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U.S. <strong>Imports</strong> Are Concentrated Among Relatively Few Countries<br />

While the United States imports from 234 countries and territories, in terms of value, most<br />

U.S. non-oil merchandise imports come from a small number of countries. Just 20<br />

countries accounted for more than $4 out of every $5 worth of goods imported in 2012<br />

(Table 1). And more than 70 percent of U.S. non-oil<br />

goods imports came from the top 10 suppliers in Table<br />

1. While China has become the largest foreign<br />

supplier of U.S. imports, in fact it represents only 22<br />

percent of total U.S. imports —– $1 of every $5<br />

imported in 2012.<br />

TABLE 2<br />

U.S. <strong>Imports</strong> Are Sourced Evenly from High-<br />

Wage Developed Countries and Fast-<br />

Growing Middle-Income Countries<br />

Another interesting feature of Table 1 is that a large<br />

number of high-wage countries figure among the Top<br />

20 sources of U.S. imports. Canada (hourly<br />

compensation rate of $36.56 in 2011, compared to<br />

$35.53 for the United States 7 ), Japan ($35.71), and<br />

Germany ($47.38) together accounted for one quarter<br />

of all U.S. imports in 2012. The United Kingdom<br />

($30.77), France ($42.12), Italy ($36.17), Ireland<br />

($39.83), Switzerland ($60.40), and Singapore<br />

($22.60) also rank among the Top 20.<br />

In fact, nearly half of U.S. imports come from other high-wage, developed countries, as<br />

defined by the World Bank (Table 2). Lower-wage, low-income countries accounted for<br />

less than 1 percent of the total. (One important reason low-income countries are such<br />

small suppliers to the U.S. market is that many of the products they produce most<br />

competitively – footwear, apparel, sugar-containing products – face steep U.S. import<br />

barriers that raise the costs of their product significantly (see Chapter VIII).)<br />

7<br />

Table 1<br />

Top 20 Sources of U.S. Non-Oil Merchandise<br />

<strong>Imports</strong>, 2012<br />

(Customs Value in Billions of Dollars and Percent)<br />

Share of<br />

Value Total <strong>Imports</strong><br />

China $424.7 22.2%<br />

Canada 237.0 12.4<br />

Mexico 236.9 12.4<br />

Japan 144.1 7.5<br />

Germany 104.8 5.5<br />

Korea 55.7 2.9<br />

United Kingdom 47.2 2.5<br />

France 39.9 2.1<br />

Taiwan 38.5 2.0<br />

India 37.1 1.9<br />

Italy 34.8 1.8<br />

Ireland 33.2 1.7<br />

Malaysia 25.7 1.3<br />

Switzerland 25.5 1.3<br />

Thailand 25.3 1.3<br />

Brazil 24.5 1.3<br />

Saudi Arabia 22.8 1.2<br />

Israel 22.0 1.1<br />

Singapore 20.0 1.0<br />

Vietnam 19.8 1.0<br />

Top 10 1,365.4 71.2<br />

Top 20 1,693.6 84.5<br />

All Other 298.0 15.5<br />

Total from World 1,917.0 100.0%<br />

Top 10 1,292.4 70.7%<br />

Top 20 1,534.4 83.9%<br />

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and the U.S. International Trade<br />

Commission.<br />

Bureau of Labor Statistics, “International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs in<br />

Manufacturing, 2011,” Economic News Release, USDL-12-2460, Table 1, December 19, 2012. Hourly<br />

compensation costs are for manufacturing and measured in U.S. dollars.

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