Metal Worker Plumber & Steam Fitter - Clpdigital.org

July 9. 1920 METAL WORKER, PLUMBER AND STEAM FITTER 33
much, easier for the master to break away from his
organization, to go it alone as it were, than it is for the
journeyman to do the same thing. The natural and
inevitable consequence is that the master plumbers do
not show as united a front for as long a period as do
the journevmen.
The journeyman's aim is single and persistent.
The master's aim is also single, namely, the "Betterment
of his condition." But he allows many considerations
and obligations, real and imaginary, to
influence his actions, while the journeyman of the
present day has cast aside all obligations and con­
siderations that interfere with or hamper his object.
Among both men and masters, or we will use the
better terms employers and employees—there arc
many who temperamentally and through the influence
of environment seek to find a middle way, seek the
common ground, to soften the cleavage, with varying
temporary success.
I believe that this paper has given a terse resume
of the line-up as it exists to-day. The purpose is to
keep us from error if possible. May it be received
in the same spirit in which it is written.
The Value of Sanitary Drinking Facilities
Requirements for Safely Distributing Drinking
Water in Industrial Plants
IF man were built along the same lines as a camel
water would not be vital to nis existence, but since
his structure in its present form consists of about
70 per cent of this element, a constant replenishing
of the supply is necessary.
Since health depends upon water drinking and
working efficiency depends upon health, then working
efficiency also depends upon water drinking. Yet
relatively few who employ a large number of workers
in factories or buildings realize the importance of
giving the installation of drinking facilities the proper
ig. 1 — Note Discarged
Stream Does
ot Fall Back upon
ozzle in Puritan
Foutain Head Made
Halsey W. Taylor
Warren, Ohio.
consideration. How often is the drinking water
supply located in an out of the way nook or corner of
the building, affording an excuse for the employee to
waste time in getting a drink, or where paid by piece
work neglect to drink at all rather than to lose the
time. In either case it is inefficient and therefore it
pays in increased output to locate the drinking water
centrally or readily accessible to all workers.
Before installing a drinking water system a determination
of the purity, palatableness and freedom
from disagreeable odor, color or taste of the water and
the minimum quantity to be distributed, should be
made. Then in distributing or dispensing the water,
its proper temperature at the point of consumption,
its accessibility to all workers and prevention against
transmission of disease from one person to another,
should be assured.
The average person drinks too little water, therefore
workers should be encouraged to drink plenty
of it, but in small quantities and often. Every man
needs daily about 2 qts. of water in addition to about
the same amount taken in as an ingredient in solid
food, making a total of about 1 gal. per day. The
amount that one needs to drink daily will vary under
different conditions and it has been estimated that
with the usual condition of temperature and relative
humidity a person at rest, ordinary activities and hard
work requires 2, 3 and 5 qts., respectively daily. With
high temperature and low relative humidity 4, 6 and
10 qts., are required, and with high temperature and
high relative humidity 2, 3 and 4 qts.
It is an obligation on the employer to provide drinking
water that is unquestionably pure and free from
all chemical, organic and bacterial impurities. Since
failure to drink enough water is a dietetic error,
making the fountain attractive and keeping it always
clean stimulates the water consumption per capita.
The prime requisites in the distribution of the
drinking water are preclusion of all possibility of
contamination and transmission of disease from one
employee to another. The use of the bucket and common
drinking cup is condemned by law and sanitation,
health authorities and in addition it is an expensive,
wasteful, and unsatisfactory method of distribution.
The most satisfactory means of distribution is the
really sanitary drinking fountain. There are many
fountains which purport to be sanitary but in reality
are not due either to faulty design, improper operation,
inadequate repair and upkeep or pollution by
careless and ignorant users. You positively cannot
have safety without sanitation.
A double tilted jet or offset vertical discharge type
as shown in Fig 1 and 2, is considered the most satisfactory,
because it is safe and eliminates the danger
of disease transmission. A wire guard preventing
contact of the mouth with the discharge nozzle is a
very desirable added safeguard.
The proper temperature for drinking water to be
beneficial, palatable and conducive to consumption has
been observed to be from 50 to 55 deg. Fahr. Usually
to obtain this temperature refrigeration is necessary.
Ice should never be brought into contact with the
water.