ISSN ………… - International Network for Bamboo and Rattan

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our sincere thanks are due to International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) for providing financial assistance, without which the work could not have been materialised. Thanks are due to Dr. J.K. Sharma, Director, Kerala Forest Research Institute, for his keen interest and encouragements shown in the study. We also thank Mr. K.H. Hussain, Mrs. N. Sarojam and Mr. K.F. George for their help in the bibliographic compilation. Thanks are due to Mr. B. Jithesh, Technical Assistant, Library and Mrs. Sheeba Sabu, Technical Assistant, Wood Science Division of KFRI for DTP work and Mr. P.K. Thulasidas, Wood Science Division of KFRI for Technical assistance. Thanks are due to Dr. K.M.Bhat and Dr. C. Mohanan, Scientists of KFRI for editorial scrutiny. Authors
PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTENTS PART I. PULPING AND PAPER MAKING PRINCIPLES 1. Introduction 1 2. Early History of Pulp and Paper Production 2 3. Chemical Constituents and Fibre Morphology 4 3.1. Chemical constituents 4 3.2 Fibre morphology 6 3.3. Characterization of pulp 6 4. Processes and Principles 8 4.1. Mechanical pulping 8 4.2. Chemical pulping 9 4.3. Bleaching 21 4.4. Recovery of pulping chemicals 26 4.5. Paper manufacture 26 PART II. BAMBOO FOR PULP AND PAPER 5. Bamboos : Distribution, Utilization , Storage and Economics 31 5.1. About bamboos 31 5.2. Distribution of bamboos 31 5.3. History of pulp production from bamboo 32 5.4. Decay while storage and control measures 34 5.5. Economics of bamboo plantation 37 6. Chemical composition 39 7. Fibre morphology 43 8. Types of pulp 47 9. Pulping 49 9.1. Mechanical pulping 49 9.2. Chemical pulping 50 9.3. Non-conventional and other pulping methods 55 9.4. Effect of variables – Factors affecting pulp yield 56 9.5. Effect of active alkali content 58 9.6. Pulping of mixture of bamboo and hardwoods 59 9.7. Effect of age, position of culm and nodes 62 9.8. Optimum utilization 63 i Page
Page 1 and 2: BAMBOO FOR PULP AND PAPER A State o
Page 3: PREFACE Bamboo is regarded as a maj
Page 7 and 8: Anatomy and Chemical Constituents 3
Page 9 and 10: 2. EARLY HISTORY OF PULP AND PAPER
Page 11 and 12: 3. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND FIBRE
Page 13 and 14: mechanical and chemical processing)
Page 15 and 16: 4. PROCESSES AND PRINCIPLES 4.1. Me
Page 17 and 18: 4.2.1. Alkaline pulping processes T
Page 19 and 20: By addition of 0.05 per cent AQ, th
Page 21 and 22: In the kraft semichemical process,
Page 23 and 24: cellulose derivative must first be
Page 25 and 26: 4.2.4.3. Nitric acid pulping The ni
Page 27 and 28: commune (Ramaswami and Ramanathan 1
Page 29 and 30: Pulp bleaching chemicals can be cla
Page 31 and 32: Hypochlorite can be used in a singl
Page 33 and 34: pH. The use of bio-catalysts can ac
Page 35 and 36: continuously. The second major type
Page 37 and 38: which they are manufactured. An ext
Page 39 and 40: 5.3. History of pulp production fro
Page 41 and 42: El Bassam and Jakob (1996) 146 repo
Page 43 and 44: Prophylactic treatment with a mixtu
Page 45 and 46: making with bamboo(Singh 1989) 77 p
Page 47 and 48: var. pubescens; Razzaque et al. (19
Page 49 and 50: The difference in the lignin conten
Page 51 and 52: Within a culm, the proportion of di
Page 53 and 54: indicates its suitability for pulp
Page 55 and 56:
High-yield and good quality pulp, e
Page 57 and 58:
9.2. Chemical pulping Bamboo pulp h
Page 59 and 60:
therefore, not only beneficial at l
Page 61 and 62:
carefully chosen cooking conditions
Page 63 and 64:
and burst index by about 15 per cen
Page 65 and 66:
digestion with hot water (150 0 C)
Page 67 and 68:
obtained at an impregnation tempera
Page 69 and 70:
percentage of hardwoods in the mixt
Page 71 and 72:
(Ku and Pan 1975) 224 . Chang and D
Page 73 and 74:
hardwoods (50:50 mixture) was descr
Page 75 and 76:
adverse effects are not much (Suman
Page 77 and 78:
11. BEATING As bamboo fibres are he
Page 79 and 80:
12. PULP AND SHEET CHARACTERISTICS
Page 81 and 82:
conditions, from 41-47 per cent (Ch
Page 83 and 84:
Scandinavian birch (0.66) and eucal
Page 85 and 86:
14. TYPES OF PAPER Experiments cond
Page 87 and 88:
effective cooking is not the length
Page 89 and 90:
and knotter (nodes) rejects in a ba
Page 91 and 92:
7. Bambusa bambos (Syn. Bambusa aru
Page 93 and 94:
15. Bambusa oldhamii Mechanical pul
Page 95 and 96:
Fibre morphology; effect of age on
Page 97 and 98:
30. Dendrocalamus latiflorus Indust
Page 99 and 100:
34. Gigantochloa aspera Chemical co
Page 101 and 102:
48. Ochlandra scriptoria (Syn. Ochl
Page 103 and 104:
57. Phyllostachys pubescens Mechani
Page 105 and 106:
71. Teinostachyum dullooa (Syn. Neo
Page 107 and 108:
APPENDIX - 2 A. Proximate chemical
Page 109 and 110:
A. Survey of pulping processes APPE
Page 111 and 112:
B. Non-conventional pulping procedu
Page 113 and 114:
C. Characteristics of rayon grade p
Page 115 and 116:
C. The symbols used to describe the
Page 117 and 118:
APPENDIX - 7 Mean values of strengt
Page 119 and 120:
A. Grades of paper Sl No. APPENDIX
Page 121 and 122:
3 Wrapping or bag papers - Kraft pa
Page 123 and 124:
7 Bristol 8 Paperboards - Boxboards
Page 125 and 126:
either ply. Board with three or mor
Page 127 and 128:
PART - III ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 129 and 130:
December 1951, Dehra Dun. 1956. Vol
Page 131 and 132:
Strength properties of the standard
Page 133 and 134:
ellirica and 2.5 - 5 per cent each
Page 135 and 136:
62. Pande, G.C. 1970. A modified te
Page 137 and 138:
80. Stevens, R.H. 1958. Bamboo or w
Page 139 and 140:
94. Gamble, J.S. 1896. The bambusea
Page 141 and 142:
The suitability of bamboo species f
Page 143 and 144:
123. Surendran, P.N. Status paper o
Page 145 and 146:
Part I gives an account of investig
Page 147 and 148:
154. Guha, S.R.D. 1961. Bamboo as a
Page 149 and 150:
173. Maheshwari, S; Satpathy, K.C.
Page 151 and 152:
A brief review of pre-and post-war
Page 153 and 154:
206. Virtucio, F.D; Uriate, M.T; Ur
Page 155 and 156:
Gives the results of chemical analy
Page 157 and 158:
237. Singh, S.V; Rai, A.K; Singh, S
Page 159 and 160:
degree of delignification. ABCP 18t
Page 161 and 162:
With a view to possible utilization
Page 163 and 164:
276. Bist, D.P.S; Singh, S.V; Singh
Page 165 and 166:
292. Idei, T. 1981. D.P [degree of
Page 167 and 168:
Acidolysis products of milled wood
Page 169 and 170:
lignin content fell from 36.5 to 29
Page 171 and 172:
follow a similar pattern. A conside
Page 173 and 174:
351. Shanmughavel, P; Francis, K. 1
Page 175 and 176:
362. Eberhardt, L. 1968. Hi-yield a
Page 177 and 178:
Conventional soda pulping results i
Page 179 and 180:
391. Gremler, E.R; McGorovern, J.N.
Page 181 and 182:
407. Karim, M.S; Islam, M.A; Khalid
Page 183 and 184:
indica and Ulmus [Pinus] wallichian
Page 185 and 186:
Kraft Pulping 443. Alam, M.R; Barua
Page 187 and 188:
457a. Guha, S.R.D; Singh, M.M; Shar
Page 189 and 190:
Bamboo pulps with the best physical
Page 191 and 192:
491. Ghosh, S.R; Saikia, C.N. 1996.
Page 193 and 194:
506. Grant, J. 1964. Beating charac
Page 195 and 196:
530. Roy, T.K; Bist, V; Pant, R. Bl
Page 197 and 198:
544. Chandra, A; Guha, S.R.D. 1981.
Page 199 and 200:
555. Kumar, S; Singh, M.M; Guha, S.
Page 201 and 202:
566. Singh, M.M. 1977. Summary of F
Page 203 and 204:
Das, S.C 233 Deb, D.B 90 Deb, U.K 2
Page 205 and 206:
Lakshmana, A.C 106 Lakshmi Sharma 3
Page 207 and 208:
Seethalakshmi, K.K 118 Sekhar, T 25
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