ROZPRAWY KOMISJI JĘZYKOWEJ XXXVII

ROZPRAWY KOMISJI JÊZYKOWEJ XXXVII
Summaries, Zuzammenfassungs
MARCIN POPRAWA
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
IRENA KAMIÑSKA-SZMAJ AS A FOUNDER OF PUBLIC DISCOURSE STUDIES
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WROC£AW
S u m m a r y
The purpose of this paper is to present public discourse studies conducted at the Faculty of Polish Philology of
the University of Wroc³aw. At the same time, it is an occasional paper summarizing the most important achievements
of Professor Irena Kamiñska-Szmaj in political communication studies, as well as synthesizing her contribution to
this research area.
IGOR BORKOWSKI
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
NUMBER ONE ENEMY IS NOT ALWAYS THE FIRST. A THING ABOUT HIERARCHY
OF POLITICAL INVECTIVES
S u m m a r y
Analysis of a set of biographies titled “List of Jews in enslaved Poland”, whose main message is to indicate a
possible hierarchy used in the statement of invectives. The text is justified by the argument that pragmatic use of
slurs to discredit a political opponent is also related to its stronger or weaker discredit. Prioritizing is done using the
array of terms, the frequency of their use and connotations, which each determine the recipients of the media launch.
BARTOSZ BRODA 1
MAREK MAZIARZ 1
TOMASZ PIEKOT 2
ADAM RADZISZEWSKI 1
1 Politechnika Wroc³awska, 2 Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
DIFFICULTY OF TEXTS ON EUROPEAN FUNDS IN THE LIGHT OF STATISTICAL MEASURES
S u m m a r y
Assessment of text difficulty is a complex issue. Statistical measures may shed some light on the subject. In this
paper a collection of texts on European Funds is analysed and compared to other genres: difficult legal and scientific
articles, easier material of tabloids, Polish for foreigners handbooks, opinion journalism as well as large corpora of
contemporary Polish (IPI PAN Corpus) and Polish of the 1960s (the language of the older generation, the Frequency
Corpus of Polish). The texts on European Funds as well as the other (control) corpora constitute a valuable research
material for testing various indices that have been researched in the west for years. Our analyses rely upon three statistical
measures of text difficulty that have been developed within the Anglo-Saxon countries: (i) FOG, (ii) CLOZE,
(iii) cosine lexical similarity – and (iv) a measure of verbality /nominality of style known in Poland for a long time.
The values of the indices (i-iv) are computed by employing specialised software. The texts on European Funds are
published by the Ministry of Regional Development to encourage taking advantage of the funds. The intention is to
publish material that will be well understood by the society, i.e. not too difficult. It turns out that these texts are easier
to uderstand than the legal articles, yet more difficult than the tabloids, handbooks for foreigners, opinion journalism
and general Polish (IPI PAN, FCP); being on similar difficulty level as scientific papers. FOG value (the index we
discuss the most) of this material amounts to about 15 (years of education), which means that the analysed texts are
comprehensible for readers having a bachelor’s degree. The results obtained through four independent tests are convergent
and confirm the usability of the employed measures in assessing text difficulty.

ANNA BURZYÑSKA-KAMIENIECKA
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
„HANUCHNICZKA AND PIESINEK” – FUNCTIONS OF NAMES AND SURNAMES
IN OLD BOOKS FOR TEACHING POLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
S u m m a r y
The aim of this paper is to try to answer the question about functions of anthroponyms (names and surnames) in
books for teaching Polish as foreign languages in past centuries. The author analyzes four books from XVII and XVIII
centuries aimed at German-speaking students. It shows that authors of these books were conscious of an important
role of anthroponyms in language practice. Examples of anthroponyms given by the authors show their primary identification
and differentiation oriented functions. However, the analyzed material shows also secondary functions of
anthroponyms – cognitive, social and emotional. For obvious reasons (the analyzed material comprises books for foreigners)
all anthroponyms have also their additional didactic function.
ANNA D¥BROWSKA
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
WHAT MATERIALS DID CZECHS USE TO LEARN POLISH IN THE 19TH CENTURY?
S u m m a r y
The aim of the article is to present the material used by the Czechs to study Polish in the 19th century. First
handbooks of Polish and Polish grammar were edited at the beginning of the 19th century. The restoration of the Czech
language raised interest in other Slavonic languages, especially Polish as closely related to Czech.
The article presents a brief description and analysis of several 19th century handbooks of Polish as a foreign
language. The handbooks are: Mluvnice polského gazika… by Wac³aw Hanka (Prague, 1873), Podrêcznik rozmów
czesko-polskich (1839) and Praktická mluvnice polská s èitankou (1901) by František Alois Hora, and Mluvnice polská
(1865) by Alois Dominik Špachta. All the handbooks were written in accordance with the Grammar Translation Method,
which was used at that time. The layout and level of the handbooks vary; the most interesting and student-friendly is
Praktická mluvnice polská s èitankou by Hora. This book is well-organised and contains a lot of different exercises.
There are also many historical elements in the grammar parts of this handbook. It was a common, however, not very
useful practice.
JAN KAMIENIECKI
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
PROPER NOUNS IN THE WRÓBEL PSALTER (¯O£TARZ WRÓBLA)
S u m m a r y
From a philological point of view, the Psalter (¯o³tarz) of Walenty Wróbel is a very interesting and exceptional
relic because it contains an extremely important commentary. First time in Polish biblical literature, the commentary
as a whole has an allegorical nature. To understand the text as well as the commentary, one have to analyze proper
nouns (ethnonyms, toponyms and antroponyms) which not only refer to designates in question but in some cases have
also metaphorical extensions. This makes them a part of the allegorical interpretation of psalms presented in that text.
PIOTR LEWIÑSKI
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
METAPLASMS AND OTHERS
S u m m a r y
Metaplasm is a general term for figures based on a change in the orthography or phonology of a single word. In
contrast to the changes done accidentally and treated as vices, metaplasms are considered conscious choices made by
the speaker or writer in order to reveal double meaning, to display eloquence or brilliance. Because the grammar describes
only regular and categorial phenomena in languages, for the sake of describing irregular and occasional processes
it is worth taking into account usefulness of rhetoric terms.
In this paper four basic kinds of metaplasms are discussed, including additions, omissions, inversions, and substitutions
of the letters or syllables.

AGNIESZKA LIBURA
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MODELING HUMAN CREATIVITY.
MODELS FOR METAPHOR AND ANALOGY
S u m m a r y
The paper deals with the problem of computational modeling of human creativity. In the 1980’s, some doubts
were raised not only about the significance of the ‘mind as a computer’ metaphor but also about how to represent
human knowledge in a form usable by a computer program. The author discusses briefly the development of artificial
intelligence (comparing symbolic models and connectionist models), and also selected psychological theories of creativity.
It is argued, along the line developed in Pereira (2007), that models for metaphor and analogy are the best
candidates for modeling creativity. The Sapper model developed for metaphor interpretation is discussed in some detail.
Despite its many strengths some weaknesses are pointed out. It is suggested that implementation of cognitive blending
theory provides the promising perspectives of modeling human creativity.
PAULINA £AZAREWICZ
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
THE STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENCLITIC SIÊ
(ON THE MATERIAL OF THE FREQUENCY DICTIONARY)
S u m m a r y
The article is devoted to the description of the particle siê in terms of statistics, using the material of the Frequency
Dictionary of Contemporary Polish (Kurcz, Lewicki, Sambor, Szafran, Woronczak (red.) 1990). The frequency
dictionary is an important source of information on the incidence of words in Polish and the lexical properties of
varieties of written Polish style. It is based on texts – with a total length of 500 000 words – written in Polish and
published in Poland between 1963 and 1967.
The following work discusses how the frequency of the particle siê is presented in the frequency dictionary, that
is: on the main list (siê occurs there as the entry siê Prn, as the entry siebie Prn and as a particle in the titles of other
entries, attached to the verbs, adjectival participles and verbal nouns), and then – on three ranked lists. We are analysing
various functions of siê.
As is apparent from the figures presented in the frequency dictionary, the particle siê is one of the most common
words in written Polish language (1000 words accounts for about 19 occurrences of siê). We could say that in a half
a million sample each 56th word co-occurs with siê – traditionally specified as the reflexive pronoun (and each 434th
word co-occurs with one of the forms which siê takes in oblique cases). Siê has the highest frequency in artistic prose,
slightly less in dramatic texts, even lower in popular science books and small-press release, the lowest – in journalistic
texts.
From a statistical point of view, siê belongs to grammar words with high repeatability. The position of siê at the
forefront of ranked lists is associated with the multifunctionality of this particle. It can not be replaced with another
lexeme. Siê confirms the statistical principle, that then a word has more features, the more it is used.
JAN MIODEK
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
ÜBER DIE SPRACHE DES ROMANS PI¥TA STRONA ŒWIATA
(DIE FÜNFTE RICHTUNG DER WELT) VON KAZIMIERZ KUTZ
Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g
Der vorliegende Text analysiert vor allem in linguistischer Hinsicht das Buch Pi¹ta strona œwiata – ein literarisches
Debüt des bekannten polnischen Regisseurs Kazimierz Kutz.
Die Handlung des Werkes ist tief im Oberschlesischen verankert, sowohl topographisch, als auch sprachlich.
Von allen von Kutz verwendeten rhetorischen Figuren sind ausdrucksstarke Vergleiche besonders charakteristisch und
deswegen stehen sie im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Studie. Sie wurden nach dem thematischen Kriterium in folgende
Gruppen geordnet: Oberschlesien und seine Geschichte, die Psyche des Erzählers und anderer im Buch vorhandenen
Personen, ihr Verhalten, Aussehen sowie körperlich-physiologische Neigungen und Triebe. Die sind als
typische Merkmale des literarischen Idiolekts von Kutz zu bezeichnen.

MA£GORZATA MISIAK
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
50 JAHRE NACH DER VERTREIBUNG – LEMKEN GEGENÜBER IHRER SPRACHE
Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g
Lemken bilden eine ethnische Gruppe nicht polnischer Herkunft. Polnische Regierung nach dem zweitem Weltkrieg
entschied über die Umsiedlung der Gemeinschaft, zuerst in Jahren 1944-1946 in die Ukraine, danach im Jahre
1947 in das Gebiet nord und west Polen.
Der Artikel erörtert die Beziehung, zur eigenen Sprache durch nachfolgende Generationen der Lemken Gesellschaft.
Besonders interessant ist die Beziehung zu Muttersprache der jüngster Generation, geboren ab den 60-en Jahren.
Es wird festgestellt, dass die Sprachkenntnisse in der Altersgruppe deutlich eingeschränkt sind. Außerdem verändert
sich die Einstellung dieser Generation zu dem Herkunftgebiet. Zu Heimat privat, mit der sie sich emotional
binden wird das Gebiet, wo die Eltern umgesiedelt wurden. Mit der Heimat historisch, verbinden die neue Generation
sentimentale Bindungen, das ist das Land ihrer Vorfahren.
EWELINA MOROÑ
ALEKSANDRA PAWLIKOWSKA
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
THE DISCOURSE PICTURE OF WROCLAW IN MASS MEDIA
S u m m a r y
The reconstruction of the discourse picture of Wroclaw in the mass media there is the main purpose of this article.
Wroclaw could be perceived as a some kind of the domain of discourse, which recently are shown into a different
area of socio-communication (in symbolic and performatic way). This article assumes the methodology of
etnolinguistic research by Jerzy Bartmiñski as well as the notion of JOS. Authors made the facet analysis of the picture
of Wroc³aw and isolated such facets as: people, an area, a time, attributes. What more they did research for the
article as 500 performatives which included lexeme Wroclaw – for example Wroclaw is X, Wroclaw it is as X, X it is
Wroclaw. The main part of material comes from nationwide newspapers (Rzeczpospolita, Gazeta Wyborcza) and local
newspapers (Gazeta Wroc³awska, G³os Wroc³awski) from January to December 2008.
ALICJA NOWAKOWSKA
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
CONTRAST IN PHRASEOLOGICAL COMPARISONS
S u m m a r y
The aim of this article is to show the way in which semantic contrast appears in phraseological adjective-based
comparisons. Bearing in mind two modules occurring in the analysed comparisons, i.e. the basis of the comparison
(tertium comparationis) and the comparative module (comparatum) the following types of contrast have been distinguished:
type I – both modules of one comparison remain opposite to both modules of a second comparison, e.g. gor¹cy
jak ogieñ – zimny jak lód (‘hot as fire – cold as ice’);
type II – contrast in comparisons is based on opposition of comparative modules, whereas tertium comparationis
remains the same in both comparisons, e.g. potrzebny jak tlen – potrzebny jak dziura w moœcie (‘needed as oxygen –
needed as a hole in a bridge’– a Polish phrase meaning ‘unwanted; uncalled for; undesired’);
type III – comparisons opposite to each other contain different tertia comparationis, whereas comparative modules
remain identical, e.g. blady jak upiór – czerwony jak upiór (‘white as a ghost – red as a ghost’).
MARCIN OLEKSY
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
THE PROCESS OF SHAPING THE READER’S INTERACTIONAL ROLE OF THE LEADER
S u m m a r y
The paper deals with letters to journal editors in their early stage of development. The aim of this article is to
present interactional roles of senders of letters to the editors. The basic thesis of the article is that the letter to the

editor became an autonomous journalistic genre when the role of the press reader became interactional role. The author
briefly describes the communicative situation of the reader of the indigenous press „news” („nowiny”) and the
fictional letters published in first magazines. The main part of the text deals with the reader functioning in a communicative
situation determined by the „factographic pact”. The article presents the most significant change in the history
of letters to editors that is granting the reader with real interactional powers. The author also describes the earlier
period of combining the interactional powers with other roles of the reader such as newspaper co-worker, protagonist
or political antagonist. Conclusions of the article consider the pragmatic autonomy of the letter to the editor as a journalistic
genre.
LUIZA RZYMOWSKA
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
REMARKS ON THE ABILITY TO DELIVER A SPEECH AS AN ELEMENT
OF THE ART OF RHETORIC
S u m m a r y
The ability to deliver a speech is one of many aptitudes that comprise oratorical competence whose five areas
(partes rhetoricae: inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria, actio), representing also successive stages of a speaker’s
work, were described by ancient rhetoric. In Book III of his Rhetoric, Aristotle recognised the effective methods of
delivery as the art of recitation, identified with voice expression, and crucial for gaining listeners; though not regarded
a proper subject of rhetoric. The issue of actio, concerning voice expression as well as body expression, is to a large
extent indefinable at the level of theory, similarly to the craft of acting. A deeper insight into the meaning of the act
of delivery, with its particular connection with the art of elocution, may be gained through the study of descriptions
and evaluations of immensely diverse skills of Roman orators in the Cicero’s dialogue Brutus, sive de claris oratoribus,
composed in 47-46.
IRENA SEIFFERT
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
KRESY-RELATED STYLIZATION IN „WERTEPY” BY LEOPOLD BUCZKOWSKI
– SYSTEM-BASED ELEMENTS
S u m m a r y
In his novel, the author follows so called quoting stylization. Taking a place of the plot into consideration he
used among others the most distinctive system-based elements of his first language – a Kresy dialect (the term “Kresy”
relates to a land adjacent to what Poles consider the historical eastern frontier of their country – today’s western territories
of Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania). These features appear with changing intensity in all peasants’ dialogues.
Only sometimes single elements of this type appear in other characters’ dialogues and in narrative parts.
HELENA SOJKA-MASZTALERZ
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
DEATH AND IMMORTALITY IN THE SOCREALISTIC TEXTS ABOUT KAROL ŒWIERCZEWSKI
S u m m a r y
The death of „Walter”” Œwierczewski and its unclear circumstances was an excuse for expressing a new vision
of the world by socrealistic arists. In this vision of the world, death of an individual is only a biological fact but it is
not an event of metaphysical and sacred importance. The decease of Œwierczewski made is possible to propagate the
idea of life above death and immortality of idea above mortality of man. Socrealistic death was simple and common
like a life of a worker or a soldier. It was painless and never solitary because a man was never alone. An individual
was subject to collectivization, became part of a group and realised common goals.
W£ODZIMIERZ WYSOCZAÑSKI
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski
IMPLYING CONTRADICTORY AND OPPOSITE MEANINGS
IN PHRASEOLOGICAL COMPARISONS

S u m m a r y
Such phraseological comparisons as bia³y jak wrona (as white as a crow), mi³y jak oset w pszenicy (as nice as
a thisle) express judgements implying contradictory and opposite meanings. Their basic principles are these of
antiphrase. The function of antiphrastic meaning serves the purpose of confirmation of one of the contradictory and
opposite meanings applying to the features andssss states by the means of negation of the primary meanings or lack
of logics of associative meanings. Interlingval comparative confrontation of these items reveals certain formal and
semantic rules and specific character of the phraseological comparison of concrete languages.