviC¢manxageRkA 

expansion karBRgIk/ vibulkmµ/ vibulkar/vitßarkmµ 

expatriate (or expat) GñkcMeNalRsuk/ 

GaNikCn 

expectation, rational karrMBwgsmehtupl 

expected profit R)ak;cMeNjrMBwgTuk 

expend v. cMNay/ cay 

expenditure n. cMNay/ capital ~ cMNay 

CamUlFn/ current ~ cMNaycrnþ ¬cMNayCa 

RbcaMkñúgÉksarxøH¦/ ~ curve ExSekagcMNay 

expenses, administrative cMNayrdæ)al 

expenses, sundry cMNayepSg² 

experience n. bTBiesaFn_ 

experiment n. BiesaFn_ 

experimental learning cycle 

vdþeronsURtedaydkBiesaFn_ 

experimentation BiesaFnkmµ/ karBiesaFn_ 

expertise ekaslüvic½y 

expiration of a contract karputkMNt; 

énkic©snüa 

39 

explicit Cak;lak;/ ~ instruction bTbBa¢a 

Cak;lak; 

exploitation GaCIvkmµ/ ~ of natural 

resources kareFVIGaCIvkmµFnFanFmµCati 

exploration karrukrk/ oil ~ karrukrk 

eRbgkat 

exponential growth kMeNInGicSb:UNg;sIuEyl 

export v. & n. 1>naMecj 2>karnaMecj/ 

nIhr½N/ ~ article/item muxTMnijnaMecj/ 

~ duty Bn§naMecj/ ~ subsidies ]btßmÖFn 

sMrab;karnaMecj/ ~ licence GaCJab½NÑnaMecj/ 

~ monopoly karnaMecjpþac;mux/ ~ tariff 

taragBn§naMecj/ ~ of workers karnaMecj 

Blkmµ 

exportation karnaMecj/ nIhr½Nkmµ 

exporter GñknaMecj/ nIharin 

exporting firm Rkumh‘unnaMecj 

exports TMnijnaMecj 

ex-post project evaluation karvay 

tMéleRkayeBlKMeragcb; 

exposure (banking) haniP½y/ large ~ 

haniP½yFM 

extended fund facility (EFF) 

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFibEnßm 

extension karbnþeBl ¬eGay¦ 

extensive adj. yfapl/ ~ agriculture 

ksikmµyfapl 

external accounts KNnIépÞeRkA 

external aid CMnYyBIxageRkA ¬RbeTs¦ 

external balance CBa¢IgTUTat;GnþrCati 

externalities 1> plb:HBal;mkBIeRkA


2> ktþaxageRkA 

extract sMrg; 

extraction karykecjmk/ karykEr:/ 

nisSarNkmµ 

extractive industry ]sSahkmµykEr: 

extradition btüab½n 

¬karRbKl;CnCab;ecaTeTA[RbeTsepSg¦ 

extraordinary session sm½yRbCMuvisamBaØ 

extrapolation karKn;KUr 

extra-structural adjustment facility 

(ESAF) ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;EktMrUvbEnßm 

extrinsic reward rgVan;mkBIeRkA 

ex-warehouse priceéfø¬lk;¦ecjBIXøaMg 

ex-works/ex-factory price éfø ¬lk;¦ 

ecjBIeragcRk 

F, f 

fabric of peace, strengthen the 

BRgwgekasikasnþiPaBeGaypSarP¢ab;Kñal¥ 

face value tMélcuHelIb½NÑ 

facilitate v. CYysMrYl/ bgálkçN³gayRsYl 

facilities eRKOgsMrYlkar/ kEnøgsMrYlkar 

facility kargayRsYl/ ]bkrN_sMrYl/ extended 

fund ~ ]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFibEnßm 

fact GgÁehtu 

fact-finding mission ebskkmµEsVgrkkarBit 

factor ktþa/ ~ cost ktþatMél ¬BaküeRbIkñúg 

KNnICatisMedAdl;plitplKittaméføTIpSar 

bUk]btßmÖFn dkBn§pÞal;ecj¦/ primary ~ 

cost ktþatMélbzm/ primary ~ income 

40 

ktþacMnUlbzm/ primary ~ of production 

ktþaplitkmµbzm 

factual Cak;Esþg/ ~ situation sßanPaBCak;Esþg 

fad GVIEdleKniymmYyRKa² 

fail v. xkxan/ kS½yFn/ KµaneCaKC½y 

fair mansmFm’/ edayyutþiFm’/ RtwmRtUv/ 

principle of ~ competition eKalkarN_ 

RbkYtRbECgRtwmRtUv/ ~ price éføsmrmü 

fairness PaBsmrmü 

fait(s) accompli(s) RBwtþin½y ¬GVIEdl)an 

ekItehIy bþÚrElg)an¦ 

fall in prices karFøak;éfø 

fall sharply v. Føak;cuHy:agKMhuk ¬]> éfø 

plitpl¦ 

fallacious EdlbMPan; 

false adj. Ekøgkøay/ minBit 

falsify v. Ekøgkøay 

family allowance(s) viPaCn_RKYsar/ 

R)ak;]btßmÖRKYsar 

family business GaCIvkmµCalkçN³RKYsar 

family food production plitkmµ 

es,ógCalkçN³RKYsar 

family scale (fishing) ¬karensaT¦ 

CalkçN³RKYsar 

family well-being suxumalPaBRKYsar 

famine TurÖikS/ karGt;Xøan 

fancy k,ac;k,Úr/ hWuha 

fare éføQñÜlyanCMniH/ concessionary ~ éfø 

QñÜlGnueRKaH/ full ~ éføQñÜleBj/ half ~ éfø 

QñÜlBak;kNþal/ single/one way ~ éføeFVI 

dMeNIrEteTA rW Etmk/ return ~ (roundtrip ~) 

éføeFVIdMeNIreTAmk/ high/low season ~ éføQñl


x kartMkl;Tuk 2> kardak;CUnBinitü 

filing system RbB½n§erobcMÉksar 

fill in a form bMeBjTMrg;EbbbT 

final cugeRkay/ ~ goods plitplsMerc/ 

~ output Fatuecj¼plitpl cugeRkay/ 

~ consumption kareRbIR)as;cugeRkay/ 

~ provisions Gvsanb,BaØtiþ ¬c,ab;¦/ 

~ settlement karTUTat;pþac; 

finance officer m®nþIhirBaØvtßú 

finance v. pþl;hirBaØb,Tan/ pþl;Tun 

financial énhirBaØvtßú/ ~ accounting 

KNenyühirBaØvtßú/ ~ assistance CMnYy 

hirBaØvtßú/ ~ autonomy sV½yPaBhirBaØvtßú/ 

~ appropriation R)ak;viPaCn_/ ~ charge/ 

cost bnÞúkcMNayhirBaØvtßú/ ~ crisis vibtiþ 

hirBaØvtßú/ ~ forecast karBüakrN_hirBaØvtßú/ 

~ institution sßab½nhirBaØvtßú/ ~ panic 

GehtuP½yhirBaØvtßú/ ~ liquidation karCMrH 

hirBaØvtßú/ ~ pressure sMBaF hirBaØvtßú/ 

~ rate of return GRtaTajcMNUlhirBaØvtßú/ ~ 

reform kMENTMrg;hirBaØvtßú/ ~ services esva 

hirBaØvtßú/ ~ shocks karb:HTgÁicxaghirBaØvtßú/ 

~ self-sufficiency PaBm©as;karxaghirBaØvtßú/ 

~ standing sßanPaBhirBaØvtßú/ CMhrhirBaØvtßú/ 

~ year qñaMhirBaØvtßú/ kariybriecäT 

financial cost-benefit analysis (FCBA)


karviPaKcMNay nigplcMeNjhirBaØvtßú 

financial manager (French: 

ordonnateur) GaNab½k/ principal ~ GaNab½k 

edImExS/ delegated ~ GaNab½kepÞrsiT§i 

financing hirBaØb,Tan/ ~ arm saxapþl; 

hirBaØb,Tan/ ~ modalities EbbbTpþl; 

hirBaØb,Tan 

finding rbkKMehIj/ lT§plrkeXIj/ KMehIj/ 

karrkeXIj 

fine v. & n. 1> pakBin½y 2> R)ak;pakBin½y 

finished goods/products plitpl sMerc 

fire insurance karFanar:ab;rgeRKaHGKÁIP½y 

firm GgÁPaBGaCIB/ shRKas 

firm offer karsnüalk;Cak;lak; 

firm sale karlk;pþac; ¬tamkic©snüaRtwmRtUv¦ 

fiscal énsareBIBn§/ ~ deficit »nPaB 

sareBIBn§/ ~ policy neya)aysareBIBn§/ 

~ year qñaMsareBIBn§ 

fish culture/farming karciBa©wmRtI 

fisheries reform kMENTMrg;vis½yensaT 

nigClpl 

fisheries resource FnFanClpl 

fishery karensaT 

fishery zone EdnensaT/ reserved ~ 

EdnensaTbMrugTuk 

fishing lot LÚt_ensaT 

fixed Cab;lab;/ efr/ Gcl½t/ ~ asset RTBü 

skmµCab;lab;/ Gclkmµ/ ~ capital TunGcl½t/ 

Gclkmµ¬CamUlFn¦/ ~ cost/ expenses 

bnÞúkcMNayefr/ ~ deposit R)ak;beBaØIman 

kalkMNt;/ ~ rate GRtaefr ¬minERbRbYl¦ 

fixing of quotas karkMNt;kUta/ kardak;kUta 

42 

fixture eRKOgbMBak;Cab;/ fixtures and 

fittings eRKOgbMBak; ¬TaMgGcl½t nigcl½t 

Edllk;eTACamYynwgpÞH¦ 

flammable substance sarFatueqH 

flat sMEb:t/ rab/ qakar/ ~ fee kMérqaka/ 

~ price éføqakar 

flaw ex©aH/ KuNvibtþi 

flawed Edlmanex©aH/ EdlmanKuNvibtþi 

flexible Edlbt;Ebn)an/ Tn;Pøn;/ ~ exchange 

rate GRtabþÚrR)ak; rs;¼Tn;Pøn; 

flight of capital lMhUrelOnecjmUlFn 

flimsy paper RkdaseBIelo ¬RkdasesþIg¦ 

float v. 1> GENþt/ 2> dak;[GENþt/ 

floating rate GRta ¬karR)ak;¦ GENþt 

floating capital TuunbgVil 

flooded forest éRBlicTwk 

floor price éføGb,brma 

flora rukçCati 

flotation of a new company karcab;epIþm 

ebIkRkumh‘unfµIedaylk;snøwkh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘unenaH 

flow lMhUr/ karhUr 

flow chart tarag/ GgÁkarelx 

flow, stock snñiFiiicracr 

fluctuation kareLIgcuH¬éfø¦ 

FOB (free on board) éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava 

FOB airport éføTMnijdwkdl;Gakasyandæan 

FOB shipment to destination 

éføTMnijdwkdl;eKaledA 

FOB trimmed éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava 

nigerobeGay 

FOB under tackle 

éføTMnijdwkdl;eRkamdgeyag


focal point cMNucRbsBV 

focus v. & n. 1> epþat 2> cMNucepþat 

following tameRkay/ ~ year qñaMeRkay 

¬qñaMeRkayTI1¦ 

follow-up v. & n. tamdanbnþ 

food mðÚbGahar/ es,óg/ ~ price index 

snÞsSn_éfømðÚbGahar/ ~ products/stuffs 

plitples,óg 

food balance tulükares,óg ¬brimaN 

es,ógTaMgGs;Edlman eFobnwg cMnYnRbCaCn 

EdlRtUvciBa©wm¦ 

food for work es,ógsMrab;Blkmµ 

¬]> GgárBlkmµ¦ 

food security snþisuxes,óg 

FOR (free on rail) éføTMnijdwkdl;elIpøÚvEdk 

force 1> kMlaMg 2> kMlaMgBlkmµ 

force majeure RbFanskþi 

force, come into cUlCaFrman/ 

manRbsiT§PaB 

forecast v. & n. BüakrN_ 

foreclose a mortgage v. bþwgGMNUs/ 

rwbGUskmµsiT§iGclnvtßúdak;Fana/ bþwgTamTar 

kmµsiT§i niekçbRTBü¼RTBübBa©aM ¬edaysareK 

min)ansgbMNultamkic©snüa¦ 

foregoing esckþIeTIbelIkeLIg 

foreign breTs/ ~ accounts KNnIenA 

breTs/ ~ assets RTBüskmµbreTs/ RTBübeBaØI 

enAbreTs/ ~ balance CBa¢IgTUTat; GnþrCati/ 

~ currency/exchange rUbiyvtßú breTs ¬rW 

rUbiyb½NÑ¦/ ~ exchange auction karedjéfø 

rUbiyb½NÑ/ ~ direct investment (FDI) 

43 

vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs/ ~ inflows lMhUrcUlBI 

breTs ¬CMnYy/ rUbiyb½NÑ>>¦/ ~ liabilities 

(bank) RTBüGkmµbreTs/ ~ reserves FnbMrug 

breTs/ ~ trade BaNiC¢kmµ eRkARbeTs 

foreign-aid programme kmµviFICMnYybreTs 

foreign-trade turnover 

cMNUlBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs 

foreman emkar/ emRkum ¬Cag/ kmµkr¦ 

foresight karyl;dwgmun 

forest éRBeQI/ protected ~ areas 

tMbn;éRBkarBar/ ~ concession éRBsm,Tan/ 

coupe ~ éRBKub/ operable ~ éRBeQIGac 

eFVIGaCIvkmµ)an 

forest product/sub-product GnupléRBeQI 

forestry rukçsaRsþ 

forfeit money R)ak;Bin½y 

forfeit v. kat;ecj/ )at;bg; ¬CakarBin½y¦ 

forfeited to the government ¬RtUv)an¦ 

rwbGUsCasm,tþirdæ 

forgery karEkøg 

form RTg;RTay/ legal ~ rUbPaBKtiyutþ 

form (document) TMrg;kar ¬Éksar¦ 

form and legal concepts of the law 

TMrg; nig Kti énc,ab; 

formal pøÚvkar/ erobry/ ~ sector vis½y 

erobry 

formalities EbbbT/ TMrg;EbbbT/ TMrg;kar/ 

fulfil v. ~ bMeBjEbbbT 

formulation mission ebskkmµelIkmti 

forward mankalkMNt; ¬enAGnaKt¦/ 

~ delivery karRbKl;mankalkMNt;/


~ price éfølk;mankalkMNt; 

forward v. bBa¢ÚnTMnij 

forwarding agency TIPñak;gardwkCBa¢Ún 

forwarding, advice of lixitCUndMNwg 

bBa¢ÚnTMnij 

FOT (free on truck) éføTMnijdwkdl;elIrfynþ 

foul bill of lading b½NÑdwkCBa¢Únminl¥ 

¬EdlbBa¢ak;BIsßanPaBTMnijminl¥enAeBl 

m©as;navaTTYlva¦ 

foundation 1> RKwH/ mUldæanRKwH/ xøwmsar 

2> mUlniFi 

founder n. sßabnik/ GñkbegIátRkumh‘un 

founder v. rlM/ TTYlbraC½y 

founding instrument ÉksarbegáIt 

¬Rkumh‘un¦ 

frame Rkb/ Rkbx½NÐ 

framework Rkbx½NÐ 

franchise siT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ 

¬edIm,IeFVIGaCIvkmµ¦ 

franchisee GñkTTYlsiT§ieRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ 

franchiser Gñkpþl;siT§ieGayeRbIeQµaHBaNiC¢kmµ 

fraud karéKbnøM 

fraudulent EdléKbnøM 

free esrI/ ~ market economy esdækic© 

pSaresrI/ carriage ~ dwkeGayminKitéfø 

¬GñkTijmin)ac;ecjéfødwkeT¦ 

free alongside ship (FAS) 

éfødwkTMnijdl;EKmnava 

free board and lodging 

Gaharnigsñak;enAeday\tbg;éfø 

free currency rUbiyvtßúTijlk;)anedayesrI 

¬rdæKµandak;kMhitRtYtRta¦ 

44 

free of charge eday\tbg;éfø 

free on board and trimmed (see 

FOB trimmed) éføTMnijdwkdl;elInava 

nigerobeGay 

free on rail (see FOR) 

free on truck (see FOT) 

free will ¬eday¦ suT§citþ 

freedom of association 

esrIPaBksagsmaKm 

freehold property kmµsiT§iKµankalkMNt; 

freeze kk/ bgák/ wage freeze karbgák 

ebovtSr_ ¬mineGayeLIgcuH¦ 

freight éfødwkCBa¢Ún/ ~ forward éfødwkRtUv 

bg;edayGñkTij 

freight prepaid éfødwkCBa¢Ún)anbg;mun 

freight, ad valorem éfødwkCBa¢Únyktam 

éføTMnij 

frequency PaBjwkjab;/ eRhVkg; ¬]> viTüú¦ 

freshwater Twksab/ ~fisheries 

karensaTTwksab ~fish RtITwksab 

fringe benefits GtßRbeyaCn_bEnßm 

frozen account KNnI p¥wb¼bBaÄb; 

frozen assets RTBüp¥ib/ RTBüCab;kþI 

frozen capital mUlFn p¥wb¼bBaÄb; 

fruitful EdlmanEpøpáa 

fuel eRKOgeqH/ \n§n³ 

full eBj/ Eq¥t/ sBVRKb;/ ~ price éføeBj 

¬KµancuHéfø¦/ ~ capacity smtßPaBeBjelj 

full time work kargareBjem:ag 

fully fledged bank FnaKarmanRKb;esva 

¬EdlFMFat;eBjrUbrag¦


full-right representative tMNageBjsiT§i 

fully paid up Edl)anTUTat;TaMgRsug 

function muxgar 

fund mUlniFi/ ~ accounting systems 

RbB½n§KNenyümUlniFi/ ~ flow lMhUrmUlniFi/ 

~ raising karérGgÁasmUlniFi 

fund (French: provision) sMviFanvtßú 

¬sMrab;TUTat;mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦ 

fundamental adj. CaRKwH/ CamUldæan/ 

~ research karRsavRCavCaRKwH 

funding agency/project TIPñak;gar¼ 

KMerag pþl;mUlniFi 

funds held in trust mUlniFibeBaØI ¬]> GgÁkar 

k EdleTIbbegáItfµI minTan;manKNnIenAFnaKar 

enAeLIy. TaykGacpþl;R)ak; eGayGgÁkar k 

edayepJIvacUl KNnIrbs;GgÁkar x Edlman 

TMnak;TMngl¥CamYyxøÜn edIm,I[GgÁkarenHebIkpþl; 

bnþeTA[GgÁkar k¦ 

fungibility PaBEdlGacykeTACMnYsKña)an 

¬rbs;nimYy²Kµan lkçN³¼tMrUvkar edIm,IsMKal; 

ecjBIKñaeT³ ]> EdkeKal¦/ fungible adj. 

fungibles TMnijGacføwg¼rab;>>>)an 

future value tMélGnaKt 

G, g 

gain n. & v. 1> kMeNIn/ capital ~ tMélelIs 

¬elIkarlk;RTBüskmµCab;lab;¦ 2> ekIneT,Ig/ 

cMeNj ¬CaR)ak;¦ 

galloping inflation GtiprNaelatepøaH 

45 

gamble on the stock exchange v. 

elgEl,gTijdUrsnøwkh‘un 

gap KMlat 

garment industry ]sShkmµkat;edr 

garnishee n. ttiyCnGMNUs ¬GñkEdlCMBak; 

R)ak;dl;buKÁlmñak; ehIyEdlRtUvtulakarbBa¢a[ 

sgR)ak;eTAm©as;bMNulrbs;buKÁlmñak;enaH¦ 

gateway mat;Rck/ international communication 

~ mat;RckTUrKmnaKmn_GnþrCati 

gather RbmUlpMúþ 

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs 

and Trade) hÁat;/ kic©RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBI 

taragBn§KynigBaNiC¢kmµ 

GDP (gross domestic product) pss 

¬plitplkñúgRsuksrub¦ 

gem or gemstone t,ÚgmantMél 

gender eynD½r ¬tYnaTIbursRsþI¦ 

gene EhSn/ modify a gene EkécñEhSn 

general 1> TUeTA/ eKalkarN_ ¬kñúgRbkas>>¦/ 

~ points (in law) kMNt;TUeTA/ ~ provisions 

bTb,BaØtþiTUeTA 2> GKÁ/ ~ director GKÁnayk 

general and administrative expenses 

cMNayTUeTA nigcMNayrdæ)al 

general inspector GKÁaFikar/ deputy ~ 

GKÁaFikarrg 

general inspectorate GKÁaFikardæan 

general ledger (accounting) esovePAFM 

general meeting mhasnñi)at 

general partner GñkcUlh‘unKµankMrit 

¬TTYlxusRtUvKµankMrit¦ 

general regulations nItirYm


general rule, as a tamviFanTUeTA 

generality PaBTUeTA 

generalisation kareFVI[manlkçN³TUeTA 

Generalised System of Preferences 

(GSP) RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA 

generally accepted accounting 

principle (GAAP) eKalkarN_ 

KNenyümankarTTYlsÁal;TUeTA 

genetic énEhSn/ ~ sequence lMdab;EhSn 

genetic modification (GM) karécñµEhSn/ 

GM food GaharécñEhSn/ GM agriculture 

ksikmµécñEhSn 

genome CINUm/ sMNMuEhSn 

genus BYk/ CMBUk ¬stV/ rukçCati >>>¦ 

geography, economic PUmiviTüaesdækic© 

geology PUKBÖsaRsþ 

gesture kayvikar 

gift GMeNay 

gilt-edged investments vinieyaKman 

suvtßiPaBx b½NÑrtnaKar¦ 

global adj. sakl/ srub/ ~ demand 

tMrUvkarsrub/ ~ social product plitpl 

sgÁmsrub/ ~ economic recession 

karFøak;cuHesdækic©Casakl 

globalisation of economy 

saklPavUbnIykmµesdækic© 

glossary sTÞanuRkm/ bTanuRkm 

glut eRcInkkkuj/ ~ the market eRcIn 

liclg;TIpSar 

GNP (gross national product) 

plitplCatisrub/ plTunCatisrub/ ~ deflator 

snÞsSn_britþprNaplitplCatisrub 

46 

goal eKaledA 

going concern GaCIvkmµmandMeNIrkar 

going price éføFmµta/ éføcrnþ 

going rate GRtaFmµta/ GRtacrnþ 

gold standard sþg;darmas/ ~ system 

RbB½n§bþÚrR)ak;tamsþg;darmas 

goods TMnij/ capital ~ TMnijmUlFn/ 

consumer/consumable ~ TMnijeRbIR)as;/ 

dry ~ RkNat;nigexaGav/ faulty ~ TMnij 

xUcKuNPaB/ finished ~ plitplsMerc/ free 

circulation ~ TMnijcracresrI/ luxury ~ 

TMnijRbNit/ household ~ TMnijeRbIR)as;kñúg 

pÞH/ manufactured ~ TMnijeFVIedaym:asuIn/ 

~ and services TMnij nigesva/ ~ in bond 

TMnijenAXøaMgKy ¬rg;caMkarbg;Bn§¦/ ~ in 

stock TMnijkñúgsþúk/ ~ left on hand TMnijRtUv 

)anbdiesFminTTYl/ ~ in transit TMnijqøg 

kat;/ ~ on consignment TMnijepJIeTAlk; 

goodwill 1> ekrþ×eQµaHCMnYj/ mUlniFiBaNiC¢kmµ 

2> suqnÞ³ 

governance GPi)alkic©/ local ~ GPi)al 

kic©mUldæan 

government rdæaPi)al/ ~ and institutional 

accounting KNenyürdæaPi)al nigKNenyü 

sßab½n/ ~ agency sßab½nrdæ/ ~ securities 

sBaØab½NÑrdæaPi)al 

grace period (debt payment) 

efrevlaGnueRKaH 

grade (civil servant) fñak; 

grading karEbgEckKuNPaB 

grand plan bøg;cMbg


grand total srubrYm 

grandstanding karykkMBs; 

grant GMeNayhirBaØvtßú/ ~ aid CMnYy\tsMNg 

graphics RkahVik/ BinÞúerxIy_ 

grassroots level kMritmUldæan 

grassroots organisation 

GgÁkarfñak;eRkam ¬kMritRbCaCn¦ 

gratuity R)ak;sKuN/ sT§aTan/ CMnUn ¬tbsñg¦ 

Greater Mekong Sub-region 

mhaGnutMbn;emKgÁ 

green revolution bdivtþn_ébtg 

greenhouse pÞHkBa©k;/ ~ effect bc©½y 

pÞHkBa©k;/ ~ gas ]sµ½npÞHkBa©k; 

grid bNþaj ¬RbTak;RkLa¦ 

gross dul/ srub/ ~ domestic product 

(GDP) plitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬pss¦/ 

~ margin cMeNjdul/ Gb,hardul ¬Ca 

PaKryénéfølk;¦/ ~ national product 

(GNP) plitpl¼plTun Catisrub/~ price 

éfødul/ ~ negligence kareFVsRbEhsFn;Fr 

¬c,ab;¦/ ~ output Fatuecjdul/ ~ profit 

cMeNjdul/ ~ proceeds/receipts/returns 

cMNUldul/ ~ weight TMgn;dul 

groupage/grouped bill of lading 

vikáybRtdwkCBa¢Únsrub 

growth kMeNIn/ karlUtlas;/ ~ rate 

GRtakMeNIn 

GSP (Generalised System of 

Preferences) RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA 

guarantee karFana/ vtßúFana/ ~ for a loan 

vtßFanasMrab;kMcI/ ~ of payment karFana 

47 

TUTat;/ ~ certificate or certificate of ~ 

b½NÑFanaKuNPaB/ quality ~ karFanaKuNPaB 

guaranteed bill of exchange 

rUbiyaNtþimankarFana 

guaranteed deposit fund R)ak;kk; 

guarantees and commitments under 

signature (banking) karsnüatamhtßelxa 

guarantor GñkFana ¬]> elIGñkNamñak; 

kñúgkarsgbMNul¦ 

guardianship GaNaBüa)al 

guideline eKalkarN_ENnaM 

guilt BiruT§PaB 

H, h 

habitual CaTMlab; 

hacker hak;K½r ¬GñklYceRCotcUleTAkñúg 

RbB½n§kMuBüÚT½rrbs;GñkdéT ¦ 

half Bak;kNþal/ first ~ of the 6 th 

century Bak;kNþalTI1 énstvtSr_TI6 

hallucination mmal/ karmmal 

hand bill xitþb½NÑ ¬b½NÑeXasnapSBVpSay 

EckeGaypÞal;éd¦ 

handicraft sib,kmµ/ vtßúeFVIedayéd/ 

~ goods TMnijsib,kmµ 

handle cat;Ecg/ edaHRsay/ ~ a situation 

edaHRsaysßankarN_ 

handling (goods) karelIkdak; 

hard rwg/ lM)ak/ ~ condition lkçxNÐ 

twgEtg/ ~ bargain kartéfød¾twgEtg/ ~ cash


sac;R)ak;mankñúgéd 

hard disk (computer) fasrwg 

hardware eRKOgcRkFn;/ Faturwg ¬kMuBüÚT½r¦ 

harmonisation suxdumnIykmµ/ kareFVI[ 

manPaBcuHsMrugKña 

harmonised EdlrlUnKña 

harmony PaBsuxdumrmna 

harsh conditions lkçxNÐtwgEtg 

haulage éfødwkTMnij/ kardwkTMnij ¬tamrfynþ 

rW rfePøIg¦/ ~ cost (rates) éfødwkTMnij/ 

~ company/firm Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij 

hazardous EdlRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; 

head office kariyal½yFM/ TIcat;karFM 

head tax Bn§mnusS 

heading cMNgeCIg/ xÞg; ¬taragtulükar¦ 

headquarters (of a company) 

TIsñak;karkNþal 

health care karEfTaMsuxPaB 

healthy EdlmansuxPaBl¥/ ~ balance 

sheet taragtulükarEsþgplcMeNj/ ~ profit 

plcMeNjkñúgcMnYny:ageRcIn 

hearing svnakar 

heavy equipment brikçarFunFn; 

heavy industry ]sSahkmµFunFn; 

hedged ¬EdlRtUv)an¦karBarkarxatbg; 

heir TayaT ¬GñkTTYlmrtk¦ 

hereafter BIenHteTA 

hereby tamry³enH 

heritage mrtk/ national ~ ebtikP½NÐCati 

heterogeneity PaBminesµIsac; 

heterogeneous laycMruHKña/ visman/ 

visPaK ¬mindUcKña/ minesµIsac;¦ 

48 

hidden adj. bgáb;/ ~ reserves FnbMrugbgáb; 

hierarchy zananuRkm 

high grade (ore) KuNPaBx


bursemRKY 

household equipment brikçareKhkic© 

household survey GegátRKYsar 

housing pÞHsñak;enA/ karpþl;pÞHsñak;enA/ 

pÞHsMEbg ¬xÞg;cMNay¦/ ~ loan kMcIsMrab; 

sg;¼TijpÞH 

human-capital investment vinieyaK 

TunmnusS 

humanism mnusSniym 

humanitarian assistance CMnYymnusSFm’ 

humanitarian relief 

karse®gÁaHEpñkmnusSFm’ 

humanity mnusSCati/ nrCati 

husbanding of resources karKitKUr 

sMécFnFan 

hydropower construction sMNg; 

varIGKÁisnI 

hyperinflation GtiprNaelatepøaH 

hypothesis smµtikmµ 

I, i 

idea KMnit 

ideal ]tþmKti 

idealised condition lkçxNÐsuRkitPaB 

identification GtþsBaØaNkmµ/ ~ mission 

ebskkmµ rksMKal;¼bMpusKMnit 

identify v. EsVgrkemIl/ rksMKal;/ sMKal; 

)antamPinPaK/ 

ideology menaKmn_viC¢a 

49 

idle TMenrecal/ KµaneRbIkar/ ~ capital 

TunKµaneRbIkar/ ~ time em:agTMenrecal 

¬m:asuIneFVIkar)anEtKµandMeNIrkar¦ 

illegal adj. xusc,ab;/ ~ contract kic©snüa 

xusc,ab; 

illicit adj. xusc,ab;/ ~ alcohol Rsaxusc,ab; 

ill-will TuqnÞ³ ¬bMNgGaRkk;¦ 

imbalance GtulüPaB/ nantþþPaB 

imaginary profit cMeNjRbDit 

immaculate Ecs ¬fµI/ s¥at¦ 

immediate objective TisedAbnÞan; 

immediate payment karTUTat;Pøam² 

immediate supervisor GñkemIlkarxus 

RtUvpÞal; 

immobilise (finance) eFVIGclkmµ 

immoral GsIlFm’ 

immovable (property) n. GclnRTBü 

immunity 1> PaBsuaM ¬nwgCMgW¦ 

2> GP½yÉksiT§i/ diplomatic ~ GP½yÉksiTi§ 

karTUt 

impact plb:HBal; 

impartial minlMeGog 

impartiality PaBminlMeGog/ GnaKti 

impeccable \tex©aH 

imperfection PaBmanex©aH/ GnibuNPaB 

impetus n. snÞúHCMruj 

implementation of a law karGnuvtþn_c,ab; 

implementing agency TIPñak;garGnuvtþ 

import karnaMcUl/ GahrN/ ~ duty Bn§ 

naMcUl/ ~ permit GaCJab½NÑnaMcUl/ ~ quota 

kUtanaMcUl


importer GñknaMcUl/ Gaharin 

import-export GahrN-nIhrN/ 

karnaMecj-naMcUl 

imports TMnijnaMcUl/ vieTsP½NÐ 

impose taxes eGaybg;Bn§ 

impoundment karXat;cab;Tuk ¬rfynþ/ TUk>>>¦ 

impression cMNab;GarmµN_ 

improvement karEklMG/ suvuDÆikmµ 

impunity niTNÐPaB/ PaBrYceTas/ culture 

of ~ vb,Fm’niTNÐPaB 

impurity n. 1> PaBminsuT§ 

2> GVIEdleFVI[minsuT§ ¬]> kkr¦ 

in good faith edayesµaHRtg; 

in post kñúgtMENg 

inaccuracy PaBminRtwmRtUv 

inaccurate adj. minRtwmRtUv 

inactive adj. Gskmµ 

inadequate minsmlµm 

inappropriate minsmRsb/ ~ aid CMnYy 

minsmRsb 

incapacity GsmtßPaB/ physical/mental 

~ kar)at;bg;smtßPaBxag bBaØa¼kaysm,Ta 

incentive eRKOgelIkTwkcitþ/ karelIkTwkcitþ/ 

investment ~ karelIkTwkcitþvinieyaK 

inception karkekIt 

incertitude PaBminR)akd 

incessant Edl\tQb;Qr 

incidence n. karekItman/ ~ of tax bnÞúkBn§ 

¬cMnYnR)ak;Bn§RtUvFøak;elIbuKÁlNamñak;enAcugbBa©b;¦ 

incident ]b,tþiehtu 

incidental bnÞab;bnSM 

inclusion karrab;bBa©Úl 

50 

inclusive Edlrab;bBa©Úl/ Cabriyab½nñ 

income cMNUl/ plTun/ bdilaP/ disposable 

~ cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§/ cMNUleRbI)anedayesrI/ 

private ~ cMNUleRkABIebovtSr_/ personal ~ 

cMNUlpÞal;xøÜn/ ~ account KNnIcMNUl/ 

~ (collected) in advance cMNUl)anTTYlmun/ 

~ per capita cMNUlkñúgmnusSmñak;/ ~ tax 

Bn§elIR)ak;cMNUl/ ~ statement r)aykarN_ 

cMNUl 

income-generating activities 

skmµPaBbegáItR)ak;cMNUl 

income-outlay accounts 

KNnIcMNUl-cMNay 

incompatibility vismitPaB/ PaBmincuHsMrug 

incompetence GsmtßPaB 

inconvenience plvi)ak 

inconvertible currency rUbiyvtßúminGac 

bþÚr ¬ykrUbiyvtßúdéT¦ )an 

incorporated cUlCaRkumh‘un/ )ancuHbBa¢I 

CaRkumh‘un 

incorporated company Rkumh‘un 

¬CanItibuKÁleBjelj¦ 

increase v. & n. 1> ekIn 2> kMeNIn 

incremental EdlekInCadMNak;² 

indebtedness PaBCMBak;bMNul 

indefinite minCak;lak;/ KµankMnt; 

indemnify v. eFVIsMNg 

indemnity 1> sMNg karxUcxat¼CMgWcitþ 

2> R)ak;bMNac; 

independent audit svnkmµÉkraCü 

in-depth suICMerA/ ~ evaluation karvaytMél 

suICMerA


index snÞsSn_ 

indexation kardak;snÞsSn_ ¬]> eGay 

ebovtSr_ERbRbYleTAtamGtiprNa¦ 

indicator GaMgDIkaT½r/ sUcnakr 

indigenous people RbCaCnedIm 

indirect tax Bn§Rbeyal 

individual ÉktþCn/ buKÁl/ ~ insurance 

karFanar:ab;rgbuKÁl 

inducement eRKOgCMrujTwkcitþ 

industrialisation ]sSahUbnIykmµ 

industrious adj. ]sSah_¬Büayam¦ 

industry ]sSahkmµ/ rbr/ primary ~ 

]sSahkmµvtßúFatuedIm/ secondary ~ 

]sSahkmµEkécñ ¬BIvtßúFatuedImeTAplitpl¦/ 

light ~ ]sSahkmµFunRsal/ heavy ~ 

]sSahkmµFunFn;/ extractive ~ ]sSahkmµ 

nisSarNkmµ ¬]> ]sSahkmµTajykEr:¦ 

inefficiency GRbsiT§PaB 

inequality vismPaB/ PaBminesµIKña/ 

income ~ vismPaBénR)ak;cMNUl 

infant mortality rate GRtamrN³kumar 

inference karsnñidæan 

inflammable goods TMnijGacqabeqH 

inflate bMe)a:g/ eFVIeGaymanGtiprNa/ 

inflated price éføbMe):ag ¬tMelIgx cab;eGaybg;pakBin½y¦ 

inflow lMhUrcUl 

influential Edlman GnuPaB¼\T§iBl 

influx lMhUrKMhukcUl 

informal sector vis½yminerobry/ vis½y 

esdækic©eRkARbB½n§ 

information and communication 

technology (ICT) bec©kviTüaB½t’man 

nigTUrKmnaKmn_ 

information technology (IT) 

bec©kviTüaB½t’man 

infrastructure ehdæarcnasm>> ¦/ infringement n. 

inheritance mrtk ¬GMBIGñksøab;¦ 

in-house adj. kñúgGgÁPaB/ ~ language 

training karbNþúHbNþalPasakñúgGgÁPaB 

initial adj. dMbUg/ ~ capital mUlFndMbUg 

¬sMrab;cab;epþImGaCIvkmµ¦/ ~ price éfødMbUg 

initial outlay or initial capital outlay 

esah‘uybegáItshRKasdMbUg 

initial v. cuHhtßelxasegçb/ initialisation n. 

initiative KMnitpþÜcepþIm/ karpþÜcepþImKMnit 

injunction (judge's order) GFibBa¢a 

¬bBa¢arbs;ecARkm¦ 

injustice GyutiþFm’ 

in-kind contribution viPaKTanCavtßú 

input n. FatucUl


inquiry karsaksYr ¬B½t’man/ éfø>>¦/ letter 

of ~ lixitsaksYrB½t’man 

insensitivity 1> GevTyitPaB 

2> PaBmincab;GarmµN_ 

insider trading karCYjdUrh‘uneday 

GñképÞkñúg ¬EdldwgB½t’mansMgat;BIRkumh‘un¦ 

insolvency PaBminGacsgbMNul)an/ GsaFPaB 

inspect v. eFVIGFikarkic©/ RtYtBinitü 

inspection GFikarkic©/ ~ fee kMéresva 

GFikarkic©/ pre-shipment ~ GFikarkic©TMnijmun 

eBlpÞúk/ ~ certificate viBaØabnb½RtGFikarkic© 

inspectorate RkumGFikarkic© 

installation zbnkmµ/ karerobcMtMelIg/ 

~ cost cMNaypÁMútMelIg 

instalment R)ak;sgbNþak;/ ~ system 

RbB½n§TUTat;bNþak; 

instalment sales credit or instalment 

plan buying karlk;¼Tij edayTUTat;sg 

bNþak; 

instalment shipment 

karbBa¢ÚnTMnijCabeNþIr² 

institutional finance hirBaØvtþúsßab½n 

institutionalisation sßabnUbnIykmµ 

institutionalise eFVIsßabnUbnIykmµ/ ksag 

Casßab½n 

instruction bTbBa¢a/ esckþIENnaM 

instrument briFan/ ]bkrN_/ negotiable 

~ ]bkrN_TUTat; 

instrument of accession lixitUbkrN_ 

cUlCaPaKI 

instrument of ratification 

lixitUbkrN_énkarpþl;sc©ab½n 

52 

insufficiency PaBminRKb;RKan; 

insurance karFanar:ab;rg/ all risks ~ 

karFanar:ab;rghaniP½yRKb;RbePT/ car ~ 

karFanar:ab;rgelIrfynþ/ life ~ karFana 

r:ab;rgelICIvit/ ~ agent Pñak;garFanar:ab;rg/ ~ 

certificate viBaØabnb½RtFanar:ab;rg/ 

~ company Rkumh‘unFanar:ab;rg/ ~ law 

c,ab;sþIBIkarFanar:ab;rg/ ~ policy b½NÑsnüa 

r:ab;rg/ ~ premium(s) buBVlaPFanar:ab;rg 

insured n. GñkRtUv)anFanar:ab;rg 

insurer GñkFanar:ab;rg 

intake karRsUbcUl 

intangible GrUbI/ ~ assets RTBüGrUbI 

integration smahrNkmµ/ karbBa©ÚlKña/ 

~ of industry smahrNkmµ]sSahkmµ/ 

vertical ~ smahrNkmµbBaÄr 

integrity PaBs¥ats¥M/ territorial ~ 

bUrNPaBEdndI 

intellectual property kmµsiT§ibBaØa 

intelligible Edlyl;)an 

intensification RbBlkmµ/ RbBlvb,kmµ/ 

agricultural ~ RbBlvb,kmµksikmµ 

intensive Gtipl/ ~ agriculture ksikmµGtipl 

intention bMNg/ ectna 

interaction Gnþrkmµ 

interactive Gnþrskmµ 

inter-bank adj. GnþrFnaKar/ ~ settlement 

system RbB½n§TUTat;GnþrFnaKar 

inter-censal decade TsvtSr_cenøaHCMerOn 

interdependence karBwgEp¥kKñaeTAvijeTAmk 

interest 1> plRbeyaCn_ 2> karR)ak;/


compound ~ karR)ak;smas, high/low ~ 

karR)ak; x sMPas/ eFVIsMPas 

2> bTsMPasn_/ semi-structured ~ 

bTsMPasn_Bak;kNþalerobry ¬eRbIbBa¢IsMnYr 

mYyPaK nigsYrEfmmYyPaK¦ 

interviewee n. GñkeqøIysMPasn_ 

interviewer n. GñksYrsMPasn_ 

intimidate v. bMPitbMP½y 

intra-cluster kñúgrgVg;kBa©úM 

intrinsic sCÄnþik³ 

introduction esckþIepþIm 

intuition GBÖnþjaN 

inundated forest (see flooded forest) 

éRBlicTwk 

invalidate v. cat;TukCaemaX³ 

invaluable adj. kat;éfømin)an 

invasion karlukluy/ ~ of privacy 

karrMelaPsiTi§CaÉkCn 

inventory sareBIPNÐ½/ sþúk/ TMnij/ draw up 

an ~ eFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐ 

inventory stock card b½NÑsþúk 

invest v. vinieyaK/ eFVIvinieyaK 

investigate v. esuIbGegát 

investment n. vinieyaK/ karbNþak;Tun/ 

~ licence GaCJab½NÑvinieyaK


investor vinieyaKin/ GñkvinieyaK 

invisible adj. emIlmineXIj/ ~ assets 

RTBüGrUbI 

invoice vikáybRt 

involuntary Gectna/ \tbMNg 

involvement kar cUlBak;B½n§¼Bak;B½n§ 

IOU (I owe you) lixitTTYlCMBak; 

¬xJúMCMBak;Gñk¦ 

irrecoverable Edl RbmUlmin)an¼ Tarmin)an 

irregular mineTogTat;/ minRbRktI 

irregularities (mistakes) PaBminRbRktI 

¬kMhus¦ 

irrelevant EdlminTak;Tg 

irreversible adj. EdlminGacERbRkLas;)an 

irrevocable adj. minGacbdiesF)an/ 

~ letter of credit sar\NTanminGac 

bdiesF)an 

irrigate v. eRsacRsB/ irrigation n. 

issuance kare)aHpSay ¬RkdasR)ak;¦ 

issue bank FnaKare)aHpSayRkdasR)ak; 

issue v. (a licence) ecj ¬GaCJab½NÑ¦/ 

currency issued rUbiyvtßúe)aHpSay 

issuing bank (for a letter of credit) 

FnaKarebIksar\NTan 

IT (Information Technology) 

bec©kviTüaB½t’man 

item 1> GIv:an;/ mux ¬TMnij¦ 2> xÞg;/ cancel 

an ~ (accounting) bdiesFelxna/ enter 

an ~ cuHelxna/ off-balance sheet items 

xÞg;eRkAtaragtulükar 

54 

J, j 

jettison TMlak;GIv:an;ecalxøHedIm,IsMral 

¬nava/ ynþehaH¦ 

job kargar/ white-collar ~ or office ~ 

kargarkñúgkariyal½y/ ~ description BiBN’ 

nakagar/ ~ design KMeragkargar/ bøg;kargar/ 

~ grading/ranking cMNat;fñak;kargar/ 

~ holder Gñkkan;kargar/ ~ lot TMnijcMruH 

mYydMu² eRcInGn;² niglk;efak²/ ~ rotation 

karbþÚrevnkargar/ ~ specialisation 

ÉkeTskmµkargar/ ~ title eQµaHkargar 

joblessness PaBGt;kargareFVI/ nikmµPaB 

joint (enterprise, committee) cMruH 

joint (liability) ¬karTTYlxusRtUv¦ rYmKña/ 

~ and several liability karTTYlxusRtUv 

rYmKñanigerog²xøÜn 

joint account KNnIrYm ¬manm©as;KNnIBI 

2nak;eLIgeTA¦ 

joint inter-ministerial committee 

KN³kmµaFikarcMruHGnþrRksYg 

joint owner m©as;kmµsiTi§rYmKña 

joint venture ¬KMerag¦ vinieyaKcMruH/ 

~ enterprise shRKassmasPaBesdækic©cMruH 

joint-stock bank FnaKarrYmPaKh‘un 

joint-stock company 

(see public limited company) 

saCIvkmµRkumh‘unPaKh‘un


journal 1> Tinñanub,vtþi ¬KNenyü¦ 

2> sarB½t’man 

journal voucher b½NÑTinñanub,vtþi/ 

skçIb½RtcuHbBa¢I 

journalising karcuHTinñanub,vtþi 

judgement 1> karvinicä½y 

2> salRkm ¬tulakar¦ 

judicial record lixitefáaleTas ¬tulakar¦ 

judicial reform kMENTMrg;RbB½n§yutþiFm’ 

judiciary GgÁecARkm 

jump-start cab;epþIm[)anqab; 

junk n. rbs;Gt;RbeyaCn_/ rbs;eGtcay 

juridical Ktiyutþi ¬EdlRsbtamc,ab; nig 

rebobrbbén c,ab;¼tulakar¦ 

jurisdiction Ednsmtßkic©/ yutþaFikar 

just adj. RtwmRtUv/ yutþiFm’ 

justification of a project kareFVIyutþikmµ 

KMerag/ karbgðajehtuplBItMrUvkareFVIKMerag 

justified (expense...) ¬cMNay>>>¦ man 

skçIkmµ 

justify eFVIyutþikmµ 

K, k 

key role tYnaTIKnøwH 

keynote address sunÞrkfaKnøwH 

kind, payment in karTUTat;Cavtßú 

55 

L, l 

label søak ¬sMrab;biTelIplitpl¦ 

labour Blkmµ ¬kargar rWBlkr¦/ casual ~ 

BlkmµGENþt ¬ry³eBlkargarxøI¦/ manual ~ 

htßkmµ/ organised ~ BlkmµcUlshCIB/ 

skilled ~ BlkmµmanCMnaj/ ~ card b½NÑ 

kargar/ ~ force kMlaMgBlkmµ/ ~ laws c,ab; 

Blkmµ/ ~ productivity plitPaBénBlkmµ/ 

~ security snþisuxBlkmµ/ ~ turnover 

GRtabuKÁlikecj ¬BIGgÁPaB¦/ ~ union or 

trade union shCIB 

labourer Blkr/ day ~ TinikCn/ Blkr 

suIR)ak;éf 

labour-intensive adj. eRbIBlkmµeRcIn/ 

GtiBlkmµ/ ~ industry ]sSahkmµGtiBlkmµ 

lack kgVH/ ~ of balance )at;tulüPaB/ 

~ of confidence kgVHTMnukcitþ 

lading n. karpÞúkTMnij/ ~ port kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij 

laissez-passer lixitebIkpøÚv 

land dI/ dIFøI/ ~ alienation karepÞrkmµsiT§idI/ 

~ conflict TMnas;dIFøI/ ~ degradation karcuH 

KuNPaBdI/ karxUcdI/ ~ dispute vivaTdIFøI/ ~ 

encroachment karrMelaPykdI/ ~ grabbing 

karT®nÞanykdI/ ~ owner m©as;dI/ ~ ownership 

kmµsiT§idIFøI/ ~ reform kMENTMrg;dIFøI/ ~ survey 

GegátdIFøI/ zanKNit/ ~ restructuring 

karEkERbdIFøIeLIgvij/ ~ settlement dMeNaH 

RsaydIFøI/ ~ tenure karkan;kab;dI


land dispute settlement committee 

KN³kmµaFikaredaHRsay)atuPaBdIFøI 

landless adj. KµandI 

landlessness PaBKµandIFøI 

landlocked country RbeTsKµanRcksmuRT 

landlord m©as; dI¼pÞH ¬EdlCYl[eK¦ 

landscape eTsPaB/ protected ~ 

tMbn;eTsPaBkarBar 

large-scale survey GegátRTg;RTayFM 

latent minTan;Cak;Esþg 

launch n. kardak;ecjCaelIkdMbUgnUv 

¬]> plitplelITIpSar¦ 

law c,ab;/ draft ~ esckþIRBagc,ab;/ ~ of 

contract c,ab;énkic©snüa 

Law on Co-Statute of Civil Servants 

c,ab;sþIBI shlkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil 

Law on Financial Management 

c,ab;sþIBIhirBaØvtßúsMrab;karRKb;RKg 

Law on Social Security 

c,ab;sþIBIrbbsnþisuxsgÁm 

lawful Rsbc,ab; 

lawless EdlGt;c,ab; ¬Kµanc,ab;RKb;RKg rW 

KµankareKarBc,ab;¦ 

laws and regulations c,ab; nig 

bTb,BaØtiþ¼lixitbTdæan 

lawsuit erOgkþI 

lawyer Gñkc,ab;/ emFavI 

lay in stock v. bBa©ÚlXøaMg 

lay off v. bBaÄb;buKÁlik 

lay out v. cay ¬R)ak;¦ 

layout of letter TMrg;¼bøg; sMbuRt 

leader 1> GñkdwknaM/ popular ~ emxül; 

56 

2> plitpllk;dac;CageK/ market ~ 

plitpl¼Rkumh‘un naMmuxeKelITIpSar 

leading naMmuxeK/ ~ indicator GaMgDIkaT½rnaMmux 

eK ¬Edlbgðajninñakar)anmunGaMDIkaT½rÉeTot¦ 

lease Ptisnüa/ karCYl ¬edaymankic©snüa¦/ 

finance ~ PtisnüahirBaØvtßú ¬kñúgenHshRKas 

RtUvkt;RtaRTBüCYlBIeKkñúgtaragtulükar nig 

eFVIrMls;va¦/ operating ~ PtisnüaRbtibtþikar 

¬kñúgenHshRKasminRtUvkt;RtaRTBüCYlBIeKkñúg 

taragtulükareT¦ 

lease v. CYl/ ~ back CYlmkvij 

least developed countries (LDCs) 

RbeTslUtlas;ticCageK 

ledger (accounting) esovePAFM/ 

purchase ~ esovePAFMTij 

legacy 1> Gc©½yTanCaclnRTBü 

¬tammrtksasn_¦ 2> Gc©½yTan ¬ekrþ×¦ 

legal tamc,ab;/ nItüanukUl ~ capital edImTun 

tamc,ab;/ ~ document Éksartamc,ab;/ 

~ representative GñktMNagtamc,ab;/ 

~ framework Rkbx½NÐc,ab;/ ~ decision 

esckþIsMerctamc,ab;/ ~ reserves FnbMrug 

tamc,ab; 

legal effect GanuPaBKtiyutiþ 

legal entity/person nItibuKÁl 

legal substance (French: nature 

juridique) nItisarCati 

legal tender rUbiymaRta/ R)ak;Edlc,ab; 

TTYlsÁal; 

legality PaBtamc,ab;/ nItüanukUlPaB 

legalise v. eFVIeGayeTAtamc,ab;/


eFVInItüanukUlkmµ 

legatee Gc©½yTanlaPI ¬GñkTTYlsñgmrtk 

tamry³mrtksasn_¦ 

legator Gc©½yTayk 

legislation c,ab;/ nItikmµ 

legislative power 1> GMNacnItibBaØtþi ¬sPa¦ 

2> GMNacbBaØtþi ¬sßab½nepSgeTot dUcCa 

RkumRbwkSaXMu¦ 

legislative structure rcnasm GgÁnItibBaØtþi ¬GgÁkareFVIc,ab;¦ 

2> nItikal ¬énsPa¦ 

legitimate eBjlkçN³RtwmRtUv/ eBjc,ab;/ 

FmµanurUb 

lend v. eGayx©I 

lender GñkeGayx©I/ ~ of last resort Gñk[ 

x©ICacugeRkay 

lending institution sßab½n \NTan¼ [x©IR)ak; 

lessee Ptik³/ GñkCYl ¬BIeK¦ 

lessor PtibtI/ GñkCYleGay 

let v. CYl ¬pÞH/ kariyal½y >>>¦ 

letter lixit/ covering ~ (or US: cover ~) 

lixitGmÉksar/ ~ of attorney lixitepÞrsiT§i/ 

~ of credit (L/C) lixit\NTan/ ~ of 

exchange rUbiyaNtþi/ ~ of indemnity 

lixitFanasg/ ~ of intent lixitbBa¢ak;eKal 

bMNg/ lixitEsþgectna/ ~ of inquiry lixit 

saksYrB½t’man/ ~ of non-conviction lixit 

bBa¢ak;faKµaneTas 

level kMrit/ multi-level eRcInkMrit/ ~ of 

development kMritGPivDÆn_ 

57 

lever Xñas; 

leverage KMnas;/ kareRbIkMcImankarR)ak;efr 

eTArksuIedIm,I)ancMeNjelIsBIkarR)ak; 

levy v. & n. 1> hUtBn§ 2> Bn§ 

¬CaBiessBn§bEnßm¦ 

liabilities bMNul/ RTBüGkmµ/ meet one’s 

liabilities sgbMNulrbs;xøÜn 

liability 1> bMNul 2> karTTYlxusRtUv/ 

~ insurance karFanar:ab;rgelIPar³TTYlxusRtUv 

liable adj. for TTYlxusRtUv ¬tamc,ab;¦ cMeBaH 

liaison TMnak;TMng/ sm R)atiePaKbMNul ¬vtßúdak;FanabMNul¦ 

2> siT§iXat;Tuk 

life expectancy GayukalmFüm/ Gayurs;


enAmFüm 

life or death issue bBaðasøab;rs; 

life skill bMNinCIvit 

life span Gayukal ¬BIeBlekItdl;søab;¦ 

lifestyle rebobrs;enA 

lifetime Gayukal/ mYyGayu 

LIFO (last in, first out) lIhVÚ ¬cUleRkay 

ecjmun¦ 

likelihood PaBTMng 

limit n. & v. 1> RBMEdn/ ~ of liability 

RBMEdnénkarTTYlxusRtUv/ 2> dak;kMritRBMEdn 

limitation n. kardak;kMritRBMEdn 

limited liability karTTYlxusRtUvmankMNt;/ 

~ company Rkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvmankMrit 

limited partner GñkcUlh‘unmankMrit 

¬TTYlxusRtUvmankMrit¦ 

line (department) ¬mnÞIr¦ ExSbeNþay 

line item (budget) matika ¬fvika¦ 

line of credit or credit linekMrit\NTan 

link cMNgTak;Tg 

linkage karcgP¢ab;/ cMNgTak;Tg 

liquid assets RTBübþÚrykR)ak;)anrh½s 

liquid investments vinieyaKedaysac;R)ak; 

liquidate v. CMrH/ TUTat; ¬bMNul/ bBa¢I¦/ 

~ a debt TUTat;bMNulTaMgmUl 

liquidation karrMlay ¬Rkumh‘un¦/ karCMrHbBa¢I/ 

compulsory ~ karCMrHbBa¢ICakatBVkic© ¬tam 

karsMercrbs;tulakar¦/ voluntary ~ karCMrH 

bBa¢Iedaysµ½RKcitþ/ ~ report r)aykarN_CMrHbBa¢I 

liquidator GñkCMrHbBa¢I/ GñkRtYtBinitükar 

biTRkumh‘un 

liquidity 1> snÞnIyPaB/ lT§PaBsgbMNul 

58 

2> sac;R)ak;TMenr/ ~ ratio smaPaKsac;R)ak;TMenr 

liquidity (banking) sac;R)ak;nigRTBü 

gaybþÚrCasac;R)ak;/ total ~ rUbiyvtßúTUeTA (M2) 

list bBa¢I/ ~ price éføelIbBa¢I ¬kataLúk¦/ 

listed company Rkumh‘unEdlmansnøwkh‘un 

lk;-Tij enApSarh‘un 

litigation bNþwgvivaT/ karbþwgpþl; 

livelihood CIvPaB/ karrkciBa©wmCIvit/ 

lively y:agskmµ/ ~ market TIpSarman 

skmµPaBrs;revIk 

livestock stVciBa©wm ¬ykpl¦ 

living 1> CIvPaB/ karrs;enA/ ~ standard 

kMritCIvPaB/ cost of ~ cMnayRTRTg;karrs;enA 

load factor, passenger (air travel) 

GRtabMeBjekAGIGñkdMeNIr ¬tamynþehaH¦ 

loading and unloading of goods 

karpÞúk nigkarerITMnij 

loading capacity cMNuHpÞúk 

loading port EppÞúkTMnij 

loan kMcI/ \NeTyü/ bMNul/ bridging ~ 

kMcIpøas;pÞHfµI ¬enAeBlpÞHcas;lk;minTan;dac;¦/ 

soft ~ kMcIkarR)ak;Tab/ ~ at call kMcIKµankal 

kMNt; ¬RtUvsgvijeBleKTar¦/ personal ~ 

kMcIpÞal;xøÜn/ unsecured ~ kMcIKµankarFana/ 

~ disbursed kMcI)anebIkpþl; 

loan service (interest payment) esvabMNul 

lobby v. ekogKr/ eXasnabBa©úHbBa©Úl 

local ¬én¦mUldæan/ kñúgRsuk/ ~ authority 

GaCJaFrmUldæan 

location TItaMg 

logging karkab;eQI/ illegal ~ karkab;eQI 

xusc,ab;


logic tkáviC¢a/ LÚsuik 

logistics PsþúPar/ karpÁt;pÁg; 

logo rUbsBaØa 

long-life assets RTBüGayukalEvg 

long-term ry³eBlEvg/ TIXkal/ 

~ liabilities bMNulry³eBlEvg 

loophole cenøaHRbehag/ tax ~ cenøaHRbehagén 

Bn§ ¬EdlGaceKecosvagminbg;Bn§edayRsbc,ab;¦ 

loose-leaf ledger esovePAFMsnøwkdac;BIKña 

loss kMhat/karxatbg;/ kar)at;bg;/ actual 

total ~ kMhatsrubCak;Esþg 

lot n. LÚt_/ fishing ~ LÚt_ensaT 

low-income group/households 

Rkum¼RKYsar manR)ak;cMNUlTab 

lump-sum R)ak;bg;TaMgdul/ ~ payment 

karTUTat;tamrebobem:Akar ¬rW qaka¦ 

lump-sum tax Bn§em:Akar 

luxury RbNit/ ~ goods TMnijRbNit/ 

~ trade BaNiC¢kmµvtßúRbNit 

M, m 

M1 (money) rUbiyvtßú 

M2 (liquidity) rUbiyvtßúTUeTA 

macro- m:aRkU 

macroeconomic analysis 

karviPaKm:aRkUesdækic© 

macroeconomic stability sßirPaBm:aRkU 

esdækic© 

macroeconomics m:aRkUesdækic© 

59 

magnitude TMhM 

mail transfer karepÞr¬R)ak;¦taméRbsnIy_ 

mail, electronic sareGLicRtUnik/ GuIEml 

main adj. cMbg 

mainstream v. bRBa¢ab 

maintain v. accounting book 

kan;kab;bBa¢IKNenyü 

maintenance karEfTaM/ ~ expenses/ 

costs cMNayEfTaM 

major adj. cMbg/ sMxan; 

majority PaKeRcIn/ sMelgPaKeRcIn ¬e)aHeqñat¦ 

mala fide seller Gñklk;Edlmanl,ickl 

minl¥ 

maladministration karRKb;RKgGsmtßPaB 

mal-development karGPivDÆn_xusTMng 

malpractice rebobrbbminl¥/ kMhusqÁg 

malthusianism nibulniym/ m:al;Tusniym 

manage v. RKb;RKg/ cat;Ecg 

management karRKb;RKg/ ~ control 

karRtYtBinitükarRKb;RKg 

manager GñkRKb;RKg/ bNÑaFikar/ financial 

~ GaNab½k 

managerial accounting KNenyüRKb;RKg 

managership PaBCaGñkRKb;RKg 

managing director naykRKb;RKg 

mandate n. 1> siT§iGMNac 2> GaNtþi 

mandate v. 1> pþl;siT§iGMNac 2> tMrUv/ the 

law mandates that... c,ab;tMrUvfa 

mandatory adj. Edlxanmin)an 

manifest nievTnb½NÑ/ bBa¢I GñkdMeNIr¼ TMnij 

dwkCBa¢Ún ¬tamynþehaH rW nava¦


man-made disaster mhnþraybgáedaymnusS 

manner EbbbT 

manual 1> htßkmµ 2> esovePAk,Ün 

manufacture kmµnþsal 

manufactured goods TMnijkmµnþsal 

manufacturing kmµnþsalkmµ/ karplit 

¬y:ageRcIn²edayeRbIm:asuIn¦ 

margin Gb,har/ kMrit/ m:aCIn/ ~ of error 

kMritel¥óg/ ~ of lending kMriteGayx©IR)ak;/ ~ 

of profit kMritR)ak;cMeNj 

marginal benefit plcMeNjÉktabEnßm 

¬kñúgkarbegáInmYyÉktaplitpl¦ 

marginal cost éføedImÉktabEnßm ¬edIm,I 

plitbEnßmmYyÉktaplitplelIsEpnkar¦/ 

bnÞúkcMNaym:ahSúINal; 

marginal project KMeragbnÞab;bnSM 

marginal propensity to consume 

kMritTMenarénkareRbIR)as;bEnßm 

marginal propensity to save 

kMritTMenarénkarsnSMbEnßm 

marginal revenue cMNUlÉktabEnßm 

¬BIkarlk;plitplbEnßmmYyÉkta¦ 

marginal utility plRbeyaCn_ÉktabEnßßm 

marginalisation m:aCInUbnIykmµ/ karRcan 

cUlsßanPaBKµansiT§iGMNac 

marginal-tax ratio smaPaKkMeNIn 

cMNUlBn§eFobnwgkMeNInplTunCatisrub 

marine xagsmuRT/ ~ concession Edn 

sm,TanTwkéRb/ ~ fisheries ensaTsmuRT/ 

~ insurance karFanar:ab;rgpøÚvsmuRT 

mark down v. bBa©úHéfø 

mark up v. tMelIgéfø 

60 

market n. TIpSar/ black ~ pSarggwt/ 

capital ~ TIpSarTun ¬sMrab;vinieyaK¦/ 

~ capitalisation tMélRkumh‘unKittam 

tMélTIpSarénsnøwkh‘un/ closed ~ TIpSarbiT 

¬lk;[EttMNagpþac;mux¦/ open ~ TIpSarcMh 

¬RKb;KñaGacTij¼lk;)an¦ ~ demand/need 

tMrUvkarTIpSar/ ~ economy esdækic©TIpSar/ 

~ failure braC½yénTIpSar/ ~ forces kMlaMg 

TIpSar/ money/finance ~ TIpSarrUbiyvtßú 

¬kMcIry³eBlxøI²¦/ ~ practice TMlab;TIpSar/ 

~ price éføenATIpSar/ ~ saturation titßikmµ 

kñúgpSar/ PaBEq¥teBjedayTMnijénTIpSar/ ~ 

segmentation karEbgEckTIpSar/ ~ value 

tMélTIpSar ¬tMélenAéfenH¦/ tMélFanik/ 

~ share/penetration cMENkTIpSar 

market v. lk;elITIpSar/ ~ a new product 

lk;plitplfµIelITIpSar 

marketable Gaclk;y:aggay 

marketing m:aXItTIg/ karbeBa©jlk;elITIpSar/ 

~ chain ExScgVak; m:aXITIg¼TIpSar 

market-regulated economy 

esdækic©TIpSarerobry/ esdækic©niy½tTIpSar 

mark-up Gb,har 

marriage certificate sMbuRtGaBah_BiBah_ 

mass media RbB½n§pSBVpSay ¬B½t’man¦ 

mass production karplitRTg;RTayFM 

master adj. eKal/ em/ ~ budget fvikaem/ 

~ map EpnTIeKal/ ~ plan Epnkar¼bøg;eKal/ 

~ sample KMrUtagem 

master’s degree fñak;GnubNÐit 

matching concept/convention 

eKalkarN_énPaBsuIKña


material sMPar³/ RkNat; 

maternal mortality rate 

GRtamrN³matuPaB 

mature eBjv½y/ cas;TMu/ ~ economy 

esdækic©rIkcMerIneBjelj 

maturity bkáPaB/ PaBeBjv½y/ PaBcas;TMu/ 

kalvsan/ kalkMNt;/ date of ~ éfdl; 

kMNt; ¬sg¦ 

maximisation GtibrmanIykmµ 

mayor ecAhVayRkug 

mean (statistics) mFüm/ arithmetic ~ 

mFümnBVnþ/ geometric ~ mFümFrNImaRt 

means meFüa)ay/ ~ of production 

meFüa)ayplitkmµ 

measurability PaBGacvas;)an 

measure 1> TMhM/ rgVas; 2> viFankar/ 

economic ~ viFankaresdækic©/ fiscal ~ 

viFankarsareBIBn§ 

measurement of profitability 

karvas;EvgPaBmancMeNj 

mechanism 1> ynþkar 2> esnaFikar 

¬sßab½n¦ 

mechanisation ynþkmµ/ ynþtUbnIykmµ 

media or mass media RbB½n§pSBVpSay 

mediation karsMruHsMrYl 

mediator GñksMruHsMrYl 

medic n. GñkevC¢saRsþ 

medical ¬én¦ evC¢saRsþ/ ~ assistant 

CMnYyevC¢saRsþ 

medical aid n. GñkCMnYyevC¢saRsþ 

medical care (expense) 

61 

¬cMNay¦EfTaMsuxPaB 

medium mFüm/ ~ grade KuNPaBmFüm/ 

~ term loan kMcIry³eBlmFüm 

meet CYb/ edaHRsay/ bMeBj ¬lkçxNÐ¦/ 

~ a deficit bMeBj»nPaB 

meeting CMnYb/ karRbCMu/ ¬RbCMumhaCn 

MEFP (Memorandum of Economic 

and Financial Policy: for the IMF) 

GnusSarN³sþIBIeKalneya)ayesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú 

MFN (Most Favoured Nation 

clause) lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ 

membership smaCikPaB 

memorandum CMnYysµartI/ GnusSarN³/ 

~ of association GnusSarN³begáItRkumh‘un/ 

lkçnþik³Rkumh‘un/ ~ of understanding 

(MOU) GnusSarN³RBmeRBog 

mental ability smtßPaBxagbBaØa 

mental job kargareRbIxYrk,al ¬EdlRtUvriHKit¦ 

mercantile adj. énBaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ marine 

kgnavaBaNiC¢kmµ¬rbs;RbeTsNamYy¦/ 

~ country RbeTs ¬mancMNUledaykareFVI¦ 

BaNiC¢kmµ 

mercantilism BaNiC¢kmµniym 

merchandising service establishment 

RKwHsßanesvakmµTMnij 

merchant BaNiC¢kr 

merger karrMlaybBa©ÚlKña ¬nUvRkumh‘unBIr rW 

eRcIn CaRkumh‘unmYy¦ 

merit kusl/ kuslkic©/ KuNsm,tþi 

message sar 

messenger narsar/ elxharI


method viFI 

methodology viFIsaRsþ 

micro biology mIRkUCIv³ 

microcosm Gtisuxumelak 

micro-credit mIRkU\NTan 

microeconomics mIRkUesdækic© 

micro-finance mIRkUhirBaØvtßú 

middle class vNÑ³kNþal ¬rW vNÑ³KhbtI¦ 

middleman QµÜjkNþal/ KYkeC/ eCIgsar/ 

GnþrkarI 

migrant CncMNakRsuk/ nirRbevsn_ 

migrate v. from/to eFVIcMNakRsuk rW 

cakRsuk BI¼eTA 

migration cMNakRsuk/ BhiRbevsn_/ 

snþrRbevsn_ 

milestone 1> eKal ¬R)ab;cMgay¦ 

2> RBwtiþkarN_sMxan; ¬kñúgdMeNIrkarvivtþn_énGVImYy¦ 

milieu mCÄdæan 

military eyaFa/ eyaFin/ ~ region 

eyaFPUmiPaK 

Millennium Development Goals 

(MDGs) eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsSvtSr_ 

mineral concentrate Er:cMraj; 

minicomputer kMBüÜT½rFuntUc 

minimisation Gb,brmaPavUbnIykmµ/ tax ~ 

kareFVI[bnÞúkBn§fycuHTabbMput 

minimise v. bnßydl;kMritGb,brma 

mining GaCIvkmµEr:/ karykEr: 

minor adj. & n. 1> tUctac/ bnÞab;bnSM 

2> GnItiCn 

minority PaKtic/ Gb,PaK 

62 

misappropriation of public funds vitikmµ 

FnsaFarN³/ karekgRbv½Ba©RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³ 

miscalculate v. KNnaxus 

miscellaneous epSg²/ KNnIcMNay{epSg²} 

misdemeanour bTmCÄwm 

¬kMritTabCagbT]Rkidæ¦ 

mission ebskkmµ/ ~ letter lixitbBa¢a 

ebskkmµ/ ~ statement esckþIRbkasebskkmµ 

misunderstanding karyl;RcLM/ karyl;xus 

mixed economic entity GgÁPaBesdækic©cMruH 

mobilisation of private savings 

karekNÐRbmUlR)ak;snSMÉkCn 

mobilise v. ekNÐRbmUl/ RbEmRbmUl 

modality of investment 

EbbbTénkarvinieyaK 

mode n. m:Ud/ rebob 

model n. KMrU 

moderate adj. & n. 1> lµm ¬]> minefak 

minéfø¦ 2> mCÄnikCn 

modernisation TMenIbPavUbnIykmµ/ TMenIbkmµ 

modernise eFVITMenIbkmµ 

modification karEkERb/ kMENERb 

module m:UDIl 

modus operandi EbbbTRbtibtþikar 

momentum snÞúHeCOneTAmux/ kMlaMgrujRcan/ 

m:Um:g; 

monetarism rUbiyvtßúniym 

monetarisation of the deficit 

rUbiyvtßúnIykmµén»nPaB 

monetary adj. én rUbiyvtßú¼luy/ ~ policy 

neya)ayrUbiyvtßú/ ~ overhang rUbiyvtßúelIs 

tulüPaB/ ~ confidence TMnukcitþelIrUbiyvtßú/


~ stabilisation sßirkmµ¼sßirPavUnIykmµrUbiyvtßú/ 

~ transaction RbtibtþikarKitCa luy¼rUbiyvtßú 

money rUbiyvtßú/ luy/ ~ (M1) rUbiyvtßú (M1), 

~ (M2) rUbiyvtßúTUeTA (M2), quasi- ~ rUbiy 

vtßúepSg²/ ~ in circulation rUbiyvtßúcracr/ 

~ economy esdækic©rUbiyvtßú/ ~ laundering 

karlagluykxVk;/ ~ market TIpSarrUbiyvtßú 

¬kMcIry³eBl xøI²¦/ ~ supply karpÁt;pÁg; 

rUbiyvtßú¼sac;R)ak;/ ~/funds at call rUbiyvtßú¼ 

mUlniFiEdlGacpþl;eGay)anPøam² 

moneylender \NTayk/ GñkrksuIcgkarR)ak; 

monitor v. XøaMemIl ¬ÉksarxøHeRbIBakütamdan¦ 

monoculture Ékvb,kmµ/ eFVIdMNaMmYymux 

monopolise v. eFVIpþac;mux 

monopoly n. PaBpþac;mux/ monopolistic adj. 

monthly RbcaMEx/ ~ statement r)aykarN_¼ 

sMrg;KNnI RbcaMEx/ ~ returns cMNUlRbcaMEx 

moral obligation katBVkic©pøÚvcitþ 

morality sIlFm’/ good ~ mansIlFm’l¥/ 

social ~ sIlFm’sgÁm 

morbidity PaBmanCMgWeFVIeGaysøab; 

mortgage niekçb/ GuIb:UEtk/ vtßúbBa©aMbMNul 

mortgagee mças;bMNulGuIb:UEtk/ niekçbKahk 

mortgager/mortgagor kUnbMNulGuIb:UEtk 

most favoured nation (MFN) clause 

lkçxNÐGnueRKaHbMputEpñkBaNiC¢kmµ 

motion of censure jtþibenÞas 

motivate v. CMrujTwkcitþ/ bMpusTwkcitþ 

movable (property) clnvtßú 

multi-disciplinary team RkumBhuCMnaj 

multilateral BhuPaKI/ ~ agreement kic©RBm 

63 

eRBogBhuPaKI/ ~ aid/assistance CMnYyBhuPaKI 

multinational BhuCati/ ~ corporation 

Rkumh‘unBhuCati 

multiple-shop undertakings 

Rkumh‘unmansaxaeRcIn 

multiplier emKuN 

multi-purpose allocation 

karélEcksMrab;eKaledAeRcIny:ag 

multi-stage eRcIndMNak;/ ~ design 

bøg;eRcIndMNak;/ ~ frame eRKageRcIndMNak;/ 

~ sampling karykKMrUtageRcIndMNak; 

mutation n. rUbvivtþn_ 

mutatis mutandis EdlRtUvpøas;bþÚrtam 

karcaM)ac; 

mutual eTAvijeTAmk/ ~ assistance 

karCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk/ ~ insurance 

karFanar:ab;rgeTAvijeTAmk/ ~ benefit 

manplRbeyaCn_eTAvijeTAmk/ 

mutual fund sgÁhFn 

mutual societies sgÁhsmaKm 

mutually supportive 

CYyRTRTg;KñaeTAvijeTAmk 

N, n 

nascent economy esdækic©kMBugcab;kMeNIt 

nation RbCaCati/ sgÁmCati 

national énCati/ ~ accounting KNenyü 

Cati/ ~ budget support ]btßmÖBIfvikardæ 

¬]> cMeBaHfvikaextþ¦/ ~ bank FnaKarCati/


~ debt bMNulCati ¬x©IedayrdæaPi)al¦/ 

~ income plTunCati/ ~ Institute of 

Statistics viC¢asßanCatisßiti/ ~ patrimony 

ebtikP½NÐCati/ ~ product plitplCati/ 

~ economic management karRKb;RKg 

esdækic©Cati 

nationality sBa¢ati/ ~ of ships sBa¢atinava 

nationalise v. eFVICatUbnIykmµ/ eFVICatikmµ 

nationwide TUTaMgRbeTs 

natural énFmµCati/ ~ condition lkçxNÐ 

FmµCati/ ~ asset RTBüsm,tþiFmµCati ¬FnFan 

FmµCatiGVImYy¦/ ~ disaster eRKaH¼mhnþray 

FmµCati/ ~ unemployment rate GRta 

nikmµPaBFmµCati/ ~ resource FnFanFmµCati/ 

~ loss kar)at;bg; ÉkÉg¼edayFmµCati 

nature 1> FmµCati 2> critlkçN³ ¬rbs;mnusS¦ 

near-liquid asset or near money 

RTBüCitdUcrUbiyvtßú ¬RTBüskmµEdlGacbþÚrCa 

rUbiyvtßú)any:aggay¦ 

need tMrUvkar/ ~ for affiliation tMrUvkar 

edIm,IcgsmGaccrca)an/ ~ price 

éføGaccrca)an 2>GacCYjdUr)an/ ~ debt 

instrument rUbiyaNtþi\NeTyüGacCYjdUr)an/ 

~ documents ÉksarykTUTat;)an/ 

64 

~ instrument ]bkrN_TUTat; 

negotiate v. crca/ negotiation n. 

neocolonialism GaNaniKmniymEbbfµI 

net suT§/ sCÄtþikr/ ~ exports karnaMecjsuT§/ 

~ cost tMél suT§¼sCÄtþikr/ ~ foreign assets 

RTBüskmµbreTssuT§/ ~ foreign current 

transfer (NFCT) karepÞrbreTscrnþsuT§/ ~ 

foreign factor income (NFFI) ktþaplTun 

breTssuT§/ ~ income cMNUlsuT§/ ~ indirect 

taxes (NIT) Bn§RbeyalsuT§/ ~ national 

product plTunCatisuT§/ ~ profit R)ak;cMenj 

suT§/ ~ present value (NPV) tMélbc©úb,nñ 

suT§/ ~ taxable income cMnUlCab;Bn§suT§/ 

~ worth mUlniFipÞal;suT§/ tMélBitRTBüskmµsuT§ 

¬RTBüskmµKittamtMélBitenATIpSar 

ehIydkbMNulcrnþ¦ 

network bNþaj 

neutralisation GBüaRkwtPavUbnIykmµ/ 

GBüaRkwtkmµ 

new international economic order 

(NIEO) lMdab;esdækic©GnþrCatifµI 

newly fµI²/ ~ industrialised countries 

(NICs) RbeTseFVI]sSahUbnIykmµfµI 

newsletter RBwtþib½RtB½t’man 

next of kin jatiCitCageK 

NGO (non-government organisation) 

GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al 

nine years basic education 

karGb;rMmUldæanry³eBl 9qñaM 

nobility vNÑ³GPiCn 

nomenclature namvlI ¬matika¦/ muxTMnij 

nominal carwk/ ~ GNP plitplCatisrub


carwk/ ~ rate of interest GRtakarR)ak; carwk/ 

~ value tMélcarwk 

nomination karEtgtaMg 

nominee GñkTTYlkarEtgtaMg/ ~ account 

KNnIkan;kab;kñúgnambuKÁlmñak;eTot 

non-commercial bank FnaKarGBaNiC¢ 

non-agricultural or non-farm 

employment kargarminEmnksikmµ 

non-aligned movement clnamincUl 

bkSsm½>>¦ 

non-food items TMnijminEmnGahar 

non-government organisation 

(NGO) GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al 

non-household sector vis½yminTak;Tg 

nwgRKYsar 

non-negotiable instrument ]bkrN_ 

minGacykeTATUTat;)an 

non-payment karminTUTat; 

non-performance karminGnuvtþn_/ 

karKµanlT§pl 

non-performing loan kMcIBi)akTar 

non-refundable adj. EdlminbgVilsgvij 

65 

non-resident GnivasnCn rW GnivasCn 

non-returnable packing sMbkevcx©b; 

minRbmUlvij 

non-tax features lkçN³minTak;TgnwgBn§dar 

non-taxable adj. minCab;Bn§/ ~ income 

cMNUlminCab;Bn§ 

non-timber forest products (NTFPs) 

GnupléRBeQI 

non-urban population 

RbCaCnminEmnGñkTIRkug 

norm bTdæan 

normalisation RbRktIPaBkmµ/ bktikmµ/ 

niy½tkmµ 

North, the (countries) ]tþrRbeTs 

¬RbeTsGñkman¦ 

notarial deed lixitviBaØabnkmµ 

notary public sarkarI 

note sarxøI²/ lixit/ kMNt;sMKal;/ advice ~ 

lixitCUndMNwg/ bank/currency ~ Rkdas 

R)ak;/ covering ~ lixitGm/ credit/debit ~ 

lixit\NTan¼\NBn§/ delivery ~ lixit 

RbKl;TMnij/ dispatch ~ lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij/ 

promissory ~ b½NÑCMBak;R)ak;/ b½NÑsnüa 

noticeable change 

karERbRbYlKYr[kt;sMKal; 

notification karCUndMNwg/ ~ procedure 

nItiviFICUndMNwg 

notifying bank FnaKarCUndMNwg 

notion sBaØaN 

novation kic©RBmeRBogepÞrkic©snüa 

¬[PaKITI3¦


novelty adj. & n. PaB¼rbs; fµIEbøk 

NPRS (National Poverty Reduction 

Strategy) yuT§saRsþCatikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk 

nuclear-family structures rcnasm kmµvtßú/ TisedA 

2> stüanum½t/ EdlQrelIkarBitCak;Esþg 

objectivity kmµvis½yPaB 

obligation katBVkic©/ be under ~ man 

katBVkic©/ meet one’s obligations sg 

bMNulrbs;xøÜn 

obligatory CakatBVkic©/ xanmin)an 

observation 1> karsegát ¬emIl¦ 

2> esckþIsegát ¬karkt;sMKal;¦ 

observe v. segát 

observer GñksegátkarN_ 

obsolescence PaBhYssm½y 

66 

obsolete hYssm½y 

occupation 1> muxrbr 2> karkan;kab; 

occupancy rate (hotel) GRtasñak;enA 

¬sNæaKar¦ 

occupational accident eRKaHfñak;enA 

eBlbMeBjkargar 

occupier Gñkkan;kab; 

oceanography saKrsaRsþ 

odd job kargarl¥itel¥ac 

odd number elxess 

offence bTelµIs/ eTaskmµ 

offer 1> kareGayéfø/ cash ~ karsMubg;Ca 

sac;R)ak; 2> karRbkaslk; ¬kñúgéføNamYy¦/ 

introductory ~ éføTak;m:Uy ¬cMeBaHplitpl 

fµI¦/ special ~ TMnijlk;efakBiess 

offer and demand karpþl;nigtMrUvkar 

off-farm employment kargareRkAksidæan 

officer m®nþI 

official pøÚvkar/ ~ confirmation esckþI 

bBa¢ak;CapøÚvkar/ ~ rate GRtapøÚvkar 

Official Gazette raCkic© ¬esovePA¦ 

official n. m®nþIpøÚvkar/ GñkpøÚvkar 

officialdom kariyaFibetyü 

offload v. CMruHecj ¬nUvGVImYyEdlxøÜn 

mincg;Tuk ]> snøwkh‘unelIstMrUvkar¦ 

offset v. b:Hb:Uvvij/ kat;kgvij 

offshore adj. eRkAeqñr ¬eRbgkat¦ 

off-the-job training 

karbNþúHbNþaldac;BIkargar 

ombudsman m®nþIesuIbGegátBIkartv:a 

¬cMeBaHsßab½nrdæ b¤GgÁkarFM²¦


omission 1> karxkxan ¬min)aneFVI¦ 

2> karkat;ecj 3> GVIEdl min)aneFVI rW kat;ecj 

omnibus adj. cMruHmux/ ~ agreement 

kic©RBmeRBogcMruHmux/ ~ bill of lading 

GBaØtb½RtrYm 

on an equal footing edayesµIPaBnigesµIsiT§i 

on the path of reform elImaKa’énkMENTMrg; 

onerous adj. Gs;esah‘uyeRcIn 

one-stop service esvaRckecjcUlEtmYy 

ongoing activity skmµPaBkMBug dMeNIrkar¼ 

RbRBwtþeTA 

on-the-job training karbNþúHbNþal 

P¢ab;nwgkargar 

open adj. cMh/ ~ economy esdækic©ebIk 

cMh/ ~ account KNnIcMh ¬kt;RtakarTij 

eCOedayGñkTijKµandak;vtßúFana¦ 

open balance smtulümanelx ¬minsUnü¦ 

open cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtKµanqUt ¬b¤cMh¦ 

open credit \NTanKµandak;vtßúFana 

¬sMrab;GtifiCnl¥rbs;FnaKar¦ 

open market pSarcMh/ pSaresrI/ 

~ operations RbtibtþikarelIpSarcMh 

open policy eKalneya)ayebIkTUlay 

open the trade sector v. 

ebIkTUlayvis½yBaNiC¢kmµ 

opening balance smtulüedImRKa 

opening bank (for letters of credit) 

FnaKarebIksar\NTan 

operating budget fvikaRbtibtþikar 

operating costs/expenses bnÞúkcMNay 

RbtibtþikarFmµta 

67 

operation Rbtibtþikar/ insurance ~ 

RbtibtþikarFanar:ab;rg 

operational costs bnÞúkcMNayRbtibtþikar 

operative system RbB½n§Rbtibtþikar 

operator Rbtibtþikr 

opinion eyabl;/ mti/ ~ poll karsÞg;mti 

opportunity kalanuvtþiPaB/ »kas 

opportunity cost tMél»kasRtUv)at;bg;/ 

tMélénkarlHbg; 

opposition 1> karRbqaMg rW CMTas; 

2> bkSRbqaMg 

optical fiber cable ExSkabGubTic 

optimal allocation karélEckRbesIrbMput 

optimism suTidiæniym 

optimistic estimate kar)a:n;sµansuTidæi 

optimise v. eFVIeGay)anRbesIr ¬bMput¦ 

option CMerIs/ at your ~ tamCMerIsrbs;Gñk/ 

share ~ siT§iTijPaKh‘un ¬kñúgéføNamYyenA 

eBlNamYy¦ naGnaKt 

oral agreement/contract 

kic©RBmeRBog¼ kic©snüapÞal;mat; 

¬minEmnCalaylkçN_GkSr¦ 

order 1> bBa¢a/ provincial/municipal ~ 

dIkaextþ¼Rkug/ 2> lMdab; 3> sNþab;Fñab;/ 

public ~ sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³ 

order for payment (French: mandat 

de dépense) GaNtþiebIkR)ak;cMNay 

order form/slip b½NÑbBa¢aTij 

order, purchase b½NÑ¼kar bBa¢aTij 

ordinary share PaKh‘unsamBaØ 

ordnance yuT§P½NÐ/ unexploded ~


yuT§P½NÐminTan;pÞúH 

organic agriculture ksikmµsrIragÁ 

organic/organisational law 

c,ab;erobcMGgÁkar 

organisation chart GgÁkarelx 

organisational structure 

rcnasm \NTankMNt;/ \NTanelIssmtulü 

¬FnaKar¦ 

overdraft, to grant an 

GnuBaØat\NTanelIssmtulü 

overdue hYskalkMNt;sg/ ~ bill lixit 

TarR)ak;hYskalkMNt;/ ~ loans R)ak;kMcI 

hYskalkMNt;sg/ ~ payment karsgR)ak; 

hYskalkMNt;sg 

overfishing karensaTRtIhYsRbmaN 

overheads or overhead expenses/costs 

cMNay Rbeyal¼TUeTA ¬cMNayeTogTat; nig 

sMxan;² dUcCa QñÜlpÞH/ TUrs½BÞ/ sMPar³kariyal½y>>> 

EdlminTak;TgedaypÞal;nwgkarplit¦


overheated economy esdækic©rt;ekþAeBk 

¬kMeNInskmµPaBesdækic©EdleFVI[mankMeNIn 

GtiprNa¦ 

overlap RtYtKña/ KgKña 

overlook emIlrMlg 

overpopulation RbCaCneRcInhYs 

overproduction briplitkmµ/ karplitelIs 

overriding (in law) sMxan;CagGVIÉeTot 

over-sampling karykKMrUtagelIs 

overseas adj. enAbreTs/ ~ branches 

saxaenAbreTs 

oversight 1> karRbEhsePøcPøaMg 

2> karemIlxusRtUvelI/ karTTYlbnÞúk 

overspending cMNayhYskMNt; 

overstaffed EdlmanbuKÁlikeRcInhYs 

overtime, work v. eFVIkarem:agbEnßm 

overview karBinitüCaTUeTA/ TsSn³rYm 

overwhelming majority PaKeRcInelIslb; 

owner m©as;/ m©as;kmµsiT§i/ kmµsiT§ikr/ ~ of 

the goods m©as;TMnij 

ownership kmµsiT§i/ PaBCam©as; 

P, p 

package kBa©b;/ ~ budget kBa©b;fvika/ 

pay/salary ~ kBa©b;ebovtSr_ ¬ebovtSr_ nig 

R)ak;]btßmÖepSg² sMrab;kargarGVImYy¦ ~ tour 

kBa©b;ExSTsSnkic© 

packaging (accounting) sMbkevcx©b; 

packing list bBa¢Ievcx©b; 

69 

¬bBa¢IbBa¢ak;karevcx©b;TMnij¦ 

packing, non-returnable 

sMbkevcx©b;minRmmUlykvij 

pact ktikasBaØa ¬kic©RBmeRBogCapøÚvkar¦ 

paddy RsUv/ ~ husking karkinRsUv/ 

~ plots GMBkERs 

paid holidays éfQb;sMrakmanebovtSr_ 

paid-up capital mUlFn)anbg;CMrH 

¬edImTunEdl)anbg;ehIy¦ 

panel of experts KN³CMnajkar 

panic karP½yep¥Il/ GehtuP½y/ financial ~ 

GehtuP½yhirBaØvtßú 

paper loss/profit cMeNj¼xat elIRkdas 

¬RTBü)ancuH¼ekIntMélb:uEnþminTan;)anlk;ecjeT¦ 

paper money luyRkdas/ RkdasR)ak; 

paperwork kargarRkdassñam 

par value tMélcuHelIb½NÑ ¬rW tMélcarwk¦ 

paradox brmti/ Rbtimti 

paradoxically EdlRbTaMgRbeTIsépÞkñúg 

paramedic n. GñkGmevC¢saRsþ 

paramedical adj. GmevC¢saRsþ 

parameter ):ar:aEm:Rt 

pare the budget v. bnßyfvikabnþicmþg² 

parent company Rkumh‘unem 

park ]Tüan/ national ~ ]TüanCati 

partiality n. PaBlMeGog ¬kñúgkarCYyKaMRT¦ 

participant n. GñkcUlrYm 

participate v. cUlrYm 

participation 1> karcUlrYm 

2> PaKkmµ ¬karbNþak;Tun¦


participatory poverty assessment 

(PPA) karvaytMélPaBRkIRkedaymankarcUlrYm 

participatory rural appraisal (PRA) 

karvaytMélCnbTedaymankarcUlrYm 

partner édKU/ smaKt/ GñkcUlh‘un 

partnership 1> PaBCaédKU 2> CMnYjh‘unKña 

part-time work kargarmineBjem:ag 

party (to the contract) PaKI ¬énkic©snüa¦ 

pass the test (education) eFVIetsþCab; 

passbook esovePAR)ak;beBaØI 

passive adj. Gkmµ 

passport lixitqøgEdn 

past-due debt bMNulhYs kalkMNt;¼ 

éfkMNt;sg 

patent RbkasnIyb½Rt ¬GnuBaØateGayRbkb 

GaCIvkmµ¦/ )a:tg;/ ~ licence b½NÑ):atg; 

patrimony ebtikP½NÐ/ RTBüsm,tþi/ 

ekrþ×mrtk ¬EdlmanCab;tmkBIxag«Buk¦ 

patron Gñk]btßmÖ/ emekIy/ bri)al 

pattern lMnaM/ KMrU/ trading ~ lMnaMeFVI 

BaNiC¢kmµ/ ~ of rotation lMnaMvilpøas;bþÚrKña 

pawn v. bBa©aM 

pawnbroker kugsuI ¬bBa©aM¦ 

pay as you earn (PAYE) 

RbB½n§Bn§kat;TukelIR)ak;ebovtSr_ 

pay at sight sgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar 

pay back v. sgvij 

pay n. ebovtSr_/ R)ak;kMér/ holidays with ~ 

éfQb;sMrakmanebovtSr_/ leave without ~ 

karQb;sMrakKµanebovtSr_ 

pay off v. 1> TUTat;¼bg; pþac; 

2> TUTat;R)ak;pþac; nigbBa©b;kargarGñkNamñak; 

70 

pay out v. TUTat;¼bg; R)ak;ecj 

pay up v. TUTat;sgR)ak;CMBak;eK 

payable adj. sg)an/ ~ to bearer 

sgeGayGñkkan;/ ~ to order sgtambBa¢a 

payback period 1> ry³eBlRtUvsgkMcIvij 

2> ry³eBl RbmUlTun)anvij¼Rsg;edIm 

¬)ancMeNjesµITundak;cuH¦ 

payee GñkRtUv)anbg;R)ak;[ 

payer Gñkbg;R)ak;¬[eK¦ 

paying bank FnaKarTUTat; 

paying business GaCIvkmµ¼CMnYj Edl 

pþl;cMeNj 

payment karTUTat;/ karbg;R)ak;/ karsgR)ak;/ 

~ by instalments karsgbNþak; ¬]> tamEx¦/ 

~ credit \NTanTUTat;/ ~ currency rUbiyvtßú 

TUTat;/ ~ in kind karTUTat;Cavtßú/ ~ systems 

RbB½n§TUTat;/ ~ mechanism ynþkarTUTat;/ 

~ warrant GaNtþiebIkR)ak; 

payoff n. R)ak;bg;pþac; 

payout n. 1> R)ak;TUTat;ecj 2> R)ak;bg;CYy 

Rkumh‘unNamYy ¬]> edayrdæaPi)al¦ 

payroll bBa¢I¼tarag ebovtSr_ 

peace building karksagsnþiPaB 

pecuniary Tak;TgnwgR)ak;kas/ ~ motives 

ehtuplxagluykak; 

penalise v. Bin½y/ dak;eTas 

penalty eTasT½NÐ/ eTasbBaØtþi/ karpakBin½y 

pending accounts KNnIBüÜr ¬rg;caM 

karedaHRsay¦ 

pension esaFnnivtþn_/ R)ak;ruWERtt/ ~ fund 

mUlniFiesaFnnivtþn_


pensioner GñkTTYlesaFnnivtþn_ 

per diem ¬R)ak;¦ cMNaytaméf ¬Kittam 

cMnYnéf nigtamFmµtamanGRtaesµIKñasMrab; 

buKÁlikRKb;kMrit¦ 

percentage PaKry 

perception sBaØaxn§/ cMNab;GarmµN_ 

performance TegVI/ karGnuvtþn_/ lT§pl/ 

~ standard sþg;dar lT§pl¼Rbtibtþi 

performing EdldMeNIrkar/ ~ asset 

RTBüskmµdMeNIrkar/ non ~ asset RTBüskmµ 

mindMeNIrkar 

period ry³eBl/ GMLúgeBl/ RKa ¬KNenyü¦ 

periodic tamkalkMNt;/ eTogeBl/ samayik/ 

~ control system RbB½n§RtYtBinitütamkal 

kMNt;/ ~ order system RbB½n§bBa¢aTijeTogeBl 

periodical n. kalikb½Rt ¬TsSnavdþI/ 

RBwtþib½Rt>>>¦ 

periodically edayeTogeBl 

periodicity samyikPaB 

perishable adj. EdlgayxUc¬KuNPaB¦/ 

~ goods TMnijgayxUc 

perishables n. TMnijgayxUc 

perks (or perquisites) GtßRbeyaCn_ 

bEnßm ¬pþl;CabEnßmelIebovtSr_¦ 

permanent Gcié®nþy_/ ~ establishment 

RKwHsßanGcié®nþy_/ RKwHsßanCab;lab;/ ~ organ 

GgÁkarGcié®nþy_ 

permit lixitGnuBaØat/ Tidæakar/ building ~ 

lixitGnuBaØatsagsg;/ export/import ~ 

lixitGnuBaØatnaMecj¼naMcUl/ work ~ lixit 

GnuBaØateGayeFIVkar ¬sMrab;CnbreTs¦ 

71 

perpetual inventory system 

RbB½n§sareBIP½NÐnirnþn_ 

perpetuity nic©PaB 

person buKÁl/ physical/natural ~ 

rUbvnþbuKÁl/ legal person/entity nItibuKÁl 

personal pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ consumption 

kareRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ effects sMPar³ 

eRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜn/ ~ loan kMcIpÞal;xøÜn ¬sMrab; 

kareRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsar rW pÞal;xøÜn minEmnsMrab; 

GaCIvkmµeT¦/ ~ property RTBüpÞal;xøÜn/ 

~ revenue R)ak;cMNUlbuKÁl/ ~ selling 

kareXasnapSaylk;pÞal; ¬énbuKÁlmñak;¦/ 

~ income tax Bn§elIR)ak;cMNUlbuKÁl 

personal identification number 

(see PIN) 

personality 1> buKÁliklkçN³ ¬KYrkt;sMKal;¦ 

2> Gñkl,Il,aj 

personnel buKÁlik/ ~ benefits GtßRbeyaCn_ 

pþl;eGaybuKÁlik 

perspective yfaTsSn_/ TsSnvis½y 

PERT (Programme Evaluation and 

Review Techniques) bec©keTsBinitü 

vaytMélKMerag ¬rW kmµviFI¦ 

pessimistic estimate kar)a:n;sµanTuTidæi 

pesticides fñaMsMlab;stVcéRg 

petition jtþi 

petroleum eRbgkat/ eRbg\n§n³/ ~ security 

agreement kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI snþisuxeRbg\n§n³ 

petty cash sac;R)ak;bnþicbnþÜc/ ~ custodian 

Gñkkan;hibR)ak; ¬R)ak;tictYc¦/ ~ book esovePA 

cMNaytUctac/ ~ fund ebLa/ mUlniFisMrab;


cMNaybnþicbnþÜc/ ~ voucher b½NÑcMNayebLa 

Ph.D. (degree) fñak;bNÐit 

phase n. dMNak;kal 

Phillips curve ExSekaghVIlIB ¬bgðaj 

TMnak;TMngrvagGRtaERbRbYlénR)ak;ebovtSr_ 

eTAnwgkMritnikmµPaB¦ 

phone card s½BÞb½Rt ¬katTUrs½BÞ¦ 

physical rUbvnþ/ Cak;Esþg/ ~ accounts 

KNenyürUbFatu/ ~ environment brisßan 

rUbvnþ/ ~ factor ktþarUbvnþ/ ~ infrastructure 

ehdæarcnasm>¦/ ~ resources 

FnFanrUbvnþ ¬GaKar/ ]bkrN_>>¦ 

physical therapist GñkBüa)aledayclna 

phytosanitary PUtKamGnam½y 

piece rate GRtatamÉktaplit 

¬kMérKittambrimaNplit)an¦ 

pilot project KMeragsakl,g 

PIN (personal identification number) 

elxsMKal;pÞal;xøÜn/ elxGtþsBaØaNbuKÁl 

pioneer industry ]sSahkmµQanmux 

pioneering work kargarQanmux¼ 

RtYsRtay 

pisciculture karciBa©wmRtI/ mcävb,kmµ 

pittance R)ak;cMNUld¾sþÜcesþIg 

place kEnøg 

plan n. Epnkar/ five-year ~ EpnkarR)aMqñaM/ 

investment ~ EpnkarvinieyaK/ rolling ~ 

EpnkarrMkil 

planned economy esdækic©Epnkar 

planner GñkeFVIEpnkar/ EpnkarI 

72 

planning Epnkarkmµ/ kareFVIEpnkar/ 

karksagEpnkar 

plant n. 1> eragcRk 2> eRKOgm:asuIn 

plantation cMkar/ rubber ~ cMkarekAs‘U 

platform evTika/ kmµviFIneya)ay ¬rbs; 

KNbkS¦ 

playback karcak;eLIgvij ¬ExSGat;>>¦ 

pledge karsnüa/ R)ak;snüaeGay 

plenary session sm½yRbCMueBjGgÁ 

plot dILÚt_/ k,aldI 

plough back v. vinieyaKbnþ ¬nUvR)ak;cMeNj¦ 

pocket of poverty RcklðkmanPaBRkIRk 

polarisation, social PaB)ak;EbksgÁm/ 

karRbmUlpþúMCa ¬BIr¦RkummanKMnitpÞúyKña 

police record, copy of the 

lixitefáaleTas ¬rbs;b:UlIs¦ 

policy brief segçbsMrab;eKalneya)ay 

policy formulation nimµitkmµ¼karksag 

eKalneya)ay 

policy framework Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay 

policymaker Gñkksag¼GñkkMNt; 

eKalneya)ay 

political platform (of a party) 

kmµviFIneya)ay ¬rbs;KNbkS¦ 

poll n. kare)aHeqñat 

polling station kariyal½ye)aHeqñat 

pollutant n. sarFatubMBul 

pollution karbMBul/ air ~ karbMBulxül; 

polyculture kareFVIVdMNaMeRcInmux/ Bhuvb,kmµ 

population RbCaCn/ ~ growth rate GRta 

kMeNInRbCaCn/ ~ policy eKalneya)ayRbCaCn


port of loading/shipment kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij 

portfolio investments vinieyaKCamUlb½Rt 

¬PaKh‘unTaMgGs;rbs;vinieyaKinNamñak;¦ 

position 1> CMhr 

2> tMENg/ vacant ~ tMENgTMenr 

positive adj. viC¢man/ ~ balance of 

payments CBa¢IgTUTat;viC¢man/ ~ cash flow 

lMhUrsac;R)ak;viC¢man ¬sac;R)ak;hUrcUlFMCag 

sac;R)ak;ecj¦/ ~ interest karR)ak;viC¢man 

¬GRtakarR)ak;x skþanuBl 

2> skþanuPUt 

potentiality skþanuPaB 

poverty PaBRkIRk/ TurKtPaB/ ~ reduction 

karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk/ ~ line bnÞat;RkIRk 

power GMNac/ siT§iGMNac/ kMlaMg/ GanuPaB 

power boat Lúgbut ¬GUb½r¦ 

power grid/network bNþajGKÁIsnI 

power of attorney lixitRbKl;siT§i 

practice karGnuvtþn_ Cak;Esþg¼RbcaM/ 

professional ~ RbRBwtþikmµviC¢aCIv³ 

practitioner GñkGnuvtþ ¬RbcaM¦ 

73 

pragmatic adj. EdlKitBIlT§pl/ Edlmanpl 

pre- mun/ buer/ pre-Angkor buerGgÁr/ 

pre-crisis munvibtþi/ 

pre-action controls karRtYtBinitümunskmµPaB 

precarious path KnøgeRKaHfñak; 

precedent n. krNIyutþisaRsþ ¬tulakar¦ 

preceding mun/ ~ year qñaMmun ¬qñaMmunTI1¦ 

precious stones t,Úg ¬fµ¦ mantMél 

preclude RcanecalCamun 

pre-concession inventory 

sareBIP½NÐbuersm,Tan 

precondition buerlkçxNÐ ¬lkçxNÐRtUv 

bMeBjCamun¦ 

predictability n. PaBGacTsSn_Tay)an/ 

TsSlT§PaB 

predictable adj. GacTsSn_Tay)an 

preemption siT§iTijmuneK ¬nUvsnøwkh‘un 

ecjpSayfµIEfmeTot¦ 

pre-existing condition lkçxNÐmantaMgBImun 

pre-feasibility study karsikSamun 

karsikSaBIPaBGaceFVI)an 

preference cMNUlcitþ 

preference share h‘unGnueRKaH ¬EdlCa 

erOy² KµansiT§ie)aHeqñateT b:uEnþTTYl)anPaK 

laPmunh‘unÉeTot nigRtUvsgmunh‘unFmµta kñúg 

krNIrMlayRkumh‘un¦ 

preferential EdlmansiTi§/ EdleKcUlcitþ 

¬CagGVImYyeTot¦/ ~ creditor \NTayk 

mansiTi§TarbMNulmun/ ~ duty (tariff) GRta 

Bn§KyGnueRKaHBiess ¬Tab¦ 

pre-investment agency TIPñak;garBinitü


lT§PaBmuneBlvinieyaK 

prejudice 1> buervinicä½y 2> kareFVI[xUcxatdl; 

preliminary adj. epþImmux/ ~ discussion 

karBiPakSaepþImmux 

premises GaKar nigdICitGaKar ¬kmµsiT§ikr 

EtmYy¦ 

premium buBVlaP/ at a ~ Edllk;)anéfø 

¬elIsFmµta¦/ insurance ~ buBVlaPFanar:ab;rg 

prepaid expense cMNaybg;mun 

prepaid income cMNUlTTYlmun 

prerequisite buBVlkçxNÐ 

prescription bBaØtþi¼evC¢bBa¢a 

present v. bgðaj/ presenter Gñkbgðaj/ 

presentation bTbgðaj 

present value tMélbc©úb,nñ 

press release RbkasB½t’man 

prestige kitüanuPaB/ PaBefáIg/ ~ product 

plitplRbNitfáúMefáIg 

presumption karsnµtCamun/ sc©FarN_/ 

~ of innocence sc©FarN_énnireTas 

pre-tax profit cMeNjmunbg;Bn§ 

prevalence eRbv:aLg;¼PaBCaTUeTA 

price éfø/ agreed ~ éføRBmeRBog/ all-in ~ 

éføsBVRKb;/ bargain ~ or cut ~ éføefakNas;/ 

list ~ éføelIbBa¢I¬kataLúk¦/ ~ and salary 

freeze karTb;éfø nigebovtSr_mineGayeLIg/ 

~ discrimination karerIseGIgkñúgkarkMNt;éfø/ 

~ listbBa¢Iéfø/ closing/opening ~ éføeBl 

ehobbiThag¼ebIklk;/ cost ~ éføedIm/ 

competitive ~ éføRbkYtRbECg/ fair ~ éfø 

yutþiFm’/ rock bottom ~ éføefakbMput/ selling 

~ éfølk;/ ~ fixing karXubXitkMNt;éfø 

74 

prices to suit all pockets éføsmRsb 

nwglT§PaBTijrbs;RKb;Kña 

pricing karkMNt;éfø/ ~ system RbB½n§kMNt;éfø 

clearance ~ karkMNt;éføedIm,IbeBa©jTMnij 

primary bzm/ dMbUg/ ~ factor income ktþa 

cMNUlbzm/ ~ factor of production ktþa 

plitkmµbzm/ ~ health care (PHC) karEfTaM 

suxPaBbzm/ ~ needs tMrUvkarcaM)ac; CamUldæan/ 

~ sampling unit (PSU) ÉktaykKMrUtag 

dMbUg/ ~ selection CMerIsdMbUg/ ~ stratification 

RsTab;nIykmµdMbUg/ ~ -sampling frame 

(PSF) eRKagykKMrUtagdMbUg 

primary education karGb;rMkMritbzm 

prime cost tMélplitpÞal; ¬KµanbUkcMnayTUeTA¦ 

principal (in power transfer) GaNtþiTayk 

principal accountant 

KNenyükredImExS ¬RksYghirBaØvtßú¦ 

principal insurance company 

Rkumh‘unFanar:ab;rgedIm 

principle of equality and mutual benefit 

eKalkarN_esµIPaBnigmanRbeyaCn_eTAvijeTAmk 

prior adj. BImun/ ~ agreement 

kic©RBmeRBogBImun 

prioritise v. eFVIGaTiPavUbnIykmµ 

priority n. GaTiPaB/ have/take ~ over 

manGaTiPaBelI 

private company or privately owned 

company Rkumh‘unÉkCn 

private income cMNUleRkABIebovtSr_ 

private investor vinieyaKinÉkCn 

¬mnusSFmµtaEdlmanR)ak;vinieyaK¦ 

private economic entity


GgÁPaBesdækic©ÉkCn 

privatisation ÉkCnnIykmµ/ ÉkCnPavUbnIykmµ 

privilege 1> ÉksiT§i ¬GtßRbeyaCn_Biess¦ 

2> buBVsiT§i ¬siT§iBiess¦ 

pro forma invoice vikáybRtbeNþaHGasnñ 

proactive skmµRKb;RKg/ skmµRbyuT§ 

probability RbU)ab‘ÍlIet/ PvnIyPaB/ 

~ sampling karykKMrUtagedayRbU)ab‘ÍlIet 

procedural law (French: code de 

procédure) c,ab;nItiviFI 

procedure nItiviFI 

proceeds R)ak;cMNUl/ pl/ net ~ cMNUlsuT§ 

process dMeNIrkar 

processing karEkécñ/ RbRBwtþkmµ/ karcat;Ecg 

¬Tinñn½y>>¦/ certificate of ~ viBaØabnb½RtbBa¢ak; 

BIkEnøgEkécñ 

proclamation esckþIRbkas/ karRbkas 

procurement lT§kmµ/ karpÁt;pÁg;/ ~ phase 

dMNak;kalpÁt;pÁg; 

producer plitkr/ ~ surplus plelIs)an 

dl;plitkr 

product plitpl/ ~ breadth cMnYnmuxplitpl/ 

~ cycle vdþplitpl/ ~ depth Funplitpl 

¬kñúgExSplitplnimYy²¦/ ~ line/ range ExS 

plitpl ¬plitplRbhak;RbEhlKña 1ExS¦/ 

~ mix l,ayplitpl ¬plitplTaMgGs; 

Edldak;lk; rWplitedayshRKasNamYy¦ 

production plitkmµ/ ~ accounts KNnI 

plitkmµ/ ~ cost cMNayplitkmµ/ ~ line 

ExSsgVak;plitkmµ/ ~ system RbB½n§plitkmµ 

production-sharing contract (PSC) 

75 

kic©snüaEbgEckplitkmµ 

productive adj. manplitPaB/ ~ assets 

RTBüskmµmanplitPaB/ ~ ratio smaPaK 

plitPaB 

productivity plitPaB 

profession n. viC¢aCIv³/ medical ~ viC¢aCIv³ 

¬xag¦ eBTü 

professional énviC¢aCIv³/ ~ fees esah‘uy 

viC¢aCIv³/ ~ secrecy karrkSasMgat;viC¢aCIv³ 

profile n. TMrg;/ rUbPaBTUeTA ¬]> énRkumh‘un 

cMeBaHsaFarNCn¦ 

profit cMeNj/ R)ak;cMeNj/ healthy ~ 

cMeNjeRcIn/ ~ margin GRtacMeNj/ Gb,har/ 

~ sharing karEbgEckR)ak;cMeNj 

profit and loss account or profit and 

loss statement (US) KNnIcMeNjxat 

KNnIlT§pl/ r)aykarN_cMNUlcMNay 

profitability PaBmancMeNj 

programme of action kmµviFIskmµPaB 

progress vDÆnPaB/ PaBeCOnelOn/ CMenOn/ 

~ report r)aykarN_CMenOn/ ~ payment 

karTUTat;tamdMNak;énCMenOnkargar/ in ~ kMBug 

eCOnelOn 

progressive personal income tax 

Bn§kMeNIntamfñak;elIcMNUlbuKÁl 

prohibition karhamXat; 

prohibitive adj. 1> Edlx EdlhamXat; ¬c,ab;¦ 

project KMerag/ ~ appraisal karvaytMél 

KMerag/ ~ cycle vdþénKMerag/ ~ formulation 

karksagKMerag/ ~ justification yutþikmµKMerag/


~ proposal sMeNIKMerag/ ~ implementation 

karGnuvtþn_KMerag/ 

projection karKn;KUrCamun 

proliferation karrIksay ¬cMnYn¦ 

promise to pay (French: engagement de 

dépense) karsnüacMNay 

promissory note b½NÑCMBak;R)ak;/ b½NÑsnüasg 

promotion 1> kartMelIgzan³ ¬buKÁlik¦ 

2> karpSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦ 

3> karCMruj/ ~ of commercial interests 

karCMrujplRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmµ 

promotional strategy 

yuT§saRsþpSBVpSay ¬lk;plitpl¦ 

prompt adj. Pøam²/ ~ cash R)ak;bg;dl;éd/ 

~ delivery karRbKl;Pøam²/ ~ payment 

karTUTat;Pøam² 

proof Psþútag/ skçIkmµ 

propensity TMenar/ ]bnisS½y 

property RTBü/ sm,tþi/ RTBüsm,tþi/ 

kmµsiT§i/ dInigGaKar/ ~ insurance karFana 

r:ab;rgRTBüsm,tþi/ ~ tax Bn§elIRTBüsm,tþi¼ 

kmµsiT§i 

proportion n. smamaRt/ in ~ to 

smamaRtnwg 

proportional allocation 

karélEcksmamaRt 

proportional tax system RbB½n§Bn§smamaRt 

proposal sMeNI/ project ~ sMeNIKMerag 

proprietor, proprietress, n. m©as;/ kmµsiT§ikr 

prosecution 1> bNþwgsaFarN³/ karbþwgecaT 

Rbkan; 2> Gyükar ¬PaKIedImecaTkñúgerOgRBhµTNÐ¦ 

76 

prosecutor RBHraCGaCJa 

prospect niTsSn_ ¬karrMBwgTuk¦ 

prospecting licence GaCJab½NÑsMrab;kar 

rukrk ¬eRbgkat/ Er:>>>¦ 

prospective buyer GñkTijkñúgkarrMBwg 

prospector Gñkrukrk ¬Er:>>>¦/ buersI 

prospectus briyayb½NÑ 

prosperity vibulPaB 

protection kic©¼kar karBar/ 

environment(al) ~ kic©karBarbrisßan 

protectionist measure 

viFankarkarBarplitplkñúgRsuk 

protocol 1> BiFIsar ¬Éksar¦ 

2> BiFIkar ¬sMrab;BiFIepSg²¦ 

protracted war s®gÁamruaMér: 

provision 1>esckþIEcg/ bTb,BaØtþi rWbBaØtiþ 

¬c,ab;¦/ final ~Gvsanb,BaØtþi/ transitional 

~ Gnþrb,BaØtþi 2> viFankareRtom 3> vtßúpÁt;pÁg;/ 

sMviFanvtßú 

provision dealer, retail Gñklk;raynUv 

TMnijes,ógGahar 

provision reserve sMviFanFn 

provisional invoice vikáybRtbeNþaHGasnñ 

proxy 1> GñkTTYlkarepÞrsiT§i/ GaNtþiKahk 

2> ÉksarsiT§iRbTan/ lixitepÞrsiT§i 

3> siT§iRbTan/ karepÞrsiT§i 

prudent monetary policy 

eKalneya)ayrUbiyvtßúRbugRby½tñ 

prudential measure viFankarRbugRby½tñ 

prudential rule viFanRbugRby½tñ


public administration rdæ)alsaFarN³ 

public n. & adj. 1>saFarNCn/ general 

~ saFarNCn 2>saFarN³/ ~ accounting/ 

accounts KNenyüsaFarN³/ ~ company 

or ~ limited company (PLC) Rkumh‘un 

PaKh‘un/ saCIvkmµ ¬manecjsnøwkh‘unlk;[ 

saFarNCn¦/ ~ finance hirBaØvtßúsaFarN³/ 

~ adminstrative establishment RKwHsßan 

rdæ)alsaFarN³/ ~ entity GgÁPaBrdæ ~ order 

sNþab;Fñab;saFarN³/ ~ proclamation 

esckþIRbkasCasaFarN³/ ~ sector vis½y 

saFarN³/ ~ utilities shRKaspÁt;pÁg;saFarN³ 

¬pþl;esvasMrab;plRbeyaCn_saFarN³dUcCa 

Twk/ GKÁIsnI/ ]sµ½n/ TUrKmnaKmn_¦/ ~ works 

saFarN³kar 

public relations TMnak;TMngsaFarN³ 

publicise v. pSBVpSay ¬c,ab;¦ 

public-spirited EdlKitRbeyaCn_saFarNCn 

publish v. 1> e)aHBum RbkaspSay/ RbkaspSayCasaFarN³ 

purchase ledger esovePAFMTij 

¬kt;RtakarTijcUl¦ 

purchase v. & n. 1> Tij/ ~ on credit 

TijeCO 2> karTij 

purchaser GñkTij/ likely/prospective ~ 

GñkTijEdleKrMBwg 

purchasing power GMNacTij/ lT§kmµBl/ 

~ of the currency GMNacTijénrUbiyvtßú 

purge visuT§ikmµ/ viercnkmµ/ karsMGitsMGag 

purify v. cMraj;eGaysuT§/ bnSúT§/ eRcaHsMGat 

purpose eKaledA 

77 

purposive sampling karykKMrUtagtam 

eKaledA 

Q, q 

qualification KuNvuDÆi/ kMritCMnaj/ 

KuNsm,tþixagCMnaj/ lkçN³sm,tþi 

qualified acceptance karTTYlRBm 

edaymanlkçxNÐ 

qualitative énKuNPaB/ ~ method 

viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦ tamEbbKuNPaB 

quality shipped KuNPaB ¬TMnij¦ eBlpÞúk 

quality standard sþg;darKuNPaB/ 

bmanIyKuNPaB 

quantitative énbrimaN/ ~ method 

viFIsaRsþ ¬viPaK¦tamEbbbrimaN 

quarrying GaCIvkmµ¬yk¦fµ 

quarter 1> RtImas/ 2> mYyPaKbYn/ 2 nd ~ 

of 7 th century mYyPaKbYnTI2énstvtSr_TI7 

quarter-day éfRbKl;R)ak;¬QñÜl¦RbcaMRtImas 

quarterly adj. & adv. RbcaMRtImas 

quasi-money rUbiyvtßúepSg² 

quasi-public institution 

sßab½nsaFarN³Rbhak;RbEhl 

questionnaire bBa¢IsMnYr ¬sMrab;sMPasn_¦ 

quick ratio smaPaKrh½s 

quintile bBa©PaK ¬sßiti¦ 

quorum kUr:um ¬cMnYnmnusScaM)ac;sMrab;ebIkkarRbCMu¦ 

quota kUta/ fixing of ~ karkMNt;kUta/ ~ 

regime rbbkUta/ ~ sampling 

karykKMrUtagtamkUta


quotation éføRbkas ¬enATIpSar¦/ karRbkas 

éfø/ share ~ karRbkaséføsnøwkh‘un/ keen ~ 

éføTak;Taj ¬KYreGaycg;Tij¦ 

quote v. & n. 1> kMNt;¼):an;sµan/ ~ in 

local currency kMNt;éføCarUbiyvtßúkñúgRsuk 

2> éføkMNt; 

quoted company Rkumh‘uncUlpSarh‘un 

¬snøwkh‘unmanlk;¼Tij enApSarh‘un¦ 

quoted price éfø)anRbkas 

quotient n. plEck 

R, r 

racism BUCsasn_niym 

raise v. 1> tMelIg/ ~ taxes tMelIgBn§ 

2> ekNÐRbmUl/ érGgÁas ¬R)ak;¦ 

rally (price) eLIgéføvij ¬eRkayBI)ancuH¦ 

random écdnü/ ~ check karRtYtemIl 

écdnü/ ~ sample KMrUtagécdnü 

randomisation écdnünIykmµ 

range n. 1> RbeLaH/ price ~ RbeLaHéfø/ ~ 

of vision RbeLaH ¬cMgay¦ emIleXIj 

2> cMnYnmux ¬plitplRbePTNamYy¦ 

3> CYr ¬PñM¦ 

rank zan³/ zannþrs½kþi ¬m®nþIraCkar¦ 

rank v. eFVIcMNat;fñak; ¬tamlMdab;¦ 

ransom R)ak;elaHxøÜn 

rate GRta/ exchange ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;/ 

closing ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;enAeBlbiT/ forward 

~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;mankalkMNt;/ ~ of interest 

GRtakarR)ak;/ ~ of return GRtaTajcMNUl/ 

78 

spot ~ GRtabþÚrR)ak;dl;éd 

rate éfø ¬Ékta¦ 

ratification karpþl;sc©ab½n/ sc©anumti 

rating kareFVIcMNat;fñak; tMél¼KuNsm,tþi/ 

performance ~ kareFVIcMNat;fñak;lT§plkargar 

ratio smaPaK/ Gnu)at/ ~ analysis 

karviPaKsmaPaK 

rational smehtupl/ sniTanIy/ 

~ expectation karrMBwgsmehtupl 

rationale sniTanPaB/ ehtupl 

rationality sniTanPaB 

rationalisation sniTankmµ/ kareFVI[rwtEt 

manRbsiT§PaB/ ~ of civil servants 

sniTankmµm®nþIraCkar 

raw adj. eqA/ ~ data Tinñn½yeqA ¬minTan; 

viPaK¦/ ~ materials vtßúFatuedIm 

real Bit/ ~ GNP plitplCatisrubBit/ 

~ rate of interest GRtakarR)ak;Bit 

real estate/property GclnRTBü ¬dI nig 

¼b¤ GaKar¦/ ~ agency TIPñak;garGclnRTBü 

realism R)akdniym 

reality n. tfPaB/ karBit 

realisation smiT§ikmµ/ smiT§ipl 

realise v. sMerc/ eFVIeGaysMerc 

realty GclnRTBü 

reasonable smrmü 

reassess v. vaytMéleLIgvij/ 

reassessment n. 

rebate 1> karcuHéfø ¬elI TMnijminRtUv)a:n;¼ 

karsgR)ak;munéfkMNt;¦ 

2> kar bnßy¼cuH éfø ¬[GtifiCnEdlTijeRcIn¦ 

3> karbgViltMél ¬mYyqñaMKitmþgCakardwgKuN


dl;GtifiCn¦ 

receipt bgáan;éd/ lixitTTYl 

receiver GñkTTYl 

recession, economic karFøak;cuHesdækic© 

recidivism, case of krNIminragcal 

recipient GñkTTYl/ ~ country RbeTs 

TTYl ¬]> CMnYy¦ 

reciprocity bdikar/ PaBmaneTAmanmk 

recognise sÁal;/ TTYlsÁal;/ recognised 

RbtiRsut 

recommendation Gnusasn_/ mtipþaMepJI 

recompense v. & n. 1> sg ¬karxUcxat¦/ 

2> sMNg 

reconcile v. bnSúI/ sMrbsMrYl/ pSHpSaeLIg 

vij/ reconciliation n. 

reconnaissance study karsikSaEsVgyl; 

reconversion karpøas;bþÚreLIgvij/ karerob 

cMeLIgvij 

record n. & v. 1> kMNt;Rta/ Rbvtþi/ 

ÉtTKÁkmµ ¬lT§plx karykcUlvij ¬R)ak;bgáar¦ 

2> karRbmUlmkvij/ ~ of debts karRbmUl 

R)ak;bMNulmkvij 3>karerIb ¬esdækic©¦ 

recreation (service) kMsanþ 

rectangular strategy yuT§saRsþctuekaN 

rectification karEktMrUv 

recurrent adj. mþgehIymþgeTot/ 

79 

~ expenditure cMNaymþgehIymþgeTot 

recycling karEkécññeLIgvij 

red soil dIRkhm 

red tape kariyaFibetyü/ EbbbTniym 

redeem v. 1> sgpþac;/ ~ a debt sgbMNulpþac; 

2> bþÚr¼lk; ykR)ak; ¬]>sBaØab½NÑ¦ 

redemption n. karsgpþac; ¬bMNul¦ 

rediscount bunGbhar ¬eFVIGbharmþgeTot¦ 

redistribution karEbgEckeLIgvij 

redress n. sMNg ¬karxUcxat/ CMgWcitþ¦ 

reduction karkat;bnßy/ budget ~ 

karkat;bnßyfvika 

redundancy programme kmµviFIbBaÄb; 

BlkredaykgVHkargar 

redundant adj. EdleRcInelIstMrUvkar rW 

KµanRbeyaCn_ 

re-election kare)aHeqñatsaCafµI 

reexportation karnaMecjbnþ/ bunnIhrNkmµ 

referee GaCJakNþal 

reference book esovePA eyag¼RsavRCav 

reference period RKa¼ry³eBl eKal 

referral hospital mnÞIreBTübEg¥k 

refinancing (loan) bunhirBaØb,Tan ¬kMcI¦ 

reflect v. qøúHbBa©aMg 

reforestation kardaMéRBeQIeLIgvij/ bunvnkar 

reform n. & v. 1> kMENTMrg; 2> EkTMrg; 

refund v. & n. 1> sgvij 2> R)ak;sgvij 

refusal karbdiesF/ karRbEkk/ ~ of 

acceptance karbdiesFkarTTYlRBm 

regardless edayminKitdl; 

regime rbb/ financial ~ rbbhirBaØvtßú


region tMbn;/ sub-~ GnutMbn;/ military ~ 

eyaFPUmiPaK/ military sub- ~ tMbn;Rbtibtþikar 

swkrg 

regionalisation tMbn;PavUbnIykmµ 

register n.&v. 1> bBa¢I 2> cuHbBa¢I/ cuHbBa¢Ikar 

registered capital mUlFn)ancuHbBa¢I ¬CapøÚvkar¦ 

registered letter/parcel 

lixit¼kBa©b;beBaØI GnusiT§i 

registered office (of a company) 

TIcat;karcuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkar 

registrar m®nþIcuHbBa¢I ¬Gñkkan;kab;bBa¢I¦ 

registration n. karcuHbBa¢I/ ~ certificate 

viBaØabnb½RtcuHbBa¢I/ ~ number elxcuHbBa¢I 

regressive tax system RbB½n§Bn§fycuH 

¬fyGRtaenAeBlcMnUlekIneLIg¦ 

regular adj. eTogTat;/ ~ income 

R)ak;cMNUleTogTat; 

regularity PaBeTogTat;/ niytPaB 

regularisation niytkmµ 

regularly edayeTogTat; 

regulate v. RKb;RKgeday bTbBa¢a¼ 

bTb,BaØtþic,ab; 

regulations bTbBa¢a ¬lixitbTdæan kñúg 

ÉksarxøH¦/ commune ~ dIkaXMu/ general ~ 

nItirYm/ internal ~ bTbBa¢aépÞkñúg 

regulator niytkr 

rehabilitation karsþareLIgvij/ nItism,Ta/ 

~ project KMerag nItism,Ta¼sþareLIgvij/ 

~ of finances karsþarhirBaØvtßúeLIgvij 

reimburse v. sgvij ¬R)ak;Edl)ancMNay¦ 

reimbursement karsgvij 

reinsurance ¬kar¦ Fanar:ab;rgbnþ 

80 

reinvest v. 1> vinieyaKbnþ ¬vinieyaKR)ak; 

cMenjeTAkñúgGaCIvkmµvij¦ 2> vinieyaKeLIgvij 

reject v. & n. 1> Rcanecal 

2> vtßúRcanecal ¬eRBaHminRtUvsþg;dar¦ 

related ¬Cab;¦ Tak;Tg¼Tak;Tin 

relation TMnak;TMng 

relative adj. EdleFob/ ~ price éføeFob 

relative advantage ]tþmPaBeRbobeFob 

relative majority vote sMelgPaKeRcIn 

edayeFob ¬)ansMelgeRcInCagebkçCnmñak;eTot¦ 

relative n. sac;jati/ jatiBn§ 

relativity saebkçPaB ¬PaBmanTMnak;TMng¦/ 

rWLaTIvIet 

release v. beBa©j/ edaHElg/ bn§Úr ¬sMBaF¦ 

relevant adj. EdlBak;B½n§/ ~ institution 

sßab½nBak;B½n§ 

relief n. CMnYy/ tax ~ karGnueRKaHBn§/ 

~ assistance CMnYyse®gÁaHbnÞan; 

relinquish bgVileGayvij/ e)aHbg; 

remainder sMNl; ¬GVIEdlenAsl;¦ 

reminder n. lixitrMlwk ¬]> [mkbg;Bn§¦ 

remission of taxes karbgVilsgR)ak;Bn§ 

¬Edl)anbg;elIs¦ 

remittance karepJIR)ak;ecj/ visC¢na/ karepÞrR)ak; 

remote area tMbn;dac;Rsyal 

removal from a government office 

dkecjBImuxtMENgGVImYykñúgrdæaPi)al 

remunerate v. pþ;l;laPkar 

remuneration laPkar/ R)ak;kMér/ R)ak;Ex/ 

R)ak;QñÜl/ R)ak;bMNac; 

renew v. a licence bnþGaCJab½NÑ 

renewable energy famBlkekIteLIgvij


rent v. & n. 1> CYl 2> R)ak;QñÜl ¬sMxan; 

elIGclnRTBü ¦ 

rental 1> R)ak;QñÜl ¬GclnRTBü nig 

clnRTBü¦ 2> karCYl 

renter GñkCYlBIeK 

reorganisation karerobcMeLIgvij 

repatriation matuPUminivtþn_ 

repayment n. karsgvij/ R)ak;sgvij/ 

~ schedule tarageBlsgR)ak; 

repeat order karbBa¢aTijEfmeTot 

¬nUvmuxTMnijdEdl¦ 

repercussion (of an incident) RbtiXat 

replacement investment vinieyaKbnøas; 

replacement value tMélpøas;ecj 

¬pøas;rbs;mYyedayrbs;mYyepSgeTot¦ 

replenish v. bMeBjeLIgvij 

replicate eFVIcMlgtam/ eFVIsaCafµI 

¬tamlMnaMdUcKña¦ 

report r)aykarN_/ annual ~ r)aykarN_ 

RbcaMqñaM/ market ~ r)aykarN_éføTMnijenATIpSar 

representative tMNag/ GñktMNag/ 

authorized ~ GñktMNagmansiT§iRbTan 

reproductive adj. énkarbnþBUC/ ~ health 

suxPaBbnþBUC 

repurchase karTijykvij 

reputation ekrþ×eQµaH/ kitþinam/ good ~ 

kitþisBÞ 

request v. & n. 1> esñI 2> sMeNI 

require v. tMrUv[ ¬eFVIGVImYy¦/ required 

reserves R)ak;bMrugtamkartMrUv ¬]/ kñúgc,ab;¦ 

requirement kartMrUv 

81 

resampling karykKMrUtagsaCafµI 

reschedule (a loan) eFVIkalviPaKfµI 

rescind v. a contract lubecalkic©snüa 

rescue v. & n. 1> se®gÁaH 2> karse®gÁaH 

research v. & n. 1> RsavRCav 2> kar 

RsavRCav/ ~ and development (R & D) 

karRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_ 

researcher GñkRsavRCav/ associate ~ 

GñkRsavRCavrg/ fellow ~ GñkRsavRCav/ 

senior ~ GñkRsavRCavCan;x esckþIsMerccitþ 

¬énGgÁRbCMu¦/ 2> karedaHRsay/ conflict ~ 

karedaHRsayTMnas; 

resort rmNIydæan/ ~ site mNÐlkMsanþ/


kEnøgrmNIydæan 

resource FnFan/ ~ consumption 

kareRbIR)as;FnFan 

resource-rent tax (RRT) Bn§CYlFnFan 

response bias lMeGogkñúgcMelIy 

response rate GRtaeqøIytb 

responsibility karTTYlxusRtUv 

responsible, to hold cab;eGayTTYlxusRtUv 

responsiveness n. kar¼PaB eqøIytb 

restoration n. karsþarCYsCul[dUcedIm 

restraining force kMlaMgbg¥ak; 

restrict v. dak;kMhit/ ~ credit dak;kMhit 

elI\NTan 

restriction n. kMhit/ kardak;kMhit/ trade ~ 

kMhitBaNiC¢kmµ 

restructured loan kMcI)anerobcMeLIgvij 

¬BnüaeBlsg¦ 

resumption of exports karbnþnaMecj 

eLIgvij ¬eRkay)anp¥akmYyry³¦ 

retail outlet hag¼kEnøg lk;ray 

retail, to sell lk;ray 

retailer, retail dealer Gñklk;ray 

retail-trade business GaCIvkmµ¼ 

BaNiC¢kmµ lk;ray 

retained earnings R)ak;cMeNjrkSaTuk 

retained imports TMnijnaMcUlsMrab;eRbI 

R)as; ¬kñúgRsuk¦ 

retention of staff karrkSaTukbuKÁlik 

¬kMueGayeKecjBIGgÁPaB¦ 

retiree nivtþCn 

retirement karcUlnivtþn_ 

retirement pension esaFnnivtþn_ 

82 

retrenchment karkat;bnßy ¬cMnay¦ 

retroactive Rbtiskmµ/ ~ effect \T§iBl 

Rbtiskmµ 

retrospection karRkeLkemIleTAGtItkal 

return 1> R)ak;cMNUl 2> lixitRbkas/ tax 

~ lixitRbkassareBIBn§/ nil ~ lixitRbkas 

sareBIBn§EdlKµanbMNulBn§RtUvbg; 

return on investment ratio smaPaK 

cMNUleFobnwgTunvinieyaK 

return, rate of GRtaTajcMNUl 

returnable pack(ag)ing sMbkevcx©b; 

RbmUlvij¼epJITuk 

returned cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtbBa¢ÚnRtLb; 

returns 1> TMnijbBa¢ÚnRtLb; 

2> cMNUlBIvinieyaK 

revaluation karvaytMéleLIgvij 

revealed comparative advantage 

]tþmPaBeRbobeFobBinitüeXIj 

revenue cMNUl/ R)ak;cMNUl/ ~ policy 

eKalneya)ayxagcMNUl/ unearned ~ 

cMNUlTTYlmun 

reverse an entry v. cuHbRBa©aselxna/ 

eFVIRbtiRkanþelxna 

reversible EdlGacERbRkLas;)an 

review karBinitüeLIgvij/ ~ mission 

ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvij/ for ~ and 

decision/approval edIm,IBinitü nigsMerc 

revise v. EksMrYl/ revised plan Epnkar 

EksMrYl 

revocable letter of credit 

sar\NTanGaclubvij)an 

revoke a licence dkhUtGaCJab½NÑ ¬mkvij¦


revolving fund Tuncl½t 

reward n. & v. 1> rgVan; 2> pþl;rgVan; 

right n. & adj. 1> siT§i 2> RtwmRtUv 

right of first refusal siT§ibdiesFTImYy 

right of way siT§iqøgkat; ¬dIeK¦ 

right to the lease siT§iPtisnüa 

¬siT§iénkic©snüaCYl¦ 

riot n. & v. 1> kub,kmµ 2> eFVIkub,kmµ 

rise v. & n. 1> ekIn 2> kMeNIn 

risk haniP½y/ PaBRbfuyRbfan/ eRKaHP½y/ 

at owner’s ~ haniP½yr:ab;rgedaym©as; 

¬TMnij¦/ ~ consideration karBicarNaBI 

haniP½y/ ~ taking karh‘anRbfuynwghaniP½y/ 

aggregate credit ~ haniP½y\NTansrub 

rival n. KURbECg 

road tax Bn§pøÚv 

role play sMEdg ¬tY¦ 

roll over v. (loan) pþl;saeLIgvij ¬kMcI¦ 

rough estimate kar)a:n;sµanec,al² 

routine n. TMrg;kardEdl² 

row CYr/ CYrepþk ¬tarag¦ 

royalties sYy ¬rW kMérsYysar/ R)ak;bg;éfø 

QñÜleFVIGaCIvkmµ/ R)ak;lk;sñaéd¦ 

rule viFan/ ~ of law nItirdæ 

ruling esckþIsMercCapøÚvkar ¬tulakar¦/ 

saldIka ¬tulakarkMBUl¦ 

ruling prices éføCak;Esþg 

run a factory ¬RKb;RKg¦ dMeNIrkareragcRk 

running costs cMNay ¬sMrab;¦ dMeNIrkar 

rush hour em:agmmajwk 

83 

S, s 

SAC (structural adjustment credit) 

\NTankMENtMrUvrcnasm dIéRb¦ 

salvage v. & n. 1> RbmUlvij 2> rbs;)an


BIkarRbmUl ¬BI GKÁIP½y/ navalic>>>¦ 3> kar 

se®gÁaH ¬nava b¤TMnijpÞúk¦ 

salvage/scrap value tMélRbmUl)anvij 

¬eBlbeBa©jlk;rbs; rWeRKOgcRkcas;²¦ 

sample n. KMrUtag/ ):an;/ take a ~ v. ykKMrU 

tag/ ~ allocation karélEckKMrUtag/ ~ design 

bøg;KMrUtag/ ~ group RkumKMrUtag/ ~ overlap 

karKgKMrUtag/ ~ implementation karRsg; 

KMrUtag/ ~ selection kareRCIsKMrUtag/ ~ survey 

GegátKMrUtag 

sample v. ykKMrUtag/ sampled children 

kumar ¬RtUv)an¦ ykCaKMrUtag 

sampling karykKMrUtag/ ~ bias lMeGogyk 

KMrUtag/ ~ domain tMbn;ykKMrUtag/ ~ error 

el¥ógykKMrUtag/ ~ efficiency RbsiT§PaByk 

KMrUtag/ ~ frame eRKagykKMrUtag/ ~ rate GRta 

ykKMrUtag/ ~ variance v:arIy:g;ykKMrUtag 

sanction TNÐkmµ/ kmµvi)ak/ economic ~ 

TNÐkmµesdækic© 

sanction, with your Edl)ankarGnuBaØat 

BIelakGñk 

sanctuary TICMrk/ fish ~ kEnøgGPirkSBUCRtI/ 

wildlife ~ EdnCMrkstVéRB 

saturate v. ep¢ak/ eFVItitßikmµ 

saver GñksnSMR)ak;/ snñiFikark³ 

savings R)ak;snSM/ sBa¢½y/ ~ account 

KNnI snSM¼sBa¢½y/ ~ bank FnaKar 

snSM¼sBa¢½y/ ~ curve ExSekagR)ak;snSM/ 

~ bank book esovePAebLasMéc 

saw mill eragcRkGareQI 

scale xñat/ TMhM/ fñak;/ maRtdæan ¬énEpnTI¦/ 

economies of ~ esdækic©maRtdæan 

84 

scarcity PaBkMr/ tnuPaB 

scenario esNarIy:U/ qak 

schedular tax Bn§viPaKtamRbePTcMNUl 

schedule, time tarageBl/ kalviPaK 

scheme eRKagkar 

scope visalPaB/ EdnGnuvtþ ¬c,ab;¦/ TMhM 

scrap product plitplkaksMNl; 

scrap/salvage value tMélRbmUl)anvij 

¬BIkarbeBa©jlk;plitplkaksMNl;¦ 

sea-damaged EdlxUcxatedaysarTwk 

smuRT 

seal n. & v. 1> Rta 2> e)aHRtabiT 

¬]> kugtWenIr¦/ sealed tender karedjéfø 

kñúgeRsamsMbuRtbiTCit 

seaport kMBg;EpsmuRT 

seasonal tamrdUv/ manlkçN³rdUvkal 

seaworthiness lT§PaBeFVIdMeNIrtamsmuRT 

secondary bnÞab;bnSM/ ~ need tMrUvkar 

bnÞab;bnSM/ ~ data Tinñn½yRbPBTIBIr 

secondary school salamFümsikSa/ 

higher ~ salamFümsikSaTutiyPUmi/ lower 

~ salamFümsikSabzmPUmi 

second-stage unit (SSU) ÉktadMNak;TIBIr 

secretariat elxaFikardæan 

secretary elxaFikar/ ~ general 

GKÁelxaFikar/ ~ of state rdæelxaFikar 

sector n. vis½y/ ~ -wide TUTaMgvis½y 

sectoral adj. tamvis½y/ ~ level kMritvis½y 

secured mankarFana/ assets fully ~ RTBü 

skmµmankarFanaeBjelj 

securities mUlb½Rt/ ~ market pSarmUlb½Rt


security 1> snþisux/ food ~ snþisuxes,óg 

2> karFana 3> rbs;Fana ¬R)atiePaK¦ 

4> GñkFana 

Security Council (UN) RkumRbwkSasnþisux 

¬Gsb¦ 

security, without edayKµanvtßúFana 

SEDP (Socio-Economic Development 

Programme) EpnkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁmkic© 

seed n. RKab;BUC/ ~ capital Tun edIm¼BUC 

¬edIm,I[)anduHdal¦/ ~ money R)ak; edIm¼BUC 

seizure karrwbGUs 

selection kareRCIs/ kareRCIserIs/ ~ error 

el¥ógkñúgkareRCIs/ ~ interval cenøaHeRCIs/ 

tentative ~ kareRCIsbeNþaHGasnñ 

self-determination sV½ysMerc 

self-employed people CnbMerIGaCIB[xøÜnÉg 

self-financing sV½yhirBaØb,Tan 

self-help approach viFIsaRsþCYyxøÜnÉg 

self-managing sV½yRKb;RKg 

self-regulating mechanism ynþkar 

sV½yEktMrUv 

self-reinforcing system RbB½n§sV½yBRgwg 

self-reliance PaBm©as;kar/ karBwgEp¥kelIxøÜnÉg 

self-sufficiency PaBGacpÁt;pÁg;xøÜnÉgRKb; 

self-sustaining sV½yRTRTg; 

self-weighting sV½yTMgn;/ ~ design 

bøg;sV½yTMgn;/ ~ sample KMrUtagsV½yTMgn; 

sell lk;/ ~ at auction lk;edjéfø/ ~ at a 

discount lk;cuHéfø/ ~ on credit lk;eCO/ 

~ up RbmUllk;eRkayeBlkS½yFn/ ~ retail 

lk;ray 

85 

seller, best esovePAlk;dac;bMput 

seller, quick TMnijlk;dac;qab; ¬gaylk;;¦ 

selling karlk;/ ~ order bBa¢alk;/ ~ price 

éfølk; 

semi-autonomous Bak;kNþalsVy½t 

semiconductor GgÁFatuBak;kNþalcMlg 

¬eGLicRtUnik¦ 

semi-finished product plitplBak; 

kNþalsMerc 

send back v. epJIRtLb;vij 

send for collection v. epJIeTARbmUlR)ak; 

sender GñkepJI 

senior adj. fñak;x


¬]> bNþúMeKaledA¦ 

settlement dMeNaHRsay/ karTUTat;/ final ~ 

karTUTat;pþac;/ ~ bank FnaKarTUTat;/ 

~ credit \NTanTUTat; 

several (liability) dac;BIKña/ erog²xøÜn 

¬karTTYlxusRtUvminrYmKña¦ 

severance payment (or golden 

handshake) R)ak;bMNac;eBlQb;eFVIkar/ 

R)ak;ebIkpþac; 

sex worker GñkrksuIpøÚvePT 

share n. h‘un/ snøwkh‘un/ ~ market pSarh‘un 

share n. & v. 1> cMENk/ market ~ cMENk 

TIpSar 2> EckrMElk/ ~ experiences Eck 

rMElkbTBiesaFn_ 

shareholder Gñkkan;PaKh‘un/ PaKTunik³/ 

influential ~ PaKTunik³man\T§iBl 

sharing PaKkmµ/ karEbgEck 

shelter n. CMrk/ tax ~ CMrkecosBn§ 

shipped bill of lading GBaØatb½NÑdwk 

TMnijtamnava 

shipped quality KuNPaB¬TMnij¦eBlpÞúk 

shipping agent Pñak;garnavacr 

shipping company Rkumh‘unnavacr 

shipping note lixitbBa¢ÚnTMnij 

shop around v. rkemIlTMnij ¬éfø/ 

KuNPaB>>> edIm,ITij¦/ ERCTMnijemIl 

shoplifting karlYc\v:an;kñúghag 

shopping n. karedIrTijTMnij/ international 

~ karBieRKaHéføCaGnþrCati 

short bill rUbiyaNtþikMNt;ry³eBlxøI 

short delivery karRbKl;TMnijxVH 

short notice, at CUndMNwgmunry³eBlxøI 

86 

short of, be v. xVHxat/ Gs; 

short term ry³eBlxøI/ ~ payoff 

plry³eBlxøI 

shortage kgVH/ karRkxSt;/ ~ in weight 

kgVHTMgn; 

short-change v. Gab; ¬R)ak;¦ xVH 

shortcoming kgVHxat 

shortfall kgVH ¬fvika¦/ cMnYnxVH 

short-season rice RsUvRsal 

show of hands n. kare)aHeqñatedayelIkéd 

sick leave karQb;sMrakeBlQW 

sick pay R)ak;]btßmÖeBlQW 

side effect plb:HBal;bnÞab;bnSM/ bc©½yrg 

sight bill/draft rUbiyaNtþibgðaj ¬bþÚryk 

R)ak;)anenAeBlbgðaj¦ 

sight payment karsgR)ak;eBlbgðajÉksar 

sight deposit R)ak;beBaØIGacebIk)antamsMeNI 

¬edayBMucaM)ac;pþl;dMNwgmun[FnaKar¦ 

signatory htßelxI 

significance sar³sMxan; 

silting (of waterways) karduHdI 

silviculture rukçvb,kmµ 

simple samBaØ/ ~ entry elxnasamBaØ 

¬mancuHKNnIEt 1KU¦/ ~ interest karR)ak; 

samBaØ ¬KitelIEtR)ak;edIm¦ 

simple random sampling 

karykKMrUtagécdnüsamBaØ 

simple response variance 

va:rIy:g;cMelIysamBaØ 

simple unbiased estimate 

kar)a:n;sµansamBaØminlMeGog 

simplification n. kareFVIsamBaØkmµ/ ~ of


customs procedures kareFVIsamBaØkmµnItiviFIKy 

simplify n. eFVIeGaysamBaØ 

simulation kareFVIRtab;tam 

sine qua non condition 

lkçxNÐxanmin)an 

single entry (accounting) 

rebobcuHbBa¢IÉkPaK 

single indicator technique 

bec©keTsGaMgDIkaT½reTal 

single window RckecjcUlEtmYy 

sinking fund mUlniFidak;snSMbMrug ¬TwkR)ak; 

dkmkrkSaTukedayELky:ageTogTat; sMrab; 

edaHRsaytMrUvkarGVImYynaGnaKtdUcCasg 

bMNulCaedIm¦ 

Sino-Khmer Exµrkat;cin 

site TIkEnøg 

size TMhM 

skill CMnaj/ life ~ bMNinCIvit 

slogan Baküesøak 

slope of a curve/line cMeNatén ExSekag¼ 

bnÞat; 

sloppy adj. x¢Ix¢a/ ~ work kargarx¢Ix¢a 

slum n. sgáat;RkIRk¬rexkrxak¦/ ~ -dwellers 

Gñkrs;enAkñúgsgáat;RkIRk 

slush fund hibexµA ¬begáItedaysMgat;¦ 

small-scale xñattUc 

SME (small and medium enterprise) 

shRKasFuntUc nigmFüm 

smoking gun PsþútagekþA² 

smooth adj. relag/ rlUn/ ~ operation 

dMeNIrkarrlUn ¬l¥¦ 

87 

smuggler Gñkrt;Bn§ 

smuggling karrt;Bn§ 

social énsgÁm/ sgÁmkic©/ ~ cost bnÞúksgÁm/ 

karxatbg;xagsgÁmkic©/ ~ cost-benefit 

analysis (SCBA) karviPaKcMnay nigplcM 

enjxagsgÁmkic©/ ~ impact plb:HBal;sgÁm/ 

~ insurance cost bnÞúkcMNayFanar:ab;rgsgÁm/ 

~ justice yutþiFm’sgÁm/ ~ morality sIlFm’ 

sgÁm/ ~ order sNþab;Fñab;sgÁm/ ~ product 

plitplsgÁm/ ~ reintegration bunsmah 

rNkmµsgÁmkic©/ ~ safety net RbB½n§suvtßiPaB 

sgÁm/ ~ security/welfare (budget 

expenditure) R)ak;viPaCn_sgÁm/ ~ security 

snþisuxsgÁm/ ~ security contribution 

viPaKTansnþisuxsgÁm/ ~ status zan³ ¬kñúg¦ 

sgÁm/ ~ strictures bBaØtþisgÁm/ 

socio-economic adj. esdækic©-sgÁmkic©/ 

~ policy eKalneya)ayesdækic©-sgÁmkic©/ 

~ survey Gegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© 

sociology sgÁmviTüa 

soft currency rUbiyvtßúexSay 

¬minGacbþÚrykrUbiyvtßúdéTeTot)an¦ 

soft goods TMnijvaynP½NÐ 

soft loan kMcImankarR)ak;Tab ¬TabCagGRta 

enATIpSar¦/ kMcIKµankarR)ak; 

soft market TIpSarmankarpÁt;pÁg;eRcInCag 

tMrUvkar 

soft repayment terms lkçxNÐsgGnueRKaH 

software (computer) sUhVEvr 

soil erosion kareRcaHdac;dI 

sole agency TIPñak;garpþac;mux


sole agent/representative tMNagpþac;mux 

sole distributor GñkEbgEckpþac;mux 

sole proprietorship 1> ÉkkmµsiT§i 

2> shRKasÉkbuKÁl 

solicitor Gñkc,ab; ¬PaKeRcIn CYyBieRKaH 

eyabl; nigerobcMÉksarxagc,ab;¦ 

solidarity n. samKÁIPaB 

solvency saFnPaB/ lT§PaBsgbMNul 

solvent saFnIy ¬EdlGacsgbMNul¦ 

sophisticated technology bec©kviTüa 

eCOnelOnnigsµúKsµaj 

sort v. erobtamlMdab; 

sound adj. RtwmRtUv/ RbkbedayKtibNÐit 

sound the market v. sÞabsÞg;TIpSar 

South, the TkSiNRbeTs¬RbeTsRk¦ 

sovereign immunity GP½yÉksiT§irdæ ¬siT§i 

rbs;rdæedIm,I)anrYcputBIkarbþwgTarsMNgxUcxat¦ 

sovereign risk haniP½yrdæaPi)alminGac 

sgR)ak; 

sovereignty GFibetyüPaB 

spatial sampling karykKMrUtagtamkEnøg 

special drawing rights (SDR) 

siT§idkBiess 

special economic zone tMbn;esdækic©Biess 

special promotion zone (SPZ) tMbn; 

GPivDÆn_Biess 

speciality ÉkeTs/ rbs;Biess 

specialisation ÉkeTsnIykmµ/ CMnajnIykmµ 

specialised bank FnaKarÉkeTs 

specific period of time ry³¼kMNt; 

eBlCak;lak; 

88 

specification yfaRbePT 

specify v. bBa¢ak;/ kMNt;/ specified 

period kal kMNt;¼bBaØtþi 

specimen KMrUbgðaj/ bdirUb/ ~ signature 

KMrUhtßelxa 

speculation n. 1> karqk;»kasekgcMeNj 

¬kñúgkarTij¼lk;¦/ oil ~ karqk;»kasekg 

cMeNjkñúgeRbgkat 

2> karvaysµan/ pure ~ karvaysµansuT§saF 

spoilage n. 1> karxUcKuNPaB ¬rbs;hUb¦ 

2> rbs;xUcKuNPaB 

spoils C½yP½NÐ/ vtßúrwbGUs)an 

spot price éføTijlk;dl;éd ¬TUTat; nig 

RbKl;TMnijPøam²¦ 

spouse shB½T§ 

spread, spreading n. karrIkraldal 

squeeze v. expenditure rwtt,itcMNay 

stabilisation sßirkmµ¼sßirPavUbnIykmµ/ 

~ policy neya)aysßirkmµ 

stability, economic sßirPaBesdækic© 

stable exchange rate GRtabþÚrR)ak;man 

sßirPaB 

staff buKÁlik 

stage n. dMNak;/ dMNak;kal 

stagflation (stagnation + inflation) 

kars


~ deviation KMlatsþg;dar/ draft ~ sþg;dar 

RBag/ compulsory ~ sþg;darbBa¢a/ gold ~ 

sþg;dar¼xñat mas/ ~ of living or living 

standard kMritCIvPaB/ up to ~ dl;kMrit 

sþg;dar ~ operating procedures nItiviFI 

Rbtibtþikarsþg;dar 

standard-conversion factor (SCF) 

ktþabMElgsþg;dar 

standardisation sþg;darUbnIykmµ 

stand-by adj. eRtom/ ~ agreement 

kic©RBmeRBogeRtom/ ~ credit \NTaneRtom 

standing (bank) sþg;Dig¼sßanPaB/ bank 

of good ~ FnaKarmansþg;Digl¥ 

standing order lixitbBa¢aGcié®nþy_ ¬[ 

FnaKarepÞrR)ak;y:ageTogTat;eTAKNnImYy 

eTotrhUtdl;manbBa¢afµI¦ 

standpoint, from the economic 

tamTsSn³esdækic© 

staple product plitplmUldæan 

start-up cost esah‘uycab;epþIm 

state enterprise or state-owned 

enterprise shRKasrdæ 

state general budget fvikaTUeTArbs;rdæ 

State Treasury rtnaKarCati 

statement esckþIRbkas/ r)aykarN_/ 

financial ~ r)aykarN_hirBaØvtßú/ ~ of 

account sMrg;¼r)aykarN_ KNnI/ ~ of 

affairs bBa¢IsareBIP½NÐeBlkS½yFn/ ~ of 

receipts and payments r)aykarN_cMNUl 

cMNay/ monthly ~ r)aykarN_RbcaMEx 

station of destination/origin sßanIy 

89 

eKaledA¼ecjdMeNIr 

statistics sßiti 

status sßanPaB/ zan³/ ~-inquiry agency 

TIPñak;garRsavRCavsßanPaBRkumh‘un/ ~ quo 

sßanPaBCak;EsþgkMBugman/ ~ symbol nimitþ 

sBaØasMKal;zan³ 

statute lkçnþik³/ co-~ of civil servants 

shlkçnþik³m®nþIraCkarsuIvil 

statute of limitation GaCJayukal 

steadily CaeTogTat;/ CaCMhan² 

steering committee KN³kmµaFikar 

dwknaMkargar¼nayk 

stem n. edIm ¬cMENkeRkABIKl;Cab;b£s nig 

cugCab;søwk¦/ cassava ~ edImdMLÚgeQI 

¬]> sMrab;eFVIBUC¦ 

step (in a process) CMhan ¬kñúgdMeNIrkar 

GVImYy¦/ ~by~ mYyCMhanmþg² 

stereotype n. pñt;KMnit 

stevedore kmµkrkMBg;Ep 

stevedoring karelIkdak;TMnijecjcUlk)a:l; 

stewardship n. karEfTaMRKb;RKg 

stiff price éfø x


¬kñúgmYyqñaM¦/ ~ lines muxTMnijkñúgXøaMg 

stock v. sþúk ¬TMnijTuklk;¦ 

stock, natural fish sþúkRtIFmµCati 

stockbroker KYkeCh‘un 

stockout n. Gs;BIsþúk ¬PaB¦ 

stockpile v. & n. sþúkeRcIn² ¬nUvGVImYy 

sMrab;eRbIenAéfeRkay¦ 

stocktaking kareFVIsareBIP½NÐ/ ~ sale 

karlk;LayLúgmuneBleFVIsareBIP½NÐ ¬edIm,I[ 

RsLHXøaMg¦ 

stopfiler (tax) Gñkdak;RbkassareBIBn§ 

min)anRKb;elIk 

storage karsþúk ¬Tukdak;GIv:an;kñúgXøaMg¦ 

storekeeper/shopkeeper m©as;hag 

straight-line depreciation method 

viFIrMls;esµIPaK 

strategic needs tMrUvkarCayuT§saRsþ 

strategist n. yuT§saRsþviTU/ GñkyuT§saRsþ 

strategy yuT§saRsþ 

stratification RsTab;nIykmµ 

stratum RsTab;/ ~ mean mFümPaKénRsTab; 

strike kUdkmµ 

stringent twgruwg/ ~ measures viFankartwgruwg 

strong market pSarxøaMg ¬TIpSarman 

GñkTijeRcIn¦ 

structural adjustment kMENtMrUvrcnasm


R)ak;bMeBjxat 

subsistence agriculture ksikmµCIvRBwtþi/ 

ksikmµRKan;EtmYyrs; 

subsistence production plitkmµCIvRBwtþi/ 

karplitRKan;EtmYyrs; 

substance sarFatu 

substandard eRkamsþg;dar 

substantial adj. dMukMPYn/ ~ funding 

karpþl;fvikaCadMukMPYn 

subtotal srubrg 

succeeding stage dMNak;kalCabnþ 

successor Gñkbnþevn 

sue v. bþwg 

sum 1> TwkR)ak; 2> plbUk 

summit snñisITkMBUl 

sundry account KNnIcMruH 

supervise v. Binitütamdan 

supervision karBinitütamdan/ GaNaBüa)al/ 

under financial ~ of the Ministry of 

Economy and Finance eRkamGaNaBüa)al 

hirBaØvtßúénRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßú 

supervisor GnurkS/ GñkBinitütamdan 

supervisory authority GaCJaFrGaNaBüa)al 

supplementary crop dMNaMrYmpSM 

supplemental budget fvika]bsm sMPar³pÁt;pÁg; 2> karpÁt;pÁg;/ 

91 

karpþl;/ ~ and demand karpÁt;pÁg;nigtMrUvkar/ 

~ curve ExSekagkarpÁt;pÁg; 

support v. & n. 1> KaMRT/ RTRTg;/ ~ 

service esvakmµKaMRT 2> kar KaMRT¼RTRTg; 

supporting document ÉksarGm 

¬rdæ)al¦/ skçIb½Rt ¬KNenyü¦ 

Supreme Council of the Magistracy 

]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm 

surcharge éføykbEnßm/ Bn§ykbEnßmelI 

TMnijnaMcUl ¬edIm,ICYyCMrujplitkmµkñúgRsuk¦ 

surety n. 1> GñkFana 2> rbs;Fana 

surplus Gtierk/ pl elIs¼elIstMrUvkar 

surtax Bn§bEnßm 

survey n. & v. Gegát/ ~ area tMbn;Gegát/ 

~ data Tinñn½yGegát/ ~ error el¥ógGegát/ 

~ operation RbtibtþikarGegát/ general ~ 

GegátTUeTA 

survivability PaBGacrs;)an/ financial ~ 

PaBGacrs;)anxaghirBaØvtßú 

survivor CnenArs; 

suspend v. BüÜr/ p¥ak 

suspense account KNnIrg;caM ¬kt;RtaCa 

beNþaHGasnñnUvTwkR)ak;EdlKNenyükrmin 

Tan;dwgfa RtUvkt;cUlKNnIc,as;las;NamYy¦ 

suspension kar BüÜr¼p¥ak 

sustain v. RTRTg;/ self- ~ing sV½yRTRTg;/ 

~ life RTRTg;CIvit 

sustainability cIrPaB 

sustainable adj. mancIrPaB/ ~ agriculture 

ksikmµmancIrPaB/ ~ development 

karGPivDÆn_mancIrPaB


sympathy n. smancitþ ¬CYyKaMRT>>>¦ 

symptom eraKsBaØ/ nimitþehtu 

synchronisation smkalkmµ 

synergy famBlelIs)anBIkarpÁúMKña 

¬]> karbBa©ÚlFnFanrksuICamYyKña edIm,I)an 

cMeNjeRcInCagenAedayELk²BIKña¦ 

synthetic products plitplsMeyaK 

system of proportional representation 

RbB½n§smamaRt ¬e)aHeqñat¦ 

systematic CaRbB½n§/ CayfaRkm/ ~ factor 

ktþaCaRbB½n§/ ~ land registration karcuHbBa¢I 

dIFøICaRbB½n§/ ~-risk phenomenon )atuPUt 

eRKaHfñak;manlkçN³CaRbB½n§/ ~ sampling 

karykKMrUtagCaRbB½n§ 

systematise RbB½n§nIykmµ 

T, t 

table tarag 

tabulation karelIkCatarag 

take into account ykmkKit/ rab;bBa©Úl 

take stock v. eFVIsareBIP½NÐ 

take up references v. RbmUlBt’man 

take v. legal action against bþwgtam 

pøÚvtulakarcMeBaH/ GnuvtþviFanc,ab;cMeBaH 

take-home pay R)ak;cMNUleRkaykat;Bn§/ 

ebovtSr_suT§ 

takeover karcUlRtYtRta ¬edayTijykCag 

50°énPaKh‘unrbs;Rkumh‘un¦/ take over v. 

takings n. R)ak;TTYl)an ¬BIkarlk;kñúg 

ry³eBlNamYy¦ 

92 

tangible assets RTBüskmµrUbI/ RTBürUbI 

target cMNucedA/ eKaledA/ Epnkar/ sales 

targets Epnkarlk; ¬tYelx¦ ~ group 

RkumeKaledA/ ~ market TIpSareKaledA 

tariff 1> bBa¢Iéfølk; 2> taragBn§Ky/ Bn§naMcUl 

task Parkic©/ ~ -oriented epþatelIParkic©/ 

~ force Rkumkargar 

taste cMNUlcitþ 

tax Bn§/ Bn§dar/ back ~ bMNulBn§BIqñaMmun²/ 

emergency ~ Bn§visamBaØ/ ~ accounting 

KNenyüBn§dar/ ~ avoidance karecosvagBn§ 

¬edayc,ab;mancenøaHRbehag¦/ ~ assessor 

Pñak;garkMNt;Bn§/ ~ base mUldæanykBn§/ 

~ burden bnÞúkBn§/ ~ collection karRbmUlBn§/ 

~ credit \NTanBn§/ ~ collector GñkRbmUl 

Bn§/ ~ evasion kareKcBn§ ¬elµIsc,ab;nigRtUv 

maneTasT½NÐ¦/ ~ exempt EdlelIkElgBn§/ 

~ exemption karelIkElgBn§/ ~ holiday 

ry³eBlrYcBn§/ vismBn§/ ~ loophole cenøaH 

RbehagénBn§/ ~ moments »kashUtBn§/ ~ on 

profit Bn§elIR)ak;cMeNj/ ~ payment year 

qñaMbg;Bn§/ ~ rate GRtaBn§/ ~ rebate karbnßy 

Bn§/ ~ receipts/revenues cMNUlBn§/ ~ relief 

karbn§ÚrbnßyBn§/ ~ reduction karkat;bnßyBn§/ 

~ revenues efforts or ~ effort kMlaMgcMNUl 

Bn§dar/ ~ treatment cMNat;kar¼RbRBwtþikmµ Bn§/ 

~/taxation year qñaMCab;Bn§ 

tax v. hUtBn§/ ykBn§ 

taxable adj. 1> Cab;Bn§/ ~ income cMNUl 

Cab;Bn§ 2> EdlGachUtBn§)an 

taxpayer GñkCab;Bn§ 

technical assistance CMnYybec©keTs


technical fix dMeNaHRsay¼Rckecj 

bec©keTs 

telegraphic address GasydæanTUrKmn_ 

telegraphic transfer karepÞrR)ak;edayTUrKmn_ 

telex TUrBum< 

teller ebLakr 

temporary beNþaHGasnñ/ ~ cover b½NÑFana 

r:ab;rgbeNþaHGasnñ/ ~ unemployment 

nikmµkalik 

tenancy n. 1> ry³eBlCYl ¬GclnRTBü¦ 

2> siT§ikan;kab; ¬GclnRTBüCYl¦ 

tenant GñkCYl ¬dI/pÞH>>>¦/ Ptik³/ ~ farmer 

ksikrCYldIeK 

tendency ninñakar/ rising ~ ninñakarekIneLIg 

tender karedjéfø ¬edIm,IeFVIkarpÁt;pÁg;¦ 

tender terms and conditions book 

esovePAbnÞúk ¬sMrab;edjéfø¦ 

tenderer Gñkedjéfø 

tendering karedjéfø ¬edaymandak;Éksar 

tMél):an;sµanlMGit¦ 

tenure 1> ry³eBlkan;kab;tMENg/ GaNtþi 

2> siT§ikan;kab;tMENg¼RTBüsm,tþi 

3> karkan;kab; ¬dI/ pÞH¦ 

tenurial right siT§ikan;kab; ¬dI/ pÞH¦ 

term GaNtþi/ry³eBl/ long ~ ry³eBlEvg/ 

TIXkal/ medium ~ ry³eBlmFüm/ short 

~ ry³eBlxøI/ GcIrkal/~ in/of officeGaNtþi 

term-deposit account KNnIbeBaØIman 

kalkMNt; 

terminal contract kic©snüamankalkMNt; 

termination karbBa©b; ¬kargar¦/ karbBaÄb; 

93 

¬GaCIvkmµ¦ 

terms lkçxNÐ/ easy ~ lkçxNÐFUrRsal/ 

~ and conditions of a contract xøwmsar 

niglkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ ~ of a contract 

lkçxNÐénkic©snüa/ ~ of payment lkçxNÐ 

TUTat;/ ~ of reference lkçxNÐeyag ¬sMrab; 

epÞógpÞat;¦/ lkçxNÐkargar ¬kic©snüakargar¦/ 

~ of sale lkçxNÐlk; 

territorial integrity bUrNPaBEdndI 

tertiary education ]tþmsikSa 

test n. & v. 1> etsþ 2> eFVIetsþ 

test the market v. sÞabsÞg;TIpSar 

testament mrtksasn_ 

testimonial sMbuRtKaMRT ¬eGaycUleFVIkar¦ 

textile vaynPNÐ/ ~ industry ]sShkmµ 

vaynPNÐ 

theory RTwsþI 

think-tank Rkumpþl;KMnit 

third party PaKITIbI/ ttiyCn 

threshold n. kMritcab;ERbRbYl/ kaMQancUl 

thrift plan EpnkarsnSMsMéc 

tied aid CMnYymancMNg 

time eBl/ kal/ kalkMNt;/ ~ deposit 

R)ak;beBaØImankalkMNt;/ ~ dimension 

TidæPaBxageBlevla/ ~ draft rUbiyaNtþi 

mankalkMNt;/ ~ frame Rkbx½NÐeBlevla/ 

~ limit for delivery kalkMNt;RbKl;TMnij/ 

~ policy b½NÑsnüaFanar:ab;rgmankalkMNt;/ 

~ segment kMNat;eBl/ ~ table tarageBl/ 

~ value tMéltameBl/ ~ work kargarKit 

em:ag ¬TUTat;kMértamcMnYnem:ag/ éf¦


timely return (of a cheque...) 

bgVilvijTan;eBl 

tip TwkEt ¬R)ak;[eRkA¦ 

title 1> cMNgeCIg 2> gar 

title deed b½NÑkmµsiT§i 

title, land b½NÑkmµsiTi§dI 

toll éføeRbIesva ¬]> eRbIpøÚv/ s enAmhaviTüal½y¦ 

transaction Rbtibtþikar/ kic©karCMnYj 

transfer v. & n. 1> epÞr 2> karepÞr/ bEgVr/ 

karepÞrR)ak;/ Gnub,Tan (French: cession), 

~ deed lixitepÞr/ ~ payments R)ak;epÞrTUTat; 

~ pricing kardak;éføedIm,IepÞrR)ak; 

transferable adj. GacepÞr)an/ ~ credit 

\NTanGacepÞr)an 

transferee n. Gnub,Tanik/ GñkRtUv)aneK 

epÞreGay 

transferor n. GñkepÞr ¬[eK¦ 

transformation (products...) karbMEbøg 

tranship or transship v. epÞrBIyan 

mYyeTAyanþmYyeTot ¬edIm,Idwkbnþ¦/ 

transhipment n. karepÞr 

transit qøgkat;/ ~ account KNnIqøgkat;/ 

~ goods TMnijqøgkat;/ ~ passenger GñkdMeNIr 

qøgkat;/ ~ licence GaCJab½NÑsMrab;TMnijqøgkat; 

transitional adj. Gnþrkal/ ~ economy 

esdækic©Gnþrkal/ ~ measures viFankar 

Gnþrkal/ ~ period ry³eBlGnþrkal 

transmission karbBa¢Ún ¬sar¦ 

transnational corporation (TNC) 

Rkumh‘unrMlgCati


transparency n. tMlaPaB 

transporter GñkdwkCBa¢Ún 

trauma n. rbYs ¬pøÚvkay rW pøÚvcitþ¦ 

travel agency TIPñak;gareTscrN_/ TIPñak;gar 

Kmnakar 

traveller’s cheque mUlb,Tanb½RteTscrN_ 

traveller’s letter of credit sar\NTan 

eTscrN_ 

travelling salesman Gñklk;cl½t 

treasurer n. hirBaØik/ rtnakr 

treasury rtnaKar/ ~ bill b½NÑrtnaKar 

¬ry³kalxøICagmYyqñaM¦/ ~ bond b½NÑrtnaKar 

¬ry³kalEvg¦ 

treatment n. RbRBwtþikmµ/ cMNat;kar/ karcat;Ecg 

treaty sn§isBaØa 

treble v. ekInmYyCabI 

trend ninñakar/ market ~ ninñakarTIpSar 

trial balance taragtulüPaB 

trickle-down effect plb:HBal;snSwm²/ 

plb:HBal;bnÞab;bnSM 

trillion, one (US) mYylanlan 

tripartite adj. RtIPaKI 

trust fund mUlniFimrtk ¬mUlniFiRKb;RKg 

edayRbtisiT§iCnsMrab;GtßKahk¦ 

trust fund facility (TFF) 

]bkrN_sMrYlsMrab;mUlniFimrtk 

trust letter lixiteCOTukcitþ 

trustee (one to whom a right has been 

assigned by will, gift... French: ayant 

cause) RbtisiT§iCn 

trustee in bankruptcy shbdiPaK ¬Gñk 

95 

RKb;RKgkarkS½yFnEdlEtgtaMgedaytulakar¦ 

trustee ordinance bTbBa¢a RbtisiT§iCn 

¼Gñksñgkar 

trusteeship PaBTTYlxusRtUv 

trusteeship council 

RkumRbwkSaPi)alRbtisiT§iCn 

trustworthy EdlKYreGayTukcitþ 

T account KNnIRbePTGkSr T 

tuition class karsikSabg;éfø 

turning point cMNucbt; ¬eBlEdlman 

karpøas;bþÚr¦ 

turnkey contract kic©snüaesakñúgéd 

turnover plrbr/ plGaCIvkmµ/ R)ak;cMNUl 

turnover rates of labour GRtaecjcUl 

énBlkr 

two-track approach viFIedaHRsayBIrpøÚv 

two-way eTVTis/ BIrpøÚv 

typical CatYy:ag 

U, u 

ultimate area unit (UAU) 

ÉktatMbn;cugeRkay 

ultimate goal eKaledAcugeRkay 

ultimate sampling unit (USU) 

ÉktaykKMrUtagcugeRkay 

ultimatum n. »sanvaT 

unaccountable adj. 1>minGacBnül;)an 

2> KµanKNenyüPaB/ minTTYlxusRtUv 

unaccounted for adj. )at;edayKµankarBnül;


unaided edaykMlaMgpÞal;xøÜn 

unaltered Edl\tpøas;bþÚr 

unanswered EdlKµancMelIy 

unascertained goods TMnijRcbUkRcbl; 

¬minTan;EbgEcktamRbePT¦ 

unavailing efforts karRbwgERbgKµan)anpl 

unbalanced budget fvikaKµantulüPaB 

¬man»nPaB¦ 

unbanked cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtminTan; 

dak;cUlKNnIFnaKar 

unbiased \tlMeGog 

uncalled capitalmUlFnminTan;ehA ¬[bg;¦ 

uncashed cheque mUlb,Tanb½RtminTan; 

ebIkykR)ak; 

unclaimed EdlBMuRtUv)anTamTar 

uncleared goods TMnijminTan;qøgKy 

uncontrollable expenses cMNayRKb; 

RKgmin)an 

uncrossed/open cheque mUlb,Tanb½Rt 

KµanqUt 

undated KµancuHéfEx/ ~ bond b½NÑTTYl 

sÁal;bMNulKµankalkMNt; 

undercoverage (insurance) karFana 

r:ab;rgdNþþb;minsBV 

undercut v. lk;efakCag 

underdeveloped countries 

RbeTsGn;fy/ RbeTsGnaPivDÆn_ 

underemployed 1> KµankargareFVIeBj 

elj/ ~ capital TuneRbImin)aneBjelj 

2> GñkKµankargareFVIeBjelj 

underlease (see sublease) CYlbnþ 

undermanager bNÑaFikarrg 

96 

undermentioned manerobrab;dUcxageRkam 

underproduction 1> karplitminRKb;tMrUvkar 

2> karplitmineBjkMlaMg 

underrate v. vaybenßak 

undersell v. 1> lk;efakCag ¬KURbECg¦ 

2> lk;eRkamtMél ¬edIm¦ 

undersigned, the GñkcuHhtßelxa 

¬BIeRkam¦/ htßelxI 

understanding karyl;dwg/ karyl;Kña 

eTAvijeTAmk/ snÞidæPaB/ good ~ karyl;dwg 

l¥/ memorandum of ~ GnusSarN³RBmeRBog 

underwrite v. 1> CYyFana 2> CYyr:ab;rg 

underwriter GñkFana 

undisclosed income cMNUl\tRbkas/ 

cMNUllYclak; 

undivided profits R)ak;cMeNjminEbgEck 

undoubted eday\tsgS½y 

unearmarked fund mUlniFiKµanélTuk 

edayELk 

unearned fees kMérminTan;rk)an 

unemployed adj. & n. 1> Gt;kareFVI 

2> GñkGt;kareFVI/ nikmµCn 

unemployment PaBGt;kareFVI/ nikmµPaB/ 

seasonal ~ nikmµPaBtamrdUv/ temporary ~ 

nikmµkalik/ ~ benefit R)ak;]btßmÖcMeBaH 

nikmµPaB/ ~ rate GRtanikmµPaB 

unendorsed EdlKµanbBa¢ak;xagxñg 

unequal wealth distribution 

r)ayvismFn 

unexpected fall karFøak;cuH\trMBwgTuk 

unexpended balance smtulüminTan;cMNay 

unexpired cost (accounting)


tMélkñúgbBa¢I/ tMélKNenyü 

unfair KµansmFm’/ minyutþiFm’ 

unfavourable minGMeNaypl/ 

~ conditions lkçxNÐminGMeNaypl 

unfilled order b½NÑbBa¢aTijmin)anGnuvtþ 

unfit for work EdleFVIkarminekIt 

unforeseen adj. min)anRbemIleXIj/ 

\tRBagTuk ¬cMNay¦ 

unfounded adj. KµanmUldæan 

unification n. karbRgYbbRgYm/ ÉkPavUbnIykmµ 

unified rYmEtmYy/ ~ as one rYmKñaCaFøúgmYy 

uniformity lkçN³ÉkPaB 

unify v. bRgYbbRgYm 

unilateral ÉketaPaKI 

unincorporated mincUlCaRkumh‘un 

unintentionally edayGectna 

unionisation karcUlshCIB 

unit 1> Ékta/ ~ of analysis ÉktaviPaK/ 

~ of account ÉktaKit/ ~ price/rate 

éføÉkta 2> GgÁPaB 

united rYbrYmKña 

unknown (factor, quantity...) GBaØat 

unlawful elµIsc,ab;/ ~ means meFüa)ay 

elµIsc,ab; 

unlimited liability karTTYlxusRtUvKµankMrit 

unloading karerITMnij 

unmarketable, unmerchantable 

Edllk; minecj¼mindac; 

unpaid (cheque) ¬mUlb,Tanb½Rt¦minTUTat; 

unpaid balance smtulüminTan;TUTat; 

unpaid capital TunminTan;)anbg; 

97 

unproductive assets RTBüskmµKµan 

plitPaB 

unqualified acceptance karTTYlRBm 

eday\tsMéc 

unquestionable KµanGVIKYrql; 

unrecorded adj. min)ankt;Rta 

unregistered Edlmin)ancuHbBa¢I 

unremunerative adj. Kµan)anpl/ 

KµancMeNj 

unrestricted random sample 

KMrUtagécdnüKµankMNt; 

unsafe adj. KµansuvtßiPaB 

unserviceable adj. minGaceRbIR)as;)an 

unsettled adj. minnwgn ¬FatuGakas¦/ min 

Tan;edaHRsay ¬vivaT¦/ minTan;sg ¬bMNul¦ 

unskilled adj. KµanCMnaj/ ~ labour 

BlkmµKµanCMnaj 

unstable adj. KµansßirPaB 

unstratified sampling karykKMrUtag 

KµanRsTab; 

unsuccessful adj. min)aneCaKC½y 

unsuitable adj. minsmRsb 

untied aid CMnYy\tcMNg 

up and down eLIgehIycuH 

up to date (information) adj. Tan;eBl 

update v. eFVIbc©úb,nñPaB ¬kñúgÉksarxøH 

eFVIcrnþkar¦ 

upgrade v. tMelIg smtßPaB¼KuNPaB/ 

eFVI[RbesIr 

upheaval karvwkvr/ claclxøaMg 

upkeep (expenses) cMNayEfTaM


upper credit tranche PaK\NTanxagelI 

upward tendency ninñakareLIg 

urbanisation nKrUbnIykmµ/ Ministry of 

Land Management, Urbanisation and 

Construction RksYgerobcMEdndI 

nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; 

urgent bnÞan;/ ~ needs tMrUvkarbnÞan; 

useful life (accounting) GayukaleRbI 

R)as; ¬énRTBüskmµ¦ 

user costs bnÞúkcMNaycMeBaHGñkeRbIR)as; 

¬kñúgkareRbIR)as;GVImYy dUcCa fñl;>>>¦ 

usual supplier m:UypÁt;pÁg;CaRbcaM 

usurer RBwT§ikr ¬GñkykkarR)ak;x vaytMél 

value, declared tMél)an Rbkas¼ 

raykarN_¼RbtievTn_ 

variable n. & adj. 1> Gefr 2> ERbRbYl 

variance (statistics) v:arIy:g; 

variation bMErbMrYl/ karERbRbYl 

vault cash sac;R)ak;kñúgXøaMg 

vehicle yan/ motor ~ yanynþ 

velocity of circulation el,Ón ¬én¦ 

cracr 

velocity of money el,ÓncracrrUbiyvtßú 

vendee GñkTij 

vendor Gñklk; 

verbal (widely used in error for “oral”) 

pÞal;mat;/ ~ agreement kic©RBmeRBog 

pÞal;mat;/ ~ warning karRBmanpÞal;mat; 

verbally (used in error for “orally”) 

edaypÞal;mat; 

vertical bBaÄr/ ~ programme kmµviFIbBaÄr 

~ communication karR)aRs½yTak;Tgtam 

ExSbBaÄr/ ~ integration smahrNkmµbBaÄr 

¬Rkumh‘un¦/ 

vested interest plRbeyaCn_cak;b£s 

veteran (soldier) GtItyuT§Cn 

viability PaBGacrs;)an 

vibration rMj½r


vicious circle n. GnÞak;vilvg; ¬Gt;Rckecj¦ 

vicious cycle n. GnÞak;Cavdþ 

video vIedGU 

video CD suIDI vIedGU 

view TsSn³/ karyl;eXIj 

village development committee 

(VDC) KN³kmµkarGPivDÆn_PUmi 

violate v. rMelaP ¬c,ab;>>>¦ 

violence higSa/ GMeBIhigSa 

virtue KuNFm’ 

visible adj. ¬Gac¦emIleXIj/ ~ trade 

BaNiC¢kmµrUbI 

vision ckçúvis½y 

visual control karRtYtBinitüedayeRbIEPñk 

vocation ]bnisS½y/ to have a ~ for 

man]bnisS½ykñúgkar>>> 

vocational training karbNþúHbNþal 

viC¢aCIIv³/ ~ center mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþal 

viC¢aCIv³¼]bnisS½y 

void adj. emaX³/ null and ~ emaX³ 

volume of exports (or imports) 

brimaNTMnijnaMecj ¬rWnaMcUl¦ 

voluntary adj. edaysµ½RKcitþ/ ~ restriction/ 

limitation kardak;kMrit¼kMhit edaysµ½RKcitþ 

vote kare)aHeqñat/ ~ of confidence kar 

e)aHeqñatTukcitþ/ kare)aHeqñatsMEdgkarTukcitþ 

vote-counting station 

kariyal½yrab;snøwkeqñat 

voter registration station kariyal½y 

cuHeQµaHGñke)aHeqñat 

voting right siT§ie)aHeqñat 

99 

voucher sMeNA/ b½NÑtMNagR)ak;/ b½NÑcMMnay 

vulnerability PaBgayrgeRKaH 

W, w 

wage ebovtSr_/ R)ak;kMér/ R)ak;QñÜl/ ~ rise 

(US: raise) eLIgebovtSr_/ ~ and price 

controls karRtYtBinitüebovtSr_nigéfø/ ~ 

earner GñkeFVIkarykebovtSr_/ Ptikar/ ~ 

freeze karbgákebovtSr_ ¬mineGaycuHeLIg¦/ 

~ indexation kardak;snÞsSn_ebovtSr_ 

¬pSarP¢ab;nwgGRtakMeNIncMNayRTRTg;CIvPaB¦/ 

~ scale taragkaMebovtSr_/ ~ work 

kargarsuIR)ak;kMér 

waive v. lHbg;siT§i ¬]> edIm,IeFVIkartva:¦/ 

~ tax eGayrYcBn§ 

waiver n. 1> karlHbg;siT§i/ karelIkElg 

2> Éksar lHbg;siT§i¼elIkElg 

warehouse XøaMg/ PNÐaKar 

warehouseman qµaMXøaMg 

warehousing karTukdak;TMnijkñúgXøaMg 

warning karRBman/ kardas;etOn 

warrant 1> dIka 2> b½NÑGnuBaØat/ ~ of 

attorney lixitepÞrsiT§i 

warrantee GñkTTYl)ankarFana 

warrantor GñkFana 

warranty karFana 

war-risk insurance karFanar:ab;rg 

haniP½ybgáedays®gÁam 

wastage karx¢Hx¢ay


waste kaksMNl;/ liquid ~ kaksMNl;rav/ 

solid ~ kaksMNl;rwg 

watershed TICMral 

waterways pøÚvTwk 

weak market pSarexSay ¬minsUvmanGñkTij¦ 

wear and tear karswkric 

weighted average mFümPaKsmta 

welfare state rdæmanKitKUreRcInxagsgÁmkic©/ 

suxevTn_RbeTs 

well GNþÚg/ drilled ~ GNþÚgxYg/ ring ~ 

GNþÚgdak;lU 

wetlands dIesIm ¬dITMnabmanTwkdk;edayGenøI¦ 

white book esovePAs 

white-collar worker nieyaCit/ buKÁlik 

kariyal½y 

whole TaMgmUl/ TaMgGs; 

wholesale karlk;dMu/ ~ price éfølk;dMu/ 

~ trade BaNiC¢kmµlk;dMu 

wholesaler Gñklk;dMu 

wildlife stVéRB/ ~ sanctuary EdnCMrkstVéRB 

will 1> qnÞ³ 2> mrtksasn_ 

wilful damage karxUcxatbgáeLIgeday 

ectna 

windfall profit cMeNjPøam²\trMBwgTuk 

winding up 1> karrMlay ¬Rkumh‘un¦ 

2> karCMrHbBa¢I 

winner GñkQñH/ C½ylaPI 

withdraw v. dk/ dkxøÜn/ ~ an order lubecal 

karbBa¢aTij/ ~ money dkR)ak; ¬BIKNnI¦ 

withholding tax Bn§kat;Tuk/ ~ payable 

Bn§kat;TukRtUvbg; 

100 

work kargar/ GVIEdleFVI)an/ sñaéd/ ~ in 

progress (WIP) kMBugplit ¬RTBükMBug 

plit KWtMéleFVI)anenAcugRKa¦ 

work out v. KNna 

work v. eFVIkar/ ~ full time eFVIkareBj 

em:ag/ ~ overtime eFVIkarem:agbEnßm/ 

~ part time eFVIkarmineBjem:ag 

work, art sñaédsil,³ 

worker 1> Blkr 2> kmµkr 

workforce kMlaMgBlkmµ ¬BlkrTMagGs; 

kñúgkariyal½y rW eragcRk¦ 

working capital TunbgVil/ Tuncl½t 

working condition lkçxNÐkargar 

working day éfeFVIkar 

working group Rkumkargar 

working paper ÉksarBiPakSa 

¬r)aykarN_sikSaRsavRCavBIerOgGVImYy¦ 

workman kmµkr 

work-related illness CMgWbNþalBIkargar 

workshop 1> eragCag/ 2> sikçasala/ 

vKÁGnuvtþ 

writ dIkabgÁab; ¬tulakar¦ 

write down v. kt;RtabBaú©HtMélRTBüskmµ 

¬kñúgbBa¢IKNenyü¦ 

write v. off a debt lubbMNul ¬ecjBIbBa¢I¦ 

write-back (of provisions...) 

karykvijnUv ¬sMviFanFn>>> kñúgKNenyü¦ 

written, in writing CalaylkçN_GkSr


Y, y 

yardstick xñat 

year (fiscal, financial...) qñaM/ kariybriecäT 

¬sareBIBn§/ hirBaØvtßú>>>¦ 

year on year qñaMelIqñaM/ BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM/ 

~ change bMErbMrYlqñaMelIqñaM ¬bMErbMrYleFob 

nwgeBldUcKñaénqñaMmun¦ 

yield Tinñpl 

young people RbCaCnv½yekµg/ RsTab;yuvv½y 

Z, z 

zero population growth (ZPG) 

kMeNInRbCaCnkMritsUnü 

zone tMbn;/ hSÚn/ core ~ tMbn;sñÚl/ buffer 

~ tMbn;RTnab;/ inter ~ GnþrtMbn; 

zoning karEbgEcktMbn; 

101

Economic Lexicon 1 - CDRI

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