ISSN ………… - International Network for Bamboo and Rattan

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Up to 1890, the purpose of pulp production was exclusively to furnish the paper industry. In 1892, however, Cross and Bevan discovered the xanthation of cellulose and realized the possibility of producing a regenerated cellulose fibre, rayon. The viscose process was developed and in 1903, a Norwegian sulphite mill began to deliver bleached sulphite pulp for textile purposes to England. The expansion of viscose industry was marked with the possibility of utilizing kraft pulp produced by the prehydrolysis kraft process for dissolving grade pulp and the first mill for producing prehydrolysis kraft pulp was started in Germany in 1929. 3
3. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND FIBRE MORPHOLOGY Even though any ligno-cellulosic material including bamboo can be pulped with suitable methods, information on the chemical constitution and fibre morphology is important in deciding their technocommercial suitability as well as the method of pulping. Generally, long-fibred materials with high cellulose content, low lignin, extractives and ash contents are preferred. Fibre length influences the tearing, burst and tensile strength properties of sheets. Properties like lumen and fibre diameter as well as their ratio (flexibility coefficient) and the wall thickness are known to affect the pulp strength. 3.1. Chemical constituents 3.1.1. Cellulose Cellulose is the most abundant form of the naturally occurring compounds of carbon. This forms the principal component of the cell wall of all woods, straws and grasses (bamboo). As it is most frequently found in fibrous form, it has got good tensile strength, and as it is insoluble in cold and hot water, it forms an important component of pulp and paper. Cellulose is a polymeric carbohydrate, a polysaccharide with repeating units of glucose. The neighbouring glucose units are joined through carbon atoms 1 and 4. Cellulose being relatively resistant to oxidation, lignin and other colouring matters can be removed with bleaching agents without appreciable damage to the strength of pulp. The alpha or true cellulose content of a fibrous material does not affect directly its pulpability, but the higher the alpha-cellulose content of a material, the higher the yield of fully delignified, bleached chemical and semichemical pulps. 3.1.2. Hemicelluloses When wood is freed from extractives (compounds which are soluble in cold water or in neutral organic solvents) and is then carefully freed from lignin, it yields a fibrous product termed holocellulose, which represents the sum total of cellulose and other polysaccharides; the latter are usually termed hemicelluloses (or polyoses). Pulping processes remove not only lignin (imperfectly) but also some of the less resistant hemicelluloses; so, holocellulose cannot be obtained by ordinary pulping operation. The hemicelluloses contain mainly sugar units other than glucose (such as xylose, mannose, arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, etc.). Usually the dominant unit in the hemicelluloses is xylose, but frequently mannose units are present in appreciable amounts, especially in the case of the hemicelluloses of coniferous woods. The hemicellulose fractions which contain xylose (and uronic acid) units are often 4
Page 1 and 2: BAMBOO FOR PULP AND PAPER A State o
Page 3 and 4: PREFACE Bamboo is regarded as a maj
Page 5 and 6: PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS P
Page 7 and 8: Anatomy and Chemical Constituents 3
Page 9: 2. EARLY HISTORY OF PULP AND PAPER
Page 13 and 14: mechanical and chemical processing)
Page 15 and 16: 4. PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES 4.1. Me
Page 17 and 18: 4.2.1. Alkaline pulping processes T
Page 19 and 20: By addition of 0.05 per cent AQ, th
Page 21 and 22: In the kraft semichemical process,
Page 23 and 24: cellulose derivative must first be
Page 25 and 26: 4.2.4.3. Nitric acid pulping The ni
Page 27 and 28: commune (Ramaswami and Ramanathan 1
Page 29 and 30: Pulp bleaching chemicals can be cla
Page 31 and 32: Hypochlorite can be used in a singl
Page 33 and 34: pH. The use of bio-catalysts can ac
Page 35 and 36: continuously. The second major type
Page 37 and 38: which they are manufactured. An ext
Page 39 and 40: 5.3. History of pulp production fro
Page 41 and 42: El Bassam and Jakob (1996) 146 repo
Page 43 and 44: Prophylactic treatment with a mixtu
Page 45 and 46: making with bamboo(Singh 1989) 77 p
Page 47 and 48: var. pubescens; Razzaque et al. (19
Page 49 and 50: The difference in the lignin conten
Page 51 and 52: Within a culm, the proportion of di
Page 53 and 54: indicates its suitability for pulp
Page 55 and 56: High-yield and good quality pulp, e
Page 57 and 58: 9.2. Chemical pulping Bamboo pulp h
Page 59 and 60: therefore, not only beneficial at l
Page 61 and 62:
carefully chosen cooking conditions
Page 63 and 64:
and burst index by about 15 per cen
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digestion with hot water (150 0 C)
Page 67 and 68:
obtained at an impregnation tempera
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percentage of hardwoods in the mixt
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(Ku and Pan 1975) 224 . Chang and D
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hardwoods (50:50 mixture) was descr
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adverse effects are not much (Suman
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11. BEATING As bamboo fibres are he
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12. PULP AND SHEET CHARACTERISTICS
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conditions, from 41-47 per cent (Ch
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Scandinavian birch (0.66) and eucal
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14. TYPES OF PAPER Experiments cond
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effective cooking is not the length
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and knotter (nodes) rejects in a ba
Page 91 and 92:
7. Bambusa bambos (Syn. Bambusa aru
Page 93 and 94:
15. Bambusa oldhamii Mechanical pul
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Fibre morphology; effect of age on
Page 97 and 98:
30. Dendrocalamus latiflorus Indust
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34. Gigantochloa aspera Chemical co
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48. Ochlandra scriptoria (Syn. Ochl
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57. Phyllostachys pubescens Mechani
Page 105 and 106:
71. Teinostachyum dullooa (Syn. Neo
Page 107 and 108:
APPENDIX - 2 A. Proximate chemical
Page 109 and 110:
A. Survey of pulping processes APPE
Page 111 and 112:
B. Non-conventional pulping procedu
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C. Characteristics of rayon grade p
Page 115 and 116:
C. The symbols used to describe the
Page 117 and 118:
APPENDIX - 7 Mean values of strengt
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A. Grades of paper Sl No. APPENDIX
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3 Wrapping or bag papers - Kraft pa
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7 Bristol 8 Paperboards - Boxboards
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either ply. Board with three or mor
Page 127 and 128:
PART - III ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 129 and 130:
December 1951, Dehra Dun. 1956. Vol
Page 131 and 132:
Strength properties of the standard
Page 133 and 134:
ellirica and 2.5 - 5 per cent each
Page 135 and 136:
62. Pande, G.C. 1970. A modified te
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80. Stevens, R.H. 1958. Bamboo or w
Page 139 and 140:
94. Gamble, J.S. 1896. The bambusea
Page 141 and 142:
The suitability of bamboo species f
Page 143 and 144:
123. Surendran, P.N. Status paper o
Page 145 and 146:
Part I gives an account of investig
Page 147 and 148:
154. Guha, S.R.D. 1961. Bamboo as a
Page 149 and 150:
173. Maheshwari, S; Satpathy, K.C.
Page 151 and 152:
A brief review of pre-and post-war
Page 153 and 154:
206. Virtucio, F.D; Uriate, M.T; Ur
Page 155 and 156:
Gives the results of chemical analy
Page 157 and 158:
237. Singh, S.V; Rai, A.K; Singh, S
Page 159 and 160:
degree of delignification. ABCP 18t
Page 161 and 162:
With a view to possible utilization
Page 163 and 164:
276. Bist, D.P.S; Singh, S.V; Singh
Page 165 and 166:
292. Idei, T. 1981. D.P [degree of
Page 167 and 168:
Acidolysis products of milled wood
Page 169 and 170:
lignin content fell from 36.5 to 29
Page 171 and 172:
follow a similar pattern. A conside
Page 173 and 174:
351. Shanmughavel, P; Francis, K. 1
Page 175 and 176:
362. Eberhardt, L. 1968. Hi-yield a
Page 177 and 178:
Conventional soda pulping results i
Page 179 and 180:
391. Gremler, E.R; McGorovern, J.N.
Page 181 and 182:
407. Karim, M.S; Islam, M.A; Khalid
Page 183 and 184:
indica and Ulmus [Pinus] wallichian
Page 185 and 186:
Kraft Pulping 443. Alam, M.R; Barua
Page 187 and 188:
457a. Guha, S.R.D; Singh, M.M; Shar
Page 189 and 190:
Bamboo pulps with the best physical
Page 191 and 192:
491. Ghosh, S.R; Saikia, C.N. 1996.
Page 193 and 194:
506. Grant, J. 1964. Beating charac
Page 195 and 196:
530. Roy, T.K; Bist, V; Pant, R. Bl
Page 197 and 198:
544. Chandra, A; Guha, S.R.D. 1981.
Page 199 and 200:
555. Kumar, S; Singh, M.M; Guha, S.
Page 201 and 202:
566. Singh, M.M. 1977. Summary of F
Page 203 and 204:
Das, S.C 233 Deb, D.B 90 Deb, U.K 2
Page 205 and 206:
Lakshmana, A.C 106 Lakshmi Sharma 3
Page 207 and 208:
Seethalakshmi, K.K 118 Sekhar, T 25
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ISSN ………… - International Network for Bamboo and Rattan

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