Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 257 ness.103 In most countries abroad standardization was Government-directed; here it was largely an industrial effort, the work of technical committees in each industry determining, as a matter of profit and ioss where standardization of processes and products and adherence to specifications most benefited them. Among the earliest results ascribed by the Bureau to standardization was the reduction in price of incandescent lamps from $1.30 to $0.16, and reduction of the cost of Army and Navy shoes from $7 to $8 to $3 or $4.104 Another kind of standardization, said to have been hailed by the building trades, established a new standard for an inch board. Where formerly it had varied anywhere from to 11/4 inches, by industrywide agreement, a dressed board was set at a uniform 2%2 of an inch.'05 Despite the misnomer, it was at least a consistent "inch board." As fundamental as standardization itself were specifications of quality, first established by the Bureau in 1909 in its standard samples of metals, min- erals, and chemicals. The first official U.S. Government specification, author- ized by Presidential order, was published as a Bureau circular in 1912 and applied to portland cement, which then as later constituted probably the largest volume purchase of a single' item by the Federal Government. Often revised, the original specification declared that an acceptable cement must take an initial set in 45 minutes and after 7 days possess a tensile strength of 500 pounds per square inch. An earlier specification, in 1907, for incandescent lamps purchased by Government agencies, ruled that any lot in which 10 percent of the lamps was found with defects in workmanship or serv- ice threw out the lot. The specifications for weighing and measuring devices, published in 1916, permitted, among other things, a deficiency of no more than one-eighth ounce in a pound or 4 drams in a quart. And those for oils and paints, in 1919, set minimum percentages each of pigment, oil, thin- ner, and drier in their composition, as determined by quantitative analysis. One of the first acts of the Bureau of the Budget upon its establishment in 1921 was to create the Federal Specifications Board, to unify specifications already available to some 40 Government purchasing agencies and effect greater economies in the quarter of a billion dollars worth of '°'M136 (1932). General Electric's simplified line of "bread and butter" lamps (standard household sizes) set up in 1925 made it possible to reduce the price of the 100-watt lamp from $1.10 (1920) to $0.50. By 1942 it was $0.15. The single bulb shape in 6 voltages replaced 45 different types and sizes. Paul W. Keating, Lamps for a Brighter America (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954), pp. 143, 145, 191. '°6Hearings * * * 1923 (Feb. 1, 1922), p. 521; Hearings * * * 1925 (Feb. 12, 1924), pp. 6—7.
258 THE TiDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (1920-30) supplies bought annually by the Government. Thereafter, Bureau of Stand- ards specifications accepted by the Board became official standards, binding on all departments of the Federal establishment.106 In immediate charge of Federal specification work at the Bureau was Norman F. Harriman. In an adjacent office Dr. Addams S. McAllister maintained liaison with the AESC, through whose offices drafts of Federal specifications went out to industry and differences of opinions on requirements were ironed out. Between 1921 and 1924 the Bureau alone prepared 72 specifications. Among them was one for fire hose, insisting it contain 75 percent of new wild or plant rubber. That for pneumatic tires required at least 70 percent new rubber on their tread. Glass tumblers had to withstand 6 hours in boiling water. Threads on wood screws were to extend two-thirds of their length. Red ink was given fixed proportiOns of crocein scarlet to distilled or rain water. Bull and buffalo hides could not be used in sole leather. And pre- cise proportions of ground cork, burlap, and binder were fixed for light, medium, and heavy battleship linoleum. Preparing specifications and revising those already promulgated became so extensive an effort at the Bureau that it soon proved "a serious drain on nearly all of the appropriation units of the Bureau." 107 The drain continued as the Bureau between 1925 and 1928 prepared over 150 new specifications, covering supplies as diverse as huck towels and cheesecloth, pneumatic hose and wire rope, asphalt and firebrick, quicklime and chinaware, ice bags and friction tape, plumbing fixtures and builders' hardware. In September 1925 the Bureau, in cooperation with the AESC and associated industrial representatives, issued its "National directory of commodity specifications," 3 years in the making, listing 27,000 specifications for 6,650 commodities. This was Hoover's "Buyers' Bible," as he called it, Memo, N. F. Harriman, "Organization and work of the FSB," Oct. 29, 1923 (NBS Box 42, ID) ; report, Burgess to Secretary Hoover [1924], p. 11 (NBS Box 96, PRA) NBS Annual Report 1926, p. 3; Burgess, "Relation of public purchases to the national standardization movement," MS report, 1925 (NBS Box 116, IDS—AESC). Another Burgess report dated Jan. 9, 1925 is in Box 139, PA. The Federal Specifications Board, consisting of representatives of the 10 executive departments, the Panama Canal authority, and the General Supply Committee, with Dr. Burgess its ex officio chairman, utilized the staffs of the Bureau of Standards, Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Chemistry and other Federal and civilian scientific agencies for the preparation of its specifications. By 1924 the Board had 65 technical committees engaged in their preparation, 24 headed by members of the Bureau of Standards. Letter, GKB to Secretary Hoover, Sept. 13, 1924 (NBS Box 72, FPE). A list of commodity experts at the Bureau, responsible for almost 200 commercial products, is attached to letter, GKB to Assistant Secretary of Commerce, Oct. 27. 1923 (NBS Box 41, AP).
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Rexmond C. Cochrane MP 275 UNITED S
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Grateful acknowledgment is made to
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IV FOREWORD There are many examples
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VI PREFACE Vannevar Bush, architect
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VIII AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION so many
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CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 'U PREFACE v
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CONTENTS XIII Chapter II. FOUNDING
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CONTENTS XV Chapter III. ELECTRICIT
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CONTENTS XVII Chapter IV. THE WAR Y
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CONTENTS Chapter V. THE TIDE OF COM
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CONTENTS XXI Chapter VII. WORLD WAR
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XXIV CONTENTS THE CRUCIAL DECADE—
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MAIN STREET, 1900 AT THE TURN OF TH
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MAIN STREET, 1900 The marvel of the
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MAIN STREET, 1900 5 prosperous more
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MAIN STREET, 1900 Equally amazing w
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 9 Among
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 11 make
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 13 stit
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THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME 15 comm
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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GOVERNMENT, SCIENCE, AND THE GENERA
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LOOKING BACK 21 was maintained only
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LOOKING BACK 23 general public. Ada
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LOOKING BACK 25 many more as he cou
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LOOKING BACK 27 barometric pressure
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LOOKING BACK 29 Prototypes of the w
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LOOKING BACK 31 Without the force o
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 33 necessar
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 35 the Stat
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE STANDARDS 37 Some of
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATiONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED .. . A NATIONAL HUM
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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A NATIONAL NEED . . . A NATIONAL HU
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON FOUNDING THE
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 51 fessor of
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON ing Professo
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 55 For over
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Dr. Frank A. Wolff, Jr., who was ab
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON 59 TIlE EVEN
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SAMUEL WESLEY STRATTON appeared as
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EDWARD B. ROSA 63 Dr. Edward B. Ros
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EDWARD B. ROSA 65 Free exercise of
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EDWARD B. ROSA 67 Dr. Charles W. Wa
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 69 exer
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THE NEW BUREAU LABORATORIES 71 Chas
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 73 mad
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS Divisi
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 77 ref
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ACQUIRING NATIONAL STANDARDS 79 in
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ACQUIRiNG NATIONAL STANDARDS The wo
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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The Baltimore fire of 1904. The tur
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AN AUTUMN FIRE AND A CONSUMERS' CRU
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AN: AUTUMN FIRE AND CONSUMERS' CRUS
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF 93 gates, poured c
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The Bureau about 1910, just prior t
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The 2,300,000-pound Emery testing m
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THE BEGiNNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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THE BEGINNING OF GOVERNMENT TESTING
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICIT
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STANDARDS FOR THE AGE OF ELECTRICiT
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLiC UTILITIES 111
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Laboratory setup for testing the ca
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STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC UTILITIES 115
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The first iVBS railway scale test c
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 125 Go
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 127 an
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 129 se
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TESTING GOVERNMENT MATERIALS 131 In
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STANDARDS FOR THE CONSUMER 133 in t
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136 ELECTRICITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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148 ELECTRICiTY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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cJ1 OF COMME The proliferation of B
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152 ELECTRiCITY, RAILROADS, AND RAD
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154 ELECTRICITY, RAiLROADS, AND RAD
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160 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) design.
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162 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) and Gov
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164 Abate, the experimental roiling
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Mule teams leveling the ground for
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C' The Standard Store and gas stati
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170 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) physici
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172 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) it was
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174 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) where t
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176 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) industr
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178 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) cut fro
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180 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) flew at
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182 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) Except
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184 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) But so
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186 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) make it
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OPTICAL GLASS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMEN
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NEW THINGS IN RADIO COMMUNICATION 1
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194 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) read,"
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196 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) up clea
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198 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) The use
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200 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) program
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202 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) investi
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204 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) certain
Page 231 and 232: 206 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) large-s
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Page 235 and 236: 210 . THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) estab
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Page 243 and 244: 218 THE WAR YEARS (1917-19) tripled
Page 245 and 246: The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsa
Page 247 and 248: 222 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND INDUST
Page 257 and 258: 232 THE TIDE OF COMMERCE AND iNDUST
Page 263 and 264: 238 Unlike Stratton, Dr. George K.
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Page 268 and 269: The Visiting Committee of the Secre
Page 270 and 271: GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 245 and ofte
Page 272 and 273: GEORGE KIMBALL BURGESS 247 Bureau n
Page 274 and 275: BUiLDING AND HOUSING 249 Although i
Page 276 and 277: BUILDING AND HOUSING 251 The spring
Page 278 and 279: THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATION 253
Page 280 and 281: THE CRUSADE FOR STANDARDIZATiON 255
Page 288 and 289: RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 263 RESEARCH
Page 290 and 291: RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 265 appliance
Page 292 and 293: RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY 267 molasses
Page 294 and 295: RESEARCH FOR INDUSTRY quest of the
Page 303 and 304: 278 Freighted with apparatus design
Page 310 and 311: AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFT 285 Testin
Page 312 and 313: POLICING THE ETHER 287 circuit crys
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Page 318 and 319: POLICING THE ETHER 293 Bureau turne
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Page 322 and 323: POLICING THE ETHER 297 and radiotel
Page 324 and 325: THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW THE T
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Page 328 and 329: THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 303 l
Page 330 and 331: THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLiC VIEW 305 e
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THE BUREAU IN THE PUBLIC VIEW 307 a
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 309 the wake of
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 311 The Bureau w
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LYMAN JAMES BRIGGS 313 Receiving th
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Dr. Hugh L. Dryden made some of thi
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 317 active inter
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LYMAN JAMES BRJGGS 319 new administ
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINITION OF BUREAU FUN
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TOWARD A REDEFINiTION OF BUREAU FUN
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SOME FUNDAMENTAL WORK ON STANDARDS
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342 THE TIME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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348 THE TiME OF THE GREAT DEPRESSIO
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366 WORLD WAR II RESEARCH (1941-45)
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370 WORLD WAR I! RESEARCH (1941-45)
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• amounts 376 WORLD WAR II RESEAR
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THE BUREAU AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 387
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 389 ness o
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 391 A vari
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THE RADIO PROXIMiTY FUZE 393 Actual
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 395 and ot
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THE RADIO PROXIMITY FUZE 397 Novemb
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 399
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A GUIDED MISSILE CALLED THE BAT 401
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDiCTING
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RADIO AND RADIO-WEATHER PREDICTiNG
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL MATERIALS 411
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RESEARCH IN CRITICAL lilA TERIALS 4
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RESEARCH IN CRiTICAL MATERIALS 415
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RESEARCH ZN CRiTiCAL MATERIALS 419
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"THE PECULIAR PEACE" THE NEW WORLD
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THE PECULIAR PEACE cated the fissio
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THE PECULIAR PEACE Further augmenti
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THE PECULIAR PEACE 433 Dr. Briggs a
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON weapon and the
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EDWARD UHLER CONDON While at Prince
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440 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946-
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45O THE NEW' WORLD OF SCiENCE (1946
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'a 452 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (19
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458 THE NEW WORLD OF SCIENCE (1946
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One of the three giunt IVurtsburg a
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496 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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498 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN ENVO! s
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500 THE CRUCiAL DECADE—AN EN VOl
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502 THE CRUCIAL DECI4DE—AN EN VOl
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C).' Gaithersburg, showing the high
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510 THE CRUCIAL DECADE—AN EN VU!
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C,' The Visiting Committee of Comme
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514 The Exchequer standard corn gal
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516 APPENDIX A Hassler, a man highl
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518 APPENDIX A When he made known h
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520 APPENDIX A Hassler sets up camp
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522 APPENDIX A A new employment cam
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524 APPENDIX A thizing with a chara
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526 APPENDIX A possessed the scient
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528 APPENDIX B As the more practica
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530 APPENDIX B republican regime, a
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APPENDiX B him by Tralles. Thus fro
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APPENDIX B 535 By the 1930's metric
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APPENDIX C BASIC LEGISLATION Relati
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APPENDIX C For construction and ver
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APPENDIX C Eighth. The unit of indu
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APPENDIX C 543 Act of 4 March 1909
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APPENDIX C 545 Provided, That the m
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APPENDIX C Economy Act of 30 June 1
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APPENDIX C 549 For the establishmen
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APPENDIX C 551 (f) Invention and de
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554 APPENDIX C Act of 20 June 1956,
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558 APPENDIX E Term GANO DUNN Presi
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NBS SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS, 1910-19
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1500 APPENDIX I PUBLICATIONS BY THE
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568 APPENDIX I Reorganization of NB
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APPENDIX J DIVISION. AND SECTION CH
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CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNI
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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WARTIME PROJECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC
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APPENDIX 1 Radio Communications Sec
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APPENDIX J WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Fis
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APPENDIX J Airplane Power Plant—C
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APPENDIX J I 585 Electrochemistry E
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APPENDIX J Aviation Instruments—C
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APPENDIX / 589 Steel, Concrete, Cem
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DIRECTOR CHIEFS OF THE SCIENTIFIC A
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APPENDIX 1 VI. ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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APPENDIX J III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECTOR Assistant Director for Res
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APPENDIX 1 IX. CLAY AND SILICATE PR
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APPENDIX 1 III. HEAT AND POWER—Co
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DIRECFOR Assistant to the Director
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APPENDIX J VII. ORGANIC AND FIBROUS
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DIRECTOR ASSISTANT DIRECTOR L ELECT
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APPENDIX / 609 VI. MECHANICS AND SO
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APPENDIX 1 611 ORDNANCE DEVELOPMENT
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APPENDIX J 613 II. METROLOGY—Cont
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APPENDIX / 615 VIII. METALLURGY—C
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APPENDIX 1 617 FIELD STATIONS Brook
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APPENDIX J I. ELECTRICITY AND ELECT
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APPENDIX 1 621 VII. ORGANIC AND FIB
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APPENDIX J 623 84. Radio Standards
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APPENDIX 1 H. METROLOGY—Continued
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APPENDIX J X. BUILDING RESEARCH—C
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APPENDIX 1 83. Radio Propagation En
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NBS PUBLICATIONS S T RP C H M BMS L
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APPENDIX K 4. OPTICS 5. CHEMISTRY 6
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APPENDIX K 635 Lowell & Willoughby,
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APPENDIX K 637 5. CHEMISTRY Judd, C
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APPENDIX K 639 9. CERAMICS French &
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APPENDIX K 641 Gardner, Design and
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APPENDIX K 643 Kline & Malmberg, Su
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APPENDIX K 645 McPherson, Adaptor f
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APPENDIX K Thomas, Driscoll & Hippl
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I.- C,) z IC, a -J LAND PURCHASES
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652 APPENDIX M Samuel W. Stratton a
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654 APPENDIX M Sometime after settl
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Scenes at the summer picnics that D
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a' The Bureau of Standards Orchestr
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660 APPENDIX M the American consul
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Alt, Franz L., Electronic digital c
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APPENDIX N 665 Harriman, Norman Fol
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APPENDIX N 667 hydrocarbons and rel
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670 APPENDIX 0 Bldg. No. 33 34 35 3
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672 APPENDIX 0 Estimated Estimated
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674 PUBLISHED SOURCES on World War
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676 PUBLISHED SOURCES Marshall, Log
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678 PUBLISHED SOURCES Biographies,
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680 UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Seventeen o
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INDEX Note: Only those members of t
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INDEX BELL, Alexander Graham, 210 B
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iNDEX Colorimetry section, NBS, 170
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690 iNDEX GARDNER, Washington (Cong
Page 707 and 708:
692 inventions at NBS (see NBS staf
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694 metric legislation, 209, 210—
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696 INDEX National Bureau of Standa
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698 PRIEST, Irwin C., 99n, 186, 196
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700 screw thread standardization, 3
Page 717 and 718:
702 INDEX testing machines, 96 text
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INDEX WALKER, Percy H., 155 WALLACE
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Measures for Progress: A History of the National Bureau of Standards

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