Pocket Guide to Flan..

Pocket Guide to Flanges, Fittings, and Piping Data 

• ISBN: 088415310X 

by R. R. Lee 

• Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Books 

• Pub. Date: November 1999

PREFACE 

Materials personnel are usually the first to be assigned 

to a project and the last to close it. Their responsibilities 

of collecting tables, catalogs, specifications, and materi- 

als accounting system forms and supplies commence 

even before they depart for the jobsite, which could very 

well be in Mukluk, AI Mukalla, AI Khobar, Belo Horizonte, 

or just outside of Houston. To have all the required docu- 

mentation on hand at the jobsite is a real challenge. 

This handbook is designed to bridge the gap for piping 

data and materials storage procedures until a more 

formal specification has been issued by your project 

manager. It is intended to help train new materials per- 

sonnel on the project by answering questions they may 

be afraid to ask. The markings on fittings and pipe are 

explained in a non-technical language. Pipe schedules 

are provided to show equal schedules in certain sizes, 

but different call-outs such as standard and schedule 40. 

Tables describing the size and length of bolts for flanges 

and clamps are included, in addition to the size wrench 

xi

equired to fit the nut. An oval ring gasket cross-refer- 

ence chart is also included. 

The book is quite useful to drafters, purchasing 

agents, pipefitters, students, and project managers. 

The material in the book is believed to be technically 

correct; neither the author nor Gulf Publishing Company 

warrant its use. Always consult the applicable specifica- 

tion issued by the project manager at your project. 

i. 

Xll 

R. R. Lee 

Houston, Texas

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

I would like to express my appreciation to certain colleagues 

and business associates for their contributions and support for 

strong material control programs: J. M. Smith, P. Rajagapolan, 

and Mohd Kunhi, MIS Dubai, U.A.E.; A.S. Zeidy, Cairo, Egypt; 

T. W. Acosta, C. L. Davis, McDermott (Saudi Arabia); Joseph 

Twail, MIS Oman; Edgar H. Von Minden, Jr., Tube Turns Tech- 

nologies, Inc.; Beatrice Welch, M. D.; J. R. Lee, AMOCO Produc- 

tion Co.; K. D. Callaway, HAH-Kuwait; Delmar and Elmar Boyd, 

Bechtel (Libya); Kevin Talbot, MIS-Sharjah; Yousef A. AI-Omani, 

MISCO-Kuwait; and my wife Pat for assistance with the prepara- 

tion of this book.

Acknowledgments, Page x 

Preface, Pages xi-xii 

1 - ANSI Flanges, Pages 1-39 

2 - ANSI Buttweld Fittings, Pages 41-65 

3 - Refinery Pipe, Pages 66-82 

4 - API Flanges, Pages 83-103 

5 - Stainless Steels, Pages 104-126 

6 - Miscellaneous Items, Pages 127-134 

7 - Pipeline Pigs, Pages 135-148 

Table of Contents 

8 - Materials Handling Tips, Pages 149-156 

Appendix A - Piping Abbreviations, Pages 157-162 

Appendix B - Useful Formulas, Pages 163-165 

Index, Pages 166-171 

About the Author, Page 172

1 

ANSI 

FLANGES 

A flange is used to join pipe, valves, or a vessel within 

a system. The common ANSI flanges are shown in Fig- 

ure 1-1, and special flanges are illustrated and defined 

later in this chapter. 

ANSI Standards 

Pressure ratings for flanges are designed to ANSI 

standards of 150 Ib, 300 Ib, 400 Ib, 600 Ib, 900 Ib, 1500 

Ib, and 2500 lb. The most common terminology used is 

the pound reference, although the more formal reference 

is by class, such as Class 150 flange. 

The ANSI standards require that each flange be 

stamped with identifying markings as shown in Figure 

1-2. The markings include: 

1. Manufacturer's trade name. 

2. Nominal pipe size--the outside diameter of pipe 

the flange will match when welded to the pipe. 

1

"Im~L~_ZATLO R ~ORGE_A ~ 

Welding Neck Flange 

~-.LO~-]~] TAYLOR FORGE~ 

~..~r i q 

Slip-on Flange 

Threaded Flange 

~ f W ~ 

~_~ TAYLOR FORGE A" 

Lap Joint Flange (Continued on next page)

q 

k 

Reducing Slip-on Flange 

~.~,~ ~"~. ~... i ~* 

Socket Welding Flange 

Blind Flange 

f 4,JI, b ~ 

Figure 1-1. ANSI flanges. (Courtesy of Taylor Forge.)

E 

E 

I- 

e-- 

E ~ 

o 

~ N 

~5 c- 

O 

e,- 

~ e 

e~ o 

0 

~ ~ 

=~ Q 

/i ~ 

._~ 

O ~

3. Primary pressure rating (also known as the flange 

rating)--150-Ib, 300-1b, etc. 

4. Face designation--the machined gasket surface 

area of the flange (resembles a phonograph record, 

see Figure 1-3). The flange face is the most impor- 

tant part of the flange. The lhs-in, raised face is 

Figure 1-3. Flange face gasket surfaces. (Courtesy of Taylor Forge.) 

5

common in 150-1b and 300-1b classes. Heavier rat- 

ings are ~/4-in. raised faces. A ring type joint is 

available in all classes, but more common in the 

600-1b and greater classes. 

5. Bore (also known as the nominal wall thickness of 

matching pipe)--the measure of the flange wall 

thickness, which matches the inside dimension of 

the pipe being used. 

6. Material designation--ASTM specifications that 

describe the raw materials from which the flange is 

made, such as ingots, blooms, billets, slabs, or 

bars. 

7. Ring gasket number--used when the flange face is 

a ring type joint style. 

8. Heat number or code--the batch number used by 

steel forgers to identify a particular batch number 

of steel forgings and test results. The mill test re- 

sults are made available to the purchasers of the 

flanges. 

Flange Bores 

Weldneck and socket weld flanges are drilled (ma- 

chined) with the wall thickness of the flange having the 

same dimensions of the matching pipe. The lighter the 

pipe is, the larger the bore; conversely, the heavier the 

pipe, the smaller the bore. 

Other flanges are drilled to match the outside diameter 

of pipe sizes, and do not have bore markings to indicate 

a pipe schedule. 

6

Weldneck Flange 

Types of ANSI Flanges 

This flange, shown in Figures 1-1 and 1-2, is normally 

used for high-pressure, cold or hot temperatures. 

Slip-on and Lap Joint Flanges 

Figure 1-4 shows these "twin" flanges. Note, however, 

that a slip-on flange is bored slightly larger than the OD 

of the matching pipe. The pipe slips into the flange prior 

to welding both inside and outside to prevent leaks. 

The lap joint flange has a curved radius at the bore 

and face to accommodate a lap joint stub end. (Stub 

ends are described in Chapter 2.) The lap joint flange 

and stub end assembly are normally used in systems re- 

quiring frequent dismantling for inspection. 

Threaded Flange 

This type of flange, shown in Figure 1-5, is used in sys- 

tems not involving temperature or stresses of any magni- 

tude. 

Socket Weld Flange 

This flange is similar to slip-on flange, except they 

have a bore and a counter bore. See Figure 1-6. 

7

Slip-on Flange 

Lap Joint Flange 

Figure 1-4. Slip-on and lap joint flanges. (Courtesy of Taylor Forge.) 

The counter bore is slightly larger than the OD of the 

matching pipe, allowing the pipe to be inserted. A restric- 

tion is built into the bottom of the bore, which acts as a 

shoulder for the pipe to rest on, and has the same ID of 

the matching pipe. The flow is not restricted in any direc- 

tion. 

8

Figure 1-5. Threaded flange. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity Indus- 

tries.) 

Figure 1-6. Socket weld flange. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity 

Industries.) 

Reducing Flange 

The reducing flange is similar in every respect to the 

full size of the flange from which the reduction is to be 

made. See Figure 1-7A. 

9

A B 

figure 1-7. Reducing and blind flanges. (Courtesy of Tube Turns Technologies, Inc.) 

The reducing flange is described in the same manner 

as a reducer--that is, the large end first, the reduction 

second. An example would be a 6-in. raised face by 2-in. 

threaded reducing flange, ANSI 150 Ib rating. 

Blind Flange 

Figure 1-7B shows a blind flange, which has no bore, 

and is used to close ends of piping systems. A blind 

flange also permits easy access to a line once it has 

been sealed. 

The blind flange is sometimes machined to accept a 

pipe of the nominal size to which the reduction is being 

made. The reduction can be either threaded or welded. 

Long Weldneck Flange 

Miscellaneous Flanges 

This is a special flange used for nozzles on pressure 

vessels. The hub is always straight, and the hub thick- 

ness is greater than the diameter of any piping that may 

be bolted to the flange. See Figure 1-8. 

10

Figure 1-8. Long weldneck flange. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity 

Industries.) 

Orifice Flange 

The function of an orifice flange is to meter the flow of 

liquids and gases through a pipe line. Figure 1-9 shows 

an orifice flange complete with bolting and jack screws. 

The jack screws are used to spread the flanges apart in a 

line to change an orifice plate between the two flanges. 

Figure 1-9. Orifice flange with jack screws. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division 

of Trinity Industries.) 

11

Figure 1-10. Cutaway of an orifice flange. (Courtesy of Taylor Forge.) 

As illustrated in Figure 1-10, the orifice flange has 

drilled and tapped outlets for installing the metering de- 

vice (recorder). 

Receiving Flanges 

Materials Control 

It is very important to carefully examine every flange 

to verify that each conforms to the purchase order speci- 

fications. It is equally important to check for damage to 

the face and beveled end, and inspect the flanges for 

corrosion. Report any damage or other discrepancies to 

your supervisor or prepare an over, short, and damage 

report (OS&D). 

12

Applying Commodity Code Numbers 

When flanges are received, apply your company's 

commodity identification numbers on flanges and other 

materials. 

Apply the numbers in the same area as the manufac- 

turer's stamped flange identification numbers. Always 

stock the flanges with the numbers facing the same di- 

rection for prompt and positive material identification. 

Storing Flanges 

The preferred storage method for flanges is face down 

on wooden pallets or wooden docks, using dunnage to 

separate each layer of flanges, as shown in Figure 1-11. 

(For dunnage, use wooden strips, paneling, cardboard, 

plywood, etc.) Special care should be extended to the 

flange facing during storage or shipments to other areas. 

~ ~-~L -~ ~~ ~,~ Flanges 

I~ ~11~ ...... -~~ ~ Dunnage 

Figure 1-11. Diagram of method for storing flanges. 

Pallet or Dock 

13

Accounting Records 

Good technical descriptions are necessary in any sys- 

tem. The very best source for technical descriptions is 

your company's computer master. If the computer mas- 

ter is not available, then try to be consistent each time 

you describe the same materials in the accounting sys- 

tem. A good technical description of the weldneck flange 

shown in Figure 1-2 would be: 

What is it? 

What type facing? 

What is the pressure rating? 

What is the bore? 

Weldneck Flange. 

Faced and drilled raised 

face. 

ANSI 150 Ib rating. 

Bore standard weight 

(.237-inch wall thick- 

ness). 

It is not necessary when describing flanges and other 

materials to include the trademark, the ASTM specifica- 

tion, or the heat number unless requested to do so by 

your supervisor. 

Shipping Flanges 

When flanges are to be shipped to other locations ei- 

ther loose or as an integral part of a fabricated pipe 

piece, protect the flange face with a flange protector, and 

the beveled end with an end protector. 

Flange protectors are very inexpensive compared to 

replacing even one damaged flange during an offshore 

14

Figure 1-12. Commercial flange protectors. (Courtesy of Mark V, division of Phoe- 

nix Industries, Inc.) 

or overseas shipment. Figure 1-12 shows a low-cost, du- 

rable protector that can be quickly installed and locked in 

place by friction lock poly bolts. 

These protectors protect the entire flange facing from 

impact damage, and will not deteriorate. The protectors 

are reusable. A wrap of duct tape around the outer 

edge of the protector and the flange ring will prevent 

sand and water from entering the pipe or nozzle areas. 

Flange Dimensions 

Table 1-1 includes the wall thickness schedules and di- 

mensions of ANSI flanges. The table is very useful to en- 

gineers, draftsmen, fabricators, purchasing, and materi- 

15

16 

l! ':l,i, :~! :l, :~t ' ' '~i, :~:~ 

lO'-~'~'~ ' -~-~ ' -~ ' -* -* " ~'~-~ 

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ii ..... I ..... .......... I ..... 

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j . . . . . ~ e. e. e~ m m l 

- - ; : i i ! 

w 8 

(I} "" 

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;~ ,-T,.:,- ~ , o ~=o~ Z |174 |174169 | 

~ ......... o ~ ii 

o 

~~,~ ~~ 

' ~ ~ ' ~ 1 

u_ 

'~, m~,:~ ~:~ ~,~.:~:~ ~ i 

L_ ~ z~ ~ o~ 00008 ~. 

I 

~ ~ " 

" 1 

._.1~ ~o~ ~,~: ~,,{~ ~08~ ~ ~ ~ 

~" ~ ; ! ~ , 

'~ ~ ...... :-:1:::-: ~ ~ ' 

. . . . . . ": '~T--.~Z ~ "'" 

~' "" U,I 

,~,mm 

:~s ~,~ ~ ~8~ ~_:~ ~ ~ ... 

9 ~,, o;;; ~ .-. 

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als control persons. Familiarize yourself with the table 

and its contents. 

For an exercise, blank out the markings on a flange, 

and by using the table as a reference, properly identify 

the flange as to size, bolt holes, rating, bore, etc. The 

practice will enrich your skill and self-confidence as a 

materials person. 

Table 1-1 also includes pipe schedules that describe 

the flange bores,as well as fittings. It is necessary at this 

time for you to become familiar with the following sched- 

ule terminology: 

Light wall 

Schedule 10 (Sch/10, S/10) 

Schedule 20 (Sch/20, etc.) 

Schedule 30 

Schedule 40 

Standard Weight 

Schedule 60 

Extra Strong (Extra heavy, EH, XH) 

Schedule 80 

Schedule 100 

Schedule 120 

Schedule 140 

Schedule 160 

Double Extra Strong (Double extra heavy, XXH, 

XXS) 

Many of the schedules are identical in certain sizes, 

and either description is correct, but be consistent. An 

example of 6-in. Schedule 40, standard weight, or .237- 

18

in. wall thickness. All three have the same meaning per 

Table 1-1, in the 6-in. size. 

Stud Bolts 

ANSI Flange Bolting 

In ANSI piping, stud bolts are stamped with identifying 

numbers on the ends of bolts and the face of the nuts. A 

common mark for bolts is B7, and Grade 2H on the nuts. 

The bolts are often plated with various coatings, some of 

which are listed below: 

Plating Marking 

Cadmium B7 

Zinc L7 

Chromium B16 

Tin B8 

Silver B8M 

Stud bolts are shipped from vendors as so many bolts/ 

nuts per pound. If the purchase order states 100 stud 

bolts with two heavy hex nuts each, then you may re- 

ceive 99 or 102 bolts with nuts. To save time, and avoid 

counting each bolt, verify the total weight as being cor- 

rect, verify about 25% of the markings per the specifica- 

tion, then store the bolts in the shipping container rather 

than using valuable warehouse shelving space. 

19

Do not grease, spray, or clean bolts without specific in- 

structions from your supervisor. Do not store new bolts 

with used bolts. 

Machine Bolts 

The machine bolt is commonly used for slip-on and 

threaded flanges. Only one heavy hex nut is required for 

a machine bolt. Both the bolt and the nut are identified 

the same way as for stud bolts. 

Measuring Stud Bolts 

A fast way to measure a stud bolt diameter is by mea- 

suring the thickness of the heavy hex nut; for example, a 

1/2-in. diameter bolt has a heavy hex nut that is 1/2-in. 

thick. 

Measure the length of stud bolts to the nearest 1/4-in. 

from thread to thread, less the point heights as shown in 

Figure 1-13. 

CI I [ llilliiai ]IIO i lliIiIiIiliII 

Point height 

Stud Bolt With Nuts 

Figure 1-13. Method of measuring stud bolts. (Courtesy of the American Petro- 

leum Institute.) 

20

I..d 

IIItlllllllllJlfJI 

Figure 1-14. Method of measuring machine bolts. (Courtesy of the American Pe- 

troleum Institute.) 

Measuring Machine Bolts 

Measure the length of a machine bolt from the under- 

side of the head to the end point. See Figure 1-14. (All 

bolts are rounded off to the nearest V4-in.). 

Tables 1-2 through 1-16 describe stud bolt and machine 

bolt tables for all ANSI flanges previously discussed for 

raised and flat faced flanges, plus ring type joint flanges 

(RTJ). The tables also include the size of the wrench re- 

quired to fit the heavy hex nuts used on each diameter of 

stud bolts. (Wrench size is calculated as one and one-half 

times the size of the bolt plus one eighth of an inch). Figure 

1-15 shows a dimensional gauge for bolting. 

Example: 1V2 x 1 = 1~/2 + ~/8 = l S/8-in. wrench for a 

1-in. nut. 

Table 1-17 gives suggested materials for use in differ- 

ent line service temperatures. 

21

9 . 

Figure 1-15. Dimensional gauge for bolting. (Courtesy of Lone Star Screw Co. of 

Houston, Inc.) 

22

Table 1-2 

Alloy Steel Machine Bolts for ANSI 150-1b 

Raised Face or Flat Face Flanges, Each 

with One Heavy Hex Nut 

Nominal Number of Size & Length Wrench 

Pipe Machine Bolts of Size for 

Size (in.) Required Machine Bolts (in.) Nut (in.) 

1/2 

% 

1 

11/4 

11/2 

2 

21/2 

3 

31/2 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

3O 

32 

34 

36 

42 

In agreement with ANSI B. 16.5 

4 lhx2 

4 lh x 21/4 

4 lh x 21/4 

4 lh x 21h 

4 lh x 21h 

4 % x 23/4 

4 %x3 

4 % x 31/4 

8 %x3V4 

8 s18 x 3114 

8 314 X 3114 

8 314 x 3112 

8 3/4 X 33/4 

12 %x4 

12 %x 41/4 

12 1 x41h 

16 1 x43/4 

16 1118 x 5 

20 1118 x 511, 

20 1114 x 5314 

20 1114 x 6 

24 11/4 X 61/4 

28 1114 X 61/4 

28 11/4 x 61/2 

28 11/2 x 7 

32 1112 x 7114 

32 1112 x 7114 

36 11/2 x 73/4 

% 

% 

% 

% 

7/8 

11/le 

11/le 

lY16 

1Vie 

lY16 

11/4 

11/4 

11/4 

1%6 

17/16 

1% 

1% 

113/lS 

113/16 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

23/8 

2318 

2% 

23/8 

23

Table 1-3 

Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 150-1b 

Raised Face or Flat Face Flanges, 

Each with Two Heavy Hex Nuts 

Nominal Number M Size & Length Wrench 

Pipe Bolts of Size for 

Size (in.) Required Stud Bolts (in.) Nuts (in.) 

.'/2 

314 

1 

1114 

1112 

2 

21/2 

3 

31/2 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

42 


24 

4 V2x21h 

4 V2x2V2 

4 112 x 2% 

4 l12x2a14 

4 Y2x3 

4 %x3V4 

8 %x3V2 

4 % x 3314 

4 % x 3% 

4 sis x 3314 

8 s/4x4 

8 S/4X4 

8 s14 X 4.'h 

12 71s x 4314 

12 % x 4314 

12 I x 5"14 

16 1 x 5.'/2 

16 1.'/8 x 6 

20 11/s x 6.'/4 

20 1.'/4 x 6% 

20 1.'/4 x 7 

24 1.'/4 x 71/4 

28 1.'/4 x 71/4 

28 I.'14 X 7.'12 

28 1.'/2 X 8.'14 

32 IV, X 8114 

32 11/2 x 8.'/2 

36 1V2x9 

% 

% 

71, 

1is 

% 

lyle 

11/16 

1Vie 

ly16 

1vie 

1114 

1114 

1114 

17/le 

1711e 

15/8 

1% 

1-/le 

113116 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2% 

2% 

2% 

2%

Table 1-4 


Raised Face Flanges, Each with Two 

Heavy Hex Nuts 




1/2 

3/4 

1 

11/4 

111, 

2 

21/, 

3 

31/2 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 


4 1/2 x 2% 

4 %x3 

4 %x31h 

4 %x31h 

4 3/4 x 3% 

8 %x31h 

8 3hx4 

8 3/4 x 41/4 

8 3h x 41h 

8 314 x 41h 

8 314 x 4314 

12 314x5 

12 718 x 511, 

16 1 X61/4 

16 11/8 X 6% 

20 11/8 X 7 

20 11/4 X 71/2 

24 .1114 x 73/4 

24 1114 x 8114 

24 11/2 x9 

24 11/2 X 91/4 

28 15/8 10114 

28 1518 x I0a14 

28 1314 x 11114 

28 1718 x 12114 

28 1718 x 12112 

32 2 x 13 

7Is 

1Vie 

lV16 

1Vie 

11/4 

11/16 

1114 

1114 

1114 

1114 

1114 

1114 

1711e 

1% 

113118 

113116 

2 

2 

2 

2% 

23/8 

2% 

29/lS 

2314 

21S116 

215/16 

31/3 

25

Table 1-5 


Raised Face Flanges, Each with Two 





lh 

3/4 

1 

lV4 

11h 

2 

21/2 

3 

31/2 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

24 


26 

4 1/2 x 31/4 

4 %x31h 

4 %x3% 

4 %x4 

4 %x41h 

8 %x41h 

8 3/4 x 43/4 

8 3/4x5 

8 %x51h 

8 7hx51h 

8 7/8 X 53/4 

12 %x6 

12 I x 6314 

16 11/8 x 71/2 

16 11/4 x 8 

20 11/4 x 81/4 

20 1% x 83/4 

24 1% x 9 

24 11/2 X 93/4 

24 13/4 X 103/4 

7/8 

1Vie 

lyre 

lV16 

11/4 

1Vie 

11/4 

11/4 

17118 

17/le 

17/lS 

17118 

1% 

113/m 

2 

2 

23he 

23/1, 

23/, 

23/,,

Table 1-6 


Raised Face Flanges, Each With Two 





1/2 

3/4 

1 

11/4 

11/2 

2 

21/2 

3 

31/2 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

36 


4 lh x 31/4 

4 % x 31/2 

4 % x 33/4 

4 S/ex4 

4 314x41/4 

8 5h x 41/4 

8 % x 43/4 

8 3/4x5 

8 % x 51/2 

8 718 X 5314 

8 1 x61/2 

12 1 x 6% 

12 11/8 x 73/4 

16 11/4 x 81/2 

20 1114 X 8314 

20 13/8 x 91/4 

20 11/2 x 10 

20 1518 X 103/4 

24 15/8 x 111/2 

24 13/4 x 12114 

24 17/8 x 13 

28 17/8 x 131/2 

28 2 x 14 

28 2 x 14114 

28 21/4 x 15 

28 21/2 x 16 

7/a 

11/18 

11/15 

11116 

11/4 

11/16 

11/4 

11/4 

17/le 

17116 

15/8 

15/8 

113116 

2 

2 

23/16 

23/8 

29/16 

29/16 

23/4 

215/le 

215/18 

31/8 

31/8 

31/2 

3% 

27

Table 1-7 







1/2 

% 

1 

11/4 

11/2 

2 

21/2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

24 


28 

4 % x 41/4 

4 % x 41/2 

4 %x5 

4 7/8x5 

4 1 x51/2 

8 7/s x 53/4 

8 1 x61/4 

8 7/e x 53/4 

8 11/8 x 6% 

8 11/4x 71/2 

12 11/8 x 7% 

12 13/8 x 83/4 

16 13/8 x 91/4 

20 13/8 x 10 

20 11/2 x 103/4 

20 15/8 x 111/4 

20 17/8 x 123/4 

20 2 x 131/2 

20 2,/2 x 171/4 

11/4 

11/4 

17/le 

17/16 

15/8 

17/,6 

1% 

17/le 

113/le 

2 

113/le 

23/le 

P/le 

23/le 

23/8 

2911e 

21s116 

311e 

3718

Table 1-8 



Heaw Hex Nuts 




1/2 

3/4 

1 

11/4 

lV2 

2 

21/2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

24 


4 % x 41/4 

4 %x41h 

4 %x5 

4 %x5 

4 1x51h 

8 %x5% 

8 1 x61/4 

8 11/8 x 7 

8 1114 x 7% 

8 11/2 x 9% 

12 1% x 10114 

12 1% x 11112 

12 1% x 13114 

16 2 x 14314 

16 21/4 x 16 

16 21/2 x 17112 

16 2% x 19112 

16 3 x 21112 

16 31/2 x 24V2 

11/4 

11/4 

17/m 

17/le 

1% 

17/le 

1% 

113116 

2 

23/8 

23/16 

29116 

21s/16 

31/a 

31/2 

37/8 

41/4 

4% 

5% 

29

Table 1-9 







112 

3/4 

1 

11/4 

11/2 

2 

21/2 

3 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 


30 

4 %x51h 

4 %x51h 

4 7/8 X 53/4 

4 1 x61h 

4 11hx7 

8 1 x71h 

8 11/8 x 8 

8 11hx9 

8 11/2 x 101/2 

8 2 x 13314 

12 2 x 15114 

12 2112 x 19112 

12 2% x 21112 

1114 

1114 

I;'115 

1518 

113115 

1518 

113115 

2 

2318 

3118 

3118 

3'18 

4114

Table 1-10 

Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 150.1b 

Ring Type Joint Flanges With 

Two Heavy Hex Nuts Each 

Nominal Number of Size & Length Wrench Oval Ring 

Pipe Bolts of Size for Gasket 

Size (in.) Required Stud Bolts (in,) Nuts (in.) R-Number 

1 

11/4 

11/2 

2 

21/2 

3 

31/2 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

24 


4 lhx3V4 718 

4 lh x 31h 7/8 

4 lh x 31h 7/8 

4 % x 33/4 l Vie 

4 % x 4 1Vie 

4 sis x 41/4 1Vie 

8 % x 4114 I~11s 

8 % x 4114 11he 

8 314 X 41h 1114 

8 314 x 41h 1114 

8 314x 4314 1114 

12 718 x 5114 17116 

12 718 x 5114 17116 

12 1 X 5314 1518 

16 1 x6 15/8 

16 11/8 x 6V2 113h6 

20 11/8 x 63/4 113h6 

20 11/4 x 71/2 2 

R-15 

R-17 

R-19 

R-22 

R-25 

R-29 

R-33 

R-36 

R-40 

R-43 

R-48 

R-52 

R-56 

R-59 

R-64 

R-68 

R-72 

R-76 

31

Table 1-11 


Ring Type Joint Flanges, Each With 

Two Heavy Hex Nuts 



Size (in.) Required Stud Bolls (in.) Nuts (in.) R-Number 

1/2 

% 

1 

11/4 

11/2 

2 

2~/2 

3 

31/2 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

24 


32 

4 1/2x3 ;'Is 

4 % x 31/2 1Vie 

4 5/8 x 33/4 11/le 

4 % x 33/4 1~/le 

4 % x 41/4 11/4 

8 5/8 x 41/4 11/16 

8 314 X4314 1114 

8 314X5 1114 

8 314 X 5114 1114 

8 314 X 51h 1114 

8 314 x 5112 1114 

12 314 x 5314 1114 

12 718 x 6114 1711e 

16 1 x 7 1518 

16 11/8 x 71/2 113/le 

20 l~/s x 7% 113/18 

20 11/4 x 81/4 2 

24 lV4 x 81/2 2 

24 11/4 x 9 2 

24 11/2 x 101/4 2% 

R-11 

R-13 

R-16 

R-18 

R-20 

R-23 

R-26 

R-31 

R-34 

R-37 

R-41 

R-45 

R-49 

R-53 

R-57 

R-61 

R-65 

R-69 

R-73 

R-77

Table 1-12 


Ring Type Joint Flanges, Each With Two 



PIN Bolts of Size for Gasket 

Size (in,) Required Stud Bolts (in.) Nuts (in.) R-Number 

lh 

% 

1 

11/4 

11/2 

2 

21/2 

3 

31/2 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

24 


4 lhx3 7/a 

4 5/8 x 31/2 1 Vie 

4 5/8 x 33/4 1V16 

4 5/8 x 4 lVls 

4 %x41h 1114 

8 5/8 x 41/2 11/le 

8 314X5 1114 

8 314 X 5114 1114 

8 718 X 5314 17/16 

8 7/a X 53/4 17116 

8 718 x 6 17115 

12 718 x 6114 17118 

12 I x 7 1518 

16 11/8 x 73/4 113118 

16 1114 X 8114 2 

20 11/4 x 81/2 2 

20 1% x 9 2-~/16 

24 1% x 91/4 23hs 

24 11/2 x 10 2% 

24 1% x 111/4 2% 

R-11 

R-13 

R-16 

R-18 

R-20 

R-23 

R-26 

R-31 

R-34 

R-37 

R-41 

R-45 

R-49 

R-53 

R-57 

R-61 

R-65 

R-69 

R-73 

R-77 

33

Table 1-13 






Size (in.) Required Stud Bolts (in.) Nuts (in.) R-Number 

1/2 

3/4 

1 

11/4 

11/2 

2 

21/2 

3 

31/2 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

24 

26 

28 

30 

36 


34 

4 1/2x3 % 

4 % x 31/2 lY16 

4 5/8 x 3314 1 Vie 

4 % x 4 lVls 

4 3/4 x41h 1114 

8 5/8 x 41/2 11/le 

8 3/4x5 11/4 

8 3/4 x 51/4 11/4 

8 718 x 5314 17/le 

8 % x 6 17116 

8 1 x63h 1518 

12 1 x 7 1% 

12 1118 x 7314 113/16 

16 11/4 x 8314 2 

20 11/4 x 9 2 

20 13/8 x 91/2 23118 

20 1112 x 10114 2318 

20 1518 x 11 29118 

24 1518 x 11314 29118 

24 1718 x 13114 215118 

28 1718 x 14 215118 

28 2 x 14112 31/8 

28 2 x 14314 31/8 

28 21/2 x 16314 37/8 

R-11 

R-13 

R-16 

R-18 

R-20 

R-23 

R-26 

R-31 

R-34 

R-37 

R-41 

R-45 

R-49 

R-53 

R-57 

R-61 

R-65 

R-69 

R-73 

R-77 

R-93 

R-94 

R-95 

R-98

Table 1-14 







1/2 

3/4 

1 

11/4 

11/2 

2 

21/2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

24 


4 314x4114 11/4 

4 3/4 x 4V2 11/4 

4 % x 5 17/lS 

4 % X 5 17/15 

4 1 X 51/2 1% 

8 % X 5314 17115 

8 I X 6114 1518 

8 7/8 X 6 17116 

8 11/8 X 7 113116 

8 11/4 X 73h 2 

12 11/8 X 73/4 113115 

12 13/e X 9 23/lS 

16 1318 X 91/2 23116 

20 1318 X 10114 23116 

20 11/2 x 11114 23/8 

20 1518 x 11314 28116 

20 1718 x 13112 215116 

20 2 x 141/4 31/8 

20 2112 x 17314 3718 

R-12 

R-14 

R-16 

R-18 

R-20 

R-24 

R-27 

R-31 

R-37 

R-41 

R-45 

R-49 

R-53 

R-57 

R-62 

R-66 

R-70 

R-74 

R-78 

35

Table 1-15 







1/2 

% 

1 

11/4 

11/2 

2 

21/2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

24 


36 

4 3/, x 41/4 11/, 

4 %x41h 11/4 

4 % x 5 17/le 

4 7/8 x 5 17/16 

4 1 x 51/2 1% 

8 % x 53/4 17he 

8 1 x61/, 1% 

8 11/e x 7 113he 

8 11/4 x 73/4 2 

8 1~/2 x 9s/4 2% 

12 13/8 x 101/2 23he 

12 15/8 x 12 2~ 

12 17/8 x 133/4 21shs 

16 2 x 151/, 31/a 

16 21/4 x 17 31/2 

16 2Y2 x 18Y2 3% 

16 2% x 201/2 41/4 

16 3 x 22112 4% 

16 31/2 x 25% 5% 

R-12 

R-14 

R-16 

R-18 

R-20 

R-24 

R-27 

R-35 

R-39 

R-44 

R-46 

R-50 

R-54 

R-58 

R-63 

R-67 

R-71 

R-75 

R-79

Table 1-16 

Alloy Steel Stud Bolts for ANSI 2500.1b 






1/2 

3/4 

1 

11/4 

11/:, 

2 

21/2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 


4 3/4 x 51/4 11/4 

4 %x5V4 11/4 

4 7/8 x 53/4 17h6 

4 1 x61h 1% 

4 lV8 x 71/4 1~3/18 

8 1 x71/2 1% 

8 1118 x 8114 113116 

8 1114 x 9114 2 

8 1112 x 10314 23/8 

8 13/4 x 12314 23/4 

8 2 x 14112 3118 

12 2 x 16 31/8 

12 21/2 x 20112 37/8 

12 23/4 x 22112 41/4 

R-13 

R-16 

R-18 

R-21 

R-23 

R-26 

R-28 

R-32 

R-38 

R-42 

R-47 

R-51 

R-55 

R-60 

37

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uJ 

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uJ 

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C~ 

,~.~ 9 9 o c~ 

9 o~ ~ o o 

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c~ u'~ c~ ~ c::~ c:::~ 

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03 03 0"3 03 

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CD 

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2 

ANSI 

BUTTWELD 

FITTINGS 

ANSI buttweld fittings are used to change direction or 

join parts of a piping system. Mastering the names of the 

various shapes is not too difficult, because the number 

of shapes is limited. 

Figure 2-1 shows the identification markings that are 

required on all fittings. The 90-degree long radius elbow 

is marked with the size and schedule number, the mate- 

rial grade, and the heat code symbol, also known as the 

laboratory control number. 

Elbows 

Types of Buttweld Fittings 

The elbow is the most commonly used fitting, and the 

long radius elbow is probably the most commonly used 

elbow. The short radius elbow is used in systems with 

tight spaces, such as offshore and skid units. 

Figure 2-2 shows the 90-degree long radius elbow next 

to a 90-degree short radius elbow. Remember that a 90- 

41

LABORATORY 

CONTROL NUMBER 

MATERIAL or TYPE NUMBER 

WALL THICKNESS 

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE 

TUBE TURNS" IDENTIFICATION 

Figure 2-1. Identification markings. (Courtesy of Tube Turns Technologies, Inc.) 

degree long radius elbow has a center-to-face dimension 

of one and one-half times the size of the elbow. The cen- 

ter-to-face dimension of a short radius elbow is the same 

as the size of the elbow; e.g. a 2-in. short radius elbow 

has a center-to-face dimension of 2 ins. For other dimen- 

sions, see Table 2-1. 

42

Figure 2-2.90-degree elbows, long and short radius. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a 

division of Trinity Industries.) 

Figure 2-3. 90-degree reducing elbow, long radius. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a 


Reducing Elbows 

The 90-degree reducing elbow is used to change di- 

rection and reduce the flow in piping systems. See Fig- 

ure 2-3. 

43

44 

. . . . . . . . . . ,.II~II IIII~ 

i~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . g g . : 

........ ~ ~nn ~.~. ~ : . 

"21 ' 

i~ ............ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ' 

~c,) c0o c~r 9 o 9 

me,, ~ . 

. . . . . . . . . . . . ~r ~ . 

~..'i.i~::~-~.~ "4 " ~ . . . . . . . . 

9 ~:," "~ .... ~ ~l ::::: ::: : :: :~8~' ~, ~ : ::: 

0 

J~ m --i ~ 

. . . . i! ........ ..._~ ~~174176 

9 n . ~ ~ . ,-_ ~,-~ 9 . . 

lore 

D~ 

--~E 

"c 

III 

E 

o 

A

. . . . . 45 

, ,~ 

+ 9 ' 'i'i 

.~i"~;.-".Yi" "J~ -~ " " :~.~.~_~ 9 :_~_+.~_~ :_~.~_~_~ :_=--! l 

I,. +. . . . . !!-+~ 

9 , ++. 

9 

:.:..i:.". ~, ~ 

"~ 1 . i ; ~ 

,|:.:-_ 

J ~Lc'B' 

'~ ~ ,-.. ~ 

'~ I;.. 

~ ooo o 

c~ 

e~

Figure 2-4. 45-degree elbow, long radius. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of 

Trinity Industries.) 

45-degree Elbows 

Figure 2-4 shows a 45-degree long radius elbow. 

These elbows are used for partial changes in direction of 

the line. The 45-degree elbows are sometimes trimmed 

to a lesser degree when required, such as 37 degrees. 

180-degree Returns 

The return is used for direction changes of 180-de- 

grees, thus avoiding the use of two 90-degree elbows. 

Figure 2-5 depicts a long and short radius 180-degree re- 

turn. 

Tees 

A tee is a branched connection to the main flow, and 

can be either straight or reducing, as shown in Figure 

46

Figure 2-5. 180-degree returns, long and short radius. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., 

a division of Trinity Industries.) 

Figure 2-6. Straight and reducing tees. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of 

Trinity Industries.) 

2-6. The reducing outlet can be specified on any branch, 

and Figure 2-7 shows the correct descriptions used for 

reducing tees and other fittings. 

Crosses 

Straight or reducing crosses are seldom used in sys- 

tems, except where space requirements dictate it. Figure 

2-8 shows a straight cross. Crosses are made in sizes of 

12-in. and smaller. 

47

48 

How to Read Reducing Fittings 

Elbows 

A A 

90 ~ |lbow 90 ~ Siroot Elbow 

Reducing Reducing on male end 

A A 

IlilllW Hand Left Hand 

Side Outlet 90 ~ Elbow 

Reducing on two Out~n 

C 

Double Ikrencb Illbew 

Reducing on both ends of Run 

True "Y" 

I I 

A 

To assist the user in "'reading" 

reducing fittings, a variety of 

types most commonly required 

for piping systems are illus- 

trated on this page. In these 

illustrations, each opening of 

the fitting is identified with a 

letter which indicates the se- 

quence to be followed in read- 

ing the size of the fitting. 

In designating the outlets of 

reducing fittings, the openings 

should be read in the order in- 

dicated by the sequence of the 

letters "A", "'B", "C", and 

"D". On side outlet reducing 

fittings, the size of the side 

outlet is named last. 

Fw exmwdb: A Cross having 

one end of the run and one 

outlet reduced is designated as: 

A B C D 

2~ x !~ x 2~ x !~ 

Simply name the largest open- 

ing first and then name the 

other openings in the order 

indicated, 

Although all but one of 

the illustrations are of screwed 

fittings, the same rules apply to 

the "'reading" of reducing 

flanged, welding, solder-joint, 

and other types of fittings 

Service Tee 

c 

A ~ ! B 

Reducing on male end only 

(Continued on next page)

' 

Tees Crosses 

C C @ 

ALj~ A A B 

Tee Tee 9 I 

With Outk,e Wi~ one end D 

reduced of Run reduced Crees 

teduc~O on one Outlet only 

A B A B A B 

Tee Tee 

With one ond of Rue ~ head type ~..~. | 

and Outlet reduced e~ls of Run reduced D 

Cress 

leducin 9 on both Outlets 

B B 

C C J ~ ~ I 

A B 

^ * 1" 

Ilillkt Nend Left Need i 

Side Ouelet Tees D 

With one end of Ru~ end OutleN reduced Cress 

Reducing on one end of 

Run end on one Outlet 

45 ~ Y- Bend 

C 

B I' ! 

D 

A Cress 

4S ~ Y.|end (Lotee~l) Reducing on one end of 

Reducing on Outlet c~dy Run and o~ both Outlels 

Figure 2-7. How to read reducing fittings. (Courtesy of Crane Co.) 

49

Figure 2-8. Weld cross. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity Industries.) 

Reducers 

Eccentric and concentric reducers, illustrated in Fig- 

ure 2-9, are used to reduce a line to a smaller size. Very 

few eccentric reducers are used in piping systems, 

therefore it is not difficult to tell which is which. The con- 

centric reducer has an inlet and outlet that are on a cen- 

ter line. 

The eccentric reducer has an off-center outlet, and is 

flat on one side. The eccentric reducer fits flush against 

a wall, ceiling, or floor to give greater pipe support to the 

line. 

Figure 2-9. Concentric and eccentric weld reducers. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a 


5O

Lap Joint Stub Ends 

The stub end is used in lines requiring quick discon- 

nection. See Figure 2-10. The lap forms a gasket surface 

that replaces the gasket surface of a flange, and are 

mated with a lap joint flange. (Refer to Figure 1-4)o 

Stub ends should not be confused with stub-ins, the 

latter being one pipe stubbed into another pipe and 

welded. See Figure 2-11. 

Figure 2-10. Lap joint stub end. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity 

Industries.) 

Figure 2-11. A stub-in. 

51

Figure 2-12. Weld pipe cap. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity Indus- 

tries.) 

Caps 

Pipe caps are used to block off the end of a line by 

welding it to the pipe. Caps should never be stored in a 

position to trap rain water or sand. See Figure 2-12. 

Pipe Saddles 

Special Buttweld Fittings 

The saddle, as shown in Figure 2-13, is used to rein- 

force a junction of pipe or fitting in a line. After a nipple 

has been welded into a line, the saddle is placed over 

the outlet, and welded to both the outlet and the line. 

52

Figure 2-13. Pipe saddle. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity Indus- 

tries.) 

l,,a 

Figure 2-14. 45-degree lateral. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity In- 

dustries.) 

Laterals 

Figure 2-14 shows a 45-degree lateral. Low-pressure 

applications are about the only time laterals will be used. 

53

Figure 2-15. Scraper bar tee. (Courtesy of Hackney, Inc., a division of Trinity In- 

dustries.) 

Scraper Bar Tee 

Figure 2-15 shows that bars have been fabricated in- 

side the outlet of a tee. The bars limit the direction a 

pipeline scraper (or "Pig"), can travel inside a pipeline. 

Protecting Weld Fittings 

Material Control 

Store weld fittings in a position so that water or sand 

will not collect inside them. 

54

Large diameter fittings can be stored and protected 

with end covers, either plastic or metal. Fittings 1 ~/2 ins. 

and smaller should be stored inside, away from the ele- 

ments. 

Fittings can be stacked in layers with or without dun- 

nage. Metal to metal contact will not harm adjacent fit- 

tings. 

In corrosive areas, spray the fittings with a specified 

preservative to prevent rust. 

Do not throw or dump the fittings from containers. Per- 

manent damage to a fitting's beveled ends may result. 

When you are receiving fittings from a vendor or from 

another area, always check each and every fitting for 

damage and markings per the purchase order specifica- 

tions. 

Mixed Schedule Fittings 

It is very common to have fittings of a mixed schedule 

match different pipe wall thicknesses. When the fittings 

are machined to a lower pipe schedule, the process is 

called "taper boring." Two examples would be: 

1. One 12-in. 90-degree weld elbow, schedule 60 long 

radius, taper bore each end to extra strong. 

2. A 12-in. by 6-in. concentric reducer, schedule 120, 

taper bore the 12-in. end to schedule 100, the 6-in. 

end to schedule 80. 

55

When you receive such fittings from vendors, mark 

each fitting with positive markings for future identifica- 

tion. (The vendor should have already marked the fit- 

tings for you). 

Do not store altered fittings with regular sized fittings. 

A wrong fitting installed by accident in a system could 

prove disastrous. 

Backing Rings 

Figure 2-16 shows rings that are sometimes used in 

piping systems under severe service conditions. One 

type ring is grooved with knockoff spacer pins. 

Figure 2-16. Grove type welding ring with knock-off spacer pins. (Courtesy of Tube 

Turns Technologies, Inc.) 

56

Figure 2-17. Flat type and ridge type welding rings. (Courtesy of Tube Turns Tech- 

nologies, Inc.) 

The backup rings are inserted in the adjoining ends of 

pipes that are to be buttwelded. The rings prevent spat- 

ter and metal icicles from forming inside the pipe. The 

ring becomes a permanent part of the piping system. 

Figure 2-17 shows two other type backing rings--the flat 

and ridge types. 

Branch Olet Connections 

There are many reputable manufacturers of Olet fit- 

tings used for branch connections. For description and 

illustration purposes, the Bonney Forge fittings are de- 

scribed here, along with their registered trade names for 

the fittings. 

Interchangeability 

Table 2-2 shows the interchangeability and size con- 

solidation of the Olet fittings. The correct descriptions of 

57

N 

O 

e~ 

O 

,ll o 

N O . - 

O C ~ 

oO 

9 m .4-, 

(I,1 v 

== 

U 

Ii 

== 

iml 

58 

C 

(II 

~ .-, c.., ..... 

,..,.) .::~ u-) ,.o o0 ..:-, ~ r~.l c,-) ,.,.. 

! (.-,~ ~,,o ,,::r 

~.o__.~- ~ 

i 

e,~ r,-) ,~,) ,,=- u,-) co oo ~ ~ ~,.) ,,.,- 

e,~ e,4 

I= 

g s~z,s .n. 

"r 

U 

z_ 

uJ 

N 

u) 

~ o o 

6 6 ~ 

S:iZIS Nnl:l 

..

59 

S3ZI$ NNtl 

~ ~!i~:~_~ ~= ~~ 

w 

0 

om, 

0,1 

w 

Z 

U 

..... ~-- ~~~1 !~ I~i-~ ~ 

e,4.~

BRANCH & HEADER 

SAME WEIGHT OR SCHEDULE 

F.s OF HEADER 

- OF BRANCft 

GHT OR 

IEDULE 

qUFACTURER'S 

NTIFICATION 

,T 

NTIFICATION NO 

~ERIAL SPEC 

BRANCH & HEADER 

DIFFERENT WEIGHT OR SCHEDULE 

SCHEDULE OF 

HEADER 

SCHEDULE OF 

BRANCH 

HEAT NUMBER 

Figure 2-18. Markings on branch connections. (Courtesy of Bonney Forge.) 

60

the Olets are shown in the table, and are suitable for use 

in your materials accounting system. 

Notice in Table 2-2, the run size numbers--36-3, 8-3, 

12-6, etc. These and the other numbers fit run sizes from 

the high number down through the low number. The sys- 

tem is further explained in Table 2-2. 

Figure 2-18 illustrates the identification markings that 

are required on Olet fittings. 

Thredolets 

This is a fitting that is buttwelded on the run of pipe 

and has a threaded outlet. It is widely used on all proj- 

ects. See Figure 2-19. 

Sockolet 

This fitting is exactly the same as the Thredolet except 

it has a socket weld outlet. See Figure 2-19. 

Sweepolet | 

Resembling a saddle, this fitting is strong enough to 

support the branch line being buttwelded to it. See Fig- 

ure 2-19. Sweepolets will not be used too often on your 

projects. 

Elbolet | 

This fitting is welded to a 90-degree elbow to form an 

outlet. See Figure 2-19. Elbolets are available with 

61

ELBOLET 

' ,ti 

SOCKOLET 

;,~. 

,< 

SWEEPOLET 

Figure 2-19. Bonney Forge fittings. (Courtesy of Bonney Forge.) 

62 

WELDOLET 

THREDOLET

threaded, socket weld, and buttweld outlets. Table 2-3 

lists the sizes of elbolets and the correct descriptions. 

Flatolet | 

This fitting is used on flat surface areas, such as weld 

caps and heads. 

=NOMINAL 

ELBOW SIZE 

INCHES 

36-11/4 

361Va 

36-11/4 

36-11//4 

36-2 

36.2 

36-2 

363 

ORDER TO 

SPECIFIC 

ELBOW SIZES 

OUTLET SIZE 

INCHES 

i/. 

% 

89 

3~ 

I 

11//4 

1% 

2 

' 2% 

:. :.3 

=,-:4 

'::6 

:8 

::= 10 

12 

Table 2-3 

Bonney Forge Elbolets | 

(Courtesy of Bonney Forge.) 

3000= THREADED 

& SOCKET WELD 

Std. & XS Butt-Weld 

C 

E 

i% 

1% 

i% 

12~2 

2% 

27/8 

3~/s 

4~6 

4~6 

588 

6% 

93/8 

13~6 

17~2 

19% 

1]%2 

i]%2 

11%2 

17/e 

21/4 

21/2 

21~6 

31/4 

3% 

37/e 

41~6 

61/2 

888 

103/8 

111/~ 

DIMENSIONS 

6000= THREADED 

& SOCKET WELD 

Sch. 160 & XXS Butt-Weld 

C E 

1 89 11%2 

11/2 11%2 

12~2 17/8 

21/4 2% 

27/8 21/2 

31/s 2]88 

4~6 31//4 

63

NIPOLET: 

Plain End or Threaded 

..j==,,=,.,=~ 

Socket Weld Reducing Inserts 

Socket Weld 

Steel Weld Couplet 

Threaded Steel 

Weld Couplet 

LATROLET 

Figure 2-20. Bonney Forge Nipolet ~, Latrolet ~, and couplets; reducing inserts by 

Henry Vogt Machine Company. (Courtesy of Bonney Forge and Henry Vogt Ma- 

chine Company.) 

64

Storing Olets 

All threaded sizes of Olets should be stored inside. Fit- 

tings 2 ins. and larger with weld ends may be stored out- 

doors. Small weld fittings should be stored indoors. 

Cardboard bin boxes are an excellent storage method to 

separate the smaller Olets inside of warehouse shelving 

for easy inventory and issue. 

Other Olets 

Some of the other Olet fittings are Nipolets | Latro- 

lets | , couplets, reducing inserts, and etc. See Figure 

2-20. 

65

3 

REFINERY 

PIPE 

Standard pipe is widely used in the oil and gas indus- 

tries, and is manufactured to ASTM standards (ANSI 

B36.10). Pipe charts, such as the one in Table 3-1, and 

careful attention to purchase order descriptions when 

shipping or receiving pipe help achieve accurate results. 

Therefore, a description of piping definitions and how 

various types are manufactured follow. 

Pipe Size 

In pipe of any given size, the variations in wall thick- 

ness do not affect the outside dimension (OD), just the 

inside dimension (ID). For example, 12-in. nominal pipe 

has the same OD whether the wall thickness is 0.375 in. 

or 0.500 in. (Refer to Table 3-1 for wall thickness of pipe). 

(Text continued on page 70) 

66

Table 3-1 

Pipe Chart 

(Courtesy of Tioga Pipe Supply Company) 

405 lOS 049 

40 40S Std 068 

80 80S Ex Hvy 095 

540 10S O65 

40 40S Std 088 

80 80S Ex Hvy 119 

675 10S 065 

40 40S Std. 091 

80 80S Ex Hvy 126 

840 

1 050 

1315 

40 

80 

160 

40 

80 

160 

40 

80 

160 

307 

269 

215 

410 

364 

302 

545 

493 

423 

1863 

2447 

3145 

3297 

4248 

5351 

4235 

5676 

7388 

5S 065 710 5383 

10S 083 674 6710 

40S Std 109 622 8510 

80S Ex Hvy 147 546 1088 

188 466 1 309 

XX Hvy 294 252 1 714 

5S 065 920 6838 

10S 083 884 8572 

40SStd 113 824 1131 

80S Ex Hvy 154 742 1 474 

219 614 1 944 

XX Hvy 308 434 2 441 

5S 065 1185 8678 

10S 109 1 097 1 404 

40S Std 133 1 049 1 679 

80S Ex Hvy 179 957 2172 

250 815 2 844 

XX Hvy 358 599 3 659 

(Continued on next page) 

67

Table 3-1 continued 

68 

1 I/4 1 660 

11/2 1 900 

2 2375 

21/2 2875 

3 3500 

40 

80 

160 

40 

80 

160 

40 

80 

160 

40 

80 

160 

40 

80 

160 

5S 

10S 

40S Std 

80S Ex Hvy 

XX Hvy 

5S 

10S 

40S Std 

80S Ex Hvy 

XX Hvy 

5S 

10S 

40S Std 

80S Ex Hvy 

XX Hvy 

5S 

10S 

40S Std 

80S Ex Hvy 

XX Hvy 

O65 

109 

140 

191 

250 

382 

065 

109 

145 

200 

281 

400 

065 

109 

154 

218 

344 

436 

083 

120 

203 

276 

375 

552 

1 530 

1 442 

1 380 

1 278 

1 160 

896 

1 770 

1 682 

1610 

1 500 

1 338 

1 100 

2 245 

2157 

2 067 

1 939 

1 689 

1 503 

2709 

2 635 

2469 

2323 

2t25 

1 771 

1107 

1 806 

2 273 

2 997 

3 765 

5214 

1 274 

2 085 

2718 

3631 

4 859 

6408 

1 604 

2 638 

3653 

5022 

7.462 

9029 

2475 

3531 

5 793 

7661 

1001 

13.69 

5S 083 3 334 3 029 

10S 120 3 260 4 332 

40S Std 216 3 068 7 576 

80S Ex Hvy 300 2 900 10 25 

438 2 624 14.32 

XX Hvy 600 2 300 18 58 


Table 3.1 continued 

3V2 4.000 5 

10 

40 

80 

4 4 500 

40 

80 

120 

160 

5S 

10S 

40S Std 

80S Ex Hvy 

XX Hvy 

5S 

10S 

40S Std 

80S Ex Hvy 

XX Hvy 

083 

120 

226 

318 

636 

.083 

120 

237 

337 

438 

531 

674 

3.834 

3 760 

3.548 

3.364 

2.728 

4.334 

4.260 

4.026 

3.826 

3.624 

3.438 

3152 

3472 

4.973 

9109 

12.50 

22.85 

3.915 

5.613 

10.79 

1498 

19.00 

22.51 

27 54 

4V2 5 O0 40 Std 247 4.506 12.53 

80 Ex Hvy 355 4 290 17.61 

XX Hvy 710 3.580 32 43 

5 5 563 

6 6625 

40 

80 

120 

160 

40 

80 

120 

160 

5S 

10S 

40S Std 

80S Ex Hvy 

XX Hvy 

109 5 345 6.349 

134 5.295 7770 

258 5 047 14.62 

375 4.813 2078 

500 4.563 27.04 

625 4 313 32.96 

750 4 063 38.55 

5S 109 6.407 7.585 

10S .134 6.357 9.289 

40S Std 280 6.065 18.97 

80S Ex Hvy 432 5.761 28.57 

562 5,491 36.39 

.719 5 189 45.35 

XX Hvy 864 4.897 53 16 


69


70 

7 7625 40 

80 

8 8.625 

20 

30 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120 

140 

160 

9 9.625 40 

80 

10 10750 

20 

30 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120 

140 

160 

11 11 750 40 

80 

Std 

Ex Hvy 

XX Hvy 

5S 

10S 

40S Std. 

80S Ex Hvy 

XX Hvy 

301 

500 

875 

109 

148 

250 

277 

322 

406 

.500 

.594 

.719 

812 

875 

906 

7023 

6.625 

5.875 

8.407 

8.329 

8125 

8.071 

7.981 

7.813 

7.625 

7.439 

7.189 

7.001 

6.875 

6.813 

23.57 

38.05 

6308 

9.914 

13.40 

22.36 

24.70 

28.55 

35.64 

43.39 

50.95 

60.71 

67.76 

72.42 

74.69 

Std 342 8.941 33.90 

Ex Hvy 500 8.625 48.72 

XX Hvy .875 7.875 81.77 

5S 

10S 

40S Std. 

80S Ex. Hvy 

Std. 

Ex Hvy 

XX Hvy. 

134 10.482 15.19 

165 10.420 18.70 

250 10.250 28.04 

307 10.136 34.24 

365 10.020 40.48 

.500 9.750 54.74 

.594 9.564 64.43 

.719 9.314 77.03 

.844 9.064 89.29 

1.000 8.750 104.13 

1.125 8.500 115.64 

375 11.000 45.55 

500 10.750 6007 

.875 I0.000 101.63 



12 12.750 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120 

140 

160 

14 14.000 10 

20 

30 

40 

60 

80 

O0 

20 

40 

60 

16 16.000 10 

20 

30 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120 

140 

160 

5S 

10S 

40S Std. 

80S Ex. Hvy. 

Std. 

Ex. Hvy. 

Std. 

Ex. Hvy 

165 

180 

250 

.330 

375 

.406 

.500 

.562 

.688 

.844 

1.000 

1 125 

1.312 

.250 

.312 

.375 

438 

.500 

.594 

.750 

.938 

.094 

.250 

.406 

12.420 22.18 

12.390 24.20 

12.250 33.38 

12.090 43.77 

12.000 49.56 

11.938 53.52 

11.750 65.42 

11.626 73.15 

11.376 88.63 

11.064 107.32 

10.750 125.49 

10.500 139.67 

10.126 160.27 

13.500 36.71 

13.376 45.61 

13.250 54.57 

13.124 63.44 

13.000 72.09 

12.814 85.05 

12.500 106.13 

12.126 130.85 

11.814 150.9 

11.500 170.21 

11.188 189.1 

.250 15.500 42.05 

312 15 376 52.27 

375 15.250 62.58 

500 15.000 82.77 

.656 14.688 107.5 

.844 14.314 136.61 

.031 13.938 164.82 

219 13.564 192.43 

.438 13 124 223.64 

.594 12.814 245.25 


71


72 

18 18.000 10 

20 

30 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120 

140 

160 

20 20.000 10 

20 

30 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120 

140 

160 

22 22.000 10 

20 

30 

60 

80 

100 

120 

140 

160 

Std 

Ex Hvy 

Std 

Ex Hvy 

Std 

X Hvy 

24 24.000 10 

20 Std. 

Ex. Hvy 

250 17.500 47.39 

312 17 376 58.94 

375 17250 70.59 

438 17124 82.15 

500 17000 93.45 

562 16.876 104.67 

750 16.500 138.17 

938 16126 170.92 

1156 15688 207.96 

1.375 15.250 244.14 

1.562 14 876 274.22 

1 781 14 438 308.5 

250 19500 52.73 

375 19 250 78.60 

500 19000 104.13 

594 18 814 123.11 

812 18 376 166.4 

1031 17938 208.87 

1281 17438 256.1 

1 500 17 000 296.37 

1 750 16 500 341.09 

1.969 16 064 379.17 

250 21 500 58 07 

375 21 250 86 61 

500 21 000 114 81 

875 20.250 197.41 

1.125 19.750 250.81 

1.375 19.250 302.88 

1.625 18.750 353.61 

1.875 18.250 403.0 

2.125 17.750 451.06 

250 23.500 63.41 

375 23.250 94.62 

.500 23.000 125.49 



26 26.000 

28 28 000 

30 30 000 

32 32000 

34 34 000 

36 36 000 

30 

40 

60 

80 

100 

120 

140 

160 

20 

30 

20 

30 

40 

20 

30 

40 

Std 

X Hvy 

Std 

Std 

Ex Hvy 

Std 

Std 

Std 

Ex Hvy 

562 22.876 140.68 

688 22.626 171.29 

969 22.064 238.35 

1.219 21.564 296.58 

1531 20.938 367.39 

1.812 20.376 429.39 

2.062 19.876 483.1 

2.344 19.314 542.13 

312 25.376 85.60 

375 25.250 102.63 

500 25.000 136.17 

312 27 376 92.26 

.375 27.250 110.64 

500 27000 146.85 

.625 26.750 182.73 

312 29.376 98.93 

375 29.250 118.65 

500 29.000 157.53 

625 28.750 196.08 

312 31 376 105.59 

375 31.250 126.66 

.500 31.000 168.21 

625 30.750 209.43 

688 30.624 230.08 

312 33.376 112.25 

.375 33.250 134.67 

500 33.000 178.89 

625 32 750 222.78 

.688 32 624 244.77 

312 35.375 118.92 

375 35250 142.68 

500 35.000 189.57 


73


42 42.000 Std .375 41.250 166.71 

20 X Hvy 500 41.000 221.61 

30 .625 40.750 276,18 

40 750 40.500 330.41 

48 48.000 Std. .375 47.250 190.74 

X Hvy 500 47.000 253.65 

Pipe Length 

Pipe is supplied and referred to as single random, dou- 

ble random, longer than double random, and cut 

lengths. 

Single random pipe length is usually 18-22 ft threaded 

and coupled (T&C), and 18-25 ft plain end (PE). 

Double random pipe lengths average 38-40 feet. 

Cut lengths are made to order within Vs-in. Some 

pipe is available in about 80-ft lengths. 

The major manufacturers of pipe offer brochures on 

their process of manufacturing pipe. The following de- 

scriptions are based upon vendor literature and specifi- 

cations. 

74

Seamless Pipe 

This type of pipe is made by heating billets and ad- 

vancing them over a piercer point. The pipe then passes 

through a series of rolls where it is formed to a true round 

and sized to exact requirements. 

Electric Weld 

Coils or rolls of flat steel are fed to a forming section 

that transforms the flat strip of steel into a round pipe 

section. A high-frequency welder heats the edges of the 

strip to 2,600~ at the fusion point. Pressure rollers then 

squeeze the heated edges together to form a fusion 

weld. 

Double Submerged Arc Weld 

Flat plate is used to make large-diameter pipe (20-in.- 

44 in.)in double random lengths. The plate is rolled and 

pressed into an "O" shape, then welded at the edges 

both inside and outside. The pipe is then expanded to 

the final diameter. 

Continuous Weld 

Coiled skelp (skelp is semi-finished coils of steel plate 

used specifically for making pipe), is fed into a flattener, 

and welded to the trailing end of a preceding coil, thus 

forming a continuous strip of skelp. The skelp travels 

75

through a furnace where it is heated to 2,600~ and then 

bent into an oval by form rollers. It then proceeds 

through a welding stand where the heat in the skelp and 

pressure exerted by the rolls forms the weld. The pipe is 

stretched to a desired OD and ID, and cut to lengths. 

(Couplings if ordered for any size pipe will be hand tight 

only.) 

ASTM A-120 

Pipe Specifications 

Sizes V8-in. to 16-ins., standard weight, extra strong, 

and double extra strong (Std. Wt., XS, XXS). The specifi- 

cation covers black and hot-dipped galvanized welded 

and seamless average wall pipe for use in steam, gas, 

and air lines. 

Markings. Rolled, stamped or stenciled on each length of 

pipe: the brand name, ASTM A-120, and the length of the 

pipe. In case of bundled pipe, markings will appear on a 

tag attached to each bundle. Table 3-2 shows a bundling 

schedule. 

ASTM A-53 

Sizes V8-in. to 26-ins., standard weight, extra strong, 

and double extra strong, ANSI schedules 10 through 160 

(see Table 3-1 for ANSI pipe schedules). The specifica- 

tion covers seamless and welded black and hot-dipped 

76

Table 3-2 Bundling Schedule 

Nominal Number Standard Weight Pipe Extra Strong Pipe 

Pipe pines per Total length Total weight Total length Total weight 

Size (in.) Bundle (fl) (Ibs) (ft) (ibs) 

1/8 30 630 151 630 195 

1/4 24 504 212 504 272 

3/8 18 378 215 378 280 

V2 12 252 214 252 275 

3/4 7 147 166 147 216 

1 5 105 176 105 228 

11/4 3 63 144 63 189 

11/2 3 63 172 63 229 

galvanized average wall pipe for conveying oil, water, 

gas, and petroleum products. 

Markings. Rolled, stamped or stenciled with brand 

name, kind, schedule, length of pipe, and type of steel 

used. In case of bundles, markings will appear on a bun- 

dle tag. 

ASTM A-106 

Sizes 1/8 to 26-ins., ANSI schedules to 160. The speci- 

fication covers seamless carbon steel average wall pipe 

for high-temperature service. 

Markings. Rolled, stamped or stenciled with brand 

name, type such as ASTM A-IO6A, A-IO6B, A-106C (the 

A, B, C, indicate tensile strengths and yield point desig- 

nations), the test pressure, and length of pipe. In case of 

bundles, the markings will appear on a bundle tag. 

77

API-5L 

Sizes 1/8-in. to 48-ins., standard weight through double 

extra strong. The specification covers welded and seam- 

less pipe suitable for use in conveying oil, water, and 

gas. 

Markings. Paint stenciled with brand name, the API mon- 

ogram, size, grade, steel process, type of steel, length, 

and weight per foot on pipe 4-ins. and larger. In case of 

bundles, the markings will be on the bundle tag. Cou- 

plings, if ordered, will be hand tight. 

Step 1--Pipe Racks 

Storing Pipe 

Figure 3-1 shows a pipe rack made by using 12 x 12- 

in. timbers. The rack has been assigned a number for 

materials accounting purposes. Do not store pipe di- 

rectly on the ground. If rack materials are not available, 

then use the pipe itself by preparing a rack from the pipe 

with a few boards under each end. 

Step 2--Layers 

Form the first layer of pipe with one end straight, and 

other joints straight across the rack. Secure the stack by 

nailing wooden blocks to the sills, against the side of the 

pipe on the inside edges (see Figure 3-1). 

78

~+L ". 

! ~RACK 8~ ~ 

,,..__, .----+, .... ,, ,,+-,, 

--~+_..~-- T 

/ 

I 24" .375 " WT 6 JTS. P.O. 60-3801 

API 5LX-B 186 FT. 1 

I 24" 375~' WT 6JTS. P.O. 60-3801 ! 

,86~r ~ I 

1 | API 5LX-B _r!m"~'~_ , . 186 F T . 

_.,, ,,l--'.;-l~ .,, f.~l ~ l~_.~-,,~ 7 

r-- 

j -._~_-..- .___.--+ - -~...- ._~ _,~.,.~ ...- _ / 

U_ _=__+_+ +__+_+ .......... 

Figure 3-1. Schematic of rack for storing pipe. 

79

Step 3--Measure 

Tally each joint of pipe in the layer. Use a paint stick or 

suitable marker to mark each joint according to length, 

size, schedule, and purchase order item number. 

Total the footage on the layer of pipe, and then mark 

the total footage and number of joints on the outside pipe 

for future inventory purposes. Apply color codes to pipe 

at this time if applicable. 

Step 4--Dunnage 

Apply sufficient dunnage of the same thickness across 

the pipe with wooden blocks nailed to one side. Stack 

the next layer of pipe directly over the first layer with the 

straight ends in line with each other. Then follow steps 2, 

3, and 4. 

Continue to follow the steps until the rack is consid- 

ered full by the supervisor. 

Rules for Storing Pipe 

1. Do not mix pipe sizes and schedules on the same 

pipe rack. 

2. Keep the pipe storage area clean to prevent accidents. 

3. Do not crowd the storage areas. Leave room for 

large trucks and cranes. 

4. Make a physical count of the pipe on a weekly or 

monthly basis to verify your materials accounting 

records as correct. 

80

5. Always measure pipe within tenths of an inch. Mea- 

sure the entire length of pipes, including couplings 

and threads. 

Calculations to Use 

If the outside diameter (OD) and the wall thickness of a 

pipe (t) are known, then you may calculate the weight per 

foot with the following equation: 

Weight per foot = 10.68 x (OD-t) x t 

Example: What is the weight per foot of a 3-in. pipe 

with a .216-in. wall thickness and an OD of 

3.500 ins.? Using the equation, 

Weight per foot = 10.68 x (3.500 - .216) x .216 

= 7.58 Ibs/ft 

Another method to determine weight per foot of pipe 

where the outside diameter and wall thickness are 

known is called the Baiamonte plate method. It is based 

on a square foot of plate 1 inch thick weighing 40.833 

Ibs, and uses the following equation: 

Wei0 t 0er ,oot = 2 t) xTrxt 

Example: What is the weight per foot of an 8-in. pipe 

with a wall thickness of .322 in.? Table 3-1 

81

82 

shows that an 8-in. pipe has an OD of 8.625 

ins. So, using the equation, 

Weight per foot = 40.833 x 18.625- 

12 

x 3.1416 x t 

= 28.58 Ibs/ft 

/ 

,322

4 

APi 

FLANGES 

The difference between API and ANSI flanges is the 

material from which they are fabricated and the higher 

working pressure at which API flanges may be operated. 

API flanges are manufactured primarily for use with oil 

industry high-strength tubular goods. The API 6A and 

ANSI B. 16.5 flanges are similar dimensionally (see Ta- 

ble 4-1), but they cannot be interconnected without af- 

fecting the overall working pressure rating. 

Another difference is the through-bore nominal size 

designation, such as 113116 and 21116, for 6B flanges in 

place of old nominal sizes, such as 1V2-inch, and 2-inch, 

for consistency with 6BX flange size designations. (See 

Tables 4-2 and 4-3.) 

Some API flanges with casing or tubing threads have 

hub lengths greater than required for ANSI flanges. 

The new bore size designations for API flanges or 

clamp type connectors, will take several years to be- 

come a routine part of the materials vocabulary. There- 

fore, for reference, Tables 4-2 and 4-3 contain a complete 

83

Flange Type 

Weldneck 

Blind, 

Threaded, & 

Integral 

Table 4-1 

API vs. ANSI Flange Dimensions 

Pressure Nominal 

Class Rating Size Range (in.) 

ANSI API ANSI API 

600 2000 1/2-24 113/16 to 11 


1500 5000 1/2-24 113116 to 11 

600 2000 V2-24 113/16 to 211/4 

900 3000 1/2-24 113/16 to 20% 


Table 4-2 

API Bore Sizes and Matching Tubular Goods Sizes 

for 2,000, 3,000 and 5,000-1b psi Flanges 

or 5,000 Ib psi Clamp Type Connectors 

Old API 

Nominal size (in.) 

11hto 10 

11h to 10 

11/2 to 10 

11hto 20 



New API Line 

Bore Sizes Old Nominal Pipe Tubing Casing 

for Flanges Flange Nominal Outside Outside 

and Hubs Size (in.) Size (in.) Diamater (in.) Diameter (in.) 

84 

113/le 11/2 11/2 

21/le 2 2 

29118 21/2 21/2 

31/8 3 3 

41116 4 4 

71116 6 6 

9 8 8 

11 10 10 

13% 12 12 

135/8 135/8 -- 

163/4 16 16 

163/4 163/4 -- 

211/4 20 20 

20314 20 20 

1.660 & 1.900 

1.600 thru 2% 

27/8 

31/2 

4 & 41/2 41/2 

41/2 thru 7 

75/8 & 85/8 

95/8 & 103/4 

11314 & 13318 

113/4 & 13318 

16 

16 

20 

20

New API 

Bore Sizes 

for Flanges 

and Hubs (in.) 

111/16 

1 ls/16 

21116 

2~h6 

31116 

4V16 

71/16 

9 

11 

13% 

163/4 

183/4 

211/4 

Table 4-3 

API Bore Sizes and Matching Tubular Goods Sizes 

for 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 Ib psi Flanges 

and 10,000 lb. psi Clamp Type Connectors 

"lTubing 

Outside 

Diameter (in.) 

Casing 

Outside 

Diameter (in.) 

1.900 

2.063 

23/8 

2~/8 

31/2 

4 & 41/2 41/2 

4V2 through 7 

7% & 8% 

8% & 9% 

10314 & 11314 

16 

18516 

20 

list of the new bore size designations, the old nominal 

size designations, and the matching tubular goods sizes 

for use with API flanges or clamp type connectors. 

Bore diameter of API flanges should be the same in- 

side diameter as the pipe to be used. 

API flanges are marked with the API monogram (a reg- 

istered trademark), size, pressure rating, ring gasket 

size, bore, manufacturer, and a heat number. Some API 

flanges are marked with the manufacturers' part or as- 

sembly numbers. Consult their individual catalogs for re- 

spective part numbers and descriptions. 

85

Figure 4-1. API threaded flange. (Courtesy of National Supply Company.) 

Figure 4-2. API Type 6BX weldneck flange. (Courtesy of National Supply Com- 

pany.) 

86

API Type 6B and 6BX Flanges 

2,000-20,000 psi Maximum Working Pressures 

Figure 4-1 illustrates a threaded flange. Threaded 

flanges do not have a bore schedule, but do have a de- 

scription of the type of thread, such as casing, tubing, or 

line pipe. The flange illustrated was made by National 

Supply Company, and will service 15,000 lb. WOG pres- 

sure. 

Figure 4-2 shows a weld neck flange manufactured by 

the same company, which will service 15,000 Ibs. WOG 

pressure. This type flange does have a bore schedule. 

Tables 4-4 through 4-13, indicate the size range, bolt 

requirements, wrench size for the bolts, and the ring gas- 

ket number required for API type 6B and 6BX flanges. 


Table 4.4 

API Type 6B Flanges for 2000 psi Maximum Working Pressure 

Nominal Old 

Size and Nominal Size and Wrench Ring 

Bore of Size of Number of Length of Size for Number 

Flange (in.) Flange (in.) Bolts Bolts (in.) Bolts (in.) n or RX 

113/lS 11/2 4 3/4 x 41/4 11/4 20 

2V16 2 8 5/8 x 4V2 11/16 23 

29118 21/2 8 3/4 x 5 11/4 26 

31/8 3 8 3/4 x 51/4 11/4 31 

41/16 4 8 7/8 X 6 17/16 37 

51/8 5 8 1 X 63/4 1% 41 

71/16 6 12 1 X 7 1% 45 

9 8 12 11/8 X 8 113118 49 

11 10 16 11/4 X 83/4 2 53 

13518 12 20 11/4 X 9 2 57 

16314 16 20 lV2 X 10114 2% 65 

17314 18 20 15/8 X 11 29/le 69 

211/4 20 24 15/8 x 113/4 29/16 73 

87

Table 4-5 

API Type 6B Flanges for 3000 psi Maximum Working Pressure 

Nominal Old 



Flange (in.) Flange (in.) Bolts Bolts (in.) Bolts (in.) R or RX 

113116 1112 4 1 x 51/2 1% 20 

2 V16 2 8 % x 6 17/16 24 

29116 21/2 8 1 x 61/2 1% 27 

31/8 3 8 % x 6 17/16 31 

4 ~/16 4 8 11/6 x 7 113116 37 

51/8 5 8 11/,, x 73/,, 2 41 

7 Y16 6 12 11/6 x 8 113116 45 

9 8 12 13/8 x 9 23/16 49 

11 10 16 13/8 x 91h 23/16 53 

13% 12 20 13/8 x 101/4 23/16 57 

16314 16 20 1% x 11314 29116 66 

17314 18 20 17/6 X 13314 216/16 70 

20314 20 20 2 x 14112 31/6 74 

Table 4-6 

API Type 6B Flanges for 5,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure 

Nominal Old 



Flange (in.) Flange (in.) Bolts Bolts (in.) Bolts (in.) R or RX 

88 

113/16 11/2 4 1 x 51/2 1% 20 

21/16 2 8 7/8 x 6 17/16 24 

29/16 21/2 8 1 x 61/2 15/6 27 

31/8 3 8 11/6 x 71/4 113/16 35 

4V16 4 8 11/4 x 8 2 39 

51/8 5 8 11/2 X 10 23/6 44 

7V16 6 12 13/6 X 103/4 23/16 46 

9 8 12 1% X 12 29/16 50 

11 10 12 1% X 133/4 216/16 54

Table 4-7 

API Type 6BX Weldneck Flanges for 10,000 psi 

Maximum Working Pressure 

Nominal 

Size and Size and Wrench Weight 

Bore of Number of Length of Size for Ring of 

Flange (in.) Bolts Bolts (in.) Bolts (in.) Number Flange (ibs) 

111/16 

113/16 

21/16 

29/16 

31/16 

41/16 

51/6 

71116 

9 

11 

13516 

16314 

8 3/4 x 5 11/4 BX-150 

8 3/4 x 5 11/4 BX-151 

8 3/4 x 51/4 11/4 BX-152 

8 % x 6 17/16 BX-153 

8 1 x 63/4 16/6 BX-154 

8 11/6 x 8 113/16 BX-155 

12 11/6 x 83/4 113/16 BX-169 

12 11/2 x 11114 23/6 BX-156 

16 11/2 x 13 23/6 BX-157 

16 13/4 x 15 23/4 BX-158 

20 17/6 x 171/4 215/16 BX-159 

24 17/o x 171/2 215/16 BX-162 

Table 4-8 

API Type 6BX Weldneck Flanges for 15,000 psi 


22 

24 

38 

38 

52 

66 

120 

340 

550 

810 

970 

1400 

Nominal 



Flange (in.) Bolts Bolts (in.) Bolts (in.) Number Flange (Ibs) 

111/16 

113/16 

21116 

29/16 

31/16 

41116 

7V16 

8 3/4 x 51/4 11/,, BX-150 

8 7/6 x 51/2 17116 BX-151 

8 7/6 x 6 17116 BX-152 

8 1 x 63/4 15/6 BX-153 

8 11/6 x 71/2 113/16 BX-154 

8 13/6 x 91/4 23116 BX-155 

16 11/2 x 123/4 23/6 BX-156 

22 

28 

34 

34 

64 

154 

440 

89

Table 4-9 

API Type 6BX Weldne9 Flanges for 20,000 psi 


Nominal 



Flange (in.) Bolts Bolts (in.) Bolts (in.) Number Flange (ibs) 

113/16 

21/16 

29/16 

31/16 

41/16 

71116 

8 1 x 71/2 15/8 BX-151 

8 11/8 x 81/4 113/16 BX-152 

8 1V4 x 91/4 2 BX-153 

8 13/8 x 10 23116 BX-154 

8 13/4 X 121/4 23/4 BX-155 

16 2 x 171/2 31/6 BX-156 

Table 4.10 

API Type 6BX Integral Flanges for 5,000 psi 


Nominal 

Size and Size and Wrench 

Bore of Number of Length of Size for 

Flange (in.) Bolts Bolts (in.) Bolts (in.) 

90 

135/8 

163/4 

183/4 

211/4 

16 lS/6 x 121/2 29/16 

16 1% x 141/2 215/16 

20 2 x 17V2 31/8 

24 2 x 183/4 31/8 

35 

52 

65 

140 

270 

620 

Ring 

Number 

BX-160 

BX-162 

BX-163 

BX-165

Table 4-11 



Nominal 




111/16 

113/16 

21/16 

29116 

31/16 

41/16 

51/8 

71/18 

9 

11 

13518 

16314 

18314 

21114 

8 3/4x5 11/4 

8 3/4x5 11/4 

8 3/4 x 51/4 11/4 

8 % x 6 17/16 

8 1 x 63/4 15/8 

8 11/6 x 8 113/16 

12 11/8 x 83/4 113/16 

12 1V2 x 111/4 23/8 

16 11/2 x 13 23/6 

16 1314 x 15 2314 

20 1716 x 17114 215116 

24 17/8 x 17112 215116 

24 2114 x 22112 3V2 

24 21/2 X 241/2 3718 

Table 4.12 



Nominal 




111/16 

113/16 

21/16 

29/16 

31/16 

41/16 

7V16 

9 

11 

8 3/4 x 51/4 11/4 

8 7/8 x 51/2 17/16 

8 7/8 x 6 17/16 

8 1 x63/4 1% 

8 11/6 x 71/2 113/16 

8 13/8 x 91/4 23116 

16 11/2 x 12314 23/8 

16 17/8 x 153/4 215/16 

20 2 x 191/4 31/8 

Ring 

Number 

BX-150 

BX-151 

BX-152 

BX-153 

BX-154 

BX-155 

BX-169 

BX-156 

BX-157 

BX-158 

BX-159 

BX-162 

BX-164 

BX-166 

Ring 

Number 

BX-150 

BX-151 

BX-152 

BX-153 

BX-154 

BX-155 

BX-156 

BX-157 

BX-158 

91

Table 4-13 



Nominal 



Range (in.) Bolts Bolts (in.) Bolts (in.) 

113/16 

21/lS 

29/la 

31he 

41he 

71/16 

8 1 x71h 1% 

8 11/8 x 81/, 1"he 

8 11/4x91/, 2 

8 13/8 x 10 23/le 

8 13/, x 121/4 23/, 

16 2 x 171/2 31/8 

Table 4-14 

Recommended 6BX Flange Bolt Torque 

Bolt Size Torque (ft-I#) 

3/, .10 UNC 200 

718 -9 UNC 325 

1 -8 UNC 475 

11/a -8 UN 600 

13h -8 UN 1200 

11h -8 UN 1400 

1% -8 UN 1700 

13/, -8 UN 2040 

17/8 -8 UN 3220 

2 -8 UN 3850 

Ring 

Number 

BX-151 

BX-152 

BX-153 

BX-154 

BX-155 

BX-156 

Table 4-14 is the recommended bolt torque requirements 

and wrench size required on API type 6BX flanges. 

Figure 4-3 shows a Type 6BX weld neck flange with a 

transition piece. The transition piece, when ordered, is 

applied by the manufacturer due to the difficulty of field 

welding and heat treating at the jobsite. The API mono- 

gram will not appear on the transition piece. Lengths of 

transition pieces will vary. 

92

x45 ,_1 

-< 

~§ 1/32 mox 

"qP'-" ~- O 

+O 

J= - i/a" 

-4 ',/.'" 

Figure 4-3. API Type 6BX weldneck flange with translation piece. (Courtesy of 

American Petroleum Institute.) 

Weights of some API flanges and clamp type connec- 

tors appear in the tables for use as shipping weights only 

and are not a part of the API specifications. 

Bolting and Ring Gaskets for API Flanges 

API type 6B flanges require an R or RX ring gasket. 

API type 6BX flanges require a BX ring gasket. R and RX 

ring gaskets are interchangeable with each other. BX 

gaskets are not interchangeable with R and RX ring gas- 

kets. (See Tables 4-20 and 4-21 .) 

93

! 

API TYPE 6B FLANGE 

NO STANDOFF 

API TYPE 6BX FLANGE 

POINT HEIGHT 

STUD BOLT WITH NUTS 

Figure 4-4. API flange standoff difference and bolt lengths. (Courtesy of American 

Petroleum Institute.) 

94

Bolt lengths have been calculated to accommodate 

the standoff difference shown in Figure 4-4 for 6B and 

6BX flanges. Also illustrated in Figure 4-4, are the point 

heights for stud bolts. Point heights are not included in 

the calculations for stud bolt lengths. 

The lengths for point heights in inches are as follows: 

Bolt Diameter Maximum Point Height 

1/2 to 7/s-in. Vs-in. 

7/8 to 1VB 3/16 

1118 to 15/8 1/4 

1% to 1718 5/16 

17/8 to 21/4 3/8 

Dual Completion Flanges 

Figure 4-5 shows a typical 5,000-1b psi-working-pres- 

sure segmented flange used for dual completions. Table 

4-15 shows the bolt requirements, API ring gasket num- 

ber, and the wrench size required for the bolts. 

Multiple Completion Flanges 

Figure 4-6 shows two details of a typical 5,000-1b psi- 

working-pressure segmented flange used for triple or 

quadruple completions. Table 4-16 lists the cap screw re- 

quirements, the API ring gasket number, and the hex 

wrench size for the cap screws. 

95

_ 

/ 

t 

f 

i 

|"M" HOLES 

- . ~...__: 

\ 

) 

~,/~, j //--F R 

--7~ ,,--:c-7 

,\ 

I 

.,,(/' 

Figure 4-5. 5,000-psi maximum working pressure API segmented flange for dual 

completions. (Courtesy of American Petroleum Institute.) 

Table 4-15 

5,000 psi Maximunl Working Pressure Segmented 

Flanges for Dual Completions 

Size and Wrench 

Nominal Old Nominal Number of Length of Size for Ring 

Size (in.) Size (in.) Bolts Bolts (in.) Bolts (in.) Number 

13/8 11/4 5 1/2 X 41/2 7/8 RX-201 

113/18 13/4 5 % x 53/4 11/18 RX-205 

21/16 2 5 3/4 x 6 11/4 RX-20 

29hs 21/2 5 1 x 71/4 1% RX-210 

31/8 3 5 1 x 73/4 1% RX-25 

41he 4 6 11/8 x 81/4 113he RX-215 

41/16 x 41/4 4 x 41/4 6 11/8 x 81/4 113he RX-215 

96

s 

I S 

DETAIL I DETAIL 2 

Figure 4-6. 5,000-psi maximum working pressure API segmented flanges for triple 

and quadruple completions. (Courtesy of American Petroleum Institute.) 

Table 4-16 

5,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure Segmented 

Flanges for Triple and Quadruple Completions 

Old Size and Hex Wrench 

Nominal Detail Nominal Number of Length of Size for Ring 

Size (in.) Number Size (in.) Cap Screws Cap Screws (in.) Cap Screws (in.) Number 

113/16 2 13/, 5 %-11NC X 23/, 1/2 RX-205 

2V16 

29116 

1 

2 

2 

21/2 

4 

5 

%-9NC x 31/4 

1-8UNC x 31/2 

3/4 

3/4 

RX-20 

RX-210 

31/8 2 3 6 7/8-9NC x 31/2 3/4 RX-25 

4V16 2 4 6 1-8UNC x 4 3/, RX-215 

4Y16 x 411, 2 4 x 41/4 6 1-8UNC x 4 3/4 RX-215 

97

Figure 4-7. Hubs used with API clamp type connectors. (Courtesy of American 


I 

Figure 4-8. API clamp type connectors for use on hubs. (Courtesy of American 


98

API Hubs and Clamps 

Figures 4-7 and 4-8 show hubs and clamp type con- 

nectors used by some wellhead manufacturers for 5,000 

and 10,000 Ib psi pressure ratings. 

Hubs are designed by nominal size and bores. Clamps 

are designated by clamp numbers, 1A through 15A. 

Clamp numbers 9A through 15A require a spherical 

washer. The nuts for clamps 1A through 8A have a 

spherical facing. RX type ring gaskets are used on clamp 

connectors. 

Tables 4-17 and 4-18 show the nominal hub size, hub 

OD, clamp number, clamp weight, RX gasket number, 

the bolt size and length, spherical washer size, and the 

Table 4-17 

API Clamp Type Connectors 

Integral Hubs and Clamps 

5000 psi Maximum Working Pressure 

OD Clamp Nut Size 

Nominal of Hub Ring Clamp Weight for Clamp 

Size (in.) (in.) Number Number (Ib$) (in.) 

2Vie 5.500 RX-23 1A 35 7h-9UNC-2B 17he 

29116 6.750 RX-24 2A 45 1-8UNC-2B 1% 

31/8 7.500 RX-27 3A 100 1 lh-8UN-2B 113/16 

41/le 9.250 RX-35 4A 56 11/4-8UN-2B 2 

51/8 11.500 RX-39 5A 67 1%-8UN-2B 23/lS 

7V16 13.625 RX-45 6A 111 1%-8UN-2B 29116 

9 16.000 RX-49 7A 160 2-8UN-2B 3118 

11 18.500 RX-53 8A 242 21h-8UN-2B 3% 

13318 20.625 RX-57 9A 225 2%-8UN-2B 41/le 

16314 25.625 RX-65 10A 345 31h-8UN-2B 5 

Wrench 

Size for Washer 

Nut (in.) OD (in.) 

* Clamp sizes 1A through 8A require the use of spherical face nuts. 

Clamp sizes 9A and 10A require the use of spherical washers and standard nuts. 

m 

m 

m 

E 

4.06* 

5.00 

99

Table 4-18 

API Clamp Type Connectors 

Integral Hubs and Clamps 

10,000 psi Maximum Working Pressure 

OD Clamp Nut Size Wrench 

Nominal of Hub Ring Clamp Weight for Clamp Size for Washer 

Size (in.) (in.) Number Number (ibs) (in.) Nut (in.) OD (in.) 

113/le 5.500 RX-20 1A 28 %-9UNC-2B 17/lS -- 

2Y16 6.750 RX-23 2A 35 1-8UNC-2B 1% -- 

2gh6 7.500 RX-24 3A 45 11/6-8UN-2B 1 mh6 -- 

3V16 9.250 RX-27 4A 1 O0 11/,-8U N-2B 2 -- 

4V16 11.500 RX-35 5A 56 13h-8UN-2B 23116 -- 

7Y16 16.000 RX-45 7A 111 2-8UN-2B 31/6 -- 

9 18.500 RX-49 8A 160 2V2-8UN-2B 37/a -- 

11 20.625 RX-53 11A 274 2%-8UN-2B 41/4 4.25" 

136/6 22.468 RX-57 12A 215 31/4-8UN-2B 5 5.00 

16314 28.000 RX-65 13A 593 3716-8UN-2B 516116 5.94 

18314 31.250 RX-69 14A 366 41h,-8UN-2B 67/a 6.88 

211/4 34.000 RX-73 15A 850 4%-SUN-2B 71/4 7.25 

* Clamp sizes 1A through 8A require the use of spherical face nuts. 

Clamp sizes 9A and 15A require the use of spherical washers and standard nuts. 

Table 4-19 

Recommended Bolt Torque for Clamp Type Connectors 

Bolt Size Bolt Tension (Ibs) Makeup Torque (ft Ibs) 

7/8 -9UNC 

1 -8UNC 

11/8 -8UN 

11/4 -8UN 

13/8 -8UN 

1% -8UN 

2 -8UN 

21/2 -8UN 

2% -8UN 

23/4 -8UN 

31/4 -8UN 

37/8 -8UN 

41/2 -8UN 

43/4 -8UN 

100 

16,760 

22040 

29 120 

37 160 

46200 

67200 

1O6000 

171600 

190400 

210,400 

299.600 

433200 

591 200 

660000 

195 

292 

428 

600 

815 

1382 

2645 

5287 

6182 

7099 

11,685 

20,236 

32,078 

37,745

wrench size required to fit the nut. Table 4-19 is the rec- 

ommended bolt torque for clamp type connectors. 

API Ring Gaskets 

API ring gaskets type R, RX, and BX are used for 

flanges and clamp type connectors. The R and RX gas- 

kets are interchangeable and will fit ANSI flanges where 

applicable (Standard B-16.20, and API 6A). Uses for the 

different ring gaskets are shown in Figure 4-9. 

Types RX and BX provide a pressure energized seal 

but are not interchangeable. 

It is not recommended to reuse BX150 through BX160 

ring gaskets. 

Types: 

OVAL and OCTAGONAL. Designed for 

API Ring Joint Gaskets, these match 

standard and special grooves. K & W 

produces a wide selection of custom- 

designed and standard gaskets in 

these styles. 

BX and RX. Designed for extreme 

pressure service to 15,000 psi required in 

today's oilfield drilling and production, 

these gaskets are pressure-actuated (the 

higher the contained pressure, the tighter 

the seal). The BX can be used only in API 

6 BX flanges. The RX is interchangeable 

with standard octagonal rings in 

API 6B flanges. 

COMBINATION. Designed for ring joints 

in which the mating flanges have 

different ring groove diameters. 

Figure 4-9. Types of API ring gaskets as manufactured by K&W, Inc. (Courtesy of 

K&W, Inc., a Standco Company.) 

101

Table 4-20 

Oval and Octagonal Ring Gasket 

Interchange Table for API Type 6B Flanges 

with Old Nominal Pipe Sizes 

Old 720 Old Old 

Nominal 960 Nominal Nominal 

Flange 2,000 Flange Flange 

Size 3,000 Ibs Size (in.) 5,000 Ibs Size (in.) 2,900 Ibs 

Ring No. Ring No. Ring No. 

R RX R RX R RX 

1 R-16 1 R-16 

11/4 R-18 11/4 R-18 

lV2 R-20 RX-20 11/2 R-20 RX-20 

2 R-23 RX-23 2 R-24 RX-24 

21/2 R-26 RX-26 21/2 R-27 RX-27 

3 R-31 RX-31 3 R-35 RX-35 

31/2 R-34 RX-34 31/2 R-37 RX-37 

4 R-37 RX-37 4 R-39 RX-39 

5 R-41 RX-41 5 R-44 RX-44 

6 R-45 RX-45 6 R-46 RX-46 

8 R-49 RX-49 8 R-50 RX-50 

10 R-53 RX-53 10 R-54 RX-54 

12 R-57 RX-57 

14 R-61 RX-61 

16 R-65 RX-65 

18 R-69 RX-69 

20 R-73 RX-73 

*Octagonal is standard in R-80 through R-99. 

Gasket Markings 

1 *R-82 RX-82 

11/2 R-84 RX-84 

2 R-85 RX-85 

21/2 R-86 RX-86 

3 R-87 RX-87 

4 R-88 RX-88 

3V2 R-89 RX-89 

5 R-90 RX-90 

10 R-91 RX-91 

API ring gaskets are marked with the API monogram, 

the R-number, and type of steel as follows: 

102 

Material Marking 

Soft Iron D (Cadmium plated) 

Type 304 SS $304 

Type 316 SS $316

Table 4.21 

BX Gaskets for API Type 6BX Weldneck Flanges 

Nominal Nominal Nominal Nominal 

Flange Flange Flange Flange 

Bore for Bore for Bore for Bore for 

5000(Ibs) BX-No. lO,O00(Ibs) BX-No. 15,O00(Ibs) BX-No. 20,O00(Ibs) BX-No. 

13s/8 BX-160 

163/4 BX-162 

183/4 BX-163 

211/4 BX-165 

111/16 BX-150 

113/16 BX-151 

21/le BX-152 

29/16 BX-153 

31he BX-154 

4V18 BX-155 

51/8 BX-169 

71/le BX-156 

9 BX-157 

11 BX-158 

13% BX-159 

163/4 BX-162 

183/4 BX-164 

211/4 BX-166 

Care of Ring Gaskets 

111116 BX-150 113116 BX-151 

1~3/le BX-151 2V16 BX-152 

21118 BX-152 29hs BX-153 

29hs BX-153 3Yls BX-154 

31/ls BX-154 41/16 BX-155 

41/16 BX-155 71/le BX-156 

71/le BX-156 

Store ring gaskets on a flat surface, with cardboard or 

heavy paper as dunnage to separate each gasket for 

surface protection. Do not hang ring gaskets on pegs or 

nails. Do not store gaskets on their edges. 

Never ship ring gaskets loose or in sacks. Instead, 

protect the gaskets during shipment by wrapping each 

one in paper, foil, or in boxes in order to prevent damage 

to the gasket surface. 

103

5 

STAINLESS 

STEELS 

Stainless steels offer a good resistance to certain 

types of corrosion, and provide acceptable solutions for 

use in high temperature and sub-zero conditions. 

Dimensions and Markings 

Fittings made from nickle, aluminum, copper, molyb- 

denum or titanium are the same as the carbon steel fit- 

tings described in Chapter 2. However, wall thickness 

and weights are different for stainless schedules 5S, 

10S, 40S, and 80S on sizes of 12 ins. and smaller, which 

are made in accordance to B36.19. See Table 5-1 for the 

complete dimensions of stainless steel pipe fittings. 

104

Table 5-1 

Dimensions for Stainless Steel Weld Fittings 

(Courtesy of Flowline Corp.) 

90" ELBOWS 45" ELBOWS 180" RETURNS 

NOM. OUTSIDE Lon E Radius Short Radius Line Radius Lol I BINlilN a 

PIPE 

I IZE 

OlAMETEP 

(O.D.) Center to Center to Center to | 

Center to Back to 

Face (A) Face (A) Face (B) lad)us (A) Center (0) Face (K) 

. . . . . % 1 V, 3 1 Y, 

;/4 1.050 11/o . . . . . . ~', IV, 2V, i,~', 

1 1.315 11/, I 7/m IVz 3 2~. 

11/4 1.660 17/0 11/4 1 17/o 3~ 23/4 

I'/2 

2 

1.900 

2.375 

21/4 

3 " 

1112 

2 

1~/. ,,, 

13/. 

2~,~ 

3 

4'/2 

6 

3V4 -- 

4~. 

721/2 2.875 3~/, 2V, 1% 3u 71/z 5~, 

3 3.500 41/2 3 2 41/z 9 61/4 

31/2 

4 

4.000 

4500 

5V, 

6 

31/, 

4 

21/, 

... 

21/2 

51/, 

6 

101/z 

12 

7V4 

EV4 

5 5563 711, 5 3Vs 71/, 15 10%, 

6 

8 

6.625 

8.625 

9 

12 

6 

8 

3u ,,, 

5 

9 

12 

18 

24 

12~% 

16~', 

10 10.750 15 10 61/4 15 30 203/I 

12 12.750 1~ 12 7V:, 18 36 24~ 

14 14.000 21 14 8:)A 21 42 28 

16 16000 24 16 ]0 24 48 32 

18 18000 27 18 111/4 27 54 36 

20 20 000 30 20 121/, 30 60 40 

24 24.000 36 24 15 36 72 I 48 

'/2 .840 11/, . 

NOM. OUTSIO[ 

PiPE OlAMETEP 

SIZE (O.0.) 

'/2 840 

% 1.050 

I 1.315 

1 I/4 1.660 

l'/z 1.900 

2 .. 

21/2 

2.375 

2.875 

3 3.500 

3 I/z 4.000 

.. 4 4.500 

5 5.563 

"6 6.625 

8 8.625 

10 10.750 " 

" 12 12.750 

14 

16 

,, 

14.000 

16.000 

18 18.000 

20 2O 000 

'24 24.000 

';'Use length E-] where wall thickness is 

greater than for Schedule 80S. 

STRAIGHT CAPS STUB ENOS 

TEES 

Center to Len kRb-I"~" (E)' - Lap (Long) (Short) 

End (C) ([) Diameter (G) Length (F) Len|th (F) 

1 1 ...... 13/8 3 2 

IVe I ...... I'~{, .. 3 2 

IV: IVz 11/2 2 4 2 

STRAIGHT 

CROSSES 

Center to 

End (C) 

..... 

..... 

II/2 

17/I 1VZ 11/2 2VZ 4 2 17/a 

21/'4 1Z/2 11/2 27/8 4 2 21/4 

2VZ iYz 13/, 3.% 6 21/2 21/2 

3 ll/zl 2 4Ve 6 21/2 3 

3~ 2 21/z 5 6 21/z 3~ 

3~ 21/2 3 5V2 b 3 33~ 

4V8 21/2 3 6~', 6 3 41/1 

47/8 3 31/2 7~', 8 3 47/0 

56/~ 31/2 4 81/2 8 31/z 5r'A 

7 4 5 10% 8 4 7 

81/z 5 6 12:~ 10 5 * 81/z 

10 6 7 1'5 10 6 10 

11 61/z 71/:, 16V4 12 6 11 

12 7 8 18V, 12 6 12 

131/, 8 9 21 12 6 13 l/:, 

15 9 10 23 12 6 15 

17 lOV2 12 271/4 I2 6 17 

(Continued on next page) 105

106 

T 

T 

T-- 

.... A -------- 

T _~,~---~ O. D.-~ 

..... OD.- 

f _7 

[ or 

~o D,-ff, 

T--~, " ; - T 

c ~ ,--T" 


NOM. 

PIPE 

SIZE 

x 3/8 

3/4X 3/8 

x 1:2 

l x 3/8 

x 1/2 

x 3A 

11/4 X I'2 

~, x 3/4 

x] 

11/2x 1' 2 

X 3/4 

x] 

xll/4 

2 X 3/4 

xl 

Xll/4 

xlV~, 

2V:, x 1 

x11/4 

x 11/~, 

x2 

3 xl 

xlV~, 

x2 

x 21/~, 

REDUCERS 

Concentr|c & 

Eccentr,c 

Length (H) 

l I/2 

I L/2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2|/2 

21/~, 

2V:, 

2V2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3V2 

31/2 

31/~, 

3V2 

31/2 

3V2 

31/2 

31/2 

REDUCING OUTLET 

TEES * 

Center to End 

of Run (C) 

] 

! 

11/8 

ll/s 

11/2 

11/2 

11/2 

17/s 

17/s 

17/8 

21/4 

21/4 

21/, 

21/4 

2V2 

21/2 

2V2 

21/:, 

3 

3 

3 

3 

33/, 

33/. 

33/8 

3~ 

Ce~er to End 

of Outlet (M) 

] 

! 

Iv8 

]l/s 

]1/2 

11/2 

11/2 

17/. 

17/8 

17/S 

21/4 

21/4 

21./4 

21/4 

]3~ 

2 

21/, 

23/8 

2V4 

2Vz 

2s/. 

23~ 

2s/8 

2)/S 

3 

3V( 

REDUCING :UTLET 

REDUCERS TEES 

NOM. Concentric & 

PIPE Eccentric Center to End Center to End 

SIZE Lenl[th (H) of Run (C) of Outlet (M) 

31/2 x I//4 4 

x2 4 3% 31/4 

x2V2 4 390 3V2 

x3 4 33A 3~s ..... 

4 x 11/z 4 41/8 33/8 

x2 4 49'8 31/z 

x21/z 4 41/e 390 

x3 4 41/e 37/s 

x31/z 4 4Vs 4 

5 x2 5 47/s 41/s 

x21/2 5 47/s 41/4 

x 3 5 47/I 43/11 

x 31/2 5 47/s 41/2 

x 4 5 47/8 4s/s 


T 

.......... 0 -~ 

~ 

---~ O.D. r--- 

.... lr 

O.D. 

T 

-~ c ---4.----- c ----J 

T t , 

o.D -t- ~--1-~ ~ 


NOM. 

PiPE 

SIZE 

x2V2 

x3 

x3'/2 

x4 

x5 

x3 

x3Vz 

x4 

x5 

x6 

x4 

x5 

l 

NOM. 

PIPE 

SIZE 

12x 5 

x 6 

x 8 

xlO 

14x 6 

x 8 

xlO 

x12 

16x 6 

x 8 

x 10 

x]2 

x 14 

18x 8 

xlO 

x12 

x]4 

x 16 

20x 8 

xlO 

x ]2 

x]4 

x 16 

x 18 

24x 10 

x 12 

x 14 

x16 

x18 

x 20 

REDUCERS 

Cencentric & 

Eccentric 

Len|th (H) 

5V~. 

5V2 

51/:, 

51/2 

51/2 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

? 

REDUCERS 

Concentric & 

Eccentric 

LenDth (H) 

8 

8 

8 

8 

]3 

13 

13 

13 

]4 

]4 

]4 

14 

14 

15 

15 

15 

15 

]S 

2O 

2O 

2O 

20 

2O 

2O 

2O 

2O 

20 

20 

20 

2O 


TEES * 

Center te EH 

ef Rue (C) 

5s/8 

5% 

5s/. 

5% 

5r,/8 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

8Vz 

8V2 

81/2 

8V2 

Center te [M 

ef Outlet (M) 

4u 

47/e 

5 

51/s 

53/s 

6 

6 

61/8 

63/e 

6s/8 

71/4 

7V2 

7u 

8 


TEES* 

Center to End Center to End 

of Run (C) of Outlet (M) 

10 8t/2 

10 8~s 

10 9 

10 91/2 

11 9H 

11 990 

11 10V. 

11 10sA 

12 103/8 

12 1090 

12 llV. 

12 llY. 

12 12 

13V2 11% 

131/2 121/. 

131/2 12s/k 

131/' 13 

131/2 13 

15 12% 

15 131/s 

15 13s/. 

15 14 

15 14 

15 141/2 

17 151/a 

17 15s/8 

17 16 

17 16 

17 161/2 

17 17 

*Use same dimensmons for reductng outlet crosses. 

All dmlenslons are in inches and conform to ASA B]6.9 

and MSS SP-43, where applicable. 

107

Figure 5-1. Standard markings for stainless steel fittings. (Courtesy of Flowline 

Corp.) 

Markings of Fittings 

Figure 5-1 illustrates a stainless steel 90-degree weld 

elbow long radius with standard markings: 

7071 

4" Sch. 40S 

Flowline 

.237" Wall 

WP304L 

(heat or batch number) 

(size and pipe schedule) 

(trademark of the manufacturer) 

(wall thickness of S/40S pipe) 

(ASTM specification design) 

Types of Stainless Steel 

There are over forty types of stainless steels. Three 

basic types account for half of the stainless steel used. 

These are the 300 and 400 series of stainless. 

108

The most likely types of stainless steel used in ANSI 

systems will be 304, 304L, 316, and 316L. The "L" des- 

ignation is for a low-carbon content in the steel. 

Screwed fittings are usually 304 or 316 stainless. 

Valves are usually 316 stainless. Pipe and flanges may 

be any of the above types. Stainless steel stud bolts are 

not common. 

Carbon steel lap joint flanges are used with stainless 

steel stub ends when feasible to limit the use of the 

higher priced stainless flanges. See Table 5-3 for dimen- 

sions of stub ends. 

Stainless Steel Fittings 

Figures 5-2 through 5-5 show the most commonly 

used weld fittings. 

Identification markings are identical to the require- 

ments for carbon steel flanges, i.e., trademark, type of 

material, size, pressure rating, and bore. Descriptions 

are the same as for carbon steel flanges. 

Storage of Stainless Flanges 

The same methods described in Chapter 2 for storing 

or shipping carbon steel flanges applies as well for 

storing stainless steel flanges. However, it is preferable 

to store stainless flanges indoors if possible to protect 

the flange face and gasket surface. It is not necessary to 

lubricate the face of any stainless steel flange. 


109

? 

" '*" "~ ~! 

J ji,~ ill 

f 

~.~.__ DIUS 

90 ~ ELBOWS 90 ~ ELBOWS 

. ~ ~ " ~ " ' , ' ~ 

----=,~ ===~__~ ~... ~.,,.=_,~------~ LONG RADIUS 

REDUCING 90 ~ ELBOWS 45 ~ ELBOWS 

110 

Figure 5-2. Stainless steel elbows. (Courtesy of Flowline Corp.)

' / k 

STRAIGHT TEES 

STRAIGHT CROSSES 

REDUCING OUTLET TEES 

r~ ,~ 

i, i 

!! / 

REDUCING OUTLET CROSSES 

Figure 5-3. Stainless steel tees and crosses. (Courtesy of Flowline Corp.) 

111

180 ~ TURNS 

ECCENTRIC REDUCERS 

CAPS 

CONCENTRIC REDUCERS 

Figure 5-4. Stainless steel returns, caps, and reducers. (Courtesy of Flowline 

Corp.) 

112

STUB ENDS--MSS SHORT LENGTHS 

TYPE C STUB ENDS 

i 

fi,L, 

STUB ENDS--ANSI LONG LENGTHS 

Figure 5-5. Stainless steel stub ends and flange. (Courtesy of Flowline Corp.) 

113

Stainless Steel Pipe 

The common schedules of stainless steel pipe are 5S, 

10S, 40S, and 80S. Table 5-2 is a complete chart of 

stainless steel pipe schedules and other important data. 

Stainless pipe is commonly referred to and described by 

size, schedule, and the wall thickness. Weight per foot is 

seldom mentioned. 

Example: 8-in. S/10S .109" WT. 

8-in. S/40S .322" WT. 

1-in. S/80S .179" WT. 

Care of Stainless Steel Pipe 

Extra care of stainless steel pipe during the entire cy- 

cle of receipt, storage, fabrication, and shipment is a re- 

quirement that cannot be over emphasized. Stainless 

pipe has a finished surface and thin walls. Pipe should 

be stored indoors, if possible, and on carpet-covered 

pipe racks. 

The pipe should be stored by type, size and schedule. 

Suitable dunnage should be used between each layer of 

pipes. 

Nylon slings, not chains or cable slings, should be 

used to handle the pipe. A special protective harness is 

available for use when shipping stainless pipe for protec- 

tion from damage, which can be caused by chains and 

binders. 

Stainless pipe should never be dropped or bumped 

against other joints, cr~x~ continued on page 118) 

114

Table 5-2 

Dimensions for Stainless Steel Pipe 


. . . . . . . . . . I ' ' ' ~" " 

JI p~-,, ! uumu I ~ 

i! % | 675 I : .' " ./ . . . . I .... I " I 

[ '~ -I -TBo(~-- - - - ~ ..... F- -- "-: 

I; v,,~ l t.9oo r t- ' ...... -- ~ 

n-~----T-~. 3--7~ )[~~../~mcmiw;~!;.], = 

3 500 . . . . ,.~ , 

oooj I . 

4 4.500 " ;~ " 

l w 6 625 t 

. . . . 

,F-~o--~I-~9 1t~~. ~ - ~q' J 

il 12 { 12 750 !i~. : M ~ ? . ' . ~ . ~ ~..]} 

',! ~,~ j ~4ooo ! ! ~ : , ~-"~~- :,1, 25o i3~oo I 

!~s L_ zs.ooo I ' I 25o ~s ~oo~ 

L 20 I 2o ooo Ik.~:.li~.~:iJi~Z~:~. i, ?so l~ soo 

IL.!* ~ ~ ~~]~ ~o ll,,,,,~m::~~~ J 

l r - - ~ ~ ~ 8 - - I - - ~ ~2a lFt-,lllllLl~:F~~!::l 

ZO 20 000 I 375 I 9 250 ' 500 19 000 . . . . . .*v 

II ~, ! )~ ];~ ~g ti ,~ t ~).~7 ~ 1 t ~ ~ 



,.-+., o+,. ,

Nominal 

P~pe 

Size 

...... 

.... i/| .... 

1 

189 

Outside 

Diameter 

..... i40s 

.540 

I ,675 

I 1.050 

1 315 

1.660 

9 1.900 . 


SCHEDULE 140 

Walt Inside 

Thick. Diam. 

. . . . . . . 

_ . .~____~ 

. . . . . . 

L ~ ~ 

z,/, 2875 il .... 

3 3.500 U .... 

3,/, 4o0o j[ .... 

4,~-~ 

5.563 

6,625 

8,6z5 S]2 

10,750 1.000 

12,750 1.]25 

14.00(3 1 250 

16,000 1.438 

20.000 

2r 

............ 

18000 1.552 

All dimensions are in 

;nches. 

Dtmensmns for Standard 

Wetght. Extra Strong, 

Double Extra Stron$, 

Schedules 10, 20. 30, 40. 

60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 

160 are in conformance 

wtth A,S A. B36 ]0, 

Dimensions for Schedules 

5S, 10S. 4OS. and BO~ are 

m conformance with A,S,A 

B36,19. 

SCHEDULE 160 DOUBLE X STRONG 

Wall Inside Wail ..... Inside .... 

Thick. Diam. ............ Thick. 

9 .. 

Diam. 

.187 .466 294 ,252 

218 .614 1:308 .434 

250 .815 358 .5~ 

250 

.28] 

].160 

1.338 

,382 

.400 

.896 

],lO0 

.... -- .--I - T~I-~--T---] -689 -- ,436 ...... 11503 ~= 

.... i] .375 | 2125 ,552 ].771 

.... il .438 | 2.624 .600 2,300 

.._ ..,,. jl ~,,.,,. / ,~:. ,,:,:_ .... 

l .531 3438 ~(~74 ~:3 i]52 

J 625 4.313 .750 4.063 

/ .718 5.189 ,864 4,897 

700i .906 6.8]3 .875 6.875 

8.750 ~-~125 

]o.5oo ~.3]2 

85~ 

lO.]26 

" 

~!.~ !4o6 ]!.]. 

t3.124 1.593 "12.814 

]4.876 ].78] ]4.438 

~75o ~ ]6.~ !.~s 16o64 

2.062 [ ]9.876 ~ 2.343 .... 19.314 

............... 

(A} Proposed ~vall thick- 

hess ~or Schedules 5S 

anO lOS. 

(8~ Wall thicknesses for 

Schedu|es 40.40S. ant; 

Standard Weight are 

identical through 10" 

seze. 

(C) Wall thicknesses for 

Schedules 80, 80S, and 

Extra Strong are ~den- 

ttcal throuitl 8" s=ze. 

(I) Th=ckness a(~rees wtth 

that for Standard 

We=iht Pipe ~A,S,A, 

B36 I0"~; not included 

In Schedule 40S 

(2) Thickness agrees with 

that ~or Extra Stron8 

Ptpe (AS,A, B36 10); 

not Included in Sched- 

ule SOS, 

117

118 

Table 5-3 

Dimensions of Stainless Steel Stub Ends 


NOM. OUTSIDE LAP 

PIPE DIAMETER DIAMETER 

SIZE (O.D.) (G) 

1/2 .840 1% 

% 1.050 111/~6 

1 1.315 2 

1 V,, 1.660 21/2 

1 i/~ 1.900 2 7/s 

2 2.375 3 % 

2 '/~ 2.875 4 '/s 

3 3.500 5 

3 V2 4.000 51/2 

4 4.500 63A6 

5 5.563 7s/~6 

6 6.625 8 I/2 

8 8.625 10% 

10 10.750 123/; 

12 12.750 15 

14 14.000 161/, 

16 16.000 181h 

18 18.000 21 

20 20.000 23 

22 22.000 25 !/~ 

24 24.000 27 V,, 

-[-~, MADE IN 

, ,- CONFORMANCE 

WITH A.S.A. B16.9 

G o o AND M.S.S. SP.-43 

~_"[3 

LENGTH 

(F) 

FLaWUN~ TYPE "A" STUB ENDS 

' WHERE APPLICABLE 

EXCEPT THICKNESS 

A OF CERTAIN LAPS 

.- s,,,,,,D ,,,,c, HAS BEEN INCREASED 

SCHEDULE 5S Featherweight 

RADIUS . . . . . . . 

THICKNESS stainless 

Steel 

WALL LAP 

Lone Short A B (T) (t) 

3 2 ,/. ,/~ m .m 

3 2 I/. lh2 JI6S 

4 2 1/8 1/32 .tit6 

4 2 3/~6 1/32 .... ~ .... ,Og5 

4 2 !/4 1In ,Ore J~ 

6 2112 s/~6 V32 m .1W. 

6 2 I/2 s/;6 1/32 - 1~3 ..... J30 

6 21/2 % i/32 Jm3 .Lt4 

6 3 7/i, 1/32 

8 3 T/16 1/16 .tOg .168 

8 31/~ 1/2 1/1 ~ 109 .175 

Approx. Wt. 

in Pounds* 

Shert Lenlth 

.12 

.14 

.18 

.28 

.33 

.49 

.67 

.91 

1.18 

1.37 

1.89 

3.45 

8 4 I/2 1/16 ~ ..... 187 ..... 5.34 

10 5 1/2 1/16 .134 .221 8.35 

10 6 1/2 1/16 _JN ....... ~_~ 13.34 

12 6 1/, 1/i 6 ,I,~ i .249 14.00 

12 6 1/2 1/16 ,,~ .249 17.50 

12 6 1/2 t/~6 ~ .2~ 25.25 

12 6 1/2 1/16 30.75 

12 6 !/2 I/~6 ........ 34.50 


~ OM. I OUTSIDE LAP 

IPE DIAMETER DliIMETER 

SiZE (O.D.) (G) 

*/~ 

1~/~ 

1'/~ 

llh 

2 

2V~ 

3 

31h 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 


1"/,6 

LEI ~ TH RADIUS 

Lenl Short A I B 

'/81 '/37 

1.660 

1.900 

2.375 

2.875 

3.5O0 

4.000 

2V2 

2 7. 

3 % 

4 V8 

5 

51/2 

4 

6 

6 

6 

2 

272 

2V~ 

2 V2 

3/"1 '/- ~ 1 

V, I V3= i .tin ..t a,~.| 

~/~61V. 

m " : ~ 1 s/.lV. 1 .ml 

%1 1/32 ,120 | .z6[ ! 

i .|20 ] ~] 

.48 

.5s 

.96 

1.34 

1.72 

4.500 

5.563 

6.625 

8.625 

10.750 

12.750 

14.000 

16.000 

18.000 

20.000 

22.000 

24.000 

63/~6 

7sh6 

8 Vz 

10% 

123A 

15 

16'h 

18'h 

21 

23 

251/, 

271/, 

1 

10 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

3 

3'/2 

7. I V32 ~.]20 ~l .... -~] 

'/"I '/" ,]34 I .18t ! 

'hi '/1, : .134 | .~] 

v,l v,, ~1148 ]~ ~] 

'/~ I '/1~ ass I ~! 

,/211/,, :..~ I ~il 

'/21 '/,~ i;~-~ '] -~il)"] 

'/21'/" : J~} .~I]l- l 

'/211/,6 _ ,l;Mm_:| iJ,:] 

'h I 'l,, ]1~ | ,.U~:] 

'/21 '/'' ~Almi Jlj 

i ~_|i "~_.J 

1.99 

2.26 

4.25 

6.73 

10.31 

14.39 

16.75 

20.00 

21.50 

28.25 

31.00 

39.75 

FLGWUIVs TYPE "B" STUB ENDS 

--.~ r ~"1 MADE IN 

i~i!i CONFORMANCE 

WITH A.S.A. B16.9 

AND M.S.S. SP.-43 

WHERE APPLICABLE 

EXCEPT THICKNESS 

OF CERTAIN LAPS 

9 HAS BEEN INCREASED 

6 'h I '/. 

SCHEDULE 10S LiEht I.P.S. 

THICKNESS stli;:e? s 

WALL 

(1") 

i 

I 

! 

LAP 

(t) 

Approx. Wt. 

in Pounds* 

Short LenIth 


119


SCHEDULE 40S Standard I.P.S. 

LENGTH , . 

NOM. OUTSIDE LAP (F) RADIUS Stainless Steel Aluminum 

THICKNESS Approx. Wt. Approx. Wt.: 

PiPE DIAMETER DIAMETER in Pounds* in Pounds 

SIZE (O.D.) (G) Len| 

Short A B 

' 

W(~L 

i I L(~)P 

LonlE Short 

9 Lenlth Lenl[th Lonl[ Len~h 

1/2 .840 ]' % 3 2 1/s 1/32 .32 .24 .1 ]' 

3/4 ]..050 1"/14 3 2 ~ 1/32 .45 .36 .).6 

1 ]..3].5 2 4 2 1/o 1/32 .65 .37 .23 

]' 11, ]..660 2112 4 2 3/~6 1132 1.00 .62 .35 

11/2 ]..900 2 ~ 4 2 1/,, 1/32 ]..20 .75 .42 

2 2.375 3 % 6 21/2 s,~6 1/32 2.25 1.29 .79 

21/2 2.875 4 I/a 6 21/2 s~6 1/32 3.4]. 1.71 1.80 

3 3.500 5 6 21/2 % 1/3~ 4.67 2.46 1.65 

31/2 4.000 5 I/~ 6 3 % 1/32 5.58 3.30 1.97 

4 4.500 63/14 6 3 x/16 1/32 6.70 4.06 2.37 

5 5.563 7s/~6 8 3 x/16 1/16 10.75 4.64 3.79 

6 6.625 8 I/2 8 3 I/2 lh 1/16 ].6.].8 9.06 5.71 

8 8.625 ].0% 8 4 I/2 1A6 25.50 15.98 8.].5 

l0 10.750 12 3/~ l0 5 1/2 1/16 40.00 23.13 ]4.].2 

12 ].2.750 15 l0 6 1/~ 1A6 47.00 30.48 ].6.59 

14 14.000 161/~ ].2 6 1/2 1/i 6 60.00 35.00 2]...].2 

16 16.000 181/2 ].2 6 1/~ 1/i 6 69.75 41.75 24.50 

18 ],8.000 21 ].2 6 1/2 IA6 80.50 48.00 28.25 

20 20.000 23 ].2 6 1/2 1/16 9]..25 54.50 32.00 

22 22.000 25 I/, 12 6 1/2 1A6 99.75 59.50 35.00 

24 24.000 27 i,~ 12 6 l/z i/16 ],13.25 67.50 39.75 

120 

TYPE "C" STUB ENDS 

o 

.Ao g,,own, 

IN NOMINAL PIPE 

SIZES 1/2" THROUGH 12"-- 

~ 1 ONLYSEE 

SHORT NOTE LENGTHS (A) 

,AC~


SCHEDULE 80S Extra Heavy I.P.S. 

LENGTH RADIUS 

NOM. OUTSIDE LAP (F) THICKNESS Stainless Aluminnm 

PiPE DIAMETER DIAMETER Steel Approx. 

Approx. Wt. in 

SIZE (O.D.) (G) wt. in Pounds 

WALL LAP Pounds* Long 

Leng Short A B (T) (t) Long Length 

Length 

'/2 .840 1% 3 2 i/+ '/32 ,147 .187 .38 .13 

3/, 1.050 11'/,+ 3 2 1/s 1/22 .|54 .187 .51 .18 

1 1.315 2 4 2 1/o 1/32 ,l~.. .187 .87 .31 

11/4 1.660 2112 4 2 311+ 1132 'I91 ~ 1 .I91 1.35 .48 

1 '/2 1.900 2 7/a 4 2 '/4 '/32 ~ .200 1.54 .54 

_ 2 2.375 3 % 6 2'/2 s/~+ 1/32 .218 .218 3.10 1.09 

~ 1/2 2.875 4 I/o 6 2 !/2 s/~+ '/32 .276 .276 4.64 1.64 

3.500 5 6 21/2 % '/32 300 .300 6.36 2.25 

3'/2 4.000 5'/2 6 3 % 1/32 .318 .318 7.70 2.72 

4 4.500 62/% 6 3 7'I+ 1/32 337 337 9.37 3.31 

5.563 7sA+ 8 3 71+ I/i+ 375 .375 16.50 5.82 

6.625 8'/2 8 31/2 1/= '/!+ .432 .432 22.56 7.96 

8 8.625 10% 8 4 1/= 1/,+ .500 .... .~ 34.50 ]2.18 

10 10.750 12 3/; 10 5 I/= 1/,+ .500 .500 54.00 19.06 

12 12.750 15 ,10 6 11= 7,+ .500 .500 64.50 22.77 

'" 14 14.000 16 V4 12 6 11= 7,+ .~ i~" 82.00 28.75 

16 16.000 18 V= 12 6 1/= '/i+ .$OOm .500 96.50 33.80 

18 18.000 21 12 6 I/= VI+ .~ .5~. 108.50 38.00 

20 20.000 23 12 6 11= 111 + i ~ .500 119.50 42.00 

22 22.000 25114 12 6 11= 111+ .51)1~ .500 128.25 45.00 

24 24.000 27'/4 12 6 !/2 1/1+ .$01~ .500 148.00 52.00 

.. 

121

Cut-offs at fabrications shops should be re-marked if 

necessary with the standard markings, and then re- 

turned to stock for future issue. 

Marking Stainless Pipe 

Stainless steel pipe and fittings should never be 

painted because they do not require a protective coating. 

In addition, identification would be more difficult. 

Be sure all stainless steel items are marked with good 

identification code numbers. Leave any vendor markings 

on stainless pipe for future identification purposes. Mark 

your company codes with stencil ink that includes the 

type, size, schedule, and purchase order item number 

on each joint. (The stencil ink is available in aerosol 

cans). You may also use good quality bar code markings. 

Place codes inside each end of each joint of pipe. 

To further ensure the correct identification of stainless 

steels, a color code scheme is used. A suggested color 

code appears in Table 5-4. Stencil inks are used to apply 

the color code in designs of your choice such as lines, 

dots, triangles, etc. 

Identification Tests 

If a stainless item is not identified for some reason, be- 

sides a laboratory test, craftsmen can perform certain 

tests at jobsites. 

122

Table 5-4 

Color Code Chart 

Type of steel Stencil Ink Colors 

-21 degree F to -50 degree F Carbon Steel Yellow 

Special Carbon Steel (Project stated as special) Red 

31/2% Nickle White 

Type 304 Stainless Steel Red 

Type 304L Stainless Steel Yellow 

Type 316 Stainless Steel Blue 

Type 316L Stainless Steel Green 

Type 309 Stainless Steel Red & Yellow 

Type 310 Stainless Steel Red & Blue 

Carpenter 20 Stainless Steel Black 

Carbon-lh% Molybdenum Red & White 

1% Chrome-~h% Molybdenum Yellow & White 

11/4% Chrome-lh% Molybdenum Green & White 

21/4% Chrome-l% Molybdenum Green & Yellow 

5% Chrome-V2% Molybdenum Orange 

9% Chrome-l% Molybdenum Orange & Yellow 

AF-22-65 Duplex Blue & Yellow 

AF-22-100 Duplex Red & Yellow 

AF-22-130 Duplex Black & Yellow 

MW CR-13 Blue & Orange 

Magnet Tests 

The 300 series of stainless steels are non-magnetic in 

most cases to a hand magnet. The 400 series of stain- 

less steels are magnetic. 

Chemical Tests 

Saturated copper sulphate solution deposits metallic 

copper on non-stainless steel in about five minutes. On 

stainless steels there will not be a deposit. (To apply the 

copper sulphate solution for the test, clean a small area 

123

of the steel with emory cloth, then apply a few drops of 

the solution to the abraded area.) 

Other Tests 

How to distinguish 302 and 304 from 316 and 317 

stainless steels is described in Table 5-5 along with other 

types of tests. 

Figure 5-6 illustrates a tool called the WT Alloy Sepa- 

rator. | When the probe is touched to any metal, the 

probe creates an instant thermocouple voltage that is 

unique for each metal containing sufficient differences in 

chemistry or crystalline structure. It is manufactured by 

Technicorp of Wayne, N.J. 

Figure 5-6. Electronic metal tester. (Courtesy of Technicorp-Wayne, New Jersey.) 

124

AISI 

TYPE 

302 

303 

303Se 

304 

308 

309 

310 

316 

317' 

321 

347 

Table 5-5 

Identification Tests for Stainless Steels 

(Courtesy of Uddeholm Steel Corp.) 

410 Martensitic 

GROUP 

i MAGNET 

i TEST 

ii 

SPARK TEST 

HARDNESS 

TEST 

Austenitic 

9 

Short, reddish, with 

few forks u. 

Austenitic Short, reddish, with 

few forks 

" 

... 

Austenitic Short. reddish, with 

few forks 

o 

a 

Austenitic ~ Short, reddish, with 

few forks 

~'esc ~ 

9 o 

~ Full red without many forks *',. o" 

,I ~ Full red without many forks ~m -~ ~ 

Austenitic O~ Full red without many forks i = o : 

Austenitic Short. reddish, with 

few forks 

r 

m 

Austenitic 

tn 

414 . Martensitic. 


m 

416,Se . Martensitic 


'431 "! Martensitic "_ .Z 

_ 

440, A, B, C Martensitic < 

9 9 9 

O 1430 . Ferritic 

~ 9 . 

i430F Ferritic 

430FSe Ferritic 

446 Ferritic 

Austenitic 3 

lo 

r 

Austenitic :) 

Long white with few forks "~ 

Long white with few forks ~ ~" 

Long white with few forks r 

= 

m 

Long white-red with burst o ~c m 

Long white with few forks C~ 

Long white-red with burst 

Long white with few forks "~ ccm~c,10 ~" 

Full red without many forks 

6: 

tnt-~ o" 

~3~3 

~-~o~ 

q.. 


125

126 

AISI 

TYPE 

302 

303 

303Se 

304 

3O8 

309 

310 

316 

317' 

321 

347 

410 

414 

416 

416Se 

420 

431 

440. A, B. C 

430 

430F 

430FSe 

446 

GROUP 

Austenitic 

Austenitic 

Austenitic 

Austenitic 

Austenitic 

Austenitic 

Austenitic 

AustenitiC 

Austenitic 

Austenitic 

Martensitic 

Martensitic 

Martensitic 

Martensitic 

Martensitic 

Martensitic 

Martensitic 

. 

Ferritic 

Ferritic 

Ferritic 

Ferritic 


HYDROCHLORIC 

SULFURIC ACID TEST ACID TEST 

Strong attack. Dark surface, Fairly rapid reaction 

Green crystals Pale blue-green solution 

Spoiled egg odor. 

heavy black smudge 

Garlic odor 

Strong attack. Dark surface. Fast attack 

Green crystals Gas formation 

Slow attack, Tan surface Very slow attack compared 

turns brown to 302, 304, 321 and 347 

'Slower attack, Tan surface 

turns brown 

Fast attack 

Gas formation 

Fast attack 

Gas formation 

More vigorous reaction than 

302 Darker green solution 

Spoiled egg odor 

Garlic odor 

Spoiled egg odor 

Garlic odor

6 

MISCELLANEOUS 

ITEMS 

There are small items such as screwed fittings, gas- 

kets, pipe nipples, and plugs that are necessary on ev- 

ery project. The materials described in this chapter are 

merely to acquaint the new materials person of their ex- 

istence, and so are not shown with dimensions and ta- 

bles. 

Malleable iron fittings, either black or galvanized, are 

the low-pressure fittings sold at the hardware store, and 

used accordingly. Figure 6-1 shows a 150-1b bronze to 

iron ground joint union. This type fitting is available from 

l/s-in, through 4-in. in 150, 250, and 300-1b ratings. 

Figure 6-1. Malleable iron union. (Courtesy of Jaqua-McKee, Inc.) 

127

Elbow 48' EIINw Tee 

Cram S~oet EIImw lateral 

Figure 6-2. Forged steel fittings. (Courtesy of Jaqua-McKee, Inc.) 

Figure 6-2 shows the most commonly used fittings in 

ANSI systems, the forged steel screwed (and socket- 

weld) fittings. These fittings are used for steam, water, 

oil, gas, and air. They are available in 2,000, 3,000 and 

6,000-1b classes, in many types of alloys including stain- 

less steels. Figure 6-3 shows additional forged steel fit- 

tings. Store fittings by size and rating. 

Pipe nipples are stocked in various lengths in black or 

galvanized pipe, and in schedules to match the pipe be- 

ing used. They are also made to the length required for 

fit-up by pipefitters using pipe machines. Figure 6-4 de- 

picts typical pipe nipples. One of the nipples is referred 

128

Coupling Half Couplinll Reducer Cap 

Hex. Head Bushinll Rush Bushin| Round Head Plug Square Head Plug 

Flex. Head Plull 

Figure 6-3. Forged steel fittings. (Courtesy of Jaqua-McKee, Inc.) 

t~I'~' ,~,~ttl,ll,titttl f~=! I 

All Thread Nipple Nipple Threaded Both Ends 

Figure 6-4. Pipe nipples. (Courtesy of Jaqua-McKee, Inc.) 

129

to as an all-thread or close nipple by the craftsmen. 

Other nipples are described in size by the nipple's 

length. A shoulder nipple is an all-thread nipple with a 

small unthreaded section in the center of the nipple 

forming a shoulder. Some nipples have a thread on one 

end only. Some used with socketweld fittings do not 

have any threads. Store nipples by type, size, and 

length. 

Swage nipples are used to reduce pipe sizes. Swages 

are available in combinations from Vs-in. to about 8-in., 

but larger in special cases. Figure 6-5 shows a typical 

swage nipple threaded on both ends. Swages may have 

almost any combination of ends such as bevel large end, 

thread small end, grooved, and bevel both ends. 

Another type of cross-over fitting is the sub-tubing nip- 

pie as shown in Figure 6-6. Sub-tubing nipples are used 

to change from an API tubing thread to a line pipe 

thread. The longer variations of this nipple are called 

130 

Figure 6-5. Swage Nipples. (Courtesy of Jaqua-McKee, Inc.)

Figure 6-6. Sub-tubing nipple, pup- Figure 6-7. Bull plugs. (Courtesy of 

joints. (Courtesy of Jaqua-McKee, Inc.) Jaqua-McKee, Inc.) 

pup-joints. Pup-joints are in even-numbered lengths from 

2-ft through 16-ft, and are used to complete a string of 

pipe in given length without cutting and threading. Pup- 

joints are usually API threads on both ends. 

Bu//p/ugs, see Figure 6-7, are used to close ends of 

lines or strings of tubing in oil wells. They are akin to the 

smaller hex head or round pipe plugs, but are not the 

same. Bull plugs are available in sizes from ~/8-in. 

through 8-in., and can have threaded, plain, beveled, or 

grooved ends. Bull plugs are often drilled and tapped, 

and a valve and nipple added for an outlet. There are fe- 

male threaded plugs available, but they are not common. 

131

I i 

Figure 6-8. Hammer unions. (Courtesy of Jaqua-McKee, Inc.) 

Spiral Wound 

Red Rubber, Asbestos 

Figure 6-9. Typical ANSI gaskets. (Courtesy of Jaqua-McKee, Inc.) 

Figure 6-8 shows the wing or hammer union. These 

rugged unions are used most commonly in oil field hook- 

ups and temporary lines. They are available in sizes 

from 1-in. through 12-in., from 1,000 psi to 15,000 psi. 

132

Gaskets require proper storage methods for protec- 

tion. Do not store gaskets on nails or pegs. Store by type, 

size, and rating on a flat surface. Never issue gaskets 

that will be placed in a sack with the fittings and bolts. 

Figure 6-9 illustrates some of the common ANSI system 

gaskets. 

Flange insulation sets are used between systems, 

such as an offshore pipeline connection to the produc- 

tion facilities. The set consists of a flange gasket, either 

full faced or raised face, sleeves, and washers for the 

bolts. Store the insulation kits in the same vendor box as 

they were shipped in. Do not mix or mingle the various 

sets. Figure 6-10 is a flange insulation kit or set. 

Corrosive areas sometimes mandate the use of a pro- 

tector of the flange stand-off area to protect the gasket 

area between the flanges. These protectors are available 

Figure 6-10. Flange insulation sets. (Courtesy of Jaqua-McKee, Inc.) 

133

9 ~ ,..~ 

! 

Figure 6-11. Process flange protectors. (Courtesy of Rodun Development Corp., 

Houston, Texas.) 

in various shapes and models. Figure 6-11 shows a pro- 

tector called Flexi-seal. | (Rodun Development Corp., 

Houston, Texas). This protector features a center V- 

shaped section that forms its primary seal. Flexible ribs 

on each side provide secondary sealing. It is secured in 

place by a stainless steel band and latched with a steel 

T-bolt. 

Store miscellaneous items by size and rating, and if 

necessary, apply a tag for future identification. 

134

I 

7 

PIPELINE PIGS 

Pipelines require cleaning, and products require sepa- 

ration when being transported through the same line si- 

multaneously; pipeline pigs are used to make cleaning 

and separation possible. 

The slang word "pig" means scraper, ball, sphere, or 

other apparati used in pipelines. Figure 7-1 illustrates a 

Polly-Cast | pig made from polyester urethane. Pigs such 

as the Polly-Cast | can be used in gas, crude oil, salt wa- 

ter, refined product, and LPG lines. They are also avail- 

able with steel bristles on the wear surface, which in- 

creases the life of the urethane pig. 

Spherical balls or pigs (Figure 7-2) have been used for 

many years. They are available in solid material in sizes 

1 "through 12" and inflatable from 4" through 56". Pigs 

are inflated with a displacement pump capable of 250 psi 

or 1,724 kPa (Figure 7-3). This type of pig is often used in 

automated piping systems, meter proving, product sepa- 

ration, hydrostatic testing, and cleaning. Most are made 

from Neoprene, Nitrile, Polyurethane, or Viton. 

135

T 

I | ! I 

STANDARD LENGTH POLLY-CAST | 

Available as Plain or Steel Belted 

(Steel Belted shown above) 

~ ~ mt.vuR :THANE FOAM CORE 

I | I 

EXTENDED LENGTH POLLY.CAST | 

Available as Plain or Steel Belted 

(Plain shown above) 

Figure 7-1. Polly-Cast pig. (Courtesy of Knapp Polly Pig, Inc.) 

Without pigging, product buildup, sediment, and slime 

in pipelines increases and flow capacity decreases. 

Eventually, the pipeline might even need to be replaced 

entirely. The cost of the power needed to move the prod- 

ucts also increases dramatically as buildup increases. 

Without pigs for product separation, separate pipelines 

would be required for different fluids. Pigs are a routine 

part of pipeline operations. 

136 

1 

9

Figure 7-2. Spherical pipeline pigs. (Courtesy of LTV Energy Products Company.) 

Figure 7-3. Pressure pump. (Courtesy of LTV Energy Products Company.) 

137

Pigs are placed into lines by means of a launcher and a 

receiver, as shown in Figures 7-4a and b. They are moved 

down the line by means of pressure. Both the launcher 

and the receiver have bolted, swinging doors to install or 

remove the pigs. In the case of very large diameter pigs, a 

rail hoist is part of both units. Pigs are usually ~/8" larger 

than the inside diameter of the pipeline for a good tight fit. 

At intersections of pipelines, Scraper Bar Tees (Figure 2- 

15) are used to keep the pig in line. The pig moves right 

through bends and turns until it reaches the receiver. Near 

the end of its trip and at checkpoints on the way, the pig 

passes over a device known as a "pig signal," and raises 

h 

i', ,, i L.~:/~ ~,.~ ~i-; 

~ ---- .... ~--~. .-.: 

Figure ?-4A. Pipeline pig launcher. (Courtesy of Tube Turns Technologies, Inc.) 

138

Figure 7-4B. Pipeline pig closures. (Courtesy of Tube Turns Technologies, Inc.) 

either a flag notice on a manual system or an indicating 

light on a panel board. (See Figure 7-5). Pigs are tracked 

in lines by a radioactive isotope which gives off a radio 

signal and can be monitored from the air, ground, or a sat- 

ellite tracked by an electronic transmitter. 

The most common pig is the polyurethane style used 

for pigging lines up to 60 inches. These pigs are used for 

product or crude oil pipelines, chemical process piping, 

water systems, offshore condensate removal, and many 

other variations of pigging. 

139

Figure 7-5. Automated closures. (Courtesy of Tube Turns Technologies, Inc.) 

A noninflatable Polly-Sphere pig (Figure 7-6) has a 

high-density polyurethane foam core and a hard but flex- 

ible outer cover. This type of sphere offers the advantage 

of not deflating and the pressures inside the sphere and 

in the line are equalized by small holes drilled in the pig. 

It can be used for low pressure lines as well. 

Bullet-shaped pigs are made of durable foam. A spe- 

cial exterior surface made from plastic, in a spiral or 

140

The KnolDp Polly-Spt'~re through the Outer .~ 

COnSists of 0 horcI yet flex- oliow l::~ssure eq~ 

tble polyurethone outer tK~n between hne I 

sphere with o high density and It~t of tt~e Sl~ 

pOlyuretr~one loom core core. 11~us no inflot 

A ser,es of holes drilled required 

ex,ble but hard polyurethane outer sphere 

Fioure 7-6. Polly-Sphere pig. (Courtesy of Knapp Polly Pig, Inc.) 

criss-cross design imparts greater cleaning power, 

strength, and wearability. The nose is completely cov- 

ered to insure proper sealing. For extra-tough cleaning 

jobs, a coat of silicon carbide or abrasives can be added. 

Flame-hardened steel wires are bonded to the polyure- 

thane body of the pig (Figure 7-7) for use on long runs. 

The bristles are mounted at the specific angle that 

makes them self-sharpening. A simpler pig, the foam 

Sweege Pig, is made of extremely soft foam and is de- 

signed for temporary sweeping of lines to eliminate 

things such as oxides which cause red water. They are 

propelled by normal water pressure. A Polly-Pig of this 

type is shown in Figure 7-8. 

141

Coated Super 

Havelina Polly Pig Super Havelina Polly Pig Havelina Polly Pig 

142 

Figure 7-7. Bullet-shaped pigs. (Courtesy of Knapp Polly Pig, Inc.) 

Inexpensive Foam Sweege 

Pigs are now available to 

temporarily remove oxide 

that cause red water. 

The standard Sweege Foam Pig 

StyleV-B, is an inexpensive, ex- 

pendable Knapp Polly-Pig s of 

extremely soft foam designed 

specifically for temporary 

sweeping of a line to eliminate 

oxides that cause red water. The 

are easily inserted into water 

mains by hand, require no 

special devices, no line shut 

offs, and are propelled by nor- 

mal water pressure. 

, , 

Figure 7-8. Foam sweege pig. (Courtesy of Knapp Polly Pig, Inc.)

The diameter of Polly-Pigs is usually one and a half 

times the length. As a rule, ~/8" is added to the pig body 

size for coating. Some pigs with diameters less than 6" 

have mesh for internal reinforcement. Some are 

equipped with a rope on one or both ends for ease in 

handling and pulling. Dished ends add to the effective 

fluid removal while pointed ends are used for bi-direc- 

tional changes. The ends may be either shorter or longer 

for extreme valves or launches. They also come in either 

soft or hard for variations in density (Figure 7-9), which is 

measured in pounds per cubic foot. 

Some styles of Polly-Pigs made by Knapp are de- 

scribed in Figure 7-10. They are color-coded by type of 

cover for identification and some are criss-crossed. 

S,ngle SID,rOI COOt~ng IDot- 

tern allows greater flexlbd- 

~,h,' O! the p,g for runn,ng 

t~ght bends "T s." valves 

0."~31 vOnohons ~n O~lOe I .D 

Double sD=ral coating 

po~ern Drov=des greater 

number Of cleonmng edges 

and makes the pig more 

res:stont tO teonng Th~s de'- 

s~gn ~s intended for longer 

runs where less flexibility is 

reclutred 

Sdtcon corbtde ~mpreg- 

noted coohng ~s ovodoble 

~n both s,ngle and double 

spiral patterns Th=s coot- 

tr~:j =s advisable when re- 

moving mill scale, weld 

slog. calcite or carbonate 

depos,ts, rust. or other hord 

or abrasive delaOslts. 

Figure 7-9. Coated polly pigs. (Courtesy of Knapp Polly Pig, Inc.) 

143

Urethane Scraper Cup specifications from 3" through 

56" are described in Table 7-1. It is important to note that 

cups up to 14" are molded without a center hole, so you 

must specify the hole size required when ordering. The 

approximate pressures and flows required for polly pig- 

ging are shown in Table 7-2. 


144 

STYLE TYPE DENSITY FUNCTION 

lid 

$BD (Scarlet 

bare durafoam) 

SCC (Scarlet 

criss-cross) 

SCC-WB (Scarlet 

criss-cross wire 

brush) 

SCC-$C (Scarlet 

criss-cross silicon 

carbide) 

SBD-T (Turning) 

SCC-T (Turning) 

SCC-WB-T 

(Turning) 

SCC-SC-T 

(Turning) 

RBS (Red bare 

squeegee) 

RCC (Red criss- 

cross) 

RCC-WB (Red criss- 

cross wire brush) 

8 LBS./CU. FT. 











Heavy Drying 

Up to 200 MI 

Heavy Wiping 

Up to 200 MI 

Hjeavy Scraping 

p to 200 MI 

Heavy Scraping 

Up To 200 MI 

Heaviest Drying 

Up To 300 MI 

Heaviest Wiping 

Up To 300 MI 

Heaviest Scraping 

Up To 300 MI 

Heaviest Scraping 

Up To 300 MI 

Regular Drying 

Up To 10 MI 

Regular Wiping 

Up To 10 MI 

Regular Scraping 

Up To 10 MI 

Figure 7-10. Polly pig styles. (Courtesy of Knapp Polly Pig, Inc.)

STYLE 

m 

! 

m 

CID 

TYPE 

RCC-SC (Red crias- 

cross silicon carbide) 

RBS-T 

Fuming) 

RCC-T 

(Turning) 

RCC-WB-T 

(Turning) 

RCC-SC-T 

(Turning) 

YBS (Yellow bare 

swab) 

YCC (Yellow 

criss-cross) 

u (Yellow 

criss-cross silicon 

carbide) 

Y ~S- ~ (Bullet) 

vCC-T 

(Turning) 

vCC.SC-T 

(Turning) 

UNICAST 

GRAY HARD 

SCALE 

MAXI.BRUSH 

(UGHT WiRE) 

MAXI-BRUSH 

(HEAVY WIRE) 

,, 

DENSITY 

5 LBS.ICU. FT. 




5 t.BS./CU. FT. 






2 I.BS./CU. FT. 

2o u~s.~cu. ~. 




FUNCTION 

,, ,_ , 

Regular Scraping 

Up To 10 MI 

Longer Drying 

Up To 25 MI 

Longer Wiping 

Up To 25 MI 

Longer Scraping 

Up To 25 MI 

Longer Scraping 

Up To 25 MI 

Ught Orang 

Up To I MI 

Ught Drying 

Up To I MI 

Light Drying 

Up To I MI- 

Ught Drying 

Up To 1 MI 

Light Drying 

Up To 3 MI 

Light Drying 

Up To 3 MI 

cleening 

Up To 2000 MI 

Industrial Scraping 

Up To 300 MI 

Maximum Scraping 

Up To 300 MI 

Maximum Scraping 

Up To 300 MI 

, 

145

Table 7-1 

Urethane Scraper Cups 

STANDARD & STEEL BELTED POLLY.CUP | 

NOM. APPX. 

PIPE A B C D E F G H(~ K~ WT. 

SIZE =.,,, ,,, ,,,,.,,- , =.,. ,, ,,~ ~ ..... s ..... ~ = .... ,,~ = ..... ,,~ = .... ,,,,.,,,, = ..... ,HOLES LBS. 

3" 3.19 " 1.13 " .50 2.25 2.75 * ~ .3 

4'" 4.25 ~ 1.38 " .50 3.07 3.38 ~ " .4 

6" 6.13 * 1.75 ~ .50 4.25 5.25 " ~ 1.3 

8'" 8.25 ~ 2.00 " .75 6.13 7.25 " * 2.6 

10" 10.50 * 2.25 * .88 8.13 8.75 * * 4.8 

12" 12.22 " 2.25 1.63 .88 12.07 11.50 ~ * 7.3 

14" 14.25 * 2.50 1.88 .88 13.00 11.63 " ~ 8.7 

16" 16.00 8.75 2.75 2.25 1.00 15.25 13.88 11.00 8 9.9 

18" 18.00 10.88 3.00 2.38 1.00 17.25 16.00 12.75 8 12.2 

20" 20.25 10.88 3.50 2.63 1.25 19.00 17.25 13.50 12 18.6 

22" t t t t t t t t t 24.4 

24"' 24.25 14.13 4.00 2.88 1.50 23.25 21.63 16.50 14 29.8 

26" t t t t t t t t t 34.8 

28" t t t t t t t t t 51.0 

30" 30.25 16.13 4.38 3.00 1.88 29.50 26.25 19.50 16 57.5 

32" t t t t t t t t t 74.0 

34"' t t t t t t t t t 77.0 

36" 36.25 22.13 4.38 3.00 1.88 35.88 33.25 25.00 22 80.8 

40" 40.25 22.13 5.00 3.25 2.00 38.50 35.75 26.00 24 100.0 

42"' 42.25 24.13 5.50 3.38 2.00 T t t 24 105.0 

48" 48.25 32.13 s 3.50 2.00 4EO0 44.50 36.00 24 144.0 

56" 5E25 

(Courtesy Knapp Polly Pig, Inc.) 

146 

2] 

, i | } _l 

I PLAIN POLL | Y-CUP P' 

1 

111 | 1I 

' l i 

| ,

Z ~ 

ONNN~NbNN~NbNN~b~b ~ 

Z ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

~EEEEEEEEeEEEEEEeEE~ 

~ S N S N S ~ ~ ~ 8 8 N S N ~ u ~ 

~ ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ o ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ 

,< 

= N 

~.X 

0 ~0 cO 0 '~0 0,I ~0 oo '~1" ~-- I~ i'~ ~' ~" '~" I~ I~ r~ 

~LLi 

"~| ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0

(Text continued from page 144) 

Pigs should be stored indoors where possible, on their 

ends and sorted by size and style. Staples, pins, or other 

sharp objects should not be used to attach tags or bar 

codes. An easily removable self-adhesive bar code tag is 

recommended instead. 

148

8 

MATERIALS 

HANDLING TIPS 

Tallying Pipes 

The lengths of pipes received must be verified by tally- 

ing or measuring each joint. It requires up to three persons 

to handle and read the tape, and the third person to record 

the measurements on a tally sheet. See Figure 8-1. 

Step 1. Attach a bar code description to the tally sheet, 

and write a brief description of the pipe on the sheet. 

Step 2. Place 1-in. thick boards across the center of the 

stack of pipe to prevent the tape from falling between the 

joints and breaking. If the third helper is present, have that 

person hold the tape in the center of the joints. If the tape 

sticks between the joints, either pry apart or lift the nearest 

joint to the tape. 

A typical tape is shown in Figure 8-2, the magnified ver- 

sion of an engineer's steel tape divided into ten units to 

the foot, and is read as a decimal, as if it were dollars and 

cents. 

149

Project Number Pipe Tally Date 

Ship Ship 

To From Via 

Description 

Condition 

Order or 

Transfer No. 

(Truck--Barge---Boat) 

Measurements made with [] Decimal tape [] Meters-Centimeters Tape [] Tenths 

Joint Feet Tenths Feet Hndths Feet Hndths Feet Hndths Feet Hndths Feet Hndths Feet Hndths 

No. or or or or or or or or or or or or 

Meters Cent Meters Cent Meters Cent Meters Cent Meters Cent Meters Cent 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 .... 

14 

15 

TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL 

Remarks Total Footage I 

150 

Figure 8-1. Pipe tally sheet. 

Feet]Meters Hndths/Cent

Figure 8-2. Engineer's tape and board for preventing it from falling between pipe. 

Step 3. One helper holds the heel of the tape (see Figure 

8-3) to the end of a joint. The second helper holds the tape 

on top of the joint about the center. The third helper 

stretches the tape tightly to the other end of the joint for 

the reading, calls it out to the recorder, and then places a 

chalk mark on each joint as it is tallied. As each layer of 

pipe is tallied, a physical count of the joints is made, and 

the numbers verified with those recorded on the tally 

sheet. Each joint could be numbered with a paint stick just 

inside the ends for future reference. (See Figure 8-4.) Indi- 

vidual bar code descriptions can also be applied inside 

each joint. It will not be necessary to re-tally joints on 

future moves. 

Step 4. Pipe stored on pipe racks should be marked with 

job number, purchase order number, size, schedule/wall 

thickness, and the actual length. (See Figure 8-5.) 

The outer edge of each layer of pipe should indicate 

total footage, number of joints in the layer, total footage in 

the layer, length of the joint, size-weight per foot, sched- 

ule, and the pipe rack number for location purposes. 

151

152 

LEATHER 

STRAPS 

PLAIN END PIPE 

HEEL 

against the end of the joint. 

, i 9 I., .II. ,. I., .2i.,. I. ,. 31" 

Measure to the outer edge of the 

joint and then call out the reading 

to the recorder. 

Example "40.50" 

Figure 8-3. Tape and method for measuring pipe joint. 

Paint stick mark as joint #37. 

It is not necessary to call out feet 

and inches. 

Figure 8-4. Each joint should be numbered just inside the ends.

1 2 3 4 5 6 

1. Purchase order number 

2. Total joints per layer 

3. Total footage per layer 

4. Length of this joint 

5. Size, weight, schedule 

6. Pipe rack number 

Figure 8-5. Identification of pipe stored on racks. 

Step 5. Threaded and coupled line pipe is tallied in over- 

all lengths, including the coupling and the threads. This 

rule also applies to oilwell tubing, casing and drill pipes in 

storage. It is not necessary to remove pipe thread protec- 

tors during a pipe tally at the warehouse or dockside (see 

Figure 8-6). 

Step 6. When issuing pipe, always send an extra 

amount, never less than requested. Record the length and 

joint number on the tally sheet, and verify accuracy. Do not 

store mixed pipe schedules or types on the same rack. 

I i 

Figure 8-6. Measure entire length of threaded and coupled pipe. 

t 

153

Marking Fabricated Pipe Spools 

When the same pipe, flanges, and fittings that you may 

have issued from the warehouse return from welding fabri- 

cation for storage, a special piece mark is applied to mark 

these spool pieces for later erection into process flow 

lines. Following Figure 8-7 shows a typical spool piece 

marking procedure. Digital camera photos are helpful to 

locate these pieces later for issue to the piping group. 

Weatherproof bar coding markers should be used during 

storage to identify. 

Warehouse Layout Tips 

Very few fancy warehouses may exist at construction 

sites. Most are along a road side, out of the way of the 

project, with minimal shelter. However, you must consider 

several factors when planning the initial layout of a ware- 

house or outside storage area: 

154 

1. Similarity of materials: Store like items together when 

practicable. 

2. Popularity: Save steps by storing fast-moving stock 

nearest the major work area. 

3. Size and weight: Keep heavy items low for safety pur- 

poses; store lightweight stackable items on top of 

bins. Gaskets should be stored flat, not on pegs or 

stuffed into bins or sacks.

Vendor Data 

Invariably vendor data will arrive at a warehouse with 

materials despite all efforts to have it shipped as a sepa- 

rate item on the purchase order. Vendor data is to projects 

what the instructions, parts lists, and safety warnings are 

to any appliance or tool you buy at a hardware store. Pro- 

ject vendor data will later be assembled into project 

binders of operating instructions by the project manager 

group. This data and data such as material test certificates 

on pipe flanges and fittings are very important, and should 

not be discarded or filed away, but delivered to the project 

manager. 

Storing Materials Inside/Outside 

Threaded and socketweld items and all fittings under 

12-in. are always warehoused. Other fittings, 12-in. and 

larger, may be stored outside, but never directly on the 

ground. Decking or docks may be anything from a pallet, 

skid, a sheet of plywood, or heavy timbers, so long as the 

material is off the ground. 

Pipe should be stacked on runners made from other 

pipe or what is available. Long pipe should have a center 

runner. Try not to store pipe in a triangular nesting, 

because space can be saved by stacking straight up with 

the aid of cleated dunnage between the tiers. Always con- 

sider safety as the most important factor in storage of 

materials. 

156

API 

ASA 

Asb 

ANSI 

ASME 

ASTM 

APPENDIX A 

PIPING 

ABBREVIATIONS 

American Pe- AWWA American Wa- 

troleum Insti- ter Works As- 

tute sociation 

American BE Beveled end 

Standards As- BW Buttweld 

sociation BBE Bevel both 

Asbestos ends 

(gaskets) Bbl Barrel 

American Na- Bdr Bleed ring 

tional Stan- Bfy Butterfly 

dards Insti- (valve) 

tute, Inc. Bid Blind (flange) 

The American BLE Bevel large 

Society of Me- end 

chanical Engi- BIk Black (pipe) 

neers BOE Bevel one end 

The American BOM Bill of materi- 

Society for als 

Testing and BOP Bottom of 

Materials pipe 

157

Brz 

BSE 

CI 

Cm 

CS 

Cu 

CW 

Chk 

Cpl 

CSC 

Csg 

CSO 

Csw 

CWO 

CWP 

Conc 

DI 

D&T 

D&W 

DES 

Dia. 

Dim. 

158 

Bronze (valve) 

Bevel small 

end 

Cast iron 

Centimeter 

Cast Steel, 

carbon steel, 

cap screw 

Cubic 

Chain wheel 

Check (valve) 

Coupling 

Car seal 

closed 

Casing 

Car seal open 

Concentric 

swage 

Chain wheel 

operator 

Cold water 

pressure 

Concentric 

Ductile iron 

Drill & Tap 

Doped & 

Wrapped 

(pipe) 

Double extra 

strong 

Diameter 

Dimension 

Ditto 

DSAW 

Dwg # 

Ea. 

El 

Ecc 

Ell 

Eol 

ERW 

Esw 

EUE 

Ex. hvy 

Ex. stg 

Exp jt 

Elec 

F&D 

FE 

FF 

F/F 

FS 

Ft 

Do not use 

this term. 

Double sub- 

merged Arc 

Welded (pipe) 

Drawing Num- 

ber 

Each 

Elevation (on 

drawing) 

Eccentric 

Elbow 

Elbolet ~ 

Electric Resis- 

tance Weld 

(pipe) 

Eccentric 

Swage 

External upset 

ends 

Extra heavy 

Extra strong 

Expansion 

joint 

Electrical 

Faced and 

drilled (flange) 

Flanged ends/ 

Flow element 

Flat/Full face 

Face of flange 

Forged steel 

Feet/Foot

FW 

FAB 

FAS 

Fem 

Fig 

Fig. 

FOB 

FSD 

FSU 

Flex 

Flgd 

GG 

GJ 

Gal 

GIb 

Gsk 

Galv 

HN 

Hdr 

Hex 

Hvy 

ID 

IPS 

Field weld/ 

Firewater 

Fabricate/Fab- 

ricator 

Free along 

side 

Female (ends) 

Figure (num- 

ber) 

Flange 

Free on board 

Flat side down 

Flat side up 

Flexitallic 

(gasket brand 

name) 

Flanged 

Gauge glass 

Ground joint 

(union) 

Gallon 

Globe (valve) 

Gasket 

Galvanized 

Heat number 

Header 

Six-sided 

head, bolt, 

plug, etc. 

Heavy 

Inside diame- 

ter 

Iron pipe size 

ISO 

IUE 

IS&Y 

IBBM 

Insl 

Jt (s) 

JW 

Jkscr 

Lb (s), # 

Lg 

LJ 

LP 

LR 

LLC 

LOL 

Latl 

Lin Ft 

M 

MI 

Mk 

Isometric 

(drawing) 

Internal upset 

ends 

Inside screw 

& yoke (valve) 

Iron body 

bronze 

mounted 

(valve) 

Insulation 

Jt. (Joints) 

Jacket water 

Jack screw 

Pound (s) 

#symbol for 

pounds 

Length, long, 

level gauge 

Lap joint 

(flange) 

Line pipe 

Long radius 

Liquid level 

controller 

Latrolet ~ 

Lateral 

Linear feet 

Meter/one 

thousand 

Malleable iron 

Mark (spool 

piece) 

159

MM 

M&F 

Max 

Mfg 

Min 

Misc 

MRR 

MSS 

MTO 

NC 

No or # 

NU 

160 

Nip 

NPS 

NPT 

Millimeter 

Male & Fe- 

male (ends) 

Maximum (a 

warehouse 

stocking level) 

Manufacturer 

Minimum (a 

warehouse 

stocking level) 

Miscellaneous 

(schedules of 

pipe) 

Materials re- 

ceiving report 

Manufacturers 

Standards So- 

ciety of the 

Valve and Fit- 

tings Industry 

Material Take- 

off (from 

drawings) 

Normally 

closed 

Number 

Non-upset 

(ends) 

Nipple (pipe) 

Nominal pipe 

size 

Nominal pipe 

thread 

OD 

Oz 

Orf 

OS&D 

OS&Y 

Pc 

PE 

PI 

PO # 

Pr 

PS 

PW 

PBE 

Pdl 

PLE 

Pit 

POE 

PSE 

Outside diam- 

eter 

Ounce 

Orifice 

Over short & 

damage (re- 

port) 

Outside screw 

& yoke (valve) 

Piece (mark 

for spool 

pieces) 

Plain ends 

Pressure indi- 

cator (valves 

& gauge as- 

sembly) 

Purchase or- 

der or number 

Pair of items 

Pipe support 

Potable water 

Plain both 

ends 

Paddle (a 

blind plate be- 

tween flanges) 

Plain large 

end 

Plate (steel) 

Plain one end 

Plain small 

end

psi 

PVF 

PSV 

Press 

psig 

Qty 

RF 

RR 

RS 

Rad 

Red 

RPM 

RTE 

Rtg 

RTJ 

Rdcr 

Rec'd 

Req'd 

Reqn 

SC 

Pounds per 

square inch 

Pipe, valves 

and fittings 

Pressure 

safety (relief) 

valve 

Pressure 

Pounds-force 

square inch, 

gauge 

Quantity 

Raised face 

Red rubber 

(gasket type) 

Rising stem 

(valve) 

Radius 

Reducer 

Revolutions 

per minute 

Reducing tee 

Rating 

Ring type joint 

(flange facing) 

Reducer 

Received (ma- 

terials) 

Required (ma- 

terials) 

Requisition 

Sample con- 

nection 

SE 

SO 

Sq 

SR 

SS 

SW 

S/40 

Sch 

Sdl 

SOL 

SRL 

Std 

Stl 

Stm 

Sub 

Swg 

SWP 

Skt Bid 

Screwed ends 

Slip-on 

(flange) 

Square feet, 

yards, etc. 

Short radius, 

stress relieve 

Stainless steel 

Socket weld 

Schedule 40 

(of pipe or fit- 

tings) 

Schedule (of 

pipe or fit- 

tings) 

Saddle (pipe) 

Sockolet ~ 

Short radius 

ell 

Standard (a 

pipe or fitting 

schedule) 

Steel 

Steam 

Short length 

of pipe or rod 

Swage nipple 

Safe working 

pressure 

Skillet blind 

(plate be- 

tween flanges) 

161

Spl Sht 

Scrd 

Smls 

Spec 

bid 

162 

TI 

TW 

T&C 

T&G 

Tbg 

Thk 

TLE 

TOE 

Spool sheet TOL 

(from isomet- TSE 

ric drawing) 

Screwed Typ 

(ends) 

Seamless 

Thr'd 

Spectacle Un 

blind (plate Va 

between Vac 

flanges) Vol 

Temperature Wd 

indicator WE 

Thermometer WI 

well WN 

Threaded & 

coupled 

WP 

Tongue & WT 

groove (flange 

facing) WOL 

Tubing XR 

Thick 

Thread large XS 

end XXS 

Thread one 

end Yd 

Thredolet | 

Thread small 

end 

Typical (re- 

peat the same 

item) 

Threaded 

Union 

Valve 

Vacuum 

Volume 

Width/Wide 

Weld end 

Wrought iron 

Weldneck 

(flange) 

Working pres- 

sure 

Wall thick- 

ness/weight 

Weldolet ~ 

X-ray (at pipe 

welds) 

Extra strong 

Double extra 

strong 

Yard

APPENDIX B 

USEFUL 

FORMULAS 

For freight: Cubic Feet = Height (in.) x Width (in.) x 

Length (in.) + 1,728 

2000 pounds = Short ton 

2240 pounds = Long ton 

40 cubic feet = Measurement ton 

Metric ton = 1.1 tons 

For concrete: Length (ft) x Width (ft) x Height (ft) + 27 = 

Cubic yards 

Miscellaneous Factors: 

12 inches = 1-foot 

2.54 centimeters = 1 inch 

144 inches = 1 square foot 

10.764 square feet = 1 square meter 

3feet = 1yard 

9 square feet = 1 square yard 

3.2808 feet = 1 meter 

1728 inches = 1 cubic foot 

163

27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard 

0.62137 miles - 1 kilometer 

1 mile = 63,360 inches, 5,280 feet, 1760 

yards 

1 acre = 43,560 square feet 

16ounces = 1pound 

0.45359 kilograms = 1 pound 

Converting English and Metric Units. 

Reading and Converting English and Metric Units 

English: (Inches are equally divided into 16 parts of 1/16") 

1/16" = 0.625" 

1Is" = 2/16" = 0.125" 

1/4" = 2/8" = 0.25" 

~ 1 / 2 " = 2-/4" = 4/8" 

~1" =2/2" =4/4" 

Example: 

= 8h6" = 0.5" 

=8/8" = 1.0" 

6" + 1/4" 4" lh6"= 

6" + "hs" + lh8"= 65/16" 

L Metric" (Centimeters are equally divided into ten parts of 

1 millimeter) 

164

lcm =lOmm = .01m 

lmm = 0.1cm = O.O01m 

Example: 

English to Metric Conversions: 

1' = 30.48cm 

1" = 2.54cm 

V2" = 12.7mm 

1/4" = 6.35mm 

~/8" =3.175mm 

~h6" = 1.588mm 

Metric to English Conversions: 

1 cm = 0.39" 

0.5cm = 0.195" 

lmm = 0.039" 

14cm + 4mm = 14.4cm = 144m 

Courtesy of Abby Dawkins, West Hartford, CT. 

165

INDEX 

Abbreviations, piping, 149-154 

API materials 

API and ANSI compared, 

83-84 

API monogram, 85, 92, 

101-102 

assembly part number, 85 

bore and tubular sizes, 

83-85 

calculations 

bolt lengths for 6B and 

6BX flanges, 94-95 

bolt point heights, 94-95 

clamp-type connectors, 

84-85, 98-101 

bolt torque, 100 

clamp numbers, 99-100 

clamp weights, 99-100 

hubs, 98-99 

166 

nut sizes, 99-100 

spherical facing, 99 

spherical washer, 99, 100 

wrench sizes, 99-100 

dual completion flanges, 

5,000-1b psi, 95-96 

integral 6BX 

5,000-1b psi, 90 

10,000-1b psi, 91 

15,000-1b psi, 91 

20,000-1b psi, 92 

multiple completion flanges 

5,000-1b psi, 95-97 

ring gaskets for API flanges 

care of, 103 

interchange, 93, 101-102 

markings, 102 

types of gaskets 

combination, 101

oval and octagonal, 

101-102 

R, RX, BX, 99, 101-102 

transition piece, 92-93 

tubular goods sizes, 83-85, 

87, 131 

type 6B flanges 

2,000-1b psi, 87, 93-95 

3,000-1b psi, 87, 89, 91,103 

5,000-1b psi, 88, 93-95 

type 6BX flanges 

10,000-1b psi, 89, 91,103 

15,000-1b psi, 87, 89, 

91,103 

20,000-1b psi, 97, 90, 92, 

103 

integral, 90-92 

weldneck, 86-87, 89, 93 

Bar codes 

identifying pigs, 148 

identifying pipes, 122 

Bolts 

ANSI, 19 

circle, 16-17 

hole size, 16-18 

machine, 23 

markings, 19 

plating, 19 

polylock, 15 

storing bolts, 19 

stud with nuts, 24-26 

wrench sizes, 24-26 

Buttweld fittings 

ANSI, 41 

backing rings, 56-57 

caps, 44-52 

control heat number 41-42 

crosses, 47, 49-50 

dimensions of fittings, 42, 

44-45 

elbows 

37 o, 46 

45 ~ 44, 46 

90 ~ long radius, 41-42, 44 

double branch, 48 

mixed schedules, 5 

reducing, 43-44 

side outlet, 48 

street, 48 

laterals, 49, 53 

pipe saddle, 52-53 

reducers 

concentric, 50, 55 

eccentric, 45, 50 

returns, 44, 46-47 

stub ends, 7, 44, 51 

Buttweld fittings (continued) 

stub-in, 51 

taper boring, 55 

tees 

barred, 54 

167

educing, 47-49 

service, 48 

side outlet, 49 

true wye, 48 

types of fittings, 41, 55 

Color codes and markings, 80, 

122-123 

Docks and pallets, 13 

Duct tape, 15 

Dunnage, 13, 78-80, 114 

Fabricated pipe spools, 154 

Flange protectors, 

14-15, 124 

Flanges, refinery type 

ANSI, 1, 83-84 

blind, 3, 10 

bore markings, 4, 6, 16-17 

care of face, 5, 14 

counter bore, 7-8 

damage to, 14-15 

descriptions, 14 

dimensions, 15-17 

flange bores, 6-18 

flanges by ratings 

150-2,500-1b raised face, 

16-17, 23-30 

150-2,500-1b ring type, 

31-37 

168 

heat code or batch number, 

4,6,14 

hub thickness, 10 

identifying markings, 1,4, 14 

insulation sets, 133 

jack screws, 11 

lap joint, 2, 7-8 

long weldneck, 10-11 

miscellaneous flanges, 

10-12 

orifice, 11-12 

oval ring gaskets, 31-37 

raised face, 4-6, 14, 16-17 

ratings, 1, 4, 14, 16-17 

raw materials used, 6 

reducing, 9 

reducing slip-on, 3 

ring-type joint, 6 

shipping, 14, 109 

shoulder, 8 

slip-on, 2, 7-8, 16-17 

socket weld, 3, 6-7 

storing flanges, 13 

trademarks, 4, 14 

threaded, 2, 7, 16-17 

threaded reducing, 10 

twin flanges, 7 

weldneck, 2, 4, 6-7, 14, 

16-17 

Formulas, 163-165 

concrete conversions, 163

English to metric 

conversions, 164-165 

factors, miscellaneous, 

163-164 

freight conversions, 163 

Gasket storage, 155 

Gauge, dimensional 

for bolting, 22 

Gaskets for raised or flat-faced 

flanges 

asbestos, 132 

red rubber, 132 

spiral wound, 132 

storage of, 133 

Line service temperatures 

materials for use in, 38-39 

Material control 

bar codes, 122 

bin boxes, 65 

commodity codes, 13 

over, short, damage, 12 

purchase orders, 80 

receiving materials, 1, 80 

Materials handling, 149ff 

Metering device, 11-12 

Olet branch connections 

couplets, 64-65 

dimensions, 58-59, 63 

elbolets, 61-63 

flatolets, 63 

interchange charts, 57-58 

inventory of, 59 

latrolets, 64-65 

nipolets, 64-65 

reducing inserts, 64-65 

run sizes, 58-59 

sockolets, 58-59, 61-62 

storage of, 65 

thredolets, 58-60, 62 

weldolets, 58-60, 62 

Pigs 

bullet-shaped, 142 

definition of, 135 

displacement pump for, 

135, 137 

Foam Sweege Pig, 

141,142 

launcher, 138 

Polly Sphere | (see Pigs, 

spherical) 

Polly-Cast | 135, 137 

polly-cups, 146 

Pigs (continued) 

polyurethane style (polly- 

pigs), 139, 143, 

144-145 

169

pressures required for polly- 

pigging, 147 

rail hoists for, 138 

Scraper Bar Tees, 54, 138 

scrapers, 54, 138 

signal, 138 

spherical, 135, 137, 141 

storing, 148 

Pipe, standard carbon steels 

bundling schedule, 76-77 

calculations, weight per foot, 

81-82 

dimensions, 66-74 

markings, 76-80 

manufacturing process 

continuous weld, 75-76 

double submerged arc 

weld, 75 

electric weld, 75 

seamless, 75 

matching thickness, 6 

measuring (tally) pipe, 

8-81,149 

nominal size, wall, 1,4, 6 

outside diameter, 1,81 

pipe piece (fabricated), 14 

racks for pipe, 78-80, 

114, 151 

random pipe lengths, 74, 149 

schedules, 16-18, 66-74 

specifications for pipe 

API 5L, 78 

170 

ASTM A-53, 76 

ASTM A-106, 77 

ASTM A-120, 76 

spools, marking, 153 

storage of pipe, 78-80 

tallying, 149 

Piping abbreviations, 157-162 

Pressure vessels, 1, 10 

Protecting fittings, 54-55 

Screwed and socketweld 

fittings 

bushings 

flush, 129 

hex head, 129 

caps, 129 

classes of, 129 

couplings 

full, 129 

half, 129 

reducing, 129 

elbows 

45 ~ 128 

90 ~ 128 

street, 128 

lateral, 128 

malleable iron, 127 

pipe nipples 

all-thread, 129-130 

close, 129 

shoulder nipple, 130 

storage of nipples, 130

plugs 

bull, 131 

female bull, 131 

hex head, 131 

round head, 129 

square head, 129 

swage nipple, 130 

tubing nipples 

pup joint, 131 

sub-tubing, 130 

unions 

ground joint, 127 

hammer or wing, 132 

Spools, marking, 153 

Stainless steel 

caps, 105-106, 112 

care of pipe, 114 

crosses, 105-107, 111 

elbows 

45 ~ 105-106, 110 

90~ radius, 105-106, 

108, 110 

reducing, 110 

flanges, 19, 113 

marking, 108-109, 122-123 

pipe schedules, 114-117 

reducers 

concentric, 106-107, 112 

eccentric, 106-107, 112 

returns, 105-112 

stub ends, 105, 107, 109, 

113, 118-119 

tees 

reducing, 106-107, 111 

straight, 105-107, 111 

test procedures 

alloy separator, 124 

chemical, 123-124 

identification, 122-123 

magnet, 123 

other tests, 124-125 

Storage, 156 

Tallying pipes, 149 

Vendor data, 155 

Wall thickness, 6ff 

Warehouse layout tips, 155 

171

ABOUT THE 

AUTHOR 

R. R. Lee is the vice-president/owner of Lee's Material 

Services, Inc. in Houston, Texas, which received the pres- 

tigious Presidential "E" Award for excellence in export. Mr. 

Lee's 35 years' experience includes serving as material 

takeoff section leader with McDermott Engineering, pur- 

chasing agent, material/inventory control supervisor, and 

specialist/manager with Brown & Root International, Texa- 

co, and Oasis Oil Company of Libya. 

172

Pocket Guide to Flan..

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