Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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MEASURES FOR PRO GRESS A HIS TOR Y OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REXMOND C. COCHRANE Editorial consultant—James R. Newman First printing: 1966 Second printing: 1974 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE For Bale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C13.l0:275.) Price $8.50
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress-for the illustrations on pages 4, 10, and 113, the latter from the Herbert French collection; to the National Archives for those on pages 22, 40 (Public Buildings Service collection), and 230 (Bureau of Reclamation collection); to the and Geodetic Survey for those on pages 25, 56, 516; to the Smithsonian Institution for Those on pages 6 (Transportation Section) and 205 (National Air Museum collection); to the National Geographic Society for the copyright photograph used as the front end páper md that on page 481; to the Archives Library of M.I.T. for the portraits on page 652; to the Baltimore Sunpapers for the illustration on page 85; to Harris & Ewing for that on page 292; and to Charles B. Kipps of NBS for that on page 168. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 65—62472
Page 1: Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
Page 5 and 6: IV FOREWORD There are many examples
Page 7 and 8: VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
Page 9 and 10: VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
Page 15 and 16: CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
Page 17 and 18: CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
Page 19 and 20: CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
Page 21: CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
Page 24 and 25: XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
Page 26 and 27: MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
Page 28 and 29: MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
Page 30 and 31: MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
Page 32 and 33: MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
Page 34 and 35: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
Page 36 and 37: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
Page 38 and 39: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
Page 40 and 41: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
Page 42 and 43: GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
Page 44 and 45: GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
Page 46 and 47: LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
Page 48 and 49: LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
Page 50 and 51: LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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Page 253 and 254:
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Page 257 and 258:
232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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Page 268 and 269:
The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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Page 310 and 311:
AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
Page 521 and 522:
496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
Page 523 and 524:
498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
Page 525 and 526:
500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
Page 527 and 528:
502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
Page 537 and 538:
C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
Page 543 and 544:
518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
Page 545 and 546:
520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
Page 547 and 548:
522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
Page 549 and 550:
524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
Page 551 and 552:
526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
Page 553 and 554:
528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
Page 555:
530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
Page 558 and 559:
APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
Page 560 and 561:
APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
Page 562 and 563:
APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
Page 564 and 565:
APPENDIX C For construction and ver
Page 566 and 567:
APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
Page 568 and 569:
APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
Page 588 and 589:
568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
Page 598 and 599:
APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
Page 610 and 611:
DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Page 614 and 615:
APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
Page 618 and 619:
APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
Page 620 and 621:
APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
Page 624 and 625:
APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
Page 626 and 627:
DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
Page 628 and 629:
APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
Page 630 and 631:
APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
Page 632 and 633:
APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
Page 636 and 637:
APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
Page 638 and 639:
APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
Page 642 and 643:
APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
Page 644 and 645:
APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
Page 646 and 647:
APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
Page 648 and 649:
APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
Page 650 and 651:
NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
Page 652 and 653:
APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
Page 654 and 655:
APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
Page 656 and 657:
APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
Page 658 and 659:
APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
Page 660 and 661:
APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
Page 662 and 663:
APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
Page 664 and 665:
APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
Page 666 and 667:
APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
Page 668 and 669:
I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
Page 670 and 671:
652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
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654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
Page 674 and 675:
Scenes at the summer picnics that D
Page 676 and 677:
a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
Page 678 and 679:
660 APPENDIX M the American consul
Page 680 and 681:
Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
Page 682 and 683:
APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
Page 684 and 685:
APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
Page 686 and 687:
670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
Page 688 and 689:
672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
Page 690 and 691:
674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
Page 692 and 693:
676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
Page 694 and 695:
678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
Page 696 and 697:
680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
Page 698 and 699:
INDEX Note: Only those members of t
Page 700 and 701:
INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
Page 702:
iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
Page 705 and 706:
690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
Page 707 and 708:
692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
Page 709 and 710:
694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
Page 711 and 712:
696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
Page 713 and 714:
698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
Page 715 and 716:
700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718:
702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
Page 719:
INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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