R&D Gaps - pcaarrd - Department of Science and Technology

Dear Reader: 

OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR 

This year, PCARRD is celebrating 30 years of service to the Philippine agriculture, 

forestry, and natural resources sectors. Through the years, the Council has steadfastly 

provided the directions in developing and modernizing these sectors to meet the 

country’s ever-challenging demands for food security, economic growth, and sustainable 

development. 

In order to keep a top-caliber research system, PCARRD has streamlined its 

R&D efforts by pursuing 20 important commodities on crops, livestock, agricultural 

resource management, forestry and environment, and socioeconomics. To this end, 

PCARRD has come up with this special publication, R&D Status and Directions (2000 

and Beyond), composed of 20 volumes. Each volume provides essential information on 

the R&D status and directions of a specific commodity prioritized by PCARRD and the 

National Agriculture and Resources Research and Development Network (NARRDN). 

This volume specifically discusses agroforestry and multipurpose trees and shrubs 

(MPTS). PCARRD hopes that the information contained in this book shall pave the way to 

more focused R&D work on this commodity. 

Very truly yours, 

PATRICIO S. FAYLON 

Executive Director

R&D R&D Status 

Status 

and and Directions 

Directions 

(2000 (2000 and and Beyond) 

Beyond) 

Agroforestry 


and and Multi Multi purpose 

purpose 

Trees Trees and and Shrubs 

Shrubs 

PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL 

RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

Department of Science and Technology 

Los Baños, Laguna 

2003

First Edition 2003 

ISBN 971-20-0516-X 

Bibliographic Citation: 

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs 

R&D Team. R&D status and directions (2000 

and beyond): Agroforestry and multipurpose 

trees and shrubs. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD- 

DOST, 2003. 45p. 

Volume Editors: 

For. Vella A. Atienza 

For. Reynaldo S. Dimla 

Forestry and Environment Research Division 

PCARRD 

Mr. Karlo M. Feliciano 

Applied Communication Division 

PCARRD 

ii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Foreword 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

F or the past 30 years, PCARRD has been tasked to identify the research and development 

(R&D) gaps, establish a system of R&D priorities and provide directions for agriculture, 

forestry and natural resources. In carrying out these tasks, the Council has to assess and 

review the R&D performance of different commodities. 

This volume, R&D Status and Directions (2000 and Beyond): Agroforestry and 

Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs (MPTS), presents an overall picture of the country’s 

R&D performance on these commodities from 1990 to 2000. The assessment includes the 

following: commodity industry situation, technological milestones, completed and ongoing 

R&D projects, institutional capability, and challenges and issues confronting the commodity. 

It also presents the R&D gaps that need to be urgently addressed. 

The R&D directions presented in this volume provide the R&D community and decision/ 

policy makers with information on the challenges and issues on agroforestry and MPTS 

and the science and technology (S&T) interventions to address the R&D gaps. 

We hope that this volume would greatly help in formulating the R&D programs and in 

prioritizing the R&D activities for agroforestry and MPTS from 2002 and beyond. 

PATRICIO S. FAYLON 

Executive Director 

PCARRD 

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ iii

Acknowledgment 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

PCARRD would like to thank and commend the efforts of the Agroforestry and 

MPTS R&D Team for preparing the manuscript: Dr. Alma Monica dela Paz, team 

leader (2001); Dr. Virgilio Villancio, team leader (2002); the team members, 

For. Domingo Bacalla, Dr. Reynaldo Bayabos, Rev. Jose Cunanan, Mr. Ed Queblatin, 

For. Gregorio Reyes, and Prof. Roberto Visco. 

PCARRD also recognizes the following for their invaluable help in putting together 

this publication: 

All the various government and nongovernment agencies, state colleges and 

universities, and other concerned individuals who have shared their data/ 

information; 

Dr. Beatriz P. del Rosario, PCARRD deputy executive director for R&D for 

providing the overall direction; 

Dr. Alma Monica dela Paz, executive director of the Kapwa Upliftment 

Foundation, Inc. and former team leader of the agroforestry and MPTS commodity 

for the technical input and support in preparing the manuscript; 

Mr. Jeffrey Palmer, director of the Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center for 

providing additional information; 

The FERD-based technical secretariat for their efforts in preparing the manuscript 

and for providing substantial information; Dr. Rogelio C. Serrano, FERD director 

and Dr. Romulo T. Aggangan, acting director for their technical support; and the 

FERD staff for assisting in the production process. 

Appreciation is also extended to PCARRD’s Applied Communication Division (ACD) 

for the overall coordination in producing this publication––Dr. Norma V. Llemit, director, 

for reviewing the manuscript; Dr. Lorna C. Malicsi for supervising the production process; 

Ms. Marina T. de Ramos for preparing the layout and camera-ready proof; Mr. Simeon 

Manahan Jr. for conceptualizing the cover design; and Ms. Carmelita B. Alamban for 

coordinating the overall production flow. 

iv ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees 

and Shrubs R&D Team 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Team Leader (2001): Dr. Alma Monica dela Paz 

Director 

Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc. 

427 Durian Street, Juna Subdivision 

Matina, Davao City 

Team Leader (2002): Dr. Virgilio T. Villancio 

Director 

Institute of Agroforestry 

College of Forestry and Natural Resources (CFNR) 

University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), College, Laguna 

Team Members: For. Domingo Bacalla 

Chief 

Community-based Forest Management Division 

Forest Management Bureau 

Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City 

Dr. Reynaldo C. Bayabos 

Special Detail, Office of the Director 

Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB) 

College, Laguna 

Rev. Jose P.M. Cunanan 

President 

Basic Agricultural Land Aerial Growers Association, Inc. 

803 Cornus Street, St. Dominic VI 

Project 6, Quezon City 

Mr. Ed Queblatin 

Regional Natural Resources Management Specialist 

International Centre for Research in Agroforestry 

CFNR UPLB, College, Laguna 

For. Gregorio D. Reyes 

Chief 

Upland Farms Ecosystems Research Division 

ERDB, College, Laguna 

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ v

Prof. Roberto G. Visco 

Institute of Renewable Natural Resources 

CFNR UPLB, College, Laguna 

Program Specialist: For. Reynaldo S. Dimla 

Science Research Specialist II 

Forestry and Environment Research Division 

PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna 

vi ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Contents 

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Foreword ...................................................................................................................... iii 

Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................... iv 

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs R&D Team .............................. v 

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................... ix 

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 

PART I. R&D STATUS 

Commodity Industry Situation .................................................................................. 5 

Agroforestry in the Philippines ........................................................................... 5 

Features of Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines ....................................... 6 

Component Agroforestry Technologies............................................................... 8 

Technological Milestones ........................................................................................... 10 

Major Completed and Ongoing Projects ............................................................. 11 

Principal Technological Milestones .......................................................................... 20 

Indigenous Agroforestry Systems ........................................................................ 20 

Developed Agroforestry Technologies/Systems ................................................. 21 

Biological and Physical Processes of Agroforestry Technologies 

and Practices .................................................................................................... 21 

Sustainability of Indigenous Species for Hedgerows ........................................ 23 

Pest Management in Agroforestry Systems ....................................................... 24 

Economics of Agroforestry Systems .................................................................... 24 

Promotion of Agroforestry Systems..................................................................... 25 

Tools for Assessing Sustainability of Agroforestry Systems ............................ 27 

Institutional Capability .............................................................................................. 29 

R&D Gaps ..................................................................................................................... 33 

PART II. R&D DIRECTIONS 

Challenges and Issues ................................................................................................. 37 

Reconciling Agriculture and Forestry................................................................. 37 

Tenurial Security and Resource Management Advocacy .................................. 37 

Resource Governance............................................................................................ 38 

Agroforestry Promotion and Resource Productivity Improvement ................. 38 

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ vii

Increasing Farmer’s Income and Alleviating Poverty ....................................... 38 

Enhancing Environmental Services .................................................................... 38 

Monitoring, Evaluation, and Impact Assessment .............................................. 39 

Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) .......................................... 39 

Major R&D Programs and Policies Addressing R&D Gaps .................................... 40 

R&D and Utilization .............................................................................................. 40 

Capability Building ............................................................................................... 41 

Policy Advocacy ..................................................................................................... 42 

Other Recommendations ...................................................................................... 42 

References .................................................................................................................... 43 

List of Figure 

1 Institutionalizing the science and practice of agroforestry in the 

Philippines: an operational framework .............................................................. 31 

viii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

List of Acronyms 

and Abbreviations 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

AAA - agroecosystem analysis approach 

ADSDPP - Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development Protection Plan 

AIN - Agroforestry Information Network 

AFA - agroforestry farm assessment 

AFMA - Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act 

ALCAMS - Agroforestry Land Capability Mapping Scheme 

APANews - Asia-Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter 

APCS - accelerated pioneer-climax species series 

APPM - agroforestry project planning management 

APPS - agroforestry production and postproduction systems 

ASER - agroforestry systems efficiency ratio 

ATIK - Agroforestry Technology Information Kit 

CARP - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program 

CBFM - community-based forest management 

CDA - Cooperative Development Authority 

CDOs - community development officers 

CF - College of Forestry 

CFNR - College of Forestry and Natural Resources 

CHED - Commission on Higher Education 

CP - contour plowing 

CPEU - Center for People Empowerment in the Uplands 

CRSP - Collaborative Research Support Program 

CS - certificate of stewardship 

DA - Department of Agriculture 

DAR - Department of Agrarian Reform 

DENR - Department of Environment and Natural Resources 

DMMMSU - Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University 

DMMSU - Don Mariano Marcos State University 

ERDB - Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau 

ERDS - Ecosystems Research and Development Services 

EDO - Environment and Development Officers 

FCO - forestry community organizers 

FLMA - forest land management agreement 

FPRDI - Forest Products Research and Development Institute 

FRIEnD - farm resource integration, evaluation and design 

FSR/D - farming systems research and development 

IAF - Institute of Agroforestry 

ICRAF - International Centre for Research in Agroforestry 

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ ix

IEC - information, education, and communication 

IGP - income generating projects 

IIRR - International Institute for Rural Reconstruction 

INM - integrated nutrient management 

IPM - integrated pest management 

IPRA - Indigenous Peoples Rights’ Act 

ISCAF - Ifugao State College of Agriculture and Forestry 

ISFP - Integrated Social Forestry Program 

KAPWA - Kapwa Upliftment Foundation, Inc. 

LAS - lowland agroforestry system 

LER - land equivalent ratio 

LGUs - local government units 

LSU - Leyte State University 

MBRLC - Mindanao Baptist Rural Life Center 

MEAS - methodology for evaluating agroforestry systems 

MES - monitoring and evaluation system 

MMSU - Mariano Marcos State University 

MOSCAT - Misamis Oriental State College of Agriculture and Technology 

MPTS - multipurpose trees and shrubs 

NAFDP - National Agroforestry Development Program 

NCIP - National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 

NRP - National Reforestation Program 

NIPAA - National Integrated Protected Areas Act 

NGOs - nongovernment organizations 

NVCS - natural vegetative contour strips 

NVS - natural vegetative strips 

PAFERN - Philippine Agroforestry Education and Research Network 

PCARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources 

Research and Development 

POs - people’s organizations 

RATIK - Regional Agroforestry Technology Information Kit 

ROI - return on investment 

RT - ridge tillage 

RUDC - Regional Upland Development Committee 

RUPES - rewarding the upland poor fo the environmental services 

SAFODS - small holder agroforestry options for degraded soils 

SAGIP-UPLAND- sustainable agriculture through agroforestry initiatives of people in 

the uplands 

SALT - Sloping Agricultural Land Technology 

SALT 2 - Simple Agrolivestock Technology 

SALT 3 - Sustainable Agroforest Land Technology 

SALT 4 - Small Agrofruit Livelihood Technology 

SANREM - Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Management 

SEANAFE - Southeast Asian Network for Agroforestry Education 

SFR - small farm reservoir 

STNM - seed technology and nursery management 

SWCM - soil and water conservation and management 

x ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

T - treatments 

TCA - Tarlac College of Agriculture 

TVOFT - technology verification through on-farm trials 

UAP - Upland Agroforestry Program 

UDP - Upland Development Program 

UNAC - Upland NGO Assistance Committee 

UPLB - University of the Philippines Los Baños 

UPWG - Upland Development Working Group 

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ xi

Introduction 

Introduction 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

In the past decades, the Philippines has 

been deeply immersed into agroforestry 

practices like the Banawe rice terraces in 

Ifugao and the Naalad improved fallow 

systems in Cebu. The potentials of these 

practices to address the closely linked 

problems of rural poverty and environmental 

degradation has been recognized 

locally and internationally. 

“Agroforestry is a science, art, and 

practice that deals with the production, 

management, and utilization of woody 

perennials in combination with agricultural 

crops, animals, aquatic and/or 

other resources either zonally, mixed 

simultaneously, or sequentially for the twin 

purpose of conservation and socioeconomic 

productivity” (UPLB-UAP 1992). 

Since 1995, the Philippine government 

has been using agroforestry as the main 

technology for the community-based forest 

management (CBFM). As a national 

strategy, agroforestry enhances the 

sustainable development of the country’s 

forest resources at the same time promotes 

people empowerment and social justice. 

Thus, it has been marked as an integral part 

in the development of the uplands up to the 

present. 

The benefits of adopting agroforestry 

practices and technologies include securing 

food supply, reducing poverty, protecting 

upland environment, and enhancing 

biodiversity.

R&D Status 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Commodity Industry Situation 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Agroforestry in the Philippines 

The Philippines has about 17.6 million 

(M) ha as forest land or about 59% of 

the country’s total land area of 30 M ha is 

forest. However, only 5.4 M of the 17 M ha 

were estimated to have forest cover 

(Dalmacio 1999). The rest are deforested 

areas covered with grass and brushlands or 

are being cultivated by upland dwellers. 

Upland population was estimated at 

18.6 M in 1999. At a growing rate of 2.6% 

annually, the upland population is expected 

to double in the next 25 years (DENR 1996). 

Since the late 1970s the Philippine 

government has shifted its policy towards 

upland dwellers from a punitive stance to 

one of engagement. Local communities were 

granted tenurial stewardship rights to 

upland areas—peaceful occupation in 

exchange for responsible management that 

included protection and restoration of 

degraded sites. This shift in dealing with 

upland development, favored the adoption 

of agroforestry as a strategy and technology 

to spearhead CBFM initiatives. 

As a result, the Integrated Social 

Forestry Program (ISFP) was started in 

1992. It provided technologies on forest 

production and agroforestry and the 

tenurial instruments for the upland 

dwellers. The importance of agroforestry is 

still reflected in the implementation of 

various programs that followed even with 

the CBFM program of the Department of 

Environment and Natural Resources 

(DENR) which started in 1995. Former 

President Fidel V. Ramos issued E.O 263 

declaring CBFM as the national strategy to 

ensure the sustainable development of the 

country’s forest resources while promoting 


The exact area of agroforestry farms in 

the country is unknown. Based on DENR 

statistics (1996), there are about 100,000 ha 

under agroforestry farm lease. This does 

not include agroforestry farms under 

various social forestry projects estimated to 

be about 500,000 ha (Lasco 1998). However, 

the domain for agroforestry does not only 

cover the upland areas considered as 

forestlands or those covered by various 

DENR upland development programs, but 

also the lowland areas with tree component. 

Moreover, there are about 4 M ha of coconut 

areas that are suitable for agroforestry 

(Magat 2001). 

“Agroforestry is also defined as a 

dynamic and ecologically based natural 

resources management system that through 

the integration of trees on farms in the 

agricultural landscape, diversifies and 

sustains production for increased social, 

economic, and environmental benefits 

for land users at all levels” (ICRAF 1996). 

With this concept, R&D in agroforestry is 

geared to develop appropriate and 

sustainable technologies to provide food 

and alternative livelihood for upland 

farmers and address environmental 

problems related to soil erosion and forest 

destruction. 

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 5

Features of Agroforestry Systems 

in the Philippines 

Agroforestry system in the Philippines 

can be classified according to their dominant 

component, that is, agricultural crops, forest 

trees, and animals. These systems are 

classified as agrisilvicultural, silvipastoral, 

agripastoral or agrisilvipastoral system 

(The Technical Committee on Agroforestry 

1995). 

Agrisilvicultural System 

Agrisilvicultural system is the combination 

of agricultural crops with woody 

perennials. This system includes: alley 

cropping , multistorey , boundary planting, 

windbreaks, improved fallow, and the 

taungya. 

Alley Cropping 

Alley cropping is one of the simplest and 

most widespread agroforestry practices in 

sloping lands. It involves planting of 

hedgerows along the contours and growing 

agricultural crops in the “alleys” formed 

between hedgerows. The hedgerows are 

planted to one or more rows of woody 

perennials and are regularly pruned to 

prevent shading. Prunings are used as 

green manure or mulch, which contributes 

to the soil nutrients when decomposed, 

thereby promoting efficient nutrient cycle. 

Planting hedgerows is done to minimize 

soil erosion by trapping sediments at the 

base of the hedgerows and reducing surface 

runoff velocity. After a few years, terraces 

are formed. Alley cropping is applicable in 

stabilizing and promoting the sustainability 

of upland (hilly land) farms devoted to 

annual crops such as corn, rice, and 

vegetables. Without hedgerows, these farms 

are most ecologically vulnerable to erosion 

with rates of up to 200 t/ha as against the 

maximum acceptable level of 12 t/ha. 

Multistorey 

This system is characterized by 

randomly mixing various species that 

create at least two layers of canopy. It 

mimics the structure of a tropical rainforest 

with its attendant advantages. The upper 

canopy is composed of light-demanding 

species, while the understorey is made up 

of shade-tolerant species. 

Multistorey system can be developed 

where there is existing monoculture (only 

one species) plantation, such as coconut 

and forest tree plantations. Planting 

configuration of the main tree crop is 

planted with wide spacing to allow enough 

light for layers of shade-tolerant crops. 

Boundary Planting 

Planting of multipurpose trees and 

shrubs (MPTS) around the farm is a very 

common practice. They provide protection, 

privacy, and valuable products to the 

farmers. Trees are planted within property 

line as fence, or as demarcation of farm lots. 

Windbreaks 

Windbreaks are strips of vegetation 

composed of trees, shrubs, and vines to 

protect croplands from strong winds. They 

can provide protection to crops over a 

distance equivalent to 15–20 times the 

height of the trees in the windbreak. They 

can also help minimize wind erosion and 

reduce moisture loss. 

Improved Fallow 

The improved fallow system is an 

attempt to improve traditional shifting 

cultivation. This is done by supplementing 

the fallow vegetation to hasten the 

rejuvenation of soil during fallow period. 

Instead of waiting for nature to revegetate, 

leguminous nitrogen-fixing MPTS are 

planted on the field. 

6 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Taungya 

The taungya involves the planting of 

cash or food crops between newly planted 

forest seedlings in a reforestation project. 

Farmers raise crops while the forest trees 

are still young. After 2–3 years, depending 

on the tree spacing and tree species, the 

canopy closes, and light-demanding annual 

crops can no longer be planted. The 

culminating vegetation is a pure tree 

plantation. Farmers then transfer to other 

open areas to repeat the process. This can 

be applied by using different reforestation 

species. 

Silvipastoral System 

Silvipastoral system is the combination 

of woody perennials with livestock 

production. This system includes : livestockunder-tree, 

protein bank (fodder bank), live 

fence, and hedgerow planting of improved 

pasture grasses and/or other fodder trees 

or shrubs. 

Livestock-Under-Tree 

Animals (e.g., cattle, sheep, goats, etc.) 

are allowed to graze freely underneath the 

relatively mature tree plantations. These 

plantations are for wood or fruit production. 

An example is the silvipasture scheme 

of Nasipit Lumber Company in Agusan. The 

cattle are allowed to graze under the 

‘lumbang’ (Aleurites moluccanna) trees 

where improved forage grasses are grown. 

With this scheme nuts for linseed oil and 

meat from grazing cattle are simultaneously 

produced. The cattle keep the grasses 

trimmed down, saving labor costs in 

cleaning the plantation, and making it easy 

to collect the fallen lumbang nuts. The cattle 

dung scattered over the plantation area 

serves as an excellent organic fertilizer. 

Protein Bank (Fodder Bank) 

Leguminous fodder trees or shrubs 

(e.g., ‘ipil-ipil’ [Leucaena leucocephala], 

‘kakawate’ [Gliricidia sepium], desmodium 

[Desmodium rensonii], etc.) are established 

as small stands on certain portions of the 

farm or pasture area serving as a 

supplementary source of protein-rich 

fodder for livestock. They also serve as 

fence. They are regularly pruned and the 

top and branch prunings are then fed to 

animals. 

Live Fence 

Trees or shrubs with foliage which are 

palatable to livestock are grown around a 

certain grassland area to enclose the 

grazing animals. Aside from the trees’ role 

as live fence, they can be managed (e.g., 

regular top pruning to encourage more 

lateral branching) such that the enclosed 

animals can browse on the low-lying 

branches for fodder supplement. 

Hedgerow Planting of Improved Pasture 

Grasses and/or other Fodder Trees or 

Shrubs 

Hedgerows of fodder trees or shrubs 

(e.g., D. rensonii, L. leucocephala, G. 

sepium, Flemingia congesta, Sesbania sp., 

etc.) are planted along contours at certain 

intervals. The strips between the 

hedgerows are grown with improved 

pasture grasses and/or other fodder shrubs. 

Prunings from the hedgerows, grasses, and 

fodder trees/shrubs are fed to confined 

animals. An example is the Simple 

Agrolivestock Technology (SALT 2) 

developed by the Mindanao Baptist Rural 

Life Center (MBRLC) at Bansalan, Davao 

del Sur. 


Agrisilvipastoral System 

Agrisilvipastoral system is the combination 

of agricultural crops, woody 

perennials, and livestock. This system 

includes: silvipastoral, multistorey + 

animals, and alleycropping with pasture 

grasses and agricultural crops. 

Agrisilvicultural System Transformed to 

Silvipastoral 

In this system, the initial cropping 

combinations include tree seedlings and 

annual agricultural crops as in the taungya 

system. As the trees grow and close their 

canopies, it will no longer be possible to 

grow annual agricultural crops. Instead, 

shade-tolerant grasses and vines will take 

over the forest floor where animals are 

allowed to graze freely as in livestockunder-tree 

system. 

Multistorey + Animals 

This is similar to the multistorey under 

agrisilvicultural system, except that in this 

case, grazing animals are an added 

component. A good example is the coconutlanzones 

mixture, with horses (or cattle) 

grazing under them as observed in Laguna 

and Quezon provinces. 

Alleycropping with Pasture Grasses 

and Agricultural Crops 

This is similar to hedgerow cropping 

with pasture grasses. However, instead of 

all alleys planted to agricultural crops, some 

alleys in between the hedgerows are grown 

with improved pasture grasses and/or 

fodder trees or shrubs which are regularly 

cut and fed to livestock. 

Component Agroforestry 

Technologies 

Soil and Water Conservation Measures 

Among the priority areas to consider 

in the practice of agroforestry is the 

harmonious balance between food 

production and environmental protection. 

Soil and water conservation is an important 

strategy for sustainable crop production 

and environmental conservation. The 

following technologies for soil and water 

conservation are recommended for any 

agroforestry system. 

Vegetative Measures 

Hedgerows. This is a collective name for 

strips of vegetation planted along the 

contours or across the hill- or mountainside 

in order to slow down the flow of 

surface runoff and the movement of 

detached soil particles. Construction 

and layout of the hedgerows are 

discussed under the alley cropping 

system of previous sections. 

Fascines. These are simply bundles of 

long and dense brushwood. For soil/ 

slope stabilization, the fascines can have 

a diameter of 25–30 cm and a length of 

1–1.5 m. They can weigh as much as 14 

kg which can be quite handy to 

transport. 

Wattling. This consists of stems/rods 

of sprouting species like sunflower, 

‘lantana’ (Lantana camara), and 

‘binatang hambog’ (Hibiscus 

schizopetalus) interwoven together. 


Mechanical/Structural Measures 

In cases where vegetation cannot be 

immediately established, mechanical/ 

structural measures are recommended to 

control soil movement or erosion. There are 

different types of such measures, but the 

following are recommended in agroforestry 

farms: bench terracing, contour levee, 

contour canals/trenches, and small farm 

reservoir. These are on-farm soil and water 

conservation measures. 

Bench terracing. This consists of 

building level or nearly level strips 

along contours at appropriate intervals. 

This terracing technology is suitable for 

steep slopes up to 55% to reduce 

surface flow and soil erosion, as well as 

to increase the soil infiltration rate. 

Contour levee. This is an embankment 

made either of grasses, stones or hard 

soil mass, or a combination of these 

materials. 

Contour canal/ditch. The canal/ditch is 

dug along the contour line and connected 

to a natural waterway to carry away 

excess water. 

Small farm reservoir. This involves the 

construction of small dams to collect 

water from rainfall and runoff from the 

watershed. Small farm reservoir (SFR) 

can then be used as source of water for 

annual crops and animals. This small 

dam can also be used for aquaculture. 

Soil Fertility Maintenance/ 

Improvement 

The ultimate objective of soil 

conservation is to maintain the soil’s ability 

to support plant growth for crop production 

purposes and to enable it to sustain high 

yields. Thus, the effectivity of any soil 

conservation practice should be measured 

in terms of its ability to maintain soil 

fertility and productivity. 

Fertilizers can either be in organic or 

inorganic form. Both have been used quite 

extensively and intensively in agriculture 

to the point that fertilizer in any form has 

become almost a necessary production input. 

Chemical fertilizers are prohibitively 

expensive and some negative effects on the 

chemical characteristics of the soil have 

been reported. Thus, use of organic 

materials and integrated nutrient 

management (INM) strategies are 

recommended. 

Cultural Management 

for Perennials (Fruits 

and Plantation Crops) 

Plants can be propagated either by crop 

rotation, relay cropping, mulching, and 

cover cropping by seeds (sexual), or by 

cuttings (asexual). Seed propagation is 

generally cheap and simple . One can have 

several seeds as planting materials 

especially during harvesting season. When 

the recommended variety of the crop is a 

hybrid, seeds are used as planting 

materials. Examples are hybrids of coconut 

and cacao. In some crops, commercial 

propagation can only be done by using seeds 

as in papaya. However, reproduction from 

seeds results in plants that are not true-totype, 

especially those coming from crosspollinated 

crops like robusta coffee and 

coconut, among other things. 


Technological Milestones 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Through the concerted effort of various 

government agencies and academic 

institutions and nongovernment organizations, 

promising agroforestry systems 

and technologies for the Philippine uplands 

were developed. These include alley 

cropping or Sloping Agricultural Land 

Technology (SALT), improved fallow 

systems, multistory systems, tree farm/ 

woodlots, and natural vegetative strips 

(NVS). 

Moreover, several agroforestry tools 

were developed by the multidisciplinary 

teams, such as: agroforestry farm 

assessment (AFA); lowland agroforestry 

systems (LAS); farming systems research 

and development approach (FSR/D); 

Agroforestry Land Capability Assessment 

and Mapping Scheme (ALCAMS); 

International Centre for Research in 

Agroforestry’s (ICRAF) diagnosis and 

design; methodology for evaluating 

agroforestry systems (MEAS); and the 

computer based design procedure for 

agroforestry model. These tools were 

developed to attain productivity and 

sustainability of the land, while improving 

the economic well being of the farmers and 

at the same time conserving the forests 

resources. 

The development of Landcare in 1996, a 

farmer-led organization among farmers in 

Claveria, Misamis Oriental, provided new 

beginnings. Landcare, as defined by ICRAF, 

is a community-based and multisectoral 

approach designed to facilitate the adoption 

of conservation farming technologies and 

agroforestry practices among upland 

farmers. In 1999, it was replicated in 

Lantapan, Bukidnon and other nearby 

municipalities. It started with intensive 

information dissemination program on 

sustainable development including 

technological options and institutional 

innovations. 

In the area of instruction, the Institute 

of Agroforestry (IAF) developed a set of 

courses to provide technical capabilitybuilding 

opportunities for various 

development agents (IAF 2002). IAF also 

established learning laboratories for 

agroforestry. Its training courses includes 

agroforestry project planning management 

(APPM), agroforestry seed technology and 

nursery management (STNM), integrated 

pest management (IPM), and soil and water 

conservation and management (SWCM) for 

agroforest farms, agroforestry technology 

verification through on-farm trials (TVOFT), 

agroforestry production and postproduction 

systems (APPS) and sustainable agriculture 

through agroforestry initiatives of people in 

the uplands (SAGIP-UPLAND). To facilitate 

learning and to meet the intended 

participants’ needs, the said courses have 

evolved in content, scope, and methods. 

On the other hand, a module on farm 

planning by distance approach was 

developed by the Agroforestry Technical 

Assistance of the University of the 

Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Agroforestry 

Program and the Upland Development 

Program (UDP) of the DENR (DENR-UDP 

1995). This training course is a series of 

activities undertaken by the people 

themselves to understand better the 

physical conditions of their respective farms 

through the ALCAMS. 

The DENR adopted agroforestry as the 

main production technology for CBFM to 


enhance the sustainable development of 

the country’s forest resources and promote 


Thus, model agroforestry farms were 

established in every region that served as 

learning laboratories for the Center for 

Peoples Empowerment in the Uplands 

(CPEU). To facilitate and spread the 

sustainable forest management in the 

uplands, the DENR transformed regional 

training centers into CBFM model sites. 

In 1997, DENR published an information 

kit. This information kit provides a list of 

sustainable and environment-friendly 

livelihood options for the upland, coastal, 

and urban-lowland ecosystems. The 

materials gathered were based from actual 

field experiences of DENR personnel and 

other individuals or groups. It is intended 

for DENR field officers, farmers, fisherfolks, 

small-/large-scale miners, wildlife 

enthusiasts, upland and urban/lowland 

dwellers. 

Major Completed 

and Ongoing Projects 

The completed projects were responsive 

to the attainment of the commodity’s goal. 

Sixty-four projects/studies dealt on the 

underlying biological and physical processes 

of agroforestry technologies and practices, 

while 47 projects focused on promotion of 

agroforestry systems and 21 projects on 

information on agroforestry systems and 

sociocultural interactions. The total number 

of studies conducted on the documentation 

of indigenous agroforestry systems, 

economics of agroforestry systems, and 

sustainability of indigenous species for 

hedgerows were 14, 8, and 6 respectively. 

However, few projects were conducted 

on the promotion of agroforestry systems, 

technology impact assessment, pest 

management in agroforestry systems, the 

integration of livestock and other 

components in an agroforestry systems, 

and agroforestry in community-based 

management. 

On the other hand, the ongoing studies 

are geared to the needs of the upland 

farmers. The projects deal on the underlying 

biological and physical processes of 

agroforestry technologies and practices (28), 

apiculture studies (11), and institutional 

innovations to evolve agroforestry systems 

for sustainable agriculture and management 

(9). 

Completed and ongoing projects 

monitored by PCARRD under the 

Agroforestry and MPTS commodity include 

the following: 

Completed Projects 

Project Title/Researcher/Duration/ 

Implementing Agency 

1. Development of computer-based design 

procedure for agroforestry models/ 

Agustin, E.O. et.al./1993–1996 /MMSU 

2. Perceptions, attitudes and behavior of 

CARP-ISF beneficiaries and their 

influence on technology adoption/ 

Dacayanan, J./1991–1994/DENR-Region 

VIII 

3. Methodology development for evaluating 

agroforestry systems / Lasco, R.D./ 

1993–1996/UPLBCF 

4. Tree species profiling/ Padilla, E./1996– 

2000/DMMSU, Bacnotan 

5. Socio-economic survey of the farmercooperators 

of the CARP-ISF 

community-based agroforestry R&D 

livelihood project in Region VIII/Bombio, 

R./1992–1996/DENR/Region VIII 

6. Readership survey of technology 

transfer materials distributed by ERDS- 

Region VIII/Cojin, B./1994–1995/DENR- 

Region VIII 

7. Crop yield studies of gabi in agroforestry 

system/Mana-ol, E./1996–1998/ISCAF 


8. Evaluation trials of sunflower, mulberry 

and ipil-ipil as hedgerows in a SALT 

farm/Comaad, E./1996–1998/ISCAF 

9. Evaluation of the impact of farmers 

training in the adaption of technologies 

in Ifugao/Dincog, A./1996–1998/ISCAF 

10. Factors associated with farmers’ 

adoption of agroforestry technologies 

under the integrated social forestry 

program in Region I/ Almoite, O.T./ 

1996–1998/ DMMMSU 

11. Development of agroforestry model 

farms for Region I/ Sapitula, B.P./1996– 

1997/DMMSU, Bacnotan 

12. Performance of some agricultural 

crops planted between calamansi and 

acacia trees/Sapitula, B.P./1996–1997/ 

DMMMSU, Bacnotan 

13. The effects of root pruning and fertilizer 

application on the growth and survival 

of bareroot seedlings of multi-purpose 

tree species/1996–1998/ DMMSU 

14. Baseline benchmark survey in 

agroforestry systems./ Almoite, O.P./ 

1996–1997/DMMMSU College of 

Agriculture 

15. Intercropping of blackpepper in MPTS 

plantation/Ufano, J./1996–1998/ DMMSU 

16. Nitrogen mineralization and soil fertility 

in Desmanthus virgatus+ rice alley 

cropping system./ Agustin, E.O./1994– 

1998/ MMSU 

17. Site adaptability trials for nitrogen 

fixing trees/1994–1998/ MMSU 

18. Development of postharvest equipment 

and improved postharvest practices for 

commercially viable agroforestry 

products/ Valdez, J.A./1997–2000/ TCA 

19. Survey of agroforestry products for 

commercial processing/Baquiran, J./ 

1997–1998 

20. Generation and improvement of 

agroforestry production system in the 

different provinces in Region VI/Brana, 

N./1994–1996/PSPC 

21. Agroforestry schemes for hillside areas 

in Capiz/Abogadie, W./1994–1996/PSPC 

22. Establishment of different schemes 

with fertilizer application under 

coconut/Gabino, G./1994–1996/PSPC 

23. The effect of intercropping root crops on 

the fast-growing fruit tree species/ 

Brana, N./1994–1996/PSPC 

24. Status of contour hedgerow technology 

in Matalom, Leyte/Alcober, D./1997– 

1999/LSU 

25. Utilization of Leucaena leucocephala and 

Gmelina arborea as feed supplement to 

grazing goats in Matalom, Leyle/ 

Gabunada, F./1998–1999/LSU 

26. Agroforestry development and demonstration 

farm establishment, in CARP- 

ISF project/Agpaoa, A.C./1996–1998/ 

DENR-CAR 

27. Integrated approaches to environmental 

conservation and protection/Ronquillo, 

S. P./1996–1998 /DENR-CAR 

28. Effectiveness of vetiver grass Vertivera 

zizanoides as hedges in selected 

agroforestry schemes for site 

productivity enhancement/Ymana, S.P./ 

1994–1997/DENR-CAR 

29. Study on the passion fruit production 

planted under various tree/Baldino, T. 

Jr. S./ 1996–1998/ DENR-CAR 

30. Impact assessment of the upland 

development pilot CARP in Sablan/ 

Estigoy, D.A./ 1996–1998/DENR-CAR 

31. CARP-ISF Wildfood plant production, 

processing and marketing livelihood 

CARP project/ Lopez, A.V./1996–1998/ 

DENR-CAR 

32. CARP-ISF agrilivestock project in CAR/ 

Fadri,G./ 1996–1999/ DENR-CAR 

33. CARP-ISF community-based agroforestry 

livelihood in project in CAR/ 

Martinez, E./1990–1994 

34. Community-based wildfood CARP 

project/1990–1994/DENR-CAR 

35. Establishment of agroforestry demonstration 

farm in Benguet/Agpaoa, A./ 

1996–2000/DENR-CAR 

36. Socio-economic impact assessment of 

CARP-ISF beneficiaries five years after 


project implementation/Amada, L.S./ 

1996–1998/DENR 

37. CARP-ISF fuelwood plantation project/ 

Tomas, W.G./1996–1997/ DENR 

38. Community-based agroforestry livelihood 

project in Region I/ Domingo, C. 

Jr./1990–1994/ DENR-Region I 

39. CARP-ISF agrilivestock livelihood 

project in Region I/ Amanda, L. S./1996– 

1997/ DENR 

40. Production costs-and-returns and 

market strategies of upland livestock 

enterprises/Buante, C.R./ 1996–1997/ 

DENR-Region VIII 

41. Community-based agroforestry development 

project in Region II/ Mercado, L.U./ 

1996–1997/DENR-Region II 

42. Development of plantation as show 

window for agroforestry, rattan, 

medicinal plantation, and other matured 

technologies/Mercado, L./1990–1994/ 

DENR-Region II 


project/Abel, L./1996–1998/DENR- 

Region II 


livelihood project in Region III/ 

Atabay, R.C./1996–1998/DENR-Region 

III 

45. Performance of some crops intercropped 

with narra and mahogany in Mt. Dueg 

resettlement area/Navarro, T.E./1996– 

1997/ TCA 

46. Biomass production of adaptable forage 

species (grasess and legumes) under 

different site conditions./ Buante, C.R./ 

1996–1997/ DENR-Region VIII 

47. Community-based agroforestry research 

and development project in Oriental 

Mindoro/Vendiola, E./1990–1994 

48. Rehabilitation of open/grassland by 

direct planting of kakawate (Glicidia 

sepium) at various densities/ Mendoza, 

M.P./1996–1998/ DENR-Region IV 


project/ Dela Cruz, V./1996–1998/ DENR- 

Region IV 


livelihood project in Region IV/ 

Nagpala, L.G./1996–1998/DENR-Region 

IV-A 

51. Fertilization of Leucaena and liming of 

site for adaption to low pH under two 

climatic conditions/Guimayen, G./1992– 

1996/DENR-Region IV 

52. Pilot agroforestry for kaingin farmers 

in Liliw, Laguna/Calanog, L./1995–1997/ 

ERDB 

53. Selected agroforestry areas in 

the Philippines: A comprehensive 

community assessment/Calanog, L./ 

1998–1999/ERDB 

54. Extension strategies for the adoption of 

agroforestry farming system in selected 

areas in the Philippines/Calanog, L./ 

1996–1998/ERDB 

55. Effects of land titling on the adoption of 

conservation-oriented farming technologies 

in the uplands/Calanog, L. et al./ 

1990–1995/ERDB 

56. Organizing agroforestry communities: A 

marketing cooperative approach to 

development/ Harder, R.T./1996–1997/ 

ERDB 


project in Region V/ Palaypayon, W.R./ 

1990–1994/ ERDB 

58. The repelling effect of Benguet pine 

(Pinus insularis) as botanical control of 

insects pests in agroforestry system./ 

Tiolo-Dawalis, A.J./1996–1998/Rizal 

State College (RSC) 

59. Economic and financial analysis of 

income-generating projects in CARP-ISF 

areas/Rivera, M./1993–1994/ERDB 

60. Process documentation and contextual 

analysis of income-generating projects in 

selected CARP-ISF areas/Villamor, C./ 

1993–1994/ERDB 

61. A socio-economic impact assessment of 

the CARP-ISF R&D programs on 

income-generating projects on the 

farmer-beneficiaries/Luna, A./1993– 

1994/ERDB 


62. Impact of rural institutions on the 

implementation of IGPs in selected 

CARP-ISF areas in the Philippines/ 

Calanog, L./1993–1994/ERDB 

63. Direct seeding performance of selected 

MPTS in Eastern Luzon/Principe, E./ 

1991–1994/ERDB 

64. Establishment and management of 

Calliandra calothyrsus trials in the 

Philippines/Duque, C., et al./1996–1999/ 

ERDB 

65. Reforestation of cogonal areas in Panay 

Island with fuelwood species interplanted 

with fruit trees/Arevalo, E./ 

DENR-Region VI 

66. Post-training evaluation of CARP-ISF 

agroforestry livelihood project/Talabero, 

V./1990–1994/DENR-Region VI 

67. Site quality assessment of CARP-ISF 

agroforestry area in Mapili, San 

Enrique, Iloilo/Talabero S.V./1990–1994/ 

DENR-Region VI 

68. Technical and financial feasibility of 

establishing agroforestry livelihood 

project in CARP-ISF area in Mapili, San 

Enrique, Iloilo/Talabero, S./1990–1995/ 

DENR- Region VI 

69. CARP-ISF agroforestry livelihood 

development project in Region VI/ 

Talabero, S.V./1990–1994/DENR-Region 

VI 

70. Post-training evaluation for agroforestry 

project/Tolo, D./1992–1994/DENR- 

Region VI 

71. Development of aqua-silvicultural 

project in Region VI/Lustica, A./1996– 

1998/DENR-Region VI 

72. Assessment of the marketing strategies 

for the aquasilviculture products/Tiolo- 

Dalawis, A./1996–1997/DENR-Region VI 

73. Trial planting of Mamalis pitoporum 

pentandumin in Western Visayas/ 

Lustica, A./1994–1999/DENR-Region VI 

74. Agrilivestock livelihood project in 

Region VI/Labos, J./1994–1996/DENR- 

Region VI 

75. Effects of different feed combinations on 

the growth performance of hybrid swine 

in the uplands/Labos, J./DENR-Region 

VI 

76. Community-based fuelwood plantation 

and livelihood project/Burgos, G. 

77. Utilization of madre de cacao and ipilipil 

leaves as organic fertilizers for field 

corn production/Doloso, F./1993–1994 

78. Documentation and assessment of 

agroforestry practices in Central 

Visayas/Lanuza, R./1990–1995/DENR- 

Region VII 

79. Tiger grass R&D livelihood project in 

Region VII/Tagra, M./1994–1996/DENR- 

Region VII 

80. Community-based R&D agroforestry 

livelihood project in Region VII/Tagra, 

M./1990–1994/DENR-Region VII 

81. Establishment of pilot fuelwood plantation 

in Cebu and Bohol/Bonita, M./ 

1996–1998/DENR-Region VII 

82. Survival and growth performance of 

selected fuelwood species as affected by 

weeding practices/Bagalihog, S./DENR- 

Region VII 

83. Conversion of abandoned upland farm 

lots into Acacia ariculiformis and tiger 

grass intercrop/Tagra, M./1994–1996/ 

DENR-Region VII 

84. Biomass production and management 

schemes for various agroforestry crops/ 

Nasayao, E./1992–1995/DENR-Region 

VIII 

85. Acceptability of goat milking by 

cooperators of the CARP-ISF agrilivestock 

R&D livelihood project in 

Region VIII/Gapuz, F./1992–1994/DENR- 

Region VIII 

86. Effectiveness of various agroforestry 

practices in controlling upland erosion/ 

Dulay, P.A./1995–1997/DENR-Region 

VIII 

87. Production costs-and-returns and 

market strategies of upland livestosk 

enterprises/Angeles, H./1992–1995 

88. Socio-economic and cultural development 

impacts of agrilivelihood projects 

to CARP-ISF R&D area/Alvarez, F./ 

1992–1994/DENR-Region VIII 


89. A study of the Alayon systems within 

the context of the soil and water 

conservation and agroforestry project 

in Matalom, Leyte/Atega, T./1994–1996 

90. Comparative analysis between 

traditional and introduced agroforestry 

practices in CARP-ISF sites/ 

Alba, M./1991–1994/DENR-Region VIII 

91. Survey, collection, and identification 

of insect pests and diseases associated 

with agroforest trees and crop species/ 

Carandang,W./1994–1996/DENR- 

Region VIII 

92. Socio-economic and environmental 

impact assessment of ISFP in 

Integrated Social Forestry model sites 

in Region VIII/Dionglay, M./1996–1999/ 

DENR-Region VIII 

93. CARP-ISF and agrilivestock R&D 

livelihood project in Region VII/ 

Buante, C./1994–1996/DENR-Region 

VIII 

94. Community-based agroforestry R&D 

livelihood project in Region VIII/ 

Nasayao, E./1990–1994/DENR-Region 

VIII 

95. Agroforestry schemes for upland 

farmers in Region IX/Barangan, F./ 

1991–1992/DENR-Region IX 

96. CARP-ISF R&D community-based 

agroforestry livelihood project in 

Region IX/Barangan, F./1990–1994/ 

DENR-Region IX 

97. Pre-sowing treatment of Calliandra 

seeds/Dichoso, M./1995–1996/DENR- 

Region IX 

98. Effect of fertilization on the growth 

and fruit yield of guapple/Serna, C./ 

1993–1995/DENR-Region X 


livelihood project in Region X/ 

Cacanindin, D./1990–1994/DENR- 

Region X 

100. Socio-economic impact assessment of 

CARP-ISF livelihood project to farmer 

beneficiaries in Region X/Aceret, H./ 

1990–1994/DENR-Region X 

101. Survey of the prevalent diseases 

occurring in the selected CARP-ISF 

agrilivestock project site in Region X/ 

Arida, A./1992–1993/DENR-Region X 

102. Economics of production and market 

analysis for corn and agrilivestock in 

San Jose, Malaybalay, Bukidnon/ 

Mercado, B./1991–1993/DENR- 

Region X 

103. Community-based agroforesrty livelihood 

project in Region X/Serna, C. 

104. CARP-ISF R&D community agroforestry 

livelihood project in Region 

XI/Apura, B./1990–1994/DENR-Region 

XI 

105. An integrated sustainable development 

program for CARP-ISF areas in 

the Philippines: An ecosystem 

approach/Reyes, G./1990–1994/ERDB 

106. Sustainable management of CARP-ISF 

livelihood projects in Region XII/1994– 

1995/DENR-Region XII 

107. Community-based agroforestry livelihood 

project in Region XII/Mercado, 

B./1994–1996/DENR-Region XII 


project in Region XII/Jaime, J./1990- 

1994/DENR-Region XII 

109. Application of waste water treatment 

model for small-scale handmade paper 

mill/Mari, E./1999–2000/FPRDI 

110. Determination of the acute lethal 

toxicity of effluent from pulp and paper 

mills/Austria, C./1999–2000/FPRDI 

111. Commercial application of FPRDI 

mechanized briquettor using coconut 

shells, husks and trunks/Pulmano, D./ 

1995–1997/FPRDI 

112. Optimization of dosage rates of waste 

liquor as concrete additive/Moran, M. 

S./1995–1997/FPRDI 

113. Utilization of CSNL-free shells for the 

production of charcoal briquette and 

activated carbon/Bisana, B./FPRDI 

114. Biological treatment of hazardous 

waste from pulp and paper mill/Giron, 

M./1997–1999/FPRDI 


115. Domestication of selected lesserknown 

Philippine indigenous fodder 

trees and shrubs (IFTS)/Calub, B./ 

2000–2001/UPLB 

116. Effects of Bt corn pollen on honey bee 

species/2002 

117. Pollination of Citrus spp./1999–2001/ 

UPLB 

118. Bee breeding research and development 

/Sito, A. 

a. Graft acceptance and queen 

performance under queenless and 

queenright cell builder conditions/ 

Laquidan, R./2001–2002/DMMMSU 

b. Performance of queen as affected 

by supersedure and grafted cell 

method of queen production/ 

Baldo, H./2001–2002/DMMMSU 

c. Queen performance as affected by 

the different sources of raw 

materials for pollen substitute/ 

Laquidan, R./2001–2002/DMMMSU 

d. Queen performance as affected by 

duration of queen banking and 

system of queen bank colonies/ 

Baldo, H./2001–2002/DMMMSU 

119. Pollination and hive management 

R&D/Dangle, J. 

a. Yield response of carabao mango 

to the pollination services of 

honey bee/Dangle, J./2001–2002/ 

DMMMSU 

b. Response of squash to pollination 

services of honey bee Apis 

mellifera/Dangle, J./2001–2002/ 

DMMMSU 

120. Bee pests and diseases/Baldo, H. 

a. Integrated biological chemical 

control measures for Varroa mites 

Varroa destructor of honey bee Apis 

mellifera/Dangle, J./2001–2001/ 

DMMMSU 

b. Wax moth control using formic 

acid and acetic acid under Region I 

condition/Baldo, H./2001–2002/ 

DMMMSU 

121. Socio-economic R&D/ Dangle, J. and 

Lopez, S. 

a. Assessment of migratory beekeeping 

in Region I./Dangle, J. 

et.al./2001–2002/DMMMSU 

122. Supply-and- demand analysis of 

honeybee products and by-products 

in Region I/Dandle, J./2001–2002/ 

DMMMSU 

123. Production and turnover of the fine 

roots of selected agroforestry species/ 

Salamanca, E./2000–2002/DMMMSU 

124. Soil nitrogen-mineralization, growth 

and yield of upland rice in alley 

cropping /2000-2001/DMMMSU 

125. Influence of planting distance and 

cutting interval on the herbage yield 

of ipil-ipil /Magtoto, R.L.and J.C. 

Briones/2001–2002/PAC 

126. Application of various cultural 

treatments on established clonal seed 

orchard in Bicol National Park/ 

Balaguer, A.N./1998–2001/DENR- 

ERDS RegionV 

127. Climatic classification information 

assessment for optimizing agrofoestry 

production systems in the uplands of 

CBFM sites/2001–2002/ERDB 

128. Sustainability assessment of Philippine-German 

community project in 

Quirino/Calanog, L.A. and A.G. 

Calderon/2001–2002/ERDB 

129. Development of panelized construction 

system for modular shelters/ 

Soriano, F.P./2000–2002/FPRDI 

130. Non-conventional process: A cleaner 

technology of producing tobacco pulp 

for the handmade paper industry/ 

2001–2002/MMSU 

131. Southeast Asian Network for 

Agrofoestry Education (SENAFE)/ 

1999–2002/IAF 

132. Program to enhance NGO/PO 

agroforestry capabilities for food 

security and the environment (PEACE 


1 and PEACE 2) under the following 

components: /2000-2002/IAF 

a. Development and implementation 

of agroforestry training courses 

b. Development and production of 

agroforestry information materials 

c. Regional documentation of 

successful agroforestry practices 

in Luzon 

d. Provision of technical assistance to 

FPE partners 

e. Establishment and coordination of 

agroforestry learning centers 

133. Production of upland NGO assistance 

committee (UNAC) technology manual 

entitled, “Manual sa pagsasaka ng 

agroforestry”/2001–2002/UNAC, IAF 

134. Production of Asia-Pacific Agroforestry 

Newsletter (APANews)/2001–2002/IAF 

135. Evaluation of smallholder tree farmers’ 

nurseries in Lantapan, Bukidnon, 

Claveria, Misamis Oriental and Cebu: 

“Quality stock production in support 

of the tree domestication program for 

the Philippines/2001–2002/IAF 

136. Enhancing agroforestry education, 

research, and development for the next 

decade: A PAFERN national meeting 

worshop/2001–2002/IAF 

137. Teaching materials development for 

BS Agroforestry/2001–2002/IAF 

138. Carbon sink potential and soil 

amelioration capacity of the alley 

cropping systems/2001–2002/IAF 

139. Improvement of agroforestry field 

laboratory through participatory 

development/2001–2002/IAF 

140. Inventory and analysis of teaching 

materials in agroforestry/2002/IAF 

141. Agroforestry capability building for 

upland NGOs/2002/IAF 

142. Institutional capability and needs 

assessment among PAFERN member 

institution/2002/IAF 

143. Agroforestry field practicum 

assistance for PAFERN member 

institutions/2002/IAF 

Ongoing Projects 

1. Control of bees and bee mites in 

Indonesia and the Philippines/2001– 

2004/UPLB 

a. Effects of formic acid on Apis 

melifera at varying concentrations 

and ambient temperatures. 

b. Population dynamics of bee mites 

c. Toxicity of select acarides on adult 

honey bees Apis cerna and A. 

mellifera 

d. Survey of pathogens associated with 

A. cerana and A. mellifera 

e. Genetic diversity of Philippine bee 

mites 

2. Genetic diversity of Philippine honey 

bee species/2001–2003 

3. Altitudinal diversity of honey bees in 

Mt. Makiling/2001–2003 /UPLB 

4. Socioeconomics of Philippine beekeeping 

industry/2001–2003/UPLB 

5. Bee breeding R&D/Sito, A. 

a. Collection and maintenance of 

different honey bee species in the 

Philippines/Sito, A./2001–2005/ 

DMMMSU 

6. Sustainable Agriculture and Natural 

Resources Management Collaborative 

Research Support Program (SANREM 

CRSP/SEA) 

a. Technical and institutional 

innovations to evolve agroforestry 

systems for sustainable agriculture 

and the management of protected 

ecosystems in the framework of a 

watershed model/ 1998–2003/ICRAF 

b. Adapting and transferring lessons 

learned from Manupali to other 

critical watersheds in Southeast 

Asia/1998–2003/SEARCA/UPLB/ 

UAF 

c. Environmental management planning 

and development policy 

analysis using a watershed 

community model in Lantapan, 

Bukidnon, Philippines/1998–2003/ 

LGU- Lantapan/UPLB 


d. Replicating models on institutional 

innovation for developed, participatory 

watershed management/ 

1998–2003/ICRAF/USAID 

e. Watershed resource management 

and education/1998–2003/Auburn 

University/USAID 

f. Capability building for natural 

resources management at the local 

level: Focus on 12 communities in 

Valencia and Lantapan, Bukidnon/ 

1998–2003/USAID 

7. Hive product production, processing 

and utilization R&D (Royal jelly 

production for bee-keeping sustainability 

in La Union/2002–2003/ 

DMMMSU 

8. Phenological studies of potential apisilviculture 

species in La Union/2000– 

2003/DMMMSU 

9. Intercropping of Passiflor flavicarpa 

under growing Benguet pine trees/ 

1998–2003/MPSPC 

10. Establishment of seed production 

areas for forage species/2000–2003/ 

DENR-ERDS Region V 

11. Establishment of the sericulture project 

for R&D/E and production/2002–2003/ 

PAC 

12. Evaluation of MPTS in hedgerow alley 

cropping scheme for sustainable upland 

crop production/1999–2003/UEP 

13. Initial assessment of the productivity of 

selected ISF-CARP community-based 

agroforestry areas in Abra/2002–2003/ 

DENR-ERDS-CAR 

14. Pilot plantation for fuelwood production/ 

2000–2003/DENR-ERDS Region X 

15. Sustainability assessment of DENR 

charcoal technology/2002–2003/ERDB 

16. Silvical characterization of malapapaya 

(Polyscias nodosa) under a coconutbased 

agroforestry systems in Luisiana, 

Laguna/2002–2003/IAF 

17. Rehabilitation of degraded lands 

through accelerated pioneer-climax 

species series (APCS) strategy/2002– 

2003/IAF 

18. Rehabilitation of degraded lands 

through rotation forestry species-based 

agroforestry systems/2002–2003/IAF 

19. Effect of thinning and coconut frond 

pruning treatments on the growth and 

yield of mahogany interplanted with 

coconut/2002–2003/IAF 

20. Effect of organic fertilizer and mulching 

on growth of three-year old mahogany 

plantation/2002–2003/IAF 

21. Effect of thinning on growth and yield 

of eight-year old mahogany plantation 

and on interplanted shade-tolerant 

crops/2002–2003/IAF 

22. Production and healing value analysis 

of DENR charcoal made from different 

combinations of municipal solid wastes/ 

2001–2003/ERDB 

23. Pilot plantation on the integration of 

medicinal plants as agroforestry crops 

in selected upland projects in the 

Philippines/2002–2004/ERDB 

24. Piloting of the 1:4 Pooc agroforestry 

technology/2000–2006/ERDB 

25. Gender roles in the ruminant production 

in the municipality of Pila and Siniloan, 

Laguna/2002–2003/ERDB 

26. Bioeconomic modeling of changes to 

traditional vegetable production 

practices in the Manupali- watershed 

and extensions to other Southeast Asian 

watersheds/2001–2003/ERDB 

27. Review and analysis of policies affecting 

the source, harvesting, and transport of 

forest-based raw materials for the 

furniture industries/2001–2004/ERDB 

28. Pilot production and research of growing 

Roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdarffa) as an 

intercrop in agroforestry/2002–2004/ 

ERDB 

29. Community-based resource management 

sub-project environmental technology 

transfer/1999–2003/ERDB 

30. Growth response of two timber tree 

species to various weeding treatments 

and planting densities in the Manupali 

Watershed/2000–2003/ICRAF-Lantapan, 

Bukidnon 


31. Enhancing productivity of timber and 

fruit tree-based contour hedgerow in 

upland soils: Quantification of treecrop 

interactions/2000–2003/ICRAF- 

Lantapan, Bukidnon 

32. Enhancing adoption of soil conservation 

practices: Landcare Philippines/2002– 

2003/ICRAF-Lantapan, Bukidnon 

33. Replicating models of institutional 

innovations for devolved participatory 

watershed management/2001–3003/ 

ICRAF-Lantapan, Bukidnon 

34. Ancestral domain studies in Mt. 

Kitanglad/2003–2005/ICRAF-Lantapan, 

Bukidnon 

35. Rewarding the upland poor for the 

environmental services (RUPES)/2003– 

2008/ICRAF-Lantapan 

36. Enhancing adoption of conservation 

farming and agroforestry practices 

through Landcare/2000–2003/ICRAF- 

Claveria, Misamis Oriental 

37. Smallholder timber production systems/ 

2002–2003/ICRAF-Claveria, Misamis 

Oriental 

38. Smallholder agroforestry options for 

degraded soils (SAFODS): tree establishment 

in cropped fields/2000–2003/ 

ICRAF-Claveria, Misamis Oriental 

39. Documenting existing local (indigenous 

and introduced) conservation farming 

technologies/2000–2003/ICRAF-Visayas 

40. Monitoring of farmers adoption and 

adaptation of technologies/2002–2003/ 

ICRAF-Visayas 

41. Linking technology generation and 

dissemination to Landcare/2002–2003/ 

ICRAF-Visayas 


Principal Technological Milestones 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

The following are the technologies 

developed and information generated 

from the commodity initiative and 

assessment efforts from 1990 to 2000. 

Indigenous Agroforestry System 

Naalad modified fallow aystem. Lasco 

(PCARRD Highlights 1992) conducted an onfarm 

evaluation of the Naalad modified 

fallow system in Naga, Cebu. It is one of the 

most unique indigenous improved fallow 

systems found in Naalad, Naga, Cebu. The 

Naalad system, developed 100 years ago, is 

basically a fallow system. The fallow period 

is hastened by the introduction of native 

‘ipil-ipil’ (L. leucocephala) in the area to be 

fallowed. There are two improvements over 

the traditional fallow system. 

First, instead of waiting for natural 

succession processes to revegetate the 

fallow, the farmers plant L. leucocephala to 

shorten the fallow period from ten or more 

years to only five to six years. 

Second, at the end of the fallow period, 

farmers cut the L. leucocephala branches 

and twigs but instead of burning the biomass 

as they do in shifting cultivation, they pile 

them along the contours to form a fascinelike 

structure locally known as balabag or 

babag, which help conserve the soil. The 

balabag are spaced from 1 m to 2 m and the 

alleys formed between are planted to corn 

and tobacco. 

Hanunuo Mangyan indigenous agroforestry 

systems. Gascon (PCARRD 1999) 

studied the Hanunuo Mangyans’ indigenous 

agroforestry systems in Sitio Dangkalan, 

Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro. There are 

three agroforestry production systems 

practiced, namely: the swidden or kaingin, 

the multistorey, and the home garden. 

In swidden farms, rice and corn were the 

major crops planted. Other crops 

interplanted included banana, cassava, 

sugarcane, and root crops. Crops were 

planted simultaneously or sequentially 

within the cultivated area. However, the 

crops were randomly and/or inappropriately 

planted, and thus competed with the rice 

and corn for soil nutrients, water, and 

sunlight resulting to low yields. It was the 

most practiced system but the least 

ecologically sound. 

Fallowing was practiced whenever the 

farmer noticed that the soil was no longer 

fertile. The land was rested for 1–3 years 

which was not enough if compared to the 19 

years fallow period which their ancestors 

practiced. 

In multistorey farms, the upper canopy 

had coconut while the middle canopy had 

mango, banana, ‘anahaw’ (Livistona 

rotundifolia), and ‘anuling’ (Pisonia 

umbellifera). The lower canopy 

was dominated by pineapple with some 

L. leucocephala at the edges. It was also 

found to be the most ecologically sound in 

terms of soil fertility maintenance. 

The home gardens were structurally 

simple. The upper canopy was usually 

planted to bananas, coconut, mango, 

jackfruit, and guava. Ube was planted 

under and twined on the fruit trees. 

L. leucocephala and ‘kakawate’ (Gliricidia 

sepium) served as live fences. 


Agroforestry farms and farm 

practices in Central Visayas. Based on 

the study conducted by Baggayan Jr. and 

Lanuza (PCARRD Highlights 1994), all 

farmers in Central Visayas practiced 

contour farming. They use hedgerow and 

rockwall to conserve the soil. Some farmers 

in Cebu were also engaged in fishing and 

livestock raising. 

Developed Agroforestry 

Technologies/Systems 

Sloping Agricultural Land Technology 

(SALT). MBRLC, an active partner 

of the government in improving the lives 

of upland farmers and other tribal 

groups in Mindanao, has developed the 

internationally known SALT. SALT is a 

diversified farming system which can be 

considered under the agroforestry scheme 

because permanent shrubs, such as coffee, 

cacao, citrus, fruit trees, etc., are dispersed 

throughout the farm plot. 

Basically SALT is a package technology 

on soil conservation and food production 

measures in just one setting. It is a guide on 

how to farm hilly lands without losing the 

soil. SALT is a method of growing field and 

permanent crops in a 3–5-m wide bands 

between contoured rows of nitrogen-fixing 

trees. These trees are thickly planted in 

double rows to make hedgerows. When a 

hedge is 1.5–2 m tall, it is cut down to about 

40 cm and the cut portions are placed in an 

alley to serve as organic fertilizers (Asian 

Rural Life Development Foundation 

[ARLDF] 1997). 

Simple Agrolivestock Technology 

(SALT 2). SALT 2 is a goat-based 

agroforestry with a land use of 40% for 

agriculture, 20% for forestry, and 40% for 

livestock. Experiences by the MBRLC in 

Bansalan, Davao Del Sur, indicate that the 

said technology minimizes erosion, 

improves soil fertility, and provides 

additional income to upland farmers. This 

technology guides farmers on how to raise 

goats under the SALT system (MBRLC 

1998). 

Sustainable Agroforest Land Technology 

(SALT 3). SALT 3 is a small-scale 

reforestation integrated with food 

production. The farm is devoted to 40% and 

60% agriculture and forestry, respectively. 

Results indicate that application of this 

technology conserves the soil effectively, 

thereby providing food, wood, and 

additional income for the uplanders. This 

technology guides farmers on how to grow 

crops with trees in the SALT system 

(MBRLC 2000). 

Small Agrofruit Livelihood Technology 

(SALT 4). SALT system is further 

modified wherein fruit trees were 

integrated in the system known as SALT 4. 

In this particular technology, farmers can 

modify the system to suit their needs. In 

general, SALT 4 guides farmers on how to 

integrate fruit trees into the SALT system 

(MBRLC 2000). 

Biological and Physical Processes 

of Agroforestry Technologies 

and Practices 

Agroforestry farming system for the 

hillyland. Malab (PCARRD Highlights 

1992) identified the tree-crop combination 

as the most feasible and environmentally 

sound agroforestry scheme for marginal 

hillylands. The study found out that 

combination of Acacia auriculiformis + 

Mangifera indica and Gliricidia sepium + 

rice/mungbean are two models with 

sustainable and high potentials for hillyland 

development. These systems increase soil 

carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. 


Agri-nipa-aquaculture technology: 

A sustainable land use in the nipadominated 

wetlands of Puerto Galera. 

Agri-nipa-aquaculture is a technology which 

combines nipa and agricultural crops 

with fish production, a variation of 

aquasilviculture. The study was conducted 

in a 1-ha nipa dominated wetland in Puerto 

Galera, Oriental Mindoro. Results showed 

that the area became productive through the 

use of the said scheme. Baconguis (1994) 

reported that the farmer harvested 

vegetables and other crops and fish from the 

pond for his food and augmented the family 

income, while he waited for the nipa to be 

harvested as materials for making thatch. 

The sap produced will be also collected. 

Carbon sequestration. The potential 

of agroforestry system to sequester carbon 

from the atmosphere and help mitigate 

climate change was emphasized by Lasco 

and Pulhin (1997). They estimated that by 

2005, agroforestry farms in the Philippines 

would cover about 5.9 M ha and would have 

a projected carbon sequestration of about 

14 t/ha. 

Sales (1998) evaluated the carbon 

storage capacity of yemane-cacao agroforestry 

system and estimated 105 t/ha of 

carbon in a biomass of about 236 t/ha. The 

annual litterfall of this stand was 5 t/ha 

which has a capacity of storing 2.2 t of C/ha. 

In another study, Estrella (1999) looked 

at the carbon sequestration potential of 

G. sepium-based alley cropping system 

under fallow. A total biomass of 33 t/ha 

equivalent to 14.6 t of C/ha or a carbon 

sequestration rate of 0.91 t of C/ha per year 

was estimated. This rate of carbon 

sequestration was much lower than that of 

a secondary forest in Makiling (7.81 t of C/ 

ha per year) and tree plantation (4 t of C/ha 

per year) in the Philippines. However, it was 

higher than that of the grassland ecosystem 

which has a zero sequestration ability (Lasco 

and Pulhin 1997). 

Changes in soil properties in 

various farmers’ agroforestry schemes 

within the watershed development 

area of Matalom. Soil organic matter was 

affected more by the cropping system/ 

pattern than by the length of cultivation 

based on the study conducted by Quirol 

and Inderio (1999) in the Watershed 

Development Project area in Matalom. 

Fallowing seems to increase/improve soil 

pH. The amount of soil loss due to erosion 

was highly influenced by the cropping 

system/pattern and partially by the type and 

age of the hedgerows employed in the farm. 

Mura grass combined with leguminous 

shrubs/trees was effective in controlling soil 

erosion. There was a general reduction in 

the total amount of soil loss from the 

watershed area as depicted in the 

decreasing sediment load in the existing 

river system within the area. This was 

partially attributed to the increasing 

number of trees planted in the watershed 

area. 

Ridge tillage system in corn-based 

agroforestry system. Mercado et al. (1999) 

worked with Misamis Oriental State College 

of Agriculture and Technology (MOSCAT) 

and North Carolina State University, in 

evaluating the use of ridge tillage (RT) 

system and natural vegetative contour 

strips (NVCS) as alternative land 

management systems for corn in corn-based 

agroforestry system. 

Based on the results, RT and NVCS were 

capable of having three croppings per year 

due to reduced turn-around period. Both 

scheme yielded an average of 13.26 t/ha per 

year compared to non-RT system with only 

9.48 t/ha per year. 

Combining NVCS and RT reduced soil 

loss by 95–98% while using RT and NVCS 

alone would reduce soil loss by 58% and 

73–91%, respectively. Ridge tillage had 

higher infiltration rate (40 cm/hr) compared 

with that of the other treatments. The 


economic analysis done in the same year 

showed that RT system can yield an annual 

net income of P39,446.75/ha per year 

compared with P24,982.50 by conventional 

farming. 

Sustainability of Indigenous 

Species for Hedgerows 

Performance of corn in alleycrop 

using different hedgerow species. 

G. sepium was found effective as hedgerow. 

Soriano, Jr. (1992) studied the performance 

of corn in alleycrop by using different 

hedgerows species: G. sepium, Leucaena 

diversifolia, and Acacia villosa. 

Findings showed that N and P contents 

of herbages of three hedgerow species did 

not differ significantly. Potassium content, 

however, was significantly higher in G. 

sepium herbage than that of the other two 

hedgerows. Grain yield of corn was 

generally higher in plots with G. sepium and 

A. villosa hedgerows than that of corn 

monoculture plot except during the first 

year where it outranked the treated plots. 

According to Soriano, Jr. (1992), 

hedgerow intercropping treatment was 

effective in reducing runoff and sediment 

yield. Hedgerow plus a combination of 

either ground barrier or mulch provided 

sufficient protection against soil loss. For 

runoff control, hedgerow plus a combination 

of both ground barrier and mulch was 

needed for maximum protection during 

periods of long duration and high intensity 

storms. By controlling runoff and erosion, 

land degradation was minimized; hence, the 

reversion of productive agricultural lands 

to unproductive cogonal areas was likewise 

prevented. The potential of hedgerow 

intercropping in combining erosion control 

and soil fertility enhancement can offer 

better opportunity for small farmers where 

finances are not readily available for the 

purchase of fertilizers. 

In the same year, he also investigated 

the potential of agroforestry practices in soil 

and water conservation in the upland farms 

of Ilocos Norte. Results revealed that it was 

more effective if the loppings were used 

either as ground barrier, mulch, or 

combination of both. Groundcover was 

provided by the loppings applied as surface 

mulch that reduced soil water evaporation. 

Since upland farming is generally rainfed 

and crop is often exposed to interspersed 

dry spells, any reduction in soil water 

evaporation is as beneficial as enhanced 

water intake into the soil. 

Desmanthus virgatus as hedgerows 

in a hillyland agroforestry system. 

Agustin et al. (1995) conducted a study on 

D. virgatus as hedgerows in a hillyland 

agroforestry system from 1991 to 1995. 

Results showed that D. virgatus hedgerows 

contributed to the increase of soil organic 

matter from 1.96% to 2.64% after four years 

of continuous mulching. It could be planted 

at any spacing between 20 cm and 30 cm 

between hills, in double rows and could be 

cut from 50 cm to 100 cm above the ground 

without any remarkable difference in the 

grain yield of the alley crop. Adaptability of 

the plant to very close spacing or dense 

stocking suggested its high potential for 

erosion control. 

Moreover, the species could also be used 

as feeds for livestock and poultry and a good 

source of organic fertilizer. 

Leguminous species as hedgerows in 

agroforestry systems. In 1995, Tura 

verified the use of selected leguminous 

species as hedgerows in agroforestry 

systems in Overland, Buenavista, Bohol. 

The soil in the area was deficient in 

macronutrients, moderately acidic with 

organic matter concentrated on the topsoil 

equivalent to 1.5% decreasing downwards. 

The study established G. sepium hedgerows 

in double or triple rows along the contour 


following a distance of 25 cm between rows 

and 30 cm between hills. The study found 

out that herbage application for three years 

improved the soil condition, increased the 

soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, 

phosphorus, potassium, and other 

macronutrients. 

Gliricidia sepium as hedgerow 

species. The performance of G. sepium as 

hedgerow species was also done by Mercado 

in 1997. The four-year hedgerow-crop 

interference study compared three plant 

species: G. sepium, a nitrogen-fixing (Nfixing) 

tree legume; Cassia spectabilis, a 

non-N-fixing tree; and Pennisetum 

purpureum, a forage grass. Factors such as 

hedgerow biomass, nutrient yields, and the 

species relative effects on rice and maize 

productivity were also investigated. The 

study reported that non-N-fixing tree C. 

spectabilis produced 46% more pruning 

biomass annually compared with N-fixing G. 

sepium. Nitrogen supplied by C. spectabilis 

to the alley crops was similar with that of 

G. sepium on the first year of observation, 

but increased by 20–30% in the succeeding 

years. The four-year comparative 

experiments showed that a hedgerow 

system with a N-fixing tree did not exert 

significant advantages compared with a 

non-N-fixing tree species. 

Pest Management in Agroforestry 

Systems 

Insect pests associated with crops 

and agroforest tree species. Polo (1992) 

reported that insect pests associated with 

crops and agroforest tree species in three 

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program- 

Integrated Social Forestry (CARP-ISF) 

agroforestry project sites included 

chrysomelid beetle, sweet potato weevil, 

leaf hopper, corn borer, cotton stainer, 

negro bug, metallic wood boring beetle, 

snout beetle, pedilid beetle, and scentless 

plant bug. The natural enemies found 

associated with these insect pests were: 

ladybird beetle, Syrphid fly, spiders, 

longhorned grasshopper, ground beetle, 

field crickets, assassin bug, lacewing, and 

parasitic wasps. 

Potential of G. sepium leaves in pest 

management. Rabena (1996) reported the 

potential of G. sepium leaves in pest 

management. He isolated the active 

components of G. sepium leaves that made 

it a suitable botanical pesticide. Coumarins 

isolated from G. sepium leaves with 

petrolleum ether showed bioactivity. 

Coumarins inhibited the growth of fungus 

Tricophyton mentagrophytes. 

Economics of Agroforestry Systems 

Establishment of forage plantations 

and agroforestry projects. The 

establishment of forage plantations and 

agroforestry projects ensured more 

protection and conservation to the denuded 

forest (Amada 1994). The project showed an 

increase in income among farmer 

participants. Before the project, about 17% 

of the farmers earned below P5,000 and 39% 

earned P5,000–10,000. After the project, 

53% of the farmers earned P5,000–10,000 and 

no farmers were reported to be earning less 

than P5,000. Farmers also gained knowledge 

in livestock raising and management 

through training, briefings, and actual 

application of different farming practices. 

Impact of CARP-ISF Agrilivestock 

livelihood project on the socioeconomic 

status of the farmers in Region X. In 

1994, Palma studied the impact of CARP- 

ISF Agrilivestock livelihood project on the 

socioeconomic status of the farmers in 

Region X. He reported that after the project, 

forest trees increased significantly, pasture 

24 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions 

s

grasses improved, and the farmerbeneficiaries 

planted root crops as well. 

Proceeds from the sale of livestock 

dispersed to the farmer-beneficiaries have 

augmented their income by as much as 12% 

annually. This eased their financial burdens; 

enabled them to acquire their own livestock; 

improved their dwellings; and acquired 

material possessions such as land, shelter, 

draft animals, and personal belongings. 

Economic performance of a SALT 2 

farm with goat farming. Also in 1994, 

Cumpio studied the economic performance 

of a SALT 2 farm with goat farming. The 

study showed that goat raised under the 

cut-and-carry system in SALT 2 farm had 

greater weight gains, higher production, and 

better quality of kids compared to goats 

raised in native pasture. This could be 

attributed to the forage/legume fed to goats 

containing high crude protein and minerals. 

Intercropping yemane (Gmelina 

arborea) with cash crops. Mallorca and 

Mamiscal conducted a study on intercropping 

G. arborea with cash crops in 1994. 

Economic analysis showed that yemane 

exposed to field condition intercropped with 

bottle gourd, pechay, eggplant, squash, and 

tomato provided the highest net benefit of 

P35,200. Partially shaded yemane planted 

under two-year old ‘lakatan’ banana 

provided a net benefit of P7,000. Fully 

shaded yemane intercropped with five-year 

old ‘cardava’ banana provided the lowest 

benefit of P6,150. Return-on-investment 

(ROI) from pechay and tomato was 150%; 

eggplant, 125%; squash and lakatan, 118%; 

cardava, 112%; yemane, 113%; and bottle 

gourd, 0.8%. This system also enhanced the 

restoration of the area since soil erosion was 

minimized. 

Mushroom cultivation under closedcanopy 

high-diversity forest farming 

system. In 1993, Mangaoan and Ranches 

studied mushroom cultivation under closed- 

canopy high-diversity forest farming system. 

Findings showed local isolate of V. volvacea 

gave higher yield (2,263.65 g) compared 

with V. volvariella (1,574.80 g) from Biotech, 

College, Laguna. These fruited much better 

in close-canopy area than when cultivated 

in the open area. Pleurotus yield (209.60 g/ 

bag) was higher when inside mushroom 

house under closed-canopy-area than when 

inside the mushroom house in relatively 

open area (198.54 g/bag). 

Cost-and-return analysis of V. 

volvariella and Pleurotus mushroom 

production was found to be economically 

feasible. 

Promotion of Agroforestry Systems 

Promotion of agroforestry practices 

and technologies. DENR, together with 

the Ford Foundation and the International 

Institute for Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), 

published the Agroforestry Information Kit 

(ATIK). This is a documentation of various 

agroforestry practices and technologies as 

reference guide for DENR field technicians 

involved in social forestry and other upland 

development programs and projects. It can 

also be used as supplementary reference 

material for other forestry practitioners 

involved in upland development (PCARRD 

1997). 

Furthermore, the Regional Agroforestry 

Technology Information Kit (RATIK) was 

produced. Its main objective is to strengthen 

the DENR capability in preparing 

agroforestry information, education, and 

communication (IEC) materials and to 

document regionalized or more site-specific 

agroforestry practices and technologies. 

This was piloted in Regions II, VI, and XI 

(PCARRD 1997). 

CARP-ISF R&D Program. In general, 

the DENR CARP-ISF R&D Program (1995) 

was implemented as an intervening system 

to restore food and ecological security in the 


uplands and coastal villages where most of 

the marginal sectors abound. Through the 

sociological and biotechnological inputs, the 

program also gained inroads in promoting 

food and ecological security thus, attaining 

sustainable development. Sustained farm 

productivity, improved socioeconomic 

status and delivery of social services, selfsufficiency 

in basic necessities, improved 

environmental conservation and packaged 

technologies of upland farming systems 

were the long-term benefits provided by 

the program. 

The program developed 3,103 ha of which 

about 50% or 1,588 ha was accounted for 

the development of the production base 

of agrilivestock. Smaller areas for 

development were devoted to nontraditional 

development activities such as those 

for wildfood, cutflower, ‘tikog’ (Frimbistylis 

globulosa), and aquasilviculture (combination 

of fish, trees, and agricultural crops). 

There were 4,076 cooperators in the said 

program. About 124 associations were 

established as well as 1,248 infrastuctures 

were built. During the program implementation, 

521 training sessions were 

conducted. The conduct of informal 

trainings proved to be the best channel of 

imparting technical information to the 

cooperators. Personal communication and 

contact with them were found to be effective 

tools for extension activities. 

Results showed that the said program 

increased the productivity of the upland 

occupants thereby, increasing their income. 

The livelihood opportunities generated 

employment for 2,755 families. The 1,968 ha 

upland and mangrove resources were 

developed into productive enterprises. The 

occupants acted as partners for the 

sustainable development of the environment 

and natural resources. The established pilot/ 

demonstration areas, served as models for 

possible adoption by other upland farmers. 

Agroforestry in CARP-ISF areas. 

The agroforestry practices/technologies 

introduced in Region VIII were SALT, 

multistorey cropping, bio-intensive 

gardening, intercropping, introduction of 

high-yielding cash crop varieties, improved 

fallow, and soil-conserving bench terracing. 

Nasayao (1994) reported that after five years 

of project implementation, experiences 

suggested that sustainable development 

was possible only if the stages have been 

gradual and slow, although the prospect of 

attaining it was high. The organizing and 

training activities significantly built up the 

farmer’s capabilities to adopt introduced 

technologies. Regular farm visits and 

meetings significantly contributed to 

building the farmer’s confidence to express 

their problems and concern and to come up 

with appropriate solutions to these 

problems. 

Upland Development Program 

(UDP). DENR, in partnership with 

academic institutions, implemented the 

UDP. This program was intended to develop 

effective participatory approaches and to 

enhance the capabilities of DENR and 

the upland communities for resource 

management. With the UDP, the participatory 

planning tools and methodologies 

were developed and served as guide in 

implementing social forestry, and later 

community-based forest management 

programs. These included the community 

profiling; participatory planning, 

monitoring, and evaluation; community 

training programs; and basic community 

organizing frameworks for communitybased 

forest management programs. The 

program provided women with equal 

opportunities for managing the forest 

resources by initiating a policy granting the 

certificate of stewardship (CS) under the 

name of the husband and wife. Women were 

also involved in trainings and project 

activities, and acted as presidents of the 

associations, like in Regions IX and X. The 

UDP had developed functional and viable 

organizations. These organizations worked 


hand-in-hand with the forestry community 

organizers (FCO) in implementing project 

activities and eventually took over the 

responsibilities for project management 

after the turn over. Major portions of most 

UDP sites had been developed into model 

farms. These areas served as learning 

laboratories and training centers for other 

upland farmers. The pool of farmer-trainers 

conducted training among farmers within 

and outside the project areas. 

Establishment of CBFM regional 

training centers. The Center for People 

Empowerment in the Uplands (CPEU) is 

envisioned to build an empowered and selfreliant 

communities in the uplands. 

Specifically, it is designed to promote the 

involvement of local communities and to 

encourage their active participation in 

upland development through people’s 

empowerment and capacity building. 

To realize these objectives, DENR 

adopted selected model sites under the ISFP 

and other community projects and 

established one CPEU in each province. As 

a center, it serves as training laboratory and 

showcases the various upland technologies 

and approaches. The activities to be carried 

out focus more on training and community 

organizing, cooperative, and livelihood 

development in the upland. The activities 

of the center are supervised by DENR in 

collaboration with the local government 

units (LGUs), nongovernment organizations 

(NGOs), and people’s organizations (POs). 

However, based on the assessment 

conducted in 1995, not all the CPEUs were 

found to be functioning as originally 

conceived due to lack of training facilities 

and funding support. 

To operationalize the CPEU and to put 

in place the needed support to carry out the 

necessary training programs, a regional 

training center in every region was selected 

and developed from among the existing 

CPEUs and other community-based projects 

in 1996. 

In the strategic action plan for CBFM, 

the DENR identified the development and 

the use of networks of CBFM model sites as 

an important strategy. The objective is to 

develop nerve centers and transform 

regional training centers into CBFM model 

sites that will facilitate and spread 

sustainable forest management practices in 

the uplands. 

Tools for Assessing Sustainability 

of Agroforestry Systems 

In recent years, agroforestry has been 

recognized locally and internationally as the 

most effective means of addressing the 

problems of rural poverty and rehabilitating 

degraded upland areas. With the vast array 

of agroforestry systems, a multidisciplinary 

team formulated the MEAS in the country 

(Lasco et. al 1997). This methodology can be 

used as an initial assessment tool to 

evaluate the “goodness” of an agroforestry 

system in question. It is applied in cases 

where development workers and farmers 

are considering whether to adopt or not an 

existing agroforestry system. 

The indicators used in the assessment 

include soil erosion rate and soil fertility 

for soil conservation, land equivalent ratio 

(LER) for productivity, net income, surplus, 

agroforestry system efficiency ratio (ASER) 

for social acceptability. The agroforestry 

system satisfying all the indicators is 

considered “potentially sustainable.” 

Otherwise, improvements or modifications 

of the agroforestry system should be 

implemented to satisfy the indicator. If the 

modifications of the agroforestry system are 

no longer feasible, then the system is 

unsustainable. 

In the formulation of MEAS, various 

government institutions developed other 

evaluation tools such as the agroecosystem 

analysis approach (AAA), AFA, FSR/D, 

monitoring and evaluation system (MES) 

and ICRAF’s diagnosis and design. 


AFA, for instance, is a tool used in 

evaluating the effectiveness of agroforestry 

farms (Lasco,1993). It determines how a 

particular technology affects the farmer and 

his environment. Likewise, it serves as a 

feedback mechanism for technology finetuning 

and provides opportunities for 

modifications at an early stage. 

ALCAMS is a tool used to minimize trial 

and error; hence, plan the agroforestry 

farms effectively (Lawas 1993). Land 

resource evaluation through the ALCAMS 

determines the capability and suitability of 

the area/site for agroforestry. The 

technology answers the many questions in 

farm activity like adaptability for 

agroforestry site, appropriate systems, 

practices, and components for the area. 

To maximize production per unit area 

per time and added environmental benefits, 

the lowland agroforestry system (LAS) was 

established by Saplaco and Dalmacio in 

1996. It utilizes the unproductive and/or 

wasted portion of rice-producing lowland 

areas particularly the dikes, farm 

boundaries and landings, irrigation canals 

as well as roadsides for vegetables, forest 

and fruit trees, forage, and animal 

production. LAS can also be applied to 

flatlands or lowlands on mountain areas 

with slope of not more than 5%. 

A computer-based design procedure for 

agroforestry models was developed by 

Foronda, et al. in 1996. This program 

otherwise known as the Farm Resource 

Integration, Evaluation, and Design 

(FRIEnD) was developed to assist 

agroforestry planners, extension workers, 

and researchers. 

FRIEnD version 1.0 takes advantage of 

powerful and advanced portable computer 

systems and existing knowledge as well as 

technologies by integrating them into a 

comprehensive planning and decision tool. 

This model is a powerful and dynamic tool 

that hopes to assist social forestry 

technicians in the formulation of 

appropriate agroforestry systems for 

individual agroforestry farm. 

This software is menu-driven and userfriendly, 

applicable not only to agroforestry, 

but also applicable for a computer-aided 

design procedure of any agroecosystem 

provided the input model exists. 


Institutional Capability 

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Through the years, agroforestry has been 

recognized as the sustainable management 

systems capable of improving 

productivity in the upland, reducing 

poverty, increasing farmer’s income, and 

enhancing environmental stability. Thus, 

various government agencies and 

nongovernment organizations are working 

together in partnership with the local people 

for a sustainable resource development and 

effective management of natural resources. 

PCARRD through the Agroforestry and 

MPTS Team sets the priorities and 

direction of agroforestry research and 

development in the country. UPLB’s 

Ecosystems Research and Development 

Bureau (ERDB) and the Forest Products 

Research and Development Institute 

(FPRDI) are the national R&D centers for 

Agroforestry and MPTS commodity. In 

addition, PCARRD listed 19 regional R&D 

centers, 22 cooperating stations and 1 

specialized agency. PCARRD coordinates 

the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural 

Resources Collaborative Research Support 

Program for Southeast Asia (SANREM- 

CRSP/Southeast Asia) and monitors the 

project on Technical and Institutional 

Innovations to Evolve Agroforestry Systems 

for Sustainable Agriculture and the 

Management of Protected Ecosystems. The 

introduction of alternative land management 

practices in Lantapan, Bukidnon has 

resulted in agricultural diversification and 

the conservation of soil resources. The 

diversity of tree species across the 

landscape provides opportunity for the 

farmers to respond to market demands for 

specific species. Now, there is a widespread 

appreciation for tree farming as an incomegenerating 

activity. 

IAF based at UPLB, coordinates 

and facilitates the implementation of 

agroforestry curricular programs. It 

implements education research to improve 

the effectiveness of agroforestry education 

in the country. Likewise, the Institute 

maintains learning laboratory for 

agroforestry, evaluates, and documents both 

indigenous and introduced agroforestry 

systems. 

IAF also develops information materials, 

promotes and field tests agroforestry 

research and technology for sustainable 

development (IAF 2002). IAF offers regular 

short course in agroforestry attended by 

participants from various NGOs, POs, and 

government agencies. The Foundation for 

Philippine Environment (FPE) and the 

Upland NGO Assistance Committee 

(UNAC) provided scholarship support to 

NGOs and POs to participate in those 

courses. 

From 1992 to 2002, IAF trained 1,137 

participants in agroforestry-related 

courses. As of 2002, there were about 147 

organizations (i.e., GOs, NGOs, and POs) 

reported to be involved in agroforestry 

related projects. Opportunities for on-thejob 

training as well as technical assistance 

are being provided. Moreover, FPE 

supported the documentation of successful 

agroforestry practitioners among selected 

farmers from Luzon and Visayas, which 

became known as the Regional Agroforestry 

Technology Information Kit (RATIK). 

The Philippine Agroforestry Education 

and Research Network (PAFERN) was 


created with 31 member-institutions 

actively involved in promoting agroforestry 

curricula, training, and research. According 

to Villancio (2002), PAFERN helps 

strengthen the institutional capabilities 

of member-institutions in agroforestry 

education and research. It also serves 

as mechanism to promote sustained 

development of agroforestry as a distinct 

discipline, and facilitate exchange of 

relevant agroforestry information and other 

materials. The development of a National 

Agroforestry Development Program 

(NAFDP) was recognized as an appropriate 

mechanism for the institutionalization of 

agroforestry in the country (Villancio 2002). 

Figure 1 shows the operational framework 

of institutionalizing the science and practice 

of agrofestry in the Philippines. 

ERDB and the Environment Research 

and Development Services (ERDS) of the 

DENR have been actively implementing 

various environmental, social and livelihood 

programs such as the ISFP, National 

Reforestation Program (NFP), Forest Land 

Management Agreement (FLMA) and 

CBFMP in residual forest lands occupied by 

the upland farmers. They also established 

model agroforestry farms in every region 

and learning laboratories in major islands 

in the country. The 1:4 agroforestry system 

in Pooc II, Silang, Cavite was documented 

by ERDB. 

DENR, through UDP in coordination 

with different agencies and research 

institutions, has been promoting agroforestry 

in the upland communities to 

restore the natural resources, specifically 

soil and water and the ecosystem as a whole. 

Several studies and projects have been 

conducted/implemented in these communities 

for agroforestry development. 

FPRDI works on the processing and 

utilization of harvested forest products 

including timber. 

MBRLC, a nonprofit foundation based 

in Kinuskusan, Bansalan, Davao del 

Sur, undertakes research and develops 

appropriate farming technology systems 

integrating crops and livestock that will 

help farmers increase income and sustain 

their productivity. To date, MBRLC has 

established a 19-hectare-agroforestry 

demonstration center hosting about 20,000 

visitors annually (Tacio 2001). 

Another private organization committed 

to work with the farmers and communities 

at the grassroots level is the Kapwa 

Upliftment Foundation, Inc. (KAPWA) in 

Matina, Davao City. KAPWA pioneers its 

work in community organizing, provides 

technical assistance to farmers and tribal 

communities in attaining food security in the 

upland. It also undertakes organizing and 

capacity building to ensure that upland 

farming technologies and the introduced 

innovations are sustained (Lawas et al. 

1997). 

ICRAF and the Southeast Asian Network 

for Agroforestry Education (SEANAFE) 

both based at CFNR administration building 

are the two international institutions 

continuously promoting the exchange of 

information on agroforestry research and 

development. 

ICRAF addresses poverty and environmental 

needs through collaborative 

programs and partnerships with the 

government, nongovernment organization 

(NGO) and farmer-organizations’ locally 

and globally. Likewise, it conducts 

innovative research and development in 

agroforestry and provides leadership in 

natural resources management (ICRAF 

1991) . 

Currently, the Landcare approach 

developed by ICRAF in 1996, is being used 

as a mechanism to insure that appropriate 

technologies such as natural vegetative 

strips (NVS), agroforestry systems, treecrop 

management options, among other 

things, will reach the end-user. The 

approach is a process led by farmers and 

community groups, with the support of the 

local government units backed up by 

ICRAF, DENR, Department of Agrarian 


Institutionalization 

of Agroforestry 

POs 

Professionalization of 

agroforestry 

Creation of classified 

plantilla items for 

agroforesters 

Licensure examination for 

agroforestry graduates 

Creation of Committee on 

Agroforestry as a 

permanent body of the 

CHED/TPAE 

Establishment of 

municipal, provincial, 

regional, and national 

agroforestry centers and 

networks 

PAFERN 

TAFE 

Formulation of National 

AF Agenda 

Legislation 

Establishment of AF 

centers 

Harmonizing activities 

with existing networks 

LGUs 

National 


Development 

Program 

Legislative 

Bodies 

Fig. 1. Institutionalizing the science and practice of agroforestry in the Philippines: an operational framework (Villancio 

2002). 

Agroforestry and Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs ............................................................................................ 31 

NGAs NGOs

Reform (DAR), Municipal Agriculture Office 

(MAO), and NGOs (Mercado et al. 2001). 

The Landcare approach initiates and 

implements plans and programs leading to 

the adoption of resource conservation 

technologies. To date, about 350 Landcare 

groups in Claveria, Misamis Oriental 

have disseminated farming technologies 

successfully to more than 5,000 farmers. 

It also established communal nurseries for 

fruit and timber trees. In Lantapan, it grew 

to about 60 farmer groups and has spread 

to other areas in Visayas particularly Bohol, 

Leyte and in Central and Southern 

Mindanao (ICRAF no date). 

ICRAF (1991) used three modalities in 

capacity building. First, selected research 

partners for institutional innovations, 

particularly LGUs and communities, gain 

knowledge and skills through their direct 

participation in action research. Second, the 

development institutions learn through 

visits to ICRAF action research sites and 

follow-up training activities. In the third 

modality, research scientists and 

educational institutions are provided with 

opportunities to participate in regional, 

national and international conferences, 

specialized training, on-site dialogue with 

practitioners in other countries, and access 

to recent publications. 

On the other hand, SEANAFE is 

composed of member-institutions from 

Indonesia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Vietnam, and 

Philippines. SEANAFE aims to intensify the 

promotion and development of agroforestry 

as a land-use management systems both in 

the uplands and lowlands. Common needs 

and gaps among educational institutions in 

Southeast Asia are being addressed 

regionally and nationally. Their goal is to 

promote sustainable development through 

agroforestry education and training. Each 

link represents the agriculture and 

forestry institutions involved in developing 

and/or implementing formal and nonformal 

agroforestry curricula (Arboleda 1999). 

Recently in 2002, the SEANAFE decentralized 

activities into the national network, 

wherein the Philippines is represented by 

PAFERN. Similar national networks were 

organized in other member-countries. 


R&D Gaps 

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The goals of agroforestry and MPTS R&D 

are sustainable upland production and 

rural development. However, based on the 

assessments done by the Agroforestry and 

MPTS R&D Team, few studies have been 

done to document, evaluate, and assess the 

applicability, sustainability, and impact of 

agroforestry system in the upland. Thus, 

the team identified the following areas 

which need to be further addressed 

(PCARRD 1994): 

Indigenous agroforestry system 

Biological and physical processes 

of agroforestry technologies and 

practices 

Sustainability of indigenous species 

for hedgerows 

Pest management in agroforestry 

systems 

Integration of livestock and other 

components in agroforestry 

Information on agroforestry systems 

and socio-cultural interactions 

Economics of agroforestry systems 

Promotion of agroforestry systems 

Technology impact assessment 


R&D Directions 

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Challenges and Issues 

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The challenges for agroforestry and 

MPTS are still enormous but these can 

be streamlined into manageable proportions 

to be addressed properly. These include the 

challenges of resource degradation (i.e., 

land, soil, water, and biodiversity) and its 

relation to environment and people. 

Agroforestry should be able to assert its 

significant role in alleviating pressure on 

those resources through proper management 

and governance. Agroforestry has to 

respond by providing sustainable 

management systems capable of improving 

resource productivity in the upland, 

reducing poverty, increasing farmer’s 

income, and enhancing environmental 

stability. 

Reconciling Agriculture 

and Forestry 

The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization 

Act (AFMA) includes upland areas 

in agricultural planning, recognizing that 

food production is moving into the uplands 

as agricultural lands are being converted 

into industry and urban settlements. The 

AFMA policies articulate the concern of the 

upland poor and the need to engage them 

in protection, while assisting them with 

their production concerns. The DENR and 

DA are expected to work with various 

stakeholders in the upland to reconcile 

development initiatives to restore, 

rehabilitate, and conserve resources in the 

uplands for the sustainability not only of 

agriculture, but also of the forest. 

Agroforestry is recognized to be the 

convergence of these efforts. While the 

AFMA provides support for these 

undertakings, these have not been 

accompanied with fiscal and human 

resources to support implemention. 

Conscious effort between the agriculture 

and forestry sectors to support agroforestry 

initiatives should be put in place. This 

should redound to rational land-use policy 

considering the forestry, agriculture, 

settlement, and industry needs that have 

to be addressed simultaneously. 

Tenurial Security and Resource 

Management Advocacy 

Logged-over areas are being converted 

into other land uses. Food production is 

expanding into areas that were once forests. 

The open-access situation in the uplands 

continues unabated and subsistence 

agriculture which used to dominate the 

upland areas are being converted to 

commercial agriculture. CBFM recognizes 

the importance of working with 

communities by engaging them to be 

responsible resource managers in exchange 

for securing use rights. Even the National 

Integrated Protected Areas Act (NIPAA) 

recognizes the presence of “tenured 

migrants” in protected areas who deserve 

to be assisted to transform destructive 

farming practices into biodiversityenhancing 

livelihood activities. The 

Indigenous Peoples Rights’ Act (IPRA) paves 

the way for indigenous peoples to regain 

the control and management of many 

forestlands. CARP also includes security of 


tenure of farmers in the forestlands as 

their concern in cooperation with DENR. 

Security of tenure has been viewed as a 

requisite to enhance adoption of agroforestry 

technologies necessary for the 

restoration of the uplands. 

Resource Governance 

Beyond the piece of paper that gives the 

right to farmers to occupy and benefit from 

their produce, the support to fulfill their 

responsibilities under the program has not 

always been provided. When ISF sites were 

devolved in 1992, CPEUs or model ISF sites 

were retained by DENR. The sites became 

their research and training laboratory to 

develop the capability of LGUs to support 

agroforestry technologies and upland 

development. 

In 1996, DENR formulated a plan for the 

agency-wide participatory implementation 

of the CBFM program. The plan proposed 

close collaboration with local governments 

to manage forests and people living in 

forestlands. The targeted period was from 

1998 to 1999 for program consolidation and 

reorganization of DENR for it to be able to 

meet the CBFM challenge (DENR 1996). 

Collaboration and partnership among 

government, nongovernment organizations 

and the LGUs to support CBFM need to be 

enhanced to promote effective and efficient 

governance of natural resources. 

Agroforestry Promotion 

and Resource Productivity 

Improvement 

Natural resources in the settled uplands 

have been degraded and have resulted to 

low productivity. To date, there are already 

available technologies for soil and water 

resources rehabilitation and conservation 

which can be used. The challenge lies on 

how these technologies can be extended to 

farmers in the uplands considering the 

tenurial constraints and overlapping or 

“passing the buck” of mandates of 

government agencies (i.e., DA, DENR, 

and LGUs). Part of the challenge is the 

provision of basic support services 

for the upland farmers to use the 

technologies to enhance their resource 

productivity, at the same time effectively 

manage the uplands. 

Increasing Farmer’s Income 

and Alleviating Poverty 

Productivity will increase as a result of 

the adoption of agroforestry technologies, 

but this has to be translated into increased 

incomes to alleviate poverty among 

households in the uplands. The challenge is 

how to make the input and output markets 

be made available to help the upland poor. 

There are some efforts among the NGOs to 

organize the Upland Marketing Foundation, 

Inc. through UNAC to assist upland NGOs 

in their marketing concern. 

However, this is only limited to upland 

NGOs who are able to avail of the services. 

The upland farmers need to be linked to the 

mainstream markets. Foremost to this is the 

need to make the uplands accessible 

through roads and adequate transportation 

facilities. Postharvest technologies and 

value-adding enterprises in the whole value 

chain (production-processing-marketingconsumption) 

need to be considered as well 

for agroforestry to contribute in increasing 

farmers’ income and alleviating poverty. 

Enhancing Environmental Services 

The contributions of agroforestry in 

providing environmental services need to 

be emphasized. Since most of the uplands 

in the country had been settled and 


occupied, agroforestry can be developed to 

provide cover for the watershed, reduce soil 

erosion, sequester carbon and enhance 

agrobiodiversity. Although there are 

available technologies, there is a need to 

evaluate the capability of the agroforestry 

system to provide these environmental 

services. Thus, ecological and economic 

valuation of agroforestry in natural 

resources enhance-ment may need to be 

initiated. 

Monitoring, Evaluation, 

and Impact Assessment 

The current performance accomplishment 

reports should be improved to 

reflect the degree to which issues on soil 

erosion, resource degradation, and poverty 

reduction are systematically addressed. Soil, 

water, and biodiversity remain to be the 

critical concerns. Models and approaches 

should be developed to monitor, evaluate, 

and assess agroforestry interventions both 

at the plot level and at the landscape level. 

The results of the CARP-ISF project 

sustainability indicators have been 

prepared into very user-friendly formats 

that can readily measure gains as well as 

establish key areas that need to be 

addressed. With the overall goal of global 

competitiveness, there is a tendency to put 

a premium on economic goals at the expense 

of important environmental and sociocultural 

considerations. This is a challenge 

that agroforestry advocates have to contend 

with, seeing to it that the agroforestry 

system addresses both these concerns to 

ensure its sustainability. 

Information, Education, 

and Communication (IEC) 

In 2002 , PCARRD created computerbased 

data banks for agroforestry. These 

data banks will integrate R&D and 

industry information and technologies on 

agroforestry into a comprehensive and 

operational information systems that can 

readily be accessible to end-users. This 

information system will serve as repository 

of R&D information on agroforestry for 

dissemination to all potential users. 

However, there will be a need for continuous 

gathering, review, and evaluation of 

research results lessons, and experiences 

to update the content. 

The implementation of CBFM was 

reported to have improved the well being 

of forest-dependent communities—the 

indigenous peoples as well as the migrant 

groups. At the same time it ensured the 

sustainable management, rehabilitation, and 

protection of the country’s forest lands and 

resources (DENR 2000). 

However, upland farmers continue to 

practice shifting cultivation. Watersheds 

and protected areas are still under extreme 

threats. Open access, poor coordination, and 

lack of comprehensive development 

planning continue in many areas across the 

country. Therefore, IEC initiatives should 

be able to capture CBFM-related successes 

and lessons learned for the next program to 

emulate and utilize. 


Major Programs and Policies Addressing R&D Gaps 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

The Agroforestry and MPTS R&D 

Team recommended strategic R&D 

activities for 2001–2005 to address the gaps 

identified from 1990 to 2000. The agenda 

identified are along the following areas: 

R&D and Utilization 

Indigenous Agroforestry System 

Several studies highlighted the 

contribution of indigenous people in the 

practice of agroforestry in the Philippines. 

More studies need to be undertaken to 

document and evaluate them and have it 

made available for use. The following 

specific projects need to be undertaken: 

Documentation and evaluation of the 

indigenous agroforestry systems; 

Documention and evaluation of the 

existing agroforestry systems; 

Determination of the sustainability 

of indigenous species for hedgerows; 

and 

Evaluation of the indigenous timber 

and nontimber species for 

domestication in agroforestry 

system. 

Biological and Physical Processes 

of Agroforestry Technologies 

and Practices 

The challenge of reconciling agriculture, 

forestry and other land uses needs to be 

addressed. However, this concern needs 

to consider other areas that have favorable 

impact on agroforestry. In this case, 

agroforestry will focus on the following: 

Review and evaluation on the 

suitability of agriculture commodity 

recommendations for agroforestry 

systems in multiple-use and buffer 

zones of watersheds and protected 

areas; 

Development and adaption of the 

component technologies for coconutbased 

agroforestry systems and agroforestry 

gardens; 


pest management system in 

agroforestry; 


component technologies for tree 

domestication in agroforestry 

systems; and 

Adaption of the technologies for 

integration of animals in 

agroforestry. 

Economics of Agroforestry Systems 

There are current efforts to develop a 

system to reward upland dwellers providing 

environmental services. With this, there is 

a need to focus on the social, environmental, 

and economic valuation of agroforestry 

systems. These studies should be 

undertaken at various levels, that is, plot, 

farm, and landscape/watershed level. 


Technology Evaluation 

and Impact Assessment 

Agroforestry practices and systems 

have evolved and the technologies have 

been developed by different institutions 

working on agroforestry. Thus, the focus 

will be given on the assessment of the 

performance of agroforestry systems and 

technologies; effectiveness of technology 

promotion, dissemination, and utilization; 

and institutional capabilities. Specifically 

these would include, among other things, 

the following: 

Performance evaluation of 

agroforestry systems as to its 

productivity; profitability; promotion 

of household food security and food 

safety; biodiversity, carbon 

sequestration; and poverty 

alleviation. This involves establishment 

of a benchmark and basis for 

measuring performance of agroforestry 

systems and technologies; 

Establishment of mechanisms to 

determine areas under risk of soil 

erosion in each region and to 

establish a plan addressing and 

monitoring changes over time; 

Effectiveness and efficiency assessment 

of agroforestry promotion, 

dissemination, and utilization 

process; 

Impact evaluation of devolution of 

agroforestry projects under ISF to 

LGUs; and 

Impact assessment of policies, 

programs and capabilities of 

government and nongovernment 

organizations (DA, DAR, DENR, 

LGUs, NGOs, POs) to address open 

access and inappropriate development 

in the uplands. 

Capability Building 

Information on Agroforestry 

Systems and Networking 

The IEC strategy in agroforestry will 

focus on the following: 

Development and update of the 

integrated database management 

system for agroforestry systems and 

technologies; and 

Rationalization of existing agroforestry 

networks in the country 

and identification of lead institutions 

as agroforestry dissemination 

centers at the local, regional, and 

national levels. 

Promotion of Agroforestry Systems 

The promotion of agroforestry system 

will be focused on the capacity building of 

institutions involved; thus, the thrusts are 

as follows: 

Capability assessment of existing 

organizations to promote agroforestry; 

Agroforestry learning sites and 

resource centers establishment 

through joint efforts of LGUs, 

SCUs, local offices of national 

government agencies, NGOs, and 

other organizations in their 

respective areas; 

Training of extension and development 

workers of LGUs, SCUs, NGOs, 

POs, DA, DAR, and DENR on 

agroforestry systems and technologies, 

technology development, 

promotion and utilization, and 

related policies and programs; and 


Information and educational 

materials development and 

utilization for the promotion of 

agroforestry. 

Policy Advocacy 

The R&D agenda mentioned above 

will generate information that will support 

the policy advocacy and promote agroforestry 

as an art, a science, and a practice. 

The following policy directions are 

being espoused by PAFERN and other 

organizations: 

Rationalization of land use; 

Professionalization of agroforestry; 

and 

Increasing the role of LGUs by 

mandating them to designate 

agroforestry technicians (municipal 

level) and specialists (provincial 

level) to manage vast upland areas. 

Other Recommendations 

Based on the assessment of and 

discussion on the situation of agroforestry 

in the Philippines, the Agroforestry and 

MPTS R&D Team recommends the 

mobilization of the different GOs, NGOs, 

POs, and other agencies involved in 

agroforestry to work together in the 

promotion of agroforestry. Since these 

agencies are strategically located 

across the country, their expertise 

will greatly contribute in the agroforestry 

research, extension, and advocacy. 

The harmonization of networks and 

effort into organization of the National 

Agroforestry Development Program 

(NAFDP) will also put in place a systematic 

mechanism to ensure that the results of 

R&D programs and policies address the 

problems of resource degradation (land, 

soil, water and biodiversity) and poverty in 

the uplands. 


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