VACCINES

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design candidate vaccines, and with their collaborators, test the most promising vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials. VRC scientists work on vaccines against multiple microbes, with an emphasis on developing therapeutic and preventive vaccines against HIV. A new prime-boost vaccine targeted at multiple HIV subtypes, which was developed at the VRC, entered a Phase II clinical trial in 2005, while the first human trial of an Ebola vaccine began in the center’s clinic in 2003. In 2006, the world’s first human trial of a DNA vaccine against the H5N1 avian influenza opened to volunteers. NIAID is currently supporting the creation of a national network of laboratories that will augment our nation’s capacity to develop vaccines against infectious agents, whether they arise naturally, such as West Nile virus, SARS (severe acquired respiratory syndrome), and tuberculosis, or are deliberately introduced. Vaccines against such emerging microbes must be safe, easy to administer, and fast-acting—even to the point of providing immunity shortly after exposure to the microbe. NIAID-funded scientists are developing improved vaccines against smallpox, anthrax, plague, avian flu, and other emerging disease threats. Established by NIAID in 2005, the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI) is a consortium of researchers based at institutions across the country who are working together to tackle some of the biggest obstacles in developing an HIV vaccine. Among their efforts, CHAVI scientists are seeking a better understanding of the earliest events in the immune UNDERSTANDING <strong>VACCINES</strong> 45
46 system’s response to HIV infection; identifying which immune reactions give the best indications that a candidate vaccine is eliciting a protective response; and testing new HIV vaccines in early phase clinical trials. In recent years, researchers have increased their understanding of the immune system and how it fights off harmful microbes. Scientists working on vaccines also have advanced technology to draw on, including recombinant DNA technology and the ability to “read” and analyze the genomes of disease-causing organisms. This new knowledge and technology promises to usher in a renaissance in the already vital field of vaccinology.
Page 1 and 2: Understanding nderstanding VACCINES
Page 3 and 4: Contents 1 2 4 6 11 21 36 38 43 47
Page 5 and 6: What Is aVaccine? 2 Chances are you
Page 7 and 8: Vaccine Benefits 4 You and Your Com
Page 9 and 10: Harmful Microbes 6 Vaccines protect
Page 11 and 12: 8 • The toxic bacterium Bordetell
Page 13 and 14: 10 What Do Cows Have to Do with Vac
Page 15 and 16: 12 A mosquito bite transmits the ye
Page 17 and 18: 14 T Cells T cells function either
Page 19 and 20: T cell B cell 16 Virus B cell Antib
Page 21 and 22: 18 fever antibody if needed. Memory
Page 23 and 24: 20 How Viruses Work Viruses such as
Page 25 and 26: 22 Live, Attenuated Vaccines Some s
Page 27 and 28: 24 Inactivated Vaccines An inactiva
Page 29 and 30: 26 They also could manufacture the
Page 31 and 32: 28 When making a conjugate vaccine,
Page 33 and 34: 30 So-called naked DNA vaccines con
Page 35 and 36: 32 An infant’s immune system cont
Page 37 and 38: Some Vaccine Types and Diseases The
Page 39 and 40: Vaccines of the Future 36 Aside fro
Page 41 and 42: Making Safe Vaccines 38 No vaccine
Page 43 and 44: 40 Because Phase III trials are com
Page 45 and 46: Vaccine Concerns, Myths, and Safety
Page 47: 44 testing sites are based at unive
Page 51 and 52: Glossary 48 adjuvant—a substance
Page 53 and 54: 50 DNA vaccine or naked DNA vaccine
Page 55 and 56: 52 lymph node—a small bean-shaped
Page 57 and 58: 54 recombinant subunit vaccine—a
Page 59: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN

VACCINES

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