Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the age, however, was not steam, whose power could only be used in place, but electricity—power made portable over wires. And the turn of the century saw the greatest threat to further development of electric power removed. The reciprocating steam engine had about reached the extreme limit of practical size for the production of electricity when it was replaced by the high-speed steam turbine. Originally designed for the propulsion of battleships and ocean liners, the new turbine proved a peerless electric generator. The commercial application of electricity, beginning with the telegraph, was half a century old, but checked by hit-or-miss methods of development, costly power sources, and the natural conservatism of the public, its promise had been redeemed only in the last decade. In urban transporta- tion electric trolleys were rapidly replacing the old horse cars. Electri- fication of the elevated railroads in Boston and New York would soon end the noise, smoke, and ash of the overhead steam trains. It had made practicable the 5 miles of subway recently completed in Boston, and New York and Chicago planned similar systems under their streets. New York's rapid transit line, begun in 1900 and completed 3 years later, ran 9 miles under Manhattan, from City Hall to the Harlem River. As ground was broken there was talk of extending the line by a tunnel under the East River, connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn. Beginning with a single strand on poles set up between Baltimore and Washington in 1845, electric telegraph wires now festooned city streets everywhere and followed the railroads from coast to coast. A new development was a printing telegraph, in which the Postal Telegraph Co. and the Associated Press were interested. More amazing were the reports of Guglielmo Marconid's experiments in transmitting electric signals without wires. His signal had already spanned the English Channel. In December 1901 he would astound the world with his demonstration of transatlantic wireless telegraph. If the telegraph was everywhere, the telephone, even with more than half a million subscribers, was still found only in the largest cities and towns, in business houses, shops and factories, and the homes of the well to do. Even Edison's electric lamp, invented in 1879 arid first sold commercially 3 years later, was still a novelty. His Pearl Street power station opened in September 1882 with six generators of 125 horsepower each, sending current along 13 miles of wire and lighting a few streets and shops with arc and incandescent lamps.2 But in 1900 most of the streets in New York, as else- where, were still lighted by gas lamps, and except in the city homes of the 2 Only one generator was used that night in September, to light 400 lamps for 85 cus- tomers. By 1904 a single generator supplied enough current to light 100,000 lamps; by 1914 it lighted 1,700,000 lamps. 3
4 Carriages and buggies and horse-drawn wagons continued to predominate on Pennsyl- vania Avenue in 1908, but the electric trolley had replaced the horse car. By 1904 the elevated railroads in New York had been electrified. None of the new electric trucks is visible here in Herald Square. The elegant car in the foreground is probably a 1904 Locomobile, a gasoline car that was made by the Stanley Steamer Co. for several years. Almost half of the 54,590 cars then registered in the United States were new that year.
Page 1 and 2: Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
Page 3 and 4: Grateful acknowledgment is made to
Page 5 and 6: IV FOREWORD There are many examples
Page 7 and 8: VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
Page 9 and 10: VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
Page 13 and 14: CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
Page 15 and 16: CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
Page 17 and 18: CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
Page 19 and 20: CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
Page 21: CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
Page 24 and 25: XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
Page 26 and 27: MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
Page 30 and 31: MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
Page 32 and 33: MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
Page 34 and 35: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
Page 36 and 37: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
Page 38 and 39: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
Page 40 and 41: THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
Page 42 and 43: GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
Page 44 and 45: GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
Page 46 and 47: LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
Page 48 and 49: LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
Page 50 and 51: LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
Page 52 and 53: LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
Page 54 and 55: LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
Page 56 and 57: LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
Page 58 and 59: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
Page 60 and 61: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
Page 62 and 63: LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
Page 64 and 65: A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 66 and 67: A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 68 and 69: A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
Page 70 and 71: A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 72 and 73: A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
Page 74 and 75: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
Page 76 and 77: SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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Page 169 and 170:
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Page 173 and 174:
148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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Page 183 and 184:
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
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206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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208 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) some ye
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210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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212 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) trade f
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214 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) As appr
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216 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) necessa
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218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
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The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
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222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
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Page 257 and 258:
232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
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238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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The Visiting Committee of the Secre
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
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GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
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BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
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BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
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Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
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RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
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Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
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278 Freighted with apparatus design
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Page 310 and 311:
AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
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POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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POLICING THE ETHER 289 died in comm
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POLICING THE ETHER 291 If simple re
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POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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POLICING THE ETHER 295 a special hi
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POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 301 t
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
Page 549 and 550:
524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
Page 553 and 554:
528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
Page 555:
530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
Page 558 and 559:
APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
Page 562 and 563:
APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
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APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
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APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
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APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
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APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
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APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
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I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
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652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
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654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
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Scenes at the summer picnics that D
Page 676 and 677:
a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
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660 APPENDIX M the American consul
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Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
Page 682 and 683:
APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
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APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
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670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
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672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
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674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
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676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
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678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
Page 696 and 697:
680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
Page 698 and 699:
INDEX Note: Only those members of t
Page 700 and 701:
INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
Page 702:
iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
Page 705 and 706:
690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
Page 707 and 708:
692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
Page 709 and 710:
694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
Page 711 and 712:
696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
Page 713 and 714:
698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
Page 715 and 716:
700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718:
702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
Page 719:
INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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