sfn{ dfS;{ / k|m]8l/s Pª\u]N; tyf Enf=O=n]lgg

{
wd{af/] sfn{ dfS;{ / k|m]8l/s Pª\u]N;
tyf Enf=O=n]lgg
cg'jfb M o'j/fh kGyL
dfS;{
æ8]df]qm]t'sf] k|fs[lts bz{g / PkLs'?sf] k|fs[lts bz{gsf] cGt/ M
(Marx on Difference of Natural phiosophy of democrates and
apecures)
k|aGw -Thesis_sf] e"ldsf M
of] d"n k|aGw olb bz{gfrfo{ -Ph.D_sf] pkflwsf] lglDt gn]lvPsf] eP Psflt/, of] lgaGwsf] :j¿k
ck]Iffs[t j}1flgs x'GYof] tyf csff{lt/, s]xL s'/fx¿sf ljifodf h'g af}l4stfsf] k|bz{g o;df
ul/Psf] 5, Tof] sd x'GYof] . t/ afx\o sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ ljBdfg ¿kdf g} d o;nfO{ k|sflzt ug{ afWo
5' . To;sf cltl/Qm d]/f] s] ljZjf; 5 eg] o;df o"gfgL bz{gsf] Oltxf;sf] To:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
d}n] lgsfn]sf] 5', h;sf] clxn];Dd ;dfwfg kfOPsf] lyPg .
of] k|aGwsf ljifodf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;xfotf k'¥ofpg ;Sg]vfnsf] To:tf] s'g} klg k|f/lDes
/rgf 5}g eGg] s'/f ljz]if1x¿ hfGb5g\ . o; af/]df l;;]/f] / Kn'6fs{sf lg/y{s s'/fx¿
bf]xf]¥ofpg'afx]s clxn];Dd s]xL klg ul/Psf] 5}g . uf:;]G8L 1 n] PkLs'?nfO{ O;fO{ wd{ ;‹ -rr{_ sf
wd{lktf / ;Dk"0f{ dWoo'usf lgif]wx¿af6 — h'g d"lt{nfO{ a'l4xLgtfsf] Tof] o'usf lgif]wx¿af6 — d'Qm
kf/]sf] lyP t/ To;n] pgLx¿sf egfOx¿df s]jn Pp6} cy{ x'g] s'/f kfOGYof] . To;n] Sofyf]lns
cfTdfsf] cfºgf] cGt/1fg tyf PkLs'?sf] O;fO{ wd{ ;‹;“u ;fd~h:otf sfod ug] { { r]i6f ub{Yof] —
h'g Pp6} cy{sf] r]i6f xf] . of] ToxLvfnsf] s'/f xf], h;/L Pshgf O;fO{ eQm]gLsf n'ufx¿af6 o"gfgL
u[lx0fLsf] l;Ëf] z/L/ 9fSg] r]i6f ul/Psf] xf];\ . jf:tjdf PkLs'?sf] bz{gsf] ljifodf xfdLx¿nfO{ s]xL
l;sfpg'sf] ck]Iff uf:;]G8Ln] :jo+ PkLs'?sf] bz{g l;Sg] r]i6f w]/} u/]sf 5g\ .
Tof] k|aGwnfO{ Hofb} 7"nf] u|Gysf] e"ldsf dfGg'kb{5 . pQm u|Gydf pgn] ;Dk"0f{ o"gfgL
kl/sNkgfnfO{ bz{gsf] ;Gbe{df /fv]sf] PkLs'?jfbL, lht]lGb|ojfbL tyf ;Gb]xjfbL bz{gx¿sf] ;Gbe{df
d}n] lj:t[t JofVof ug] { {5' .2 ¿k cflbsf h'g sdhf]/Lx¿ o; lgaGwdf /x]sf 5g\, tL pQm u|Gydf
x6fOg]5 .
pNn]lvt bfz{lgs ;Dk|bfox¿sf cfd ljz]iftfx¿sf] ljifodf df]6fdf]6L¿kdf x]u]nn] g} Psbd
;xL kl/efiff lbPsf lyP t/ cf gf] pQm u|Gysf] bz{gsf] Oltxf; — h;sf] cfwf/df bz{gsf] ;Dk"0f{
Oltxf;sf] ldlt lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 — sf] k|z+;gLo¿kaf6 Jofks tyf ;fx;k"0f{ of]hgfsf] kl/lwdf
Psflt/, ljj/0fdf k'Ug ;Sg' pgsf] nflu c;Dej lyof] eg] csf{lt/, pgn] ;j{>]i7 kl/sNkgfTds
bz{g eGg]u/]sf] bz{gsf ljifodf tL dxfg\ ljrf/ssf] h'g /fo lyof], To;sf] sf/0fn] klg o"gfgL
bz{gsf] Oltxf;sf] lglDt tyf cfd¿kn] o"gfgL hgdfg;sf] lglDt, tL bfz{lgs ;Dk|bfox¿nfO{ pgn]

:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}gy], h;sf] ck]Iffs[t¿kdf a9L dx j 5 . tL ;Dk|bfox¿ g} o"gfgL bz{gsf jf:tljs
Oltxf; a'‰g] s8L x'g\ . o"gfgL hLjg;“u pgsf] h'g ;DaGw lyof], To;sf] a9L uDeL/ ljZn]if0f d]/f
;fyL sf]k]gsf] /rgf — k|]m8l/s dxfg\ tyf pgsf lj/f]wL — df kfOG5 .
PkLs'?sf] a|x\d1fgsf] lj?4 Kn'6fs{sf ts{x¿sf] cfnf]rgf kl/lzi6sf] ¿kdf lbOPsf] 5 .
To;sf/0f pgsf tL ts{x¿ cgf}7f 5g\ eGg] xf]Og, a? s] xf] eg] pgL To:tf ts{x¿ ug] ] hfltsf
k|ltlglw x'g\, h;n] bz{gtkm{ a|x\d1fgL ts{sf] b[li6sf]0f w]/} /fd|/L JoQm ub{5 .
bz{gnfO{ wd{sf] cbfnt;dIf k|:t't ug{ ]a]nf Kn'6fs{sf b[li6sf]0fdf h'g c;Totf /x]sf] 5,
To;sf] s]xL klg pNn]v Tof] cfnf]rgfdf u/]sf 5}gg\ . To; ljifodf cem a9L s'g} ax; ug'{eGbf
8]lj8
x\o"dsf] Pp6f p4/0f lbg' pko'Qm x'g]5 M h;sf] k/+ ;QfnfO{ x/]s 7fp“ :jLsf/ ul/of];\, p;nfO{
x/]s cj;/df dfkmL dfUgsf nflu afWo kfl/of];\ / cfk"mnfO{ Gofof]lrt 7x¥ofOof];\ . lgZro g} of]
bz{gsf] Psk|sf/sf] ckdfg xf] . oL ljrf/x¿n] ubf{ g} 3f]/ b]zb|f]xsf nflu cf g} k|hfsf cufl8
v8f ul/Psf] lrq /fhfsf] dl:tisdf cfOk'Ub5 .Æ 3
bz{gsf ljZjljhoL, k"0f{tM pGd'Qm x[bodf ha;Dd /utsf] s]jn Psyf]kf dfq klg af“sL
/xG5, ta;Dd cfÏgf lj/f]wLx¿l;t PkLs'?sf zAbdf — æckljq Tof] xf]Og, h;n] b]ptfx¿sf]
aufnnfO{ dfGg c:jLsf/ ub{5, a? ckljq Tof] xf] M h;n] b]ptfx¿sf] ljifodf aufnsf] /fonfO{
:jLsf/ ub{5 .Æ 4
bz{gsf] of] s'/fnfO{ n'sfpg' x'Gg . k|f]dLlyo;sf] :jLsf/f]lQm of] lyof] M jf:tjdf d}n] ;f/f
b]ptfx¿nfO{ 3[0ff ub{5' .5 of] :jo+ bz{gsf] cfTd–:jLs[lt xf], cfsfz / k[YjLsf gfgfy/L b]ptfx¿sf
lj?4 :jo+ bz{gs} gf/f xf] . To;n] dflg;sf] r]tgfnfO{ g} ;jf] {Rr lbJoTj dfGb}g, To;sf] :t/df s'g}
klg b]ptfnfO{ /fVg'x'“b}g .
clg, hxf;Dd bz{gsf] ;fdflhs l:yltdf ePsf] x|f;nfO{ lnP/ v';L egfO/xg], tL
kfunx¿sf] ;DaGw 5, pgLx¿nfO{ k'gM p;n] ToxLvfn] pQ/ lbG5, h;/L k|f]ldlyo;n] b]jb"t —
x/d]h — nfO{ lbPsf lyP M æcfÏgf l;qmLx¿sf 7fp“df bf;x¿sf] h:tf] u'nfdL d}n] slxNo} ;fl6\bg .
lho;6sf] ;]jfdf aGbL eO/xg'sf] ck]Iff r§fgaf6 3]l/g' s}of} + a]z x'G5 .
k|f]df]lyo; — bz{gsf] kfq]sf] ;a}eGbf pbfQ ;Gt / zxLb xf] .
aln{g
dfr{ !*$!
sfn{ dfS;{
sf}nLgz] hfO6'ª\ 7 sf] !&( cf} + cÍsf] d'Vo ;DkfbsLo n]v
olb sf}nLgz] hfO6'ªnfO{ clxn];Dd xfdLx¿n] æ/fOgNofG8sf a'l4hLjLx¿sf] klqsfÆ dfGb}gf} +
eg] tfklg /fOgNofG8sf] ælj1fkg8sf] klqsf eg] dfGb5f} + . To;sf /fhgLlts cu|n]vx¿nfO{ xfdL
a'l4dQfk"0f{ / ;a}eGbf 5flgPsf To:tf ;fwg dfGb5f} + ., h;sf] sfd /fhgLltk|lt kf7sx¿df 3[0ff k}bf
ul/lbg' xf] /, To;/L cem a9L pT;'stfsf ;fy lj1fkgsf ;lh;hfp ul/Psf / lrKnf–dL7f s'/f ug] { {
If]qlt/ pgLx¿ cfslif{t xf]pmg\ . To;/L To; If]qdf klg gLlt–;"q lyof] M /fhgLltsf] dfWodaf6
cfO:6/ df5f;Dd k'u"g\ . 9 t/ sf}nLgz] hfO6'ªn] /fhgLlt / lj1fkgaLr clxn];Dd h'g ;d'lrt
cg'kft sfod u/]sf] 5, To;sf] sf/0fn] afwf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . ;'?sf] cGof]nsf] qmddf — h;df gof“
rLhnfO{ sxf“ /fVg] eGg] s'/f to ePsf] lyPg — Tof] lj1fkg aGg k'Uof], h;nfO{ /fhgLlts efiffdf
lgGbf ug'{
elgG5 . t/ To;s} nflu k};f lbOG5 eg] To;nfO{ s]jn lj1fkg dfq elgg]5 .10
pQ/df vfgf vfg'eGbf klxn] kfx'gfx¿nfO{ yf]/} /fd|f]eGbf /fd|f] /S;L v'jfpg] k|rng 5 .
cfÏgf pQ/L kfx'gfx¿sf ;DaGwdf of] k|yfsf] cg'z/0f ug{ / vfgf vfg'eGbf klxn] pgLx¿nfO{ pT;fx
a9fpg]vfn] k]o kbfy{ ;]jg u/fpgsf nflu xfdL emg\ a9L /fhL lsg 5f} + eg] :jo+ vfg]s'/fdf sf}nLgz]

hfO6'ª\sf] !&( cf} + c sf] /f]uu|:t 11 n]vdf s'g} pT;fxa4{s rLh 5}g . ctM ;aeGbf klxn] xfdLx¿n]
kf7sx¿nfO{ n'l;;gsf b]ptfx¿sf] lsDablGtsf] Pp6f ;j{;'ne b[Zo b]vfp“5f}12lsgls xfd|f
kf7sx¿dWo] slDtdf Psfw hdft u}/–o"gfgL cjZo xf]nf .
n'l;ogåf/f /lrt
b]ptfx¿sf] syf]ksyg
@$= x/d]hsf] ph'/L
x/d]h / cfdf
x/d]h M Kof/L cfdf, :ju{el/df s] deGbf klg w]/} x}/fg x'g] s'g} b]ptf klg xf]nfg\ <
cfdf M d]/f] 5f]/f, To;f] geg .
x/d]h M lsg geGg', cfdf < lz/df oltw]/} sfd yf]kl/Psf] 5, clg s] d}n] dfq ;w} + PSn} sfd
ul//xg' kg] { xf] /, gf]s/n] em} + oltw]/} lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{
kg] { xf] / < e'se'sf] gx'“b} p7]/ d}n] efG;f sf]7f
a9fg'{kb{5,
;efsIfsf s';L{–;f]kmfx¿ ldnfpg'kb{5 . clg, ha ;a} sfd 7Ls7fs eO;Sb5, To;a]nf
a[x:kltsf] ;]jfdf k7fP/ lbgel/ p;sf] cb{nLsf] ¿kdf va/ k'¥ofpg wfO/xg'kb{5 . w'n}–w'nf]n]
nyky eP/ h;} d kms{G5', ta t'?Gt} cd[t v'jfpg] sfddf nflu xfNg'kb{5 . clg km]l/, ;a}eGbf
g/fd|f] nfUg] s'/f s] xf] eg] d g} PSnf] To:tf] JolQm x"“", h;nfO{ /ftdf klg zflGt ldNb}g lsgls
To;a]nf dnfO{ d[tsx¿sf cfTdfx¿nfO{ ;fydf lnP/ od -Kn'6f]_;“u hfg'kb{5 tyf ltgLx¿sf] Gofosf]
efu kfp“bfv]l/ Pshgf cb{nLn] em} + sfd ug'{kb{5
. d}n] lbgel/ sfd u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g, d Jofofddf klg
;xefuL x'g'kb{5, hg;d'bfosf ;efx¿df ;"qfwf/ jf 9f]nsf] sfd ug'{kb{5
tyf hglk|o jQmfx¿nfO{
pgLx¿sf] efif0f Zd/0f u/fpg ;xfotf lbg'kb{5 . xf]Og, dnfO{ oltw]/} sfdsf] af]emaf6 bafO“b}5, oL
;a} s'/fx¿afx]s d[tsx¿sf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsfh klg x]g'{kb{5
.
cf]lnDk;af6 lgsflnlbPkl5 klg, afgL k/]sf]n] clxn] klg cfÏgfÆgf]s/x¿n] em} + st{JoÆ k"/f
ug] { tyf d[tsx¿sf ;d:t sfdsfh x]g] { sfd x/d]hn] ul//x]5 .
!&( cf} + c df 6'6]k'm6]sf /f]uu|:t n]v s;n] n]v]sf] lyof] — :jo+ x/d]hn], afv|] b]ptfn]
cyjf p;sf] 5f]/f Kofgn] < oL s'/fx¿sf] lg0f{o ug] { { sfd :jo+ kf7sx¿dfly g} xfdL 5f]l8lbG5f} + . Tof]
lg0f{o ug] { {a]nf kf7sx¿n] s] s'/fsf] Vofn /fVg}kb{5 eg] o"gfgLx¿sf] x/d]h af]nLsf] ;DkGgtf /
ts{sf] b]ptf lyof] .
æklqsfx¿åf/f bfz{lgs tyf wfld{s ljrf/x¿sf] k|rf/ ul/of];\ jf ltgdf pgLx¿sf] lj/f]w
ul/of];\ — xfdLx¿nfO{ tL b'j} rLhx¿ ;dfg¿kn] cg'lrt nfUb5g\ .Æ
a'9f] dflg; aa{/fp“b} uO/x]sf] lyof] . To;f]x'“bf pm 13 cfÏgf] pb\j]lnt ug] { { lbJojfl0fsf] sLt{g
k"/f gu/Lsg /f]lsg]5}g eGg] s'/f d}n] ;xh} a'lemxfn] + . t/ d}n] cf gf] lrQ s] eg]/ a'emfP“ eg] Pshgf
To:tf] ;dembf/ JolQmsf] s'/fdf d}n] ljZjf; gug'{kg]
{ lsg xf], h'g slt lgZkIf 5 eg] To;n] :jo+
cf g} 3/df cfÏgf] ljrf/nfO{ Psbd} :ki6¿kn] cleJoQm ub{5 .
ctM d}n] cfÏgf] cw}o{tfnfO{ zfGt kf/] + / cufl8 a9\b} uP“ . t/ x]g'{;\
t † h'g n]vdf Pp6};Dd
klg bfz{lgs s'/f ePsf] bf]iff/f]k0f ug{ ;ls+b}g, To; n]vdf klg slDtdf bfz{lgs ljrf/x¿sf] lj/f]w
ug] { { / wfld{s ljrf/x¿sf] k|;f/ ug] { { k|j[lQ t x'G5 g} .
To;k|sf/sf] n]v xfd|f] nflu s'g sfdsf] x'g ;Sb5, h;n] :jo+ cf g} cl:tTjsf] clwsf/
c:jLsf/ ub{5, h;n] cfÏgf] cof]Uotfsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ :jo+ cfÏgf] kl/ro lbG5 < af7f] n]vsn] xfd|f]
k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbG5g\ . pgn] cfÏgf cf8Da/k"0f{ 7"n–7"nf zAbsf n]vx¿ s;/L k9\g] eg]/ atfp“5g\ .
pgn] s]jn s]xL c+z dfq cufl8 /fVb5g\ tyf pgsf] æ;+of]u / kf/:kl/s ;DaGwÆ kQf nufpg] sfd
æcfÏgf kf7sx¿sf] rt'¥ofO“Æsf] lhDdfdf 5f]l8lbG5g\ . h'g k|sf/sf s'/fx¿sf] To;n] lj1fkg ub{5,
ltgsf ;DaGwdf oxL ;a}eGbf /fd|f] t/Lsf xf] . xf];\, xfdL æ;+of]u / kf/:kl/s ;DaGwÆ vf]Hg]5f} + / olb
Tof] cfÏgf] — df]tLsf] dfnf aGb}g eg] To;sf] bf]if xfdLdfly x'g]5}g .

n]vsn] 3f]if0ff ub{5 M æh'g kf6L{sf oL ;fwgx¿ 5g\ tyf cGo cltl/Qm p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug'{,
cyf{t\ kqklqsfx¿df bfz{lgs / wfld{s ljrf/x¿ lkm+hfpg' / tL ljrf/x¿sf nflu ;+3if{ ug'{eGbf
hgtfnfO{ lzlIft / ;r]t agfpg] s'/fdf p;sf] sd ;/f]sf/ 5 eg] xfd|f] ljrf/df p;sf] lgotdf
Odfgbfl/tf 5}g .Æ
== p;sf] ljrf/ To;k|sf/sf] ePsf] x'gfn] n]vsf] clek|fo aflx/L p2]Zo xfl;n ug'{afx]s
c¿
s]xL klg x'“b}g .=tL aflx/L p2]Zox¿ :jo+nfO{ k|:t't ug{ c;kmn x'g]5}gg\ .
p;n] s] eGb5 eg] æ5"6 gePsf s'/fx¿ ug] {x¿sf ultljlwdfly /f]s nufpg'Æ /fHosf]
clwsf/ dfq} xf]Og, st{Jo klg xf] . n]vs :ki6¿kn] Tof] ljrf/sf ljkIfdf 5 lsgeg] pm :jo+ æs]jn
5"6 x'g] s'/fx¿ dfq ug] { dfG5]Æ xf] eGg] s'/f w]/}klxn] g} :ki6 eO;s]sf] lyof] .
ctM wfld{s s'/fx¿df gof“ ;]G;/l;k a9fpg] k|Zg tyf k|];sf lj?4sf] gof“ gLltsf] k|Zg
clxn] p;n] hlt ug{ ;s]sf] 5, TolQ km/flsnf]¿kdf p;n] of]eGbfklxn] d'ZsLn}n] ug{ ;s]sf] lyof] .
æhlxn];Dd ;]G;/l;k sfod /xG5, xfd|f] ljrf/df, Tolta]nf;Dd c¿a9L ajf{bL x'g glbgsf
nflu dfq xf]Og, clkt' 3'nldn x'gsf nflu ;d]t klg /fHosf] cfnf]rgf ul/g'kb{5 .Æ
To;afx]s al/i7 n]vssf c¿ klg ljrf/x¿ 5g\ . /fHosf] cfnf]rgf vt/fk"0f{ x'G5 . ctM pm
:jo+n] clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ k|]; :jtGqtf lj?4sf] p;sf] cfnf]rgf k|]; ;]G;/l;ksf lj?4sf] cfnf]rgfdf
ablnPsf] s'/f atfp“5 . æclnslt a9L ;]G;/l;kÆ nufPsf]df p;n] pgLx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ub{5 .
k'gZr, n]vs /f]lsG5, km]l/ p;sf cs} { ljrf/x¿ x'G5g\ . sl/a * lbgklxn] p;n] s] b]v]sf]
lyof] eg] ;]G;/l;ksf] :jtGqtfn] k|]; :jtGqtf sd lbG5 . clxn] p;n] s] kfPsf] 5 eg] ;]G;/l;k
nufpg'kg] { jfWotf lsg ePsf] xf] eg] k|]; :jtGqtfsf] kl/0ffd s]xLgs]xL ;]G;/l;kdf lge{/ 5 .
km]l/ pkfo v]fH'gkg] { ePsf] 5 .
æhlxn];Dd k|]; ;]G;/l;k /xG5 Tolta]nf;Dd clxn] xfdLx¿n] af/Daf/ b]Vg] u/]sf] afn;'ne
3[0ff:kb ljsf;h:tf] sfdsf] cEof; ug'{
;a}eGbfa9L cfjZos x'G5 .Æ
sdhf]/ b[li6sf]0f † sdhf]/ b[li6sf]0f † clg, æ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ b[li6sf]0fsf] h'g cleJolQmåf/f
lj/f]w ul/g]5, Tof] vfln Jofks hg;d'bfosf] ;dembf/Lsf] :t/sf nflu dfq ljz]if cjwf/0ff agfpg
;lsg]5 . olb lgliqmo cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;]G;/l;ksf] 3[0ff;kb ljsf;nfO{ cg'dlt lbOG5 eg] k|];
:jtGqtf s;tf] x'G5 < olb xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f k|]; :jtGqtfnfO{ a'‰gsf nflu TolQw]/} sdhf]/ 5 eg] k|];
:jtGqtfsf] sfdgf 14 s;/L ;zQm x'g ;Sb5 t <
t/ n]vsn] o; ljifodf k'gM ;f] +Rb5g\ .
æ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfd ug'{
xfd|f] st{Jo xf]Og /, To;sf/0f xfdL c¿ a9L 7Ls–7Ls :ki6
km]xl/:t atfpg] cfjZostf 7fGb}gf} + .Æ
s:tf] lbJo bof el/Psf] xf], Tof] JolQmdf † p;n] c¿ 7Ls–7Ls ækm]xl/:tÆ atfpg] cfjZostf
7fGb}g, oBlk p;n] Psbd 7Ls–7Ls, Psbd} :ki6 ;ª\s]tåf/f atfp“5 / cf gf] /fosf] cy{ s] xf]
eGg] s'/f hfx]/ ub{5 . zª\sf pTkGg ug] { { zAb p;n] k|of]u ub{5 t/ c:ki6¿kn], sfgdf r"krfkl;t
† p;sf] st{Jo ;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfd ug'{
xf]Og, p;sf] st{Jo Pshgf u'Ktr/sf] sfd ug'{
xf] †
clGtdk6s Tof] em~em6df km“;]sf] JolQmn] cfÏgf] /fo abNb5 M p;sf] st{Jo pbf/ ljrf/
ePsf cu|n]vx¿ n]Vg' xf], ækqklqsfx¿sf] :jtGqtfsf] akmfbf/ ;dy{sÆ ePsf] gf6s ug'{
xf] . h]
xf];\, p;n] cfÏgf] clGtd l:ylt o;/L hfx]/ ub{5 M
æxfdL To;k|sf/sf] t/Lsfsf] lj/f]w gu/L /xg ;Sb}gf} +, h;sf] nIo — olb Tof] c1fgtf /
c;fjwfgLsf] kl/0ffd xf]Og eg] h;nfO{ Odfgbfl/tf b]vfp“bfv]l/ cfÏgf] xfgL–gf]S;fgL xf]nf eGg]
s'/fsf] 8/ — x'G5, kqklqsfx¿sf] :jtGqtf tyf Tof] cem} a9fpg] cfGbf]ngnfO{ hg;d'bfosf] b[li6df
abgfd ug'{
pg} lj/f]wLx¿sf] xft dhj"t agfpg'afx]s c¿ s]xL klg x'g ;Sb}g .Æ
kqklqsfsf] :jtGqtfsf] of] w'/Gw/ kIfw/ — h]–hlt of] dd{1 5, TolQs} ;x[boL klg 5 —
;]G;/l;k Tof] vfln æd ;'lt/x]sf] 5', dnfO{ g hufpg' †ÆeGg] n]lvPsf] c+u|]hL lrt'jf dfq xf]Og, /,

p;n] ;f] æcwdL{Æ z}nL ækqklqsfx¿nfO{ cem a9L :jtGq agfpg] cfGbf]ngnfO{ hgtfsf] b[li6df
abgfd u/fpg eg]/ p;n] c“ufn]sf] 5 .
s] kqklqsfx¿sf o;k|sf/sf cfGbf]ngnfO{ abgfd u/fpg'kg] { cfjZostf cem} klg 5, h;n]
c1fgtf / c;fjwfgLlt/sf] ;]G;/l;k|lt Wofg cfslif{t ub{5 clg, h;n] hgtfsf] b[li6df ;]G;/l;ksf]
5'/Lsf] d2tn] v'ls{g] cfzf ub{5 <
of] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ToxL xb;Dd …:jtGqÚ eGg ;lsG5, h'g xb;Dd pR5[ª\vntfsf] 5"6nfO{ ;d]t
slxn]sfxL+ …:jtGqtfÚ eGg] ul/G5 . clg, Psflt/, kqklqsfx¿sf] cem a9L :jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ngsf]
;dy{g u/]sf] b]vfpg', csf] {lt/, To;sf] ;“u;“u} aGb"swf/L l;kfxLsf b'O{ xft cf gf] lgoGq0faf6
x6\g]lalQs} k|]; :jtGqtf bnbndf km“:b5 eg]/ b]vfpg' s] of] s'/f xf:of:kb / nfhdbf] { kfv08k"0f{
b'j} xf]Og <
bfz{lgs kqklqsfx¿n] hg;d'bfosf] b[li6df :jo+nfO{ abgfd ub{5g\ eg] t ;]G;/l;ksf]
xfdLnfO{ s] cfjZostf x'G5 / < clg km]l/, cu|n]vs} klg t xfdLnfO{ s] cfjZostf x'g' < lg:;Gb]x
j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ n]vsn] s'g} klg k|sf/n] ;Lldt ug{ rfxGg †
æj}1flgs cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf h'g Jofkstd / Psbd} c;Lldt 5"6 lbOPsf]
5, Tof] plrt g} 5 .Æ
tfklg j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf] ;Gbe{df Tof] enfb\dLsf] wf/0ff s] xf] < Tof] p;sf] lgDg egfOaf6
:ki6 x'G5 M
æj}1flgs, cg';Gwfgsf] :jtGqtfsf nflu — h;n] :jo+ O;fO{ wd{nfO{ kmfObf klg k'¥ofpg
;Sb5 — s'g s'/fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 tyf s'g–s'g s'/fx¿ j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf] ;LdfeGbf aflx/sf
x'g\ eGg] leGgtfsf] /]vf :ki6¿kn] sf]g'{kb{5
.Æ
j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf] kl/lw s] xf] < To;sf] lg0f{o :jo+ j}1flgsafx]s c¿ s;n] ug] { { < t/
cu|n]v cg';f/ j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf ;Ldfx¿ lgwf{l/t ul/lbg'kb{5 . ctM cu|n]vn] ToxL …;/sf/L
a'l4Ú hf“R5 . To;n] j}1flgs cg';Gwfgaf6 gl;s]/ p;}nfO{ l;sfpg] w[i6tf ub{5 tyf ;j{1 eujfg\
em} + p;n] x/]s /f} +sf] nDafO{ slt x'g'kb{5 eg]/ lgwf{l/t ul/lbG5 / To;af6 s'g} j}1flgsn] bf9L ljZj
dx jsf] rLh agfOb]cf];\ eGg] rfxG5 . ;]G;/l;k j}1flgs k|]/0ffdf cu|n]vsf] ckf/ cf:yf 5 .
æj}1flgs cg';GwfgÆsf] ljifodf cu|n]vsf tL æd"v{tfk"0f{ JofVofx¿sf] c¿ a9L 5fgjLg ug'{eGbf
klxn] cfpg' xf];\ >L x 15 sf] æwd{sf] bz{gÆsf] p;sf] æcf gf] lj1fgÆsf] cfgGb lnpm“ †
æwd{ g} /fHosf] hu xf] lsgls x/]s To:tf ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿sf] cl:tTjsf] Tof] cfwf/lznf
xf] . /, To;sf] p2]Zo s'g} u'Kt rLh k|fKt ug'{
5}g .Æ
b;L–k|df0f M æs]6f}n] :jefjÆsf] ¿kdf cfÏgf] ;a}eGbf cfnf]sf“rf] cj:yfdf klg Tof] -wd{_ n]
xb};Dd dflg;nfO{ OlGb|ohGo ef]sKof;eGbf dfly p7fOlbG5 . olb dflg;n] To; -OlGb|ohGo
t[i0ff_nfO{ cfk"meGbf dfly Psbd} xfjL x'g lbG5 eg] To;n] p;nfO{ tn v;fn]/ kz'sf] cj:yfdf
k'¥ofOlbG5 / km]l/ p;nfO{ s'g} pbfQ p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;Sg] ¿kdf /xg lbGg .Æ
cu|n]vn] h8k"hf 16 nfO{ wd{sf] æ;aeGbf ckl/kSj :j¿kÆ atfp“5 . To;/L p;n] h'g s'/f
dfGb5, p;sf] /foljgf klg ;a} dflg;x¿n] To;nfO{ æj}1flgs cg';GwfgÆsf] k|fdfl0fs s'/fsf] ¿kdf
dfg]sf 5g\ . Tof] d"tL{ k"hfsf] ck]Iff ækz'k"hfÆ a9L pRr wd{ xf] † t/ s] kz'k"hfn] dflg;nfO{ tn
v;fn]/ kz'eGbf tn k'¥ofOlbGg, s] kz'nfO{ dflg;sf] O{Zj/ agfOlbGg <
ca of] æd"tL{k"hfÆsf] af/]df s]xL s'/f u/f} + † n]vssf] 1fg jf:tjdf s'g} klqsfsf] ;txL 1fg
xf] . dflg;nfO{ t[i0ffaf6 dfly p7fpg'eGbf h8zlQm slt w]/} 6f9f x'G5 eg] pN6} p;}nfO{ æOlGb|ohGo
t[i0ffsf] wd{Æ elgG5 . t[i0ffsf] sNkgfn] d"lt{k"hfnfO{ 3]/f xfn]/ s] ljZjf; lbnfp“5 eg] p;sf
cfsf+Iffx¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu æh8 j:t'Æn] cfÏgf] k|fs[lts :j¿k 5f]l8lbg]5 . ctM h8k"hf To;sf]
k'hf/Lsf] ;a}eGbf lgi7fsf] ;]js /xGg eg] h8 k"hf ug] { { k'hf/Lsf] cfqmf]lzt t[i0ffn] h8zlQmnfO{ Wj:t
kfl/lbG5 .

æh'g /fi6«x¿n] w]/} pRr P]ltxfl;s k|lti7f k|fKt u/]sf 5g\, ltgsf] /fli6«o hLjgsf] r/df]Tsif{
pgLx¿sf wfld{s efjgfx¿sf] ;jf] {Rr ljsf;sf] ;“u;u} ePsf] lyof] eg] pgLx¿sf] dxfgtf / zlQmsf]
vtL pgLx¿sf wfld{s ;+:s[ltsf] vtLsf] ;“u;“u} ePsf] lyof] .Æ
n]vssf] pQm egfOnfO{ Psbd} pN6\ofOlb+bf ;f“rf] s'/f ldNb5 . Oltxf;nfO{ pgn] pN6f]
pEofOlbPsf 5g\ . k|frLg sfnsf b]zx/dWo] o"gfg / /f]d lg:;Gb]x æ;jf] {RrÆ P]ltxfl;s ;+:s[lt ePsf
b]z lyP . o"gfgsf] cfGtl/s k|ult k]/LlSnhsf] hdfgfdf cfÏgf] ;jf] {Rr lzv/df k'u]sf] lyof] / p;sf]
aflx/L k|lti7f l;sGb/sf] kfnfdf ;a}eGbf hf]8bf/¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . k]/LlSnhsf] kfnfdf wd{sf] :yfg
;f]kmLjfbLx¿n], ;'s/ftn] lnPsf lyP — h;nfO{ bz{gsf] cjtf/ eGg ;lsG5 — eg] snflt/ gfu
ljnf;n] lnPsf lyP . l;sGb/sf] ;do c/:t'sf] ;do lyof], h;n] j}olQms cfTdfsf] zfZjttf /
cl:tTjjfbL wd{sf] O{Zj/nfO{ dfGg c:jLsf/ ul/lbPsf lyP . clg /f]d M l;;]/f]nfO{ k9\g'xf];\ † /f]d
hlta]nf cfÏgf] r/df]Tsif{df lyof], To;a]nf ;';+:s[t /f]dg]nLx¿sf] wd{ PkLs'?jfbL, hLt]lGb|ojfbL 17
cyjf ;Gb]xjfbL 18 bz{g lyof] . k'/fgf /fHox¿sf] ktgsf] ;“u;“u} olb k'/fgf /fHosf wd{x¿ klg nf]k
x'Gy] eg] To;sf] sf/0f k|frLgsfnsf ;Dk|bfox¿sf] æjf:tljs wd{Æ, pgLx¿sf] æ/fli6«otfÆ, pgLx¿sf]
/fHo;Qfsf] k"hf x'g'afx]s c¿ s]xL xf]Og . k'/fgf /fHox¿sf] ktg x'g'sf] sf/0f k'/fgf wd{x¿sf] ktg
x'g' geP/ k'/fgf /fHox¿sf] ktgn] ubf{ k'/fgf wd{x¿sf] ktg ePsf] lyof] . t}klg pQm cu|n]vn]
To;/L cfk"mnfO{ æj}1flgs cg';GwfgÆsf] zf]wstf{ 3f]lift ub{5 / bz{gsf] gfddf x's"d hf/L ub{5 †
æ;Dk"0f{ k|frLg ;G;f/ ljgi6 x'g' ckl/xfo{ lyof] lsgls ;Dk|bfox¿n] cfÏgf] j}1flgs
ljsf;df h]–hlt k|ult u/]sf 5g\, To;sf] ckl/xfo{ kl/0ffd:j¿k tL uNtLx¿sf] kQf nfUof], h;dfly
pgLx¿sf wfld{s ljrf/x¿ l6s]sf lyP .Æ
To;/L cu|n]vsf cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ k|frLg b'lgof“ ljgi6 ePsf] lyof] eg] j}1flgs cg';Gwfgn]
k|frLg wd{x¿sf uNtLx¿nfO{ phfu/ ul/lbPsf] lyof] . wd{sf uNtLx¿sf ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg sfo{
olb df}g /x]sf] x'GYof] eg] s] k|frLg ;G;f/ gi6 x'“b}gYof] < cu|n]vsf n]vsn] /f]dsf clwsf/Lx¿af6
olb n'qm]l6o; tyf n'l;k;sf /rgfx¿nfO{ vtd kfl/lbg] l;kmfl/; ul/lbPsf] eP s] k|frLg b'lgof“
gi6 x'“b}gYof] <
c¿ t, xfdL >L x/d]hsf] ljåtfdf s]jn yf]/} dfq yk l6Kk0fL hf]8\g] w[i6tf ug] { {5f} + .
k|frLg b'lgof“sf] ktg hlta]nf ghLls+b} lyof], 7Ls Tolta]nf cn]sh]lG8«ofsf] :s"n -bfz{lgs
;Dk|bfo_sf] pbo ePsf] lyof] . Tof] :s"nn] hf]8bf/¿kn] s] k|dfl0ft ug] { { k|oTg u/]sf] lyof] eg] o"gfgL
kf}/fl0fs syfx¿df h]–hlt æzfZjt ;ToÆ 5, Tof] æzfZjt ;ToÆ xf] tyf j}1flgs cg';Gwfg sfo{sf
tYox¿l;t To;sf] k"/fk"/ tfnd]n 5 . ;d|f6 h'lnogn] klg ToxL bz{g dfGby] . pgsf] ljrf/ s] lyof]
eg] gof“ o'usf pbLodfg gof“ efjgfx¿nfO{ gx]g{sf nflu pgn] cf“vf lrlDnlbP eg] tL efjgfx¿
vtd x'g]5g\ . t/ tTsfn xfdL >L x/d]hsf lgisif{x¿af/] ljrf/ u/f} + † k|rLgsfnsf wd{x¿df
ælbJofTdf;DaGwL IfL0f efjgfx¿ uNtLx¿sf] uxgtd cGwsf/df n's]sf lyPÆ /, To;/L j}1flgs
cg';Gwfgsf] lj/f]w ug] { { Ifdtf pgdf lyPg . O;fO{ wd{af/] Tof] s'/f Psbd} pN6f] 5 — ljrf/ ug] { { s'g}
klg d];Lg ToxL lgisif{df k'Ug]5 . jf:tjdf >L x/d]h eGb5g\ M
æj}1flgs cg';GwfgÆsf >]i7td lgisif{x¿n] clxn];Dd O;fO{ wd{sf ;Totfx¿nfO{ ;xL l;4
ug] { { sfd g} u/]sf 5g\ .Æ
k|frLg sfnsf x/]s bz{gaf/], lg/kjfb¿kaf6 wdf{lwsf/Lx¿n] :jwd{ Tofu u/]sf] cleof]u
nufpg'sf afjh"b lyP — To;af/] wd{lgi7 dfn]a|fG; tyf lbJo1fgaf6 k|]l/t h}sj af]xd;DdnfO{
;Gtf]if agfOlbPsf] lyof] t/ n]lAgT;dfly a|'G;ljssf ls;fgx¿åf/f Lowenix -gfl:ts_ 19 ePsf] —
cyf{t\ s'g} s'/fdf klg ljZjf; gug] { JolQm ePsf]_, tyf a]nfotL Snfs{ / Go"6gsf cGo
cg'ofoLx¿åf/f Pshgf gfl:ts ePsf] cleof]u nufOPsf] lyof] M To;sf] afjh"b, ;j{>]i7 / kfsf]
k|f]6]:6\ofG6 wdf{rfo{n] eGb5g\, O;fO{ wd{;Ddaf/] Tof] ljrf/ lsg x'g ;Sb}g eg] æ;f+;fl/sÆ tyf
æwfld{sÆ ts{x¿ Ps csf{sf lj/f]wL 5g\ — 6l6{ogn] ToxL s'/fnfO{ a9L zf:qLo9Ëaf6 lgDg zAbdf

JoQm u/]sf] lyof] — æverum est, quia absurdum estæ — clg oL ;a} s'/fx¿sf] afjh"b wd{nfO{
cf gf] af6f] rNg lbP/ :jo+ cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ g} To;sf] ¿k lngsf nflu afWo agfpm“ eGg'afx]s
wd{l;t j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf] dt}So ePsf] s'/f c¿ s'g k|sf/n] k|efl0ft ug{ ;lsGYof] / < To;af/]
slDtdf h'g s'/f xfdL eGg ;Sb5f} +, Tof] xf] — d"9]ann] k|df0fsf] sfd lbg ;Sb}g †
h] xf];\, olb tkfO{ +n] s]jn tkfO{ +s} ljrf/l;t d]n vfg] s'/f dfq j}1flgs cg';Gwfg x'g]5
eg]/ klxn]b]lv g} to ug'{
x'G5 eg] To;sf] eljiojf0fL ug'{
tkfO{ +sf] nflu sl7g x'g]5}g . t/ Toltv]/
h'g ef/tLo a|fx\d0f hfltn] j]b 20 k9\g] clwsf/ PSn} cfÏgf] nflu ;'/lIft /fv]/ To;sf] kljqtfsf]
k|dfl0ft ub{5, p;sf] egfOeGbf w]/} dx j s] tkfO{ +sf] egfOsf] ] xf]nf / <
xf], x/d]h eGb5g\, æj}1flgs cg';Gwfg u/ t/ h'g cg';Gwfgn] O;fO{wd{sf] v08g ub{5, Tof]
ls t æcfw} af6f]df /f]lsG5Æ cyjf To;n] æunt af6f] lnG5Æ . Tof]eGbf klg ;lhnf] ts{–k|0ffnL cfÏgf]
lglDt s] s;}n] ug{ ;Snf <
j}1flgs cg';Gwfgn] olb æTof] s'/fsf] ;f/tTj :jo+nfO{ :ki6¿kn] yfx lbG5Æ /, To;n] lbg]
rLhsf] vf]hL u/]sf] 5 eg] O;fO{ wd{sf ;RrfO{x¿l;t Tof] slxNo} aflemg]5}g, æt/ ;fy;fy} :ki6¿kn]
yfx lbg]Æ sfo{ c;Dej g} /lx/xg]5 eGg] s'/f /fHon] /fd|/L a'‰g'kb{5 . cg';Gwfg sfo{n] hg;d'bfosf]
;dembf/Lsf] zlQmnfO{ klg cg'/f]w ug'{kb}
{g, cyf{t\ To;nfO{ slxNo} hglk|o aGg' klg 5}g, g :jo+ cfkm} +
:ki6 x'g'kb{5 . olb /fhtGqsf tdfd cj}1flgs kqklqsfx¿;d]t :jo+ p;dfly vlgP eg] klg pm
gd| / df}g g} /lx/xg'kb{5 . O;fO{ wd{leq æs'g} gof“ ktgzLntfÆsf] ;Defjgf 5}g t/ kqklqsfx¿sf]
bz{g ug] { { n]vsn] To;df ktgzLntf k}bf gu/f];\ eg]/ k'ln;n] p;sf] ;'/Iff ug'{kb{5,
k'ln;n] s8f
;'/Iff ug'{kb{5
< ;To;“usf] ;‹if{df uNtL :jo+ cfkm} + dflgg]5 — aflx/L zlQmn] To;nfO{ bafpg'kg] {
s'g} cfjZostf x'g]5}g t/ uNtL kIfsf ;dy{sx¿nfO{ — pgLx¿sf] cfGtl/s :jtGqtfl;t t xf]Og
lsgls To;n] p;af6 Tof] vf]:g ;Sb}g t/ Tof] :jtGqtfsf] pkof]u ug] { { ;Defjgfaf6 al~rt u/]/,
lhp“b} /xg] ;Defjgfaf6 al~rt u/]/ — ;Tosf] ;‹if{nfO{ /fHon] ;xh agfOb]cf];\ †
O;fO{ wd{nfO{ cfÏgf] hLt x'g] ljZjf; 5 t/ >L x/d]hsf] egfO cg';f/ p;n] k'ln;sf]
;xof]u 7'qm\ofO lbg;Sg] ljZjf; 5}g .
olb ;'?af6} tkfO{ +sf] elQmefjsf lj?4 /x]sf] s'/f unt xf] / To;l;t ToxL9Ën] Jojxf/
ul/g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f dfGg] xf] eg] tkfO{ + / d';ndfgsf] bfjLdf km/s s] x'G5, tkfO{ +sf] wd{ / c¿ wd{sf
bfaLsf aLrdf km/s s] x'G5 < cGwljZjf;sf cfwf/e"t ;Totfsf] lj/f]w x'g gkfcf];\ eg]/ …b]z u'gsf]
e]ifÚ eGg] pvfg cg';f/, s] x/]s b]zsf] nflu bz{gn] a]Unfa]Un} l;4fGt c“ufNg'kb{5 < s] bz{gn] s'g}
b]zdf # !=!, csf] { s'g} bf];|f] …b]zdf gf/Lx¿df cfTdfÚ x'“b}g, clg csf] { t];|f] b]zdf …:ju{df ljo/ lkOG5Ú
eGg] s'/f dfGg'kg] { xf] < h;/L ¿vlj?jfx¿ / cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf] ;fj{ef}lds k|s[lt x'G5, s] To;}u/L
dflg;sf] s'g} ;fj{ef}lds k|s[lt x'“b}g < bz{gn] ;To–tYo s'/fsf] vf]hL ub{5, h;nfO{ ;To dflgG5,
To;sf] xf]Og . h'g s'/f ;d:t dfgj hfltsf nflu ;To xf], p;n] To;}sf] vf]hL ub{5 t/ JolQmx¿sf
nflu h'g s'/f ;To xf], To;sf] xf]Og . bz{gsf clwe"tjfbL ;Totfx¿n] /fhg}lts e"uf]nsf ;Ldfx¿
dfGb}gg\, tL ;Ldfx¿n] s'g b'lgof“sf] sxf“sf] ljz]ifsf] lIfthnfO{ g} jf:tljs dfGg k'Ub5 / sxf“sf]
sf]/f /fli6«o b[li6sf]0faf6 g} ltgn] dfgjLo dl:tissf] ;f“rf] lIflth 7fg]/ /xG5g\ < Tof] s'/f /fhg}lts
;Totfx¿n] Psbd} a'‰b5g\ . O;fO{ wd{sf kIfw/x¿dWo] x/d]h ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ 5 †
O;fO{ wd{sf] kIfdf p;sf] Pp6} dfq k|df0f O;fO{ wd{sf] bL3{sfnLg cl:tTj xf] . To;f] xf] eg]
s] bz{g klg y]N;sf] kfnfb]lv xfd|f] kfnf;Dd rNb}cf/x]sf] 5}g tyf s] :jo+ x/d]hsf] egfO cg';f/
cfÏgf] dx jsf] af/]df p;nfO{ clxn] ;w} +eGbf a9L bfaL ug] { { / ljrf/ /fVg] clwsf/ 5}g <
clg, cGtdf x/d]hn] ] /fHo Pp6f …O;fO{Ú /fHo xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ s;/L l;4 ub{5g\ eg] g}lts
dfgj k|f0fLx¿sf] Pp6f :jtGq ;‹ x'g'sf] ;f6f] Tof] cfl:tsx¿sf] Pp6f ;‹ xf], To;sf] p2]Zo
:jtGqtfnfO{ jf:tljs agfpg'sf] ;f6f] cGwljZjf;nfO{ jf:tljs agfpg' xf] † æxfd|f ;Dk"0f{ o"/f]kLo
/fHox¿sf] cfwf/ O;fO{ wd{ { xf] †Æ

k|mflG;;L /fHosf] klg < a8fkq -zf6] {_ 21 sf] wf/f # df ælghfdtL tyf ;}lgs gf]s/L k|fKt ug] { {
clwsf/Æ, æx/]s O;fO{Æ cyjf æs]jn O;fO{nfO{ dfq geP/ tdfd k|mflG;;Lx¿ ;dfg 5g\ -Tour les
ftancais)Æ eg]/ ;d]t clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] 5 .
k|zfsf] ljwfg -andrecht_sf] v08 @ efu !# df klg æ/fHosf] ;jf] {Rr k|d'vsf] klxnf]
st{Jo cfGtl/s / afx\Ø, b'j} 7fp“sf] zflGt / ;'/Iffsf] /]vb]v ug'{
/ x/]s rLhnfO{ lx+;f / x:tIf]kaf6
;+/If0f ug'{
xf] eg]/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
t/ wf/f ! cg';f/ æ/fHosfÆ tdfd æst{Jo tyf clwsf/x¿Æ /fHosf] ;jf] {Rr k|d'vdf g} lglxt
x'G5g\ . p; klxnf] st{Jo ljwd{jfbL uNtLx¿nfO{ bafpg' / k/nf]ssf] cfgGbsf] Joj:yf ug'{
xf] eg]/
klg To;df elgPsf] 5}g .
t/ olb s]xL o" "/f]k]nL /fHox¿ jf:tjdf O;fO{ wd{sf] cfwf/lznfdf v8f ePsf 5g\ eg] s] tL
/fHox¿ cfÏgf wf/0ffsf ;d¿k 5g\ < s] s'g} l:yltsf] ædfq cl:tTjÆ To; l:yltsf] clwsf/ aGg
k'Ub5 t <
x/d]hsf] b[li6df To:t} x'G5 lsgls x]u]njfbsf gf}hjfg ;dy{sx¿nfO{ ;Eemfp“b} pgL
eGb5g\, æ/fHosf clwsf+z efux¿df k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ h'g ljjfxnfO{ O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹åf/f kljq
agfOPsf] x'“b}g, To;nfO{ NofOt] -leq]gL_sf] l:ylt dflgG5 / k'ln; cbfnt To;nfO{ bl08t ul/G5 .Æ
To;/L æh'g ljjfxnfO{ O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹n] kljq 7x¥ofOlbPsf] x'Gg, To;nfO{ /fOg5]p“sf]
g]kf]lnogsf] cfrf/–;+lxtfg';f/ ljjfx dflgG5 t/ O:k|Lsf] ghLs k|zfsf] ljwfg cg';f/ æNofOt]Æ
7x¥ofOG5 / k'ln; cbfntåf/f b08 lbOG5 eg] bfz{lgsx¿sf] lglDt h'gs'/f Ps 7fp“df ;xL x'G5,
ToxL rLh csf] { 7fp“df unt x'g ;Sb5 < j}1flgs / g}lts¿kn] geP/ hd{g sfg"gdf ldNb5 eGg]
s'/fsf] k|df0f x'G5 . æk'ln; cbfntsf] b08Æ eGg] …bz{gÚn] c¿ 7fp“sf dflg;x¿df ljZjf; k}bf ug{
;Sb5 xf]nf t/ k|zfdf To;nfO{ s;}n] 6]b} {g . af“sL …kljqÚ ljjfxaf/] k|lzofsf] sfg"gsf] slt sd
Vofn ul/G5 eGg] s'/f cWofo !@ sf] bf];|f] efusf] wf/f ! af6 :ki6 x'G5 M
æt/ b]zsf] sfg'g cGt/ut h'g ljjfxnfO{ cg'dlt k|FKt 5, To;sf] gful/s k|fdfl0fstf To;sf]
nflu wfld{s clwsf/Lx¿sf] cg'dlt dfluPsf] xf] jf dfUbfv]l/ p;n] c:jLsf/ u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/feGbf
clnslt klg sd x'Gg .Æ
oxf“, k|zfdf klg ljx]jf/LnfO{ æwfld{s clwsf/Lx¿Æsf] aGwgaf6 cf+lzs¿kn] d'Qm kfl/Psf] 5 /
To;sf] gful/s k|Fdfl0fstf ækfb/Lx¿åf/f lbOg]Æ k|fdfl0fstfeGbf a]Un} 5 .
/fHo;Qfsf] af/]df O;fO{ /fHosf dxfg\ bfz{lgssf] w]/} æpRrÆ /fo 5}g eg]/ atfO/xg'kg] {
cfjZostf 5}g .
æxfd|f] /fHo clwsf/dfly cfwfl/t ;‹ dfq geP/ ;fy;fy} Tof] ;f“rf] z}lIfs ;+:yf;d]t xf] —
km/s vfln slQ dfq xf] eg] To;sf] /]vb]v ug] { { If]q gjo'jsx¿ æcflbsf]Æ lzIffsf] nflu agfOPsf
;+:yfx¿sf] If]qeGbf Jofks 5 — To;f]x'“bf ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs lzIffÆsf] cfwf/lznf æO;fO{Æ wd{ xf] .
xfd|f :s"n] s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] lzIff k|Zgf]Q/åf/f lzIff lbOg] k|0ffnLdf hlt cfwfl/t 5, TolQs}
Tof] k|frLg zf:qLo u|Gyx¿ tyf ;fdfGo lj1fgdfly ;d]t cfwfl/t 5 .
x/d]hsfg';f/ /fHo / afn–ejgaLrsf] km/s ¿ksf] dfq xf], ;f/tTjsf] xf]Og — /fHon]
…;+/If0fÚ ug] { { cfÏgf] sfo{ef/sf] If]q w]/} Jofks x'G5 .
t/ /fHosf] ;f“rf] æ;fj{hlgs lzIffÆsf] ;DaGw /fHo ljj]sk"0f{ / ;fj{hlgs xf]cf];\ eGg]
s'/fl;t 5 . /fHosf ;b:o agfP/ /fHo;Qfn] pgLx¿nfO{ :jo+ lzlIft agfp“5, JolQmut nIox¿nfO{
To;n] cfd nIodf ablnlbG5 . dx jfsf+IffnfO{ g}lts k|j[lQx¿df / k|fs[lts :jtGqtfnfO{ kf/dfly{s
:jtGqtfdf ablnlbG5 — To;af6 JolQmnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;fdflhs hLjgaf6 / ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhnfO{ x/]s
JolQmsf] :jefj / Jojxf/df cfgGb ldNg yfNb5 .
To;sf] pN6f] -sf}lnLgz] hfO6'ª\sf]_ cu|n]vn] /fHonfO{ To;k|sf/sf :jtGq dflg;x¿sf] ;‹
dfGb}g, h;n] Ps csf] {nfO{ lzlIft ul//xG5g\, a? efUodf pgLx¿nfO{ dflyaf6 lzIff k|fKt eO/x]sf]

kfsf dflg;x¿sf] eL8 7fGb5 / æ;f“u'/f]Æ sf]7faf6 h;} pgLx¿ aflx/ lg:sG5g\, Toltv]/ pgLx¿
aflx/sf] æw]/} JofksÆ :s"nsf] sIffdf k'u]sf x'G5g\ .
lZfIff / ;+/If0fsf] of] l;4fGtnfO{ oxf““ k|];:jtGqtfsf] To:tf] kIfkftLsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5,
h;n] To;k|ltsf] pTs6 k|]dsf] sf/0f ;]G;/l;ksf] c;fjwfgLnfO{ pNn]v ub{5, h;n] æhgtfnfO{
;';"lrt x'g]Æ ;d'lrt :yfgsf] j0f{g s;/L ug] { { eg]/ a'em]sf] 5 -olb s'g} a]nf hgtfsf] a'‰g] Ifdtfsf]
p;n] Tolt w]/} kIfkf]if0f ub{Yof] eg] xfn hgtfn] tL æu}/–bfz{lgs kqklqsfx¿sf /fd|f kIfx¿sf]
k|z+;f ug{ 5fl8lbPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f sf}nLg;] hfO6'ªnfO{ slt vt/gfs nfUg yfn]sf] 5 † To;n]
j}1flgsx¿nfO{ hg;d'bfosf cufl8 Pp6f s'/f / pgLx¿sf lk7\o"“ k5fl8 cs} { s'/f /fVg'kb{5 eGg]
;Nnfx lbG5 .
cu|n]vn] h;/L /fHosf ljifodf cf gf ljrf/x¿sf] ;fgf] emf“sL xfdLx¿nfO{ b]vfOlbPsf] 5,
To;}u/L ca p;n] O;fO{ wd{sf ljifodf cfÏgf t'R5 ljrf/x¿af6 xfdLnfO{ kl/lrt u/fpg]5 .
æs'g} b]zsf h'g hg;+VofnfO{ cfd¿kaf6 pgLx¿ Hofb} w]/} ;'vL 5g\ eGg] p;n] 7fGb5,
ltgLx¿ v/fa l:yltdf 5g\ eg]/ ;+;f/el/sf kqklqsfx¿sf w]/} n]vx¿n] p;nfO{ slxNo} klg
ljZjf; lbnfpg ;Sg]5}gg\ .Æ
xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f klg ToxL xf] . jf:tjdf kqklqsfsf To;k|sf/sf n]vx¿sf lj?4 wfld{s
>4fsf] k/dfgGb / ch]o Uof/]G6Lsf] ck]Iff v';LofnL / ;'lj:tfsf] ef}lts efjgfn] a9L b/f] lsNnfsf]
sfd ub{5 . x/d]hn] æxfd|f] O{Zj/ ;'b[9 lsNnf xf]Æ eg]/ ehg ub} {g . zfob æd'Le/ JolQmx¿Æsf]
;f+;fl/s ;+:sf/o'Qm ;+:s[ltsf] ck]IffÆ hg;d'bfoÆ sf] jf:tljs ljZjfl;nf] cfTdfdf w]/} ;lhnf];“u
zª\sfsf] o'4 rNg ;Sb5 .
x/d]hnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹cGt/ut æljb|f]xsf] pS;fx6;Ddsf]Æ hlt 8/ nfUb5,
TolQs} …Pp6f ;'Jojl:yt /fHoÚsf] ljifodf 8/ nfUb5 . c¿sf] nflu lbOg] pkb]z luhf{ -cyf{t\ O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹_sf] :jo+ æO{Zj/sf] cfTdfÆn] g} u/]sf] lsg gxf];\ tfklg pgLx¿ To;df ljb|f]xsf]
pS;fx6;Ddaf6 klg eoeLt x'G5g\ < pgLx¿ slt w]/} hftL cfl:ts 5g\ / pgLx¿sf ts{x¿ klg
slt w]/} g} 5g\ † pgLx¿n] s] 3f]if0ff ub{5g\ eg] /fhg}lts n]vfnfO{ hgtfn] a'‰g ;Sb5g\ t/
bfz{lgs rLh pgLx¿sf] ;dembf/LeGbf k/ x'G5 .
cGtdf cu|n]vsf] of] ;ª\s]tsf] t'ngf — ægf}hjfg x]u]njfbLx¿sf lj?4 xfn} cfwf dgn] h'g
sf/afxL ul/Psf] 5, To;sf] ToxL cy{ nufOPsf] 5, h'g cfwf dgn] ul/Psf sf/afxLx¿sf] cfd¿kn]
cy{ nufpg] ul/G5Æ — olb xfdLn] To;nfO{ pTs6 clenfzfsf ;fy k|tLIff u¥of} + eg] x]u]njfbLx¿sf
ljutsf sfo{x¿sf] nfluÆ pgLx¿n] Hofb} k|lts"n kl/0ffd ef]Ug' kg] {5}g eg]/ cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 clg
/fhf lno/ -KingLear_df sf]g{jfnsf lgDg zAbx¿sf] cy{ xfdLn] a'‰g]5f} + M
rfKn';L ug{ hfGb}g pm †
Odfgbf/ / ;Lwf JolQm xf] — ;w} + ;To dfq} af]Ng ;Sb5 pm
clg, pgLx¿n] To:t} 7fGg]5g\, gq t ;Lbf 5 pm †
To; k|sf/sf b'i6x¿nfO{ d}n] lrGb5',, h;n] p;sf] ;/ntfdf
Hofb} s'l6ntf / Hofb} e|i6 p2]Zox¿ n'sfO/xG5g\ .
k|Zg t @) hgf tL sd{sf08 ug] {x¿sf] xf],
h;n] cf gf] hfn lkm+hfp“5g\ .
olb xfdLx¿n] /fOlgz] hfO6'ª\ 22 sf] ut sfnsf] Pshgf o'js kf7s, e"tk"j{ pbf/jfbL23nfO{
;d'lrt :yfgdf kmsf{Olbg] uDeL/ k|bz{gsf] ck]Iff Pp6f xf:of:kb k|bz{gaf6 ;Gt'i6 x'g]5g\ eg]/
;f] +Rb5f} + eg] clxn] xfdLx¿n] æ/fd|f s'/fÆsf] af/]df g} s]xL zAb eGg rfxG5f} + . ha;Dd xfdL Tof] /f]uu|:t
n]vl;tsf] zf:qfy{df nfu]sf lyof} +, ta;Dd cfTdljgfzsf] Tof] k|lqmofdf bvfn lbg' 7Ls x'“b}gYof] †
klxnf] k|Zg s] ul/G5 eg], æs] bz{gn] wfld{s ljifodf klg kqklqsfl;t ;DalGwt n]vx¿df
ax; ug'{kb{5

Tof] k|Zgsf] pQ/ To;sf] ;dLIff u/]/ g} lbg ;lsG5 . bz{g, ;a}eGbf a9L hd{g bz{gsf] k|j[lQ
PsfGtaf;sf], Psbd} 5'§} /xg]vfnsf], lglj{sf/ efjn] cfTd lrGtg ul//xg]vfnsf] 5 . of] k|j[lQn]
;'?b]lv g} xflh/L hjfkm / 36gfx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ;hu /xg]vfnsf s]jn Ps dfq cfgGb ;"rgfl;t
x'g] kqklqsfx¿af6 To;nfO{ 5'6\ofOlbG5 . cfÏgf] lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} x'g] ljsf;df bz{g cnf]slk|o x'G5,
uf]Ko¿kn] :jo+ cfk"mleq To;sf tfgfafgf a'lg /fVg' ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmnfO{ Hofb} d]xgtsf] sfd /
cJojxfl/s k]zfh:tf] nfUb5 . ;Ddf]xgsf dGq s'g} ef/L e8sd / a'‰g g;lsg]h:tf] nfUg] hfb"sf]
k|fWofks;/x To;nfO{ 7flgG5, †
cf gf] :jefj cg';f/, bz{gn] j}/fuLh:tf] cfÏgf] k'/f]lxt klx/gsf] ;§f kqklqsfx¿sf]
;j{;fwf/0f klx/g c“ufNg]lt/ klxnf] kfOnf];Dd klg slxNo} rfn]sf] 5}g . t/ s's'/dQf em} + bfz{lgsx¿
hdLgaf6 k}bf x'“b}gg\, pgLx¿ cfÏgf] ;do / cfÏgf hgtfsf pkh x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf bfz{lgs
ljrf/x¿df pgLx¿sf] ;do / pgLx¿sf hgtfsf] clt ;"Id d"Nojfg\ tyf cb[Zo /; ;~rf/ x'G5 .
h'g efjgfn] dhb"/x¿sf xftaf6 /]nsf] lgdf{0f u/fp“5, To;}n] bfz{lgsx¿sf] lbdfudf bfz{lgs
ljrf/sf] lgdf{0f ub{5 . h;/L dg'iosf] lbdfu p;sf] k]6leq gx'g] x'“bf To;nfO{ dg'ioeGbf 5'§}
aflx/sf] rLh eGg ;lsGg, To;}u/L bz{g klg ;+;f/eGbf aflx/ sxL+ klg x'“b}g . k/Gt' lg:;Gb]x dfG5]
k[YjLdf cfÏgf] v'§fn] pleg'eGbf klxn] g} bz{g p;sf] lbdfu;“u} ;+;f/df cfOk'Ub5 . To;sf] ljk/Lt
w]/} klxn]b]lv g} k[YjLdf bx|f];“u cfÏgf] v'§fsf] andf plePsf y'k|} dfgjLo If]qx¿ 5g\ . tL If]qx¿n]
ælz/Æ klg of] b'lgof“sf] rLh xf] jf of] ælz/Æsf] b'lgof“ xf] eGg] s'/f a'‰g'eGbf klxn] g} ;+;f/sf
kmnx¿nfO{ cf g} xftn] l6Kg ;'? ul/;s]sf lyP †
x/]s ;f“rf] bz{g cfÏgf] ;dosf] cflTds ;f/tTj x'g]x'“bf To:tf] ;do cfpg' ckl/xfo{ x'G5,
h;df s]jn cfGtl/s¿kaf6 cfÏgf] ljifoj:t'åf/f dfq x'“b}g aflx/L ¿kaf6, cfÏgf] v'nf ¿kaf6;d]t
bz{g jf:tljs ;d;fdlos ;+;f/;dIf k|:t't x'G5 tyf To;sf] / of] b'lgof“aLr 3ft–k|lt3ft x'G5 .
To:tf] cj:yf cfp“bfv]l/ cGo lglZrt k4ltx¿;/x bz{gsf] s'g} lglZrt bfz{lgs ;Dk|bfo /xGg, a?
Tof] ;+;f/sf] ;fdfGo bz{g aGg k'Ub5, Tof] ljBdfg ;+;f/sf] bz{g aGg k'Ub5 . bz{gn] lgs} w]/}
dx jk"0f{ :yfg k|fKt u/]sf] 5 / Tof] ;+:s[ltsf] hLljt cfTdf aGgk'u]sf] 5 Pj+ bz{g ;f+;fl/s aGb}
uO/x]sf]5 / ;+;f/ bz{g x'“b}uO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f pk/L nIf0fx¿n] b]vfp“5g\ . tL ;a} nIf0fx¿ xfd|f]
hdfgfdf Ps}gfz lyP . s'nLg 3/sf a}7sx¿df, k'/f]lxtsf cWoog sIfx¿df, kqklqsfx¿sf
;DkfbsLo sfof{nox¿df tyf cbfntsf sf]7fx¿df clg, hg;d'bfosf 3[0ff / k|]ddf bz{gsf] k|j]z
eO;s]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f z+s} k}bf x'g] u/L Oltxf;sf] s'g} klg k':tsn] tL ;a}eGbf ;lhnf sd{sf08x¿
atfOlbG5, . Tof] s'/f Oltxf;sf] x/]s k':tsdf på]lnt x'g]vfnsf] akmfbfl/tfsf ;fy af/Daf/
bf]xf]¥ofO/x]sf] kfOG5 . b'lgof“df bz{gsf] k|j]zn] To;sf zq'x¿nfO{ lrRofpg] agfOlbG5 . o;sf tL
zq'x¿n] :jo+ cfkm} +leqsf] ;ª\qmfds /f]usf e]bx¿nfO{ ljrf/x¿sf] k|r08 k|sfzsf] lj?4 ;xfotfsf]
ckLn u/]/ vf]lnlbG5 . bz{gsf] nflu o;sf zq'x¿sf] Tof] lrRofx6sf] cy{ x'G5 M cfdfsf cft'/
sfgx¿sf nflu pgsf] lzz'sf] klxnf] ?jfOsf] x'G5 . Tof] /f]bg tL ljrf/x¿sf] hLjgsf] 3f]if0ffsf]
qmGbg x'G5, h'g ;'Jojl:yt ;dfhsf] 9fs5f]k kfl/Psf] 9f“rfnfO{ tf]8]/ leq 3':gk'u]sf] x'G5 /
;+;f/sf] gful/s aGgk'u]sf] x'G5 † afns o"gfgL OGb| -lho;_sf] hGdsf] ;"rgf gx/fsf] cfjfhn]
;+;f/nfO{ lbg] k08f–k'/f]lxt -sf]/LaflGt; / s}jL/L_ 24 n] ;a}eGbfklxn] bfz{lgsx¿sf] wfld{s kIfsf]
lj/f]w ub{5g\ . ltgn] ;a}eGbf klxn] bfz{lgsx¿sf wfld{s kIfsf] lj/f]w ub{5g\ . To;sf] sf/0f
cf+lzs¿kn] s] x'G5 eg] wd{sf 7]s]bf/h:tf] pgLx¿sf] k'ln;jfbL k|j[lQsf] nflu hg;d'bfosf] of]
efjgfTds kIfaf/] ;zQm k|efj kfg'{
a9L ;lhnf] x'G5 clg cf+lzs¿kn] To;sf] sf/0f s] klg x'G5 eg]
h'g hg;d'bfodWo] bz{gsf lj/f]wLx¿ klg x'G5g\, pgLx¿n] bz{gsf efjkIfsf] cg'e"lt vfln cfÏgf
efj;DaGwL :kz] {lGb|ox¿åf/f dfq k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . clg efjsf] h'g Ps dfq wfld{s efjgfsf] If]q
x'G5, To;nfO{ hg;d'bfon] sl/a–sl/a TolQs} dx j lbG5g\, hlQ dx j pgLx¿n] cfÏgf ef}lts

cfjZostfx¿sf] cfk"lt{ Joj:yfnfO{ lbG5g\ . clg, cGtdf To;sf] sf/0f s] klg xf] eg] wd{sf] ;‹if{
bz{gsf] s'g} vf; k|0ffnLl;t geP/ lglZrt k|0ffnLsf ;a} bz{gx¿l;t x'G5 .
hxf;Dd jt{dfg sfnsf] ;xL bz{gsf] lgolt ctLtsf s'g} klg ;xL bz{gsf] lgolteGbf a]Un}
x'Gg eGg] s'/fsf] ;DaGw 5, jf:tjdf To;sf] of] lgolt Oltxf;sf] C0f xf], h'g bz{gsf] ;Totfsf]
k|df0fk|lt p;n] r'sfpg'kg] { lyof] .
clg, bz{gsf] wfld{s ?emfgsf lj?4 hd{g kqklqsfx¿n] ljut 5M jif{b]lv xNnf ul//x]sf
5g\, To;nfO{ abgfd ul//x]sf 5g\, To;nfO{ tf]8df]8 u/]/ k|:t't ul//x]sf 5g\, To;nfO{ a“w'jf
agfO/x]sf 5g\ . 25 cNhdLg cfU;ju{/n] jL/ufyf ufO/xGYof] . p;sf] nueu x/]s ;'emfjsf] ljifo s]
x'GYof] eg] bz{g To:tf] ljifo xf]Og, h;sf ljifodf 1fgsL /fhs'df/LnfO{ ljrf/ ljlgdo ug'{
k/f];\, Tof]
t s]jn o'jsx¿sf] em'6f] z]vL dfq xf], ylst ;d"xsf] vfln km];g dfq xf] † t/ tL ;a}sf afjh"b
To;af6 5'§L ldn]g / k'gM cem} 9f]n lkl6of] † bz{glj/f]wL cfÏgf] lrRofx6df cfU;ju{/n] vfln Pp6}
afhf dfq ahfpg hfGb5 — Tof] xf] M Ps k|sf/sf] ss{z gx/f † aln{g]/ kflnl6;]h\ af]v]gAnf626
tyf x}Dau{27;Dkfbbftfb]lv lnP/ c1ft :yfgLo kqklqsfx¿;Dd, sf}nLgz] hfO6'ª;Dd, gfgfy/Lsf
hd{g kqklqsfx¿n] x]u]n / z}lnª, kmfo/jfv / a]o/ tyf 8Ø"z hfxa'{v]/
tyf x}Dau{, cflbsf
ljifodf xNnf dRrfpg z'? u/]sf lyP . cGtdf hg;d'bfosf] lh1f;f a9\of] tyf pgLx¿n] Tof] cb\e"t
hgfj/ -n]ljofyg_nfO{ :jo+ cf g} cf“vfn] x]g{sf nflu pT;'s eP . pgLx¿sf] Tof] pT;'stf lsg em
g} a9\guof] eg] c4{–;/sf/L n]vx¿n] bz{gaf/] s] wDsL lbO/x]sf lyP eg] pgLx¿n] ;/sf/L tf}/df
sfg"g kf7\oqmd lgwf{l/t ul/lbg]5g\ . Tof] ToxL ;do lyof], hlta]nf kqklqsfx¿df bz{g b]vfk/]sf]
lyof] † tL h'g kqklqsfn] s]xL xNsf9Ën] k|ltefzfnL JolQmx¿sf] jiff} { +sf] cWoog, cfTd alnbfgLk"0f{
PsfGtsf sl7g k|oTgx¿af6 k|fKt ul/Psf kl/0ffdx¿ uxg lrGtgsf cb[Zo t/ lj:tf/}–lj:tf/}
z/L/nfO{ ldnfOlbg] ;‹if{sf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ ;fa'gsf] kmL+h em} p;n] km's]/ p8fOlbg ;Sb5 eg]/ bfjf
ub{Yof], To;k|sf/sf] cy{xLg pQfpnf]kgsf cufl8 bz{g w]/}lbg;Dd df}g /x]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf
kqklqsfx¿df p;sf nflu pko'Qm :yfg 5}g eg]/ To;nfO{ kqklqsfx¿df 3r]6\g] s'/fsf] lj/f]w klg
ul/Psf] lyof] tfklg cGtdf p;n] cfÏgf] df}gtf tf]8\g afWo x'g'k¥of] . kqklqsfsf] Pp6f ;Djfbbftf
aGg k'Uof] . clg, Tolta]nf — h'g s'/f slxNo} ;'lgPsf] lyPg, Tof] s'/f ;'Gg kfOof] † —
kqklqsfx¿sf emu8fn" lj/f]wLx¿dfem kqklqsf k9\g] hg;d'bfosf lglDt bz{g ;d'lrt cfxf/ xf]Og
eGg] crfgs 1fgsf] ;"of] {bo eof] † clg km]l/, hg;d'bfosf] 1fg a9fpgsf nflu geP/ s'g} cfÏgf
u'Kt p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu bz{g / wd{sf] ljifo kqklqsfx¿sf] If]qdf Nofpg' a]OdfgL xf] eg]/
;/sf/;“u l;sfot ug{af6 klg pgLx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ yfDg ;s]gg\ †
wd{sf] jf :jo+ cf g}af/]df bz{gn] eGg ;Sg] To:tf] s'g s'/f xf] ], h'g tkfO{ +x¿sf
kqklqsfx¿df ePsf] xf]–xNNffn] w]/} klxn] g} cfÏgf]af/]df Hofb} v/fa / Hofb} w]/} xNsf efiffdf
elg;s]sf] lyPg < p;n] vfln tL s'/fx¿nfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg' cfjZos 5, h;nfO{ cbfz{lgs sfg9fSg]
/f]k nufPsf kfb/Lx¿ - s]k"lrgx¿_ n] To;sf af/]df xhf/f} +–xhf/ k6s efif0f / n]vx¿df k|rf/
ul/;s]sf 5g\ — clg, t p;sf af/]df eGg ;lsg]hlt v/faeGbf v/fa s'/f elgO;s]sf] x'g]5 .
t/, wfld{s tyf bfz{lgs k|Zgx¿sf ljifodf bz{gn] tkfO{ +x¿;“u a]Un} k|sf/n] s'/fsfgL ub{5 .
tkfO{ + To;sf] ljifodf cWoog gu/Lsg uh{g]–lrRofpg] ug'{x'G5
. p;n] cWoog u/]kl5 g} s]xL eGb5 .
tkfO{ +x¿n] a'l4nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug] { efjgfx¿nfO{ ckLn ug'{x'G5
. tkfO{ +x¿n] To;nfO{ ufnL ug'{x'G5
.
p;n] lzlIft ub{5 . tkfO{ + :ju{ / k[YjL ;a}yf]s lbg] sa'n ug'{x'G5,
p;n] ;Toafx]s c¿ s]xL klg
lbg] sa'n ub} {g . tkfO{ +n] cfÏgf] wd{df lgi7fsf] dfu ug'{x'G5,
p;n] cfÏgf kl/0ffdx¿sf ;DaGwdf
lgi7fsf] xf]Og, a? zª\sf u/]/ To;nfO{ hf“ra'em ug] { { dfu ub{5 . tkfO{ +n] t;f{pg'x'G5, h;n] zflGt
k|bfg ub{5 † clg, lg:;Gb]x bz{gnfO{ slt ;f+;fl/s 1fg 5 eg] To;sf lgisif{x¿af6 g t :ju{df
g oxL kfly{j ;G;f/df df}h ug] { { cyjf :jfy{l;l4 ug] { { OR5f k"lt{ x'g ;Sb5 eGg] s'/f a'emf];\ t/ h;n]

;To / 1fgl;t dfq k|]d ub{5g\, tL hg;d'bfon] c1fgL, rfkn';L ug] { { tyf c;Ëut / ef8fsf] snd
rnfpg]x¿sf t'ngfdf s'g ;xL xf] / s'g a9L g}lts xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o :jo+ ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
dflglnpm“, s'g} JolQmn] cfÏgf] a'l4xLgtf cyjf cfÏgf lgs[i6 ljrf/x¿sf sf/0f bz{gsf]
unt JofVof ug{ ;Sb5 t/ s] Sofyf]lns dtfnDaLx¿n] OzfO{ wd{sf] JofVof aª\UofP/ ub{5g\ eg]/
k|f]6]:6\ofG6 dtfjnDaLx¿ :jo+n] eGg'x'Gg < * cf} + / (cf} + ztfAbLsf 36gfx¿, ;]G6 jfyf] {nf]Do"sf] /ft28
tyf cbfntsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] nflu tkfO{ +x¿ :jo+n] wd{nfO{ bf]ifL 7x¥ofpg' x'Gg < bfz{lgsx¿k|lt
k|f]6]:6\ofG6 wd{–bz{gsf] k|fozM 3[0ff x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf bz{gsf] b[li6sf]0f
pbf/ / ;lxi0f'tfk"0f{ x'g' xf] . kmfo/jfv / :6«f;sf] lgGbf pgn] s] eg]sf]df a9L ul/Psf] lyof] eg]
Sofyf]lns dtsf] cGwljZjf; O;fO{ wd{s} cGwljZjf; xf], pgLx¿sf] lgGbf O;fO{ wd{sf] cGwljZjf;sf]
a'l4l;t s'g} ;/f]sf/ 5}g eg]sf]df ul/Psf] lyPg . t/, slxn]sfxL+ s'g} JolQmn] cfw'lgs bz{gnfO{
krfpg ;Sb}g tyf bfz{lgs clt;f/sf] sf/0f db{5 eg] To;af6 bz{gsf lj?4 s]xL klg k|dfl0ft
x'“b}g, h;/L /]ndfu{sf] jf:koGq -Boiler_ km'6\g'sf] sf/0f s]xL ofqLx¿sf] d[To''
x'“bf oflGqszf:qsf
lj?4 s]xL klg k|dfl0ft x'“b}g .
bfz{lgs / wfld{s ;d:ofx¿sf ;DaGwdf kqklqsfx¿df jfbLjjfb x'g'kb{5 ls kb} {g eGg]
k|Zgn] :jo+ cfkm}nfO{ vf]qmf] ;fljt ul/lbG5 .
To:tf ;d:ofx¿df olb kqklqsfx¿sf] ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf hgtfdfem cle?lr a9]sf] 5 eg] tL
tfTsflns ;d:ofx¿ aGg k'Ub5g\ clg km]l/ ltgLx¿dfly ax; ug] { { jf gug] { { eGg] k|Zg /xGg, a?
ltgLx¿af/] sxf“ / s;/L 5nkmn ug'{
kg] { xf] eGg] k|Zg v8f x'G5 . km]l/ kl/jf/ / xf]6nx¿sf]
;Ldfleq, :s"n / luhf{3/sf] ;Ldfleq t ltgLx¿dfly 5nkmn ug] { { — t/ kqklqsfx¿df pgLx¿sf]
gfd glng], bz{gsf lj/f]wLx¿åf/f tL ljifo p7fo"g\ t/ bfz{lgsx¿n] ltgsf ljifodf k"0f{tM df}gwf/0f
ul//x"g\, lghL /fonfO{ ga'lemg] efiffdf ltgLdfly 5nkmn rnfOof];\ t/ ;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfon] a'‰g]
:ki6 efiffdf To; ljifodf s]xL klg gelgof];\ † Tolta]nf k|Zg s] p7\b5 eg] h'g rLh jf:tljs¿kdf
ljBdfg 5 s] Tof] kqklqsfx¿sf] dfemdf klg cfp“5 < k|Zg k'gM kqklqsfsf] s'g} ljz]if j:t' geP/
cfd¿kdf jf:tjdf klqsf cyf{t\, :jtGq klqsf x'g'kb{5 eGg] k|Zg cfd k|Zg aGg k'Ub5 .
klxnf] k|Zgaf6 of] bf];|f] k|ZgnfO{ xfdL Psbd} cnu ul/lbG5f} + M æs'g} tyfslyt O;fO{ /fHodf
/fhg}lts k|Zgdf s] kqklqsfx¿n] bfz{lgs¿kn] ;d]t ljrf/ ug'{kb{5

xfGbfv]l/ tkfO{ +n] csf] { yKk8 xfGgsf nflu bflxg] ufnf] yflklbg'x'G5 jf To;af/] cbfntdf d'2f
rnfpg'x'G5 < To;sf] afjh"b afOandf To;f] ug'{
dgfxL ul/Psf] 5 † o; ;+;f/df s] tkfO{ +n] cfÏgf]
;d'lrt xs clwsf/sf] dfu ug'{x'Gg
< s] cfÏgf] JolQmut :jtGqtfdfly rf]6 k'Ubfv]l/ s] tkfO{ +
clnslt dfq klg l/;fpg'x'Gg < t/ tkfO{ +l;t s] elgPsf] 5 eg] of] hLjgsf] b'Mv–si6nfO{ k/dfy{sf]
;'vl;t t'ngf ug'{
x'“b}g, w}o{k"j{s si6 ;lx/xg' tyf cfzfsf] k/+ ;'vdf lnKt x'g' dxfg\ ;b\u'0f xf] †
tkfO{ +sf clwsf+z cbfntL sf/afxLx¿ tyf k|fozM clwsf+z lbjfgL sfg"gx¿sf] ;DaGw s]
;DklQl;t x'“b}g < t/ tkfO{ +nfO{ s] elgPsf] 5 eg] tkfO{ { { { { { +sf] c;nL j}ej o; nf]sdf 5}g . l;h/sf]
bfg l;h/nfO{ lbg'kb{5 tyf O{Zj/n] h] lbPsf 5g\, Tof] O{Zj/nfO{ lbg'kb{5 eGg] l;4fGt dfg]/ tkfO{ +
rNg'x'G5 eg] vfln ;"gsf] b]jtfnfO{ dfq o; nf]ssf] ;Lh/ tkfO{ +n] dfGg' x'“b}g a? slDtdf Tof]
dfqfdf :jtGq a'l4nfO{ klg o; nf]ssf] ;Lh/ :jLsf/ ug'{kb{5
— clg of] …:jtGq a'l4sf]
lqmofsnfknfO{Ú g} bfz{lgs¿kn] ljrf/ ug{ xfdL ;Sb5f} + .
;'?–;'?df hlta]nf kljq ;Demf}tf cGt/ut /fHosf] Pp6f cw{–wfld{s ;d"xnfO{ ;Ël7t ug] { { /
wd{nfO{ o"/f]ksf] /fhsLo Wjhf agfpg] k|:tfj /flvPsf] lyof], Tolta]nf To;df ;lDdlnt x'g gdfg]/
kf]kn] uxg ;dembf/L / k"0f{ ;';'Ëttfsf] kl/ro lbPsf lyP lsgeg] pgsf] ljrf/df /fi6«x¿nfO{ —
O;fO{ wd{sf cfwf/df hf]8\g] ;fj{ef}lds s8L O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ lyof] — s'6g}lts xf]Og, /fHox¿sf]
s'g} ;f+;fl/s ;Demf}tf xf]Og .
;xL cy{df wd{tGqjfbL /fHo g} wfld{s /fHo x'g ;Sb5, To:tf /fHox¿sf /fhf ls t wd{sf]
O{Zj/ x'g'kb{5 ls ox'bLx¿sf /fhfx¿em} + :jo+ lhxf]jf, ls ltJjtsf] em} + O{Zj/sf] k|ltlglw bnfO
nfdfnfO{ ls cGtdf uf}/;n] cfÏgf] clGtd /rgfdf O;fO{ /fHox¿af6 ;xL–;xL dfu u/]sf] 5 M tL ;a}
/fHox¿n] Pp6f To:tf] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf] cwLgtf :jLsf/ ug'{kb{5,
h'g æslxNo} uNtL gug] { { O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹ xf] .Æ lsgls h;/L k|f6]:6\ofG6 dtdf s'g} ;jf{ ]Rrtf k|wfg x'“b}g, To;/L g} O;fO{ wfld{s
;‹sf] klg s'g} ;jf] {Rr k|wfg x'“b}g . To;kl5 km]l/ wd{sf] zf;gsf] cy{ zf;gsf] wd{sf] cltl/Qm,
;/sf/L OR5fsf] k"hfsf] cltl/Qm a9L s]xL klg /xGg .
Psk6s olb s'g} /fHodf s}of} + wfld{s ;Dk|bfox¿nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ k|fKt x'G5 eg] km]l/ c¿
wfld{s ;Dk|bfox¿sf clwsf/x¿ xgg\ gu/Lsg Tof] wfld{s /fHo /xg ;Sb}g, Tof] To:tf] O;fO{ wfld{s
;‹ aGg ;Sb}g, h;n] cGo wfld{s ;Dk|bfox¿sf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ ljwdL{ eg]/ pgLx¿sf] lj/f]w ub{5,
h;n] /f]6Lsf] 6'qmfnfO{ wfld{s ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df ldNg] j:t' agfOlbG5, h'g a]Unfa]Un} JolQmx¿sf]
cl:tTjsf] s8L tyf /fHosf gful/sx¿sf] x}l;otn] pgLx¿sf hLjgsf] cfwf/nfO{ cGwdQ agfOlbG5
.Æ bLgbofn' Sofyf]lns dtfjnDaLx¿l;t ;f]Wg'xf];\ k|mflG;;L qmflGteGbf klxn]sf sfnjLgjfbL
k|f]6]:6\ofG6 -x\o"hgf6_x¿29l;t ;f]w]/ a'‰g'xf];\ pgLx¿n] wd{sf] gfddf ckLn u/]sf lyPgg\ lsgeg]
pgLx¿sf] wd{ /fHosf] wd{ lyPg . pgLx¿n] ædfgj clwsf/Æsf] gfddf ckLn u/]sf lyP . /,
bfz{lgsn] dfgj clwsf/x¿sf] JofVof ub{5 tyf /fHo dfgjLo k|s[ltsf] /fHo xf];\ eGg] p;n] dfu
ub{5 .
t/ cgf8L, ;Lldt a'l4jfbL JolQm TolQs} cljZjf;L x'G5, hlt pm wdf{jnDaL x'G5 tyf
æwfld{s ljZjf;x¿l;t ;DalGwt dte]b rfx] h:tf xf]pmg\ t/ O;fO{ wd{sf ;fj{ef}lds efjgfx¿ g}
/fHosf efjgf x'g'kb{5Æ eGb5 † wd{sf cfd efjgfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L -cyf{t\ cl:tTjjfbL _ wd{af6
5'6\ofpg' ;a}eGbf a9L cwd{ x'G5, ;f+;fl/s ljj]s g} ljnfl;tf xf] . To;sf cGwljZjf; / To;sf
;+:yfx¿af6 wd{nfO{ To;/L 5'6\ofpg'sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] lg;fkmsf lglZrt lgodx¿ tyf To;sf
;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 s'g} Vofn gu/Lsg, /fHosf lg;fkmsf] ;fj{ef}lds efjgfsf] zf;g x'g'kb{5 .
olb tkfO{ + wd{k|lt olt prfO{df v8f ePsf] bfjL ug{ ;Sg'x'G5, hxf“ wfld{s efjgfx¿nfO{
cfÏgf] ;/sf/L kl/efiffaf6 cnUofpg] tkfO{ +nfO{ clwsf/ 5 eg] Tof] cnUffjnfO{ bfz{lgsx¿n] cw'/f]
/xg lbg grfx]/ k"/f agfpg rfxg5g\, O;fO{ wd{sf] 3f]if0ff gu/]/ pgLx¿n] dfgjLo efjgfsf], wd{sf]
;fj{ef}lds efjgfsf] 3f]if0ff ub{5g\ eg]/ pgLx¿nfO{ s;/L bf]ifL 7x¥ofpg ;Sg'x'G5 t

O;fO{ wdf{jnDaLx¿ a]Unfa]Un} ljwfg ePsf /fHox¿df /xG5g\ M sf]xL k|hftGqdf /xG5g\, sf]xL
PstGqjfbL /fhtGqdf t sf]xL j}wflgs /fhtGqdf . O;fO{ wd{n] s'g ljwfg ;xL xf] / s'g xf]Og eGg]
to ub} {g lsgls p;n] ljwfgx¿aLr e]b ub} {g . p;n] s] l;sfp“5 eg] ;Qf;dIf lz/ em'sfpm lsgls
;Dk"0f{ ;Qf O{Zj/ k|bQ xf], To:tf] s'/f wd{sf] nflu :jfefljs xf] . ctM /fHosf ljwfgx¿ ;xL jf unt
x'g] s'/fsf] lg0f{o O;fO{ wd{ cg';f/ ug{ ;lsGg, O;fO{ ;dfhsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ klg ug{ ;lsGg, g
To;sf] lg0f{o dfgj ;dfhsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ g} ug{ ;lsG5 .
afOh]G6fOg /fHo oyfy{df wfld{s /fHo lyof] lsgls Toxf“ ¿9Ljfb g} /fHosf] cfwf/ lyof] t/
afOh]G6fOg /fHo ;a}eGbf v/fa /fHo lyof] . k|frLgvfnsf zf;g xg] /fHo O;fO{ wd{nfO{ ;a}eGbf
a9L dfGg] /fHo lyp . To;sf] afjh"b Tof] b/af/sf] OR5fdfly cfwfl/t /fHo x'GYof] .
oxf“ Pp6f To:tf] ;d:of pkl:yt x'G5, h;nfO{ æljz'4Æ ;xh a'l4n] xn ug{ ;Sb}g . O;fO{
/fHo ls t /fHo a'l4;Ët :jtGqtfsf] ;fsf/ ¿k x'g'kb{5 /, To:tf] ePkl5 km]l/ O;fO{ /fHosf]
¿kdf, To;af6 Tof]afx]s c¿ s'g} klg rLhsf] lsg dfu ug{ ;lsGg eg] Tof] Pp6f ljj]sk"0f{ /fHo xf]
eGg] sNkgf cg'¿k x'G5 . To:tf] l:yltdf /fHosf] ljsf; dfgj ;DaGwx¿sf] ljj]sk"0f{ cfwf/df ug'{
g}
kof{Kt x'G5 . bz{gn] ToxL sfd k"/f ub{5, cyjf km]l/ O;fO{ wd{cGt/ut a'l4;Ët :jtGqtfsf] /fHosf]
ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g /, Tolta]nf tkfO{ + :jo+ s] s'/f :jLsf/ ug'{x'G5
eg] To;sf] sf/0f O;fO{ wd{n] v/fa
/fHosf] t sfdgf ub} {g /, olb s'g} /fHo a'l4 ;Ët :jtGqtfsf] ;fsf/ ¿k x'“b}g, Tof] Pp6f v/fa
/fHo x'G5 .
of] ;d:ofsf] tkfO{ +n] h;/L pQ/ lbg'xf];\ — tkfO{ +n] /fHosf] lgdf{0f wd{af6 geP/ :jtGqtfsf]
l;4fGtaf6 g} x'g ;Sb5 eGg] eGg] s'/f t dfG g} kb{5 . /fHosf] sNkgfnfO{ wd{af6 :jtGq /fVg]
l;4fGt cfw'lgs bfz{lgsx¿sf] cj;/jfbL ;gs xf] eGg] s'/f sf]/f c1fgL JolQmn] dfq eGg ;Sb5 .
bz{gn] /fhg}lts If]qdf To:tf] s]xL u/]sf] 5}g, h:tf] ef}lts zf:q, ul0ft, lrlsT;fzf:q
cyjf x/]s lj1fgn] :jo+ cfÏgf] If]qdf u/]sf] 5}g . a]?ndsf a]sgn] eGby] — wd{ zf:qLo
ef}ltszf:q ;+;u{ gePsL …s'df/L;/xÚ lyof], h'g s'df/Ln] cfk"mnfO{ O{Zj/sf nflu clk{t u/]sL lyO{ /
Tof] af“emL lyO{ . wd{tTjaf6 ef}lts tTjnfO{ p;n] pTd'Qm kfl/lbO{ / Tof] kmnLkmfk eof] . h;/L tkfO{ +n]
8fS6/l;t wd{df pgsf] ljZjf; 5 jf 5}g eg]/ ;f]Wg'x'Gg, To;}u/L /fhgLlt1;“u To:tf] s'/f ;f]Wg'x'Gg
. To;eGbfklxn] tyf ;f}/d08nsf] jf:tljs :j¿ksf] af/]df sf]klg{s;sf] dxfg\ vf]hkl5 /fHosf]
u'?Tj zlQmsf] lgodsf] vf]h eO;s]sf] lyof] M /fHosf] u'?Tj zlQmsf] s]Gb| :jo+ /fHoleq x'G5 eGg]
s'/f yfx eO;s]sf] lyof] . Jojxf/sf] k|f/lDes r/0fsf] pQfpnf]k;“u} zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yfsf]
;DaGwdf h;/L o"/f]ksf ljleGg ;/sf/x¿n] nfu" ug] { { k|oTg u/]sf lyP, 7Ls To;}u/L d]SofjnL /
SoDkfg]nfn] To;eGbf klxn] g} To;f] ul/;s]sf lyP /, ltgLx¿eGbf kl5 xA;, l:kgf]hf / x\o"uf]
u|]l;o;b]lv lnP/ ¿;f], lkmS6] / x]u]n;Ddn] To;} ] ub} {cfPsf 5g\ . tL ;a}n] /fHonfO{ dfgj b[li6af6
b]Vg] k|oTg u/]sf lyP eg] To;sf k|fs[lts lgodx¿nfO{ wd{ tTjsf] cfwf/df geP/ a'l4 / cg'ejsf]
cfwf/df ljsl;t ug] { { r]i6f u/]sf lyP . wd{tTjaf6 To;/L g} cfk"mnfO{ pgLx¿n] k|efljt x'g lbPgg\,
h;/L sf]k/lgs;n] hf];'cfsf] ;"o{nfO{ lul8ogdfly l:y/ eP/ v8f x'g] / rGb|dfnfO{ chfnf]gsf]
3f“6Ldfly l:y/ eP/ v8f x'g] eg]/ lbOPsf] tyfslyt cfb]zaf6 cfk"mnfO{ k|efljt x'g lbPsf lyPgg\ .
cfw'lgs bz{gn] Tof] sfo{nfO{ s]jn rnfO/fv]sf] dfq 5, h;nfO{ lx/flSnt' / c/:t'n] w]/}klxn] ;'?
u/]sf lyP . ctM cfÏgf] o;k|sf/sf] xdnfåf/f jf:tjdf cfw'lgs bz{gsf] a'l4;Ët l;4fGtsf lj?4
tkfO{ +n] zAbjf0f rnfO/fVg'ePsf] dfq geP/ a'l4;Ët ljj]ssf] cfw'lgs bz{gdfly ;w} + k|xf/
ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . h'g c1fgtfnfO{ /]gLzL cyjf sf]lgU;au{/ hfO6'ª30df /fHosf ;DaGwdf
o'uf} +b]lvsf k'/fgf ljrf/x¿sf] kQf lx+hf] cyjf sbflrt\ cl:tdfq rn]sf] xf], To;nfO{ Oltxf;sf
To:tf ljrf/x¿ nfUg', h'g /ftel/df PSsf;L s'g} JolQmsf lbdfudf k}bf ePsf x'g\ eGg] nfUg' p;sf]
nflu :jfefljs xf] . oL ljrf/x¿ p;nfO{ gof“ k|tLt x'G5g\ / ltgLx¿sf] 1fg p;nfO{ /ftf]/ft ePsf]
5 . p;n] s] s'/f e'Ng k'Ub5 eg] To;/L p;n] ;f]/jf]gsf tL 8fS6/x¿sf] k'/fgf] e"ldsf ckgfPsf] 5,
h;n] /fHosf] ;j{>]i7 u'0f rr{sf] wd{ geP/ p;sf] /fhg}lts gLlt x'G5 eg]/ dG6]:So"n]

gfnfosLkgsf] k|bz{g u/]sf] lyof] eg]/ ;fj{hlgs¿kn] dG6]:So"dfly bf]iff/f]k0f ul//xg'nfO{ cfÏgf]
st{Jo 7fGbYof] . p;n] s] s'/f e'Nb5 eg] p;n] hf]lsd nfË]sf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] . p;n] j'Nkmsf]
lsg lgGbf ub{Yof] eg] lgoltjfbsf] p;sf] l;4fGtsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;}lgsn] ;]gf 5f]8\g yfNg]5g\ /,
To;/L ;}lgs cg'zf;g sdhf]/ x'g]5 clg cGttM /fHosf] g} ktg x'g]5 eGg] p;nfO{ 8/ lyof] .
cGtdf p;n] k|zfsf] nfG8«]Vt =-lghfdlt sfg"g_sf] pTklQ klg …ToxL j'Nkmsf] bfz{lgs ljrf/af6 ePsf]
lyof] / g]kf]lnogsf] lgodfjnLsf] klg pTklQ k'/fgf] afOan -Old Testament_ af6 geP/
ef]n6fP/, ¿;f], sf]G8f]/;]ld/faf] tyf dG6]:So"sf ljrf/x¿sf] dt / k|mflG;;L qmflGtsf] ue{af6 ePsf]
lyof] eGg] s'/f klg e'NbYof] . c1fgtf Pp6f e"t xf] eg] cem} klg To;n] PseGbf w]/}rf]6L 5n u/]/
xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg]5 eGg] cfz f 5 . o"gfgsf ;j{>]I7 slj df/;]gL tyf yLAhsf /fh3/fgsf] eo /
gf6sdf To;sf] lrq0f ha b'MvbfoL lgoltsf] ¿kdf ub{y], Tolta]nf pgL ;xL lyP .
/fHo;DaGwL sfg"gsf k'/fgf lzIfsx¿n] /fHolgdf{0fsf] sf/0f dx jfsf+Iff, ldng;fl/tfnfO{
cyjf a'l4dflgtfnfO{ atfp“by], oBlk pgLx¿sfg';f/ To;sf] lgdf{0f ;dfhsf] a'l4af6 geP/ JolQmsf]
a'l4af6 ePsf] lyof] † t/ cfw'lgs bz{gsf y'k|} cfbz{jfbL tyf uDeL/ ljrf/sx¿n] To;sf] cfwf/
;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf ljrf/x¿nfO{ dfGby] . To;cGt/ut lg;fkm, g}ltstf / /fhgLltsf] :jtGqtf ;dfj]z
ug'{
xf] . pgLx¿sfg';f/ To; ;Ë7gcGt/ut /fHosf sfg"gx¿sf] ¿kdf x/]s gful/sn] :jo+ cfÏgf]
;låj]s, dfgjLo ljj]ssf k|fs[lts lgodx¿nfO{ g} kfng ub{y] . a'l4dfgsf nflu O;f/f g} w]/} x'G5 -
sapienti sat_ †
sf}nLg;] hfO6'ªnfO{ bfz{lgs¿kaf6 cnljbf eg]/ of] k|s/0fnfO{ xfdLx¿n] ;dfKt ug] { {5f} + .
p;n] cfk"mnfO{ ut sfnsf] Pshgf pbf/kGyL atfpg' ;xL lyof] . Hofb} dhfn] dfG5] pbf/kGyLsf
;fy;fy} k|ltlqmofjfbL b'j} x'g ;Sb5 — vfln p;df slt rt'¥ofO“ cjZo x'g'kb{5 eg] p;n] xfnsf
s]jn tL pbfkGyLx¿sf] dfq s'/f u/f];\, h;nfO{ ljbf]ssf] æs}bL ag"g\ jf h]n/Æ eGg] ;d:ofafx]s
cGo s'g} ;d:ofsf] 1fg gxf];\ † xfnsf pbf/kGyLx¿n] s]xL lbgklxn]sf pbf/kGyLx¿l;t df]rf{
s;]sf lyP . kf6L{x¿ljgf s'g} ljsf; x'“b}g, ;+3if{ geO{sg k|ult x'“b}g eGg] s'/f cem} a9L ;xL lyof] .
xfdLx¿n] s] cfzf ub{5f} + eg] !&( cf} + c+ssf] cfkm\gf] cu|n]v;“u} sf}nLg;] hfO6'ªn] gof“ o'usf],
rfl/lqs o'usf] yfngL u/]sf] 5 †
dfS;{
x]u]nsf] clwsf/;DaGwL bz{gsf] cfnf]rgfdf of]ubfg
hd{gLdf wd{sf] cfnf]rgf d'VotM k"/f eO;s]sf] 5 /, wd{sf] cfnf]rgf g} ;d:t cfnf]rgfx¿sf]
k"jf{wf/ xf] .
e"naf6 ;DalGwt lbJo efif0f -Oratio pro aris et focis_ nfO{ hlta]nf lt/:sf/ ul/G5,
Tolta]nf To;sf] ckljq nf}lss cl:tTj klg pbfË x'G5 . dfG5]n] :ju{sf] sfNklgs oyfy{tfdf s'g}
dxfdfgjsf] vf]lhul//x]sf] lyof] t/ To;nfO{ cfÏgf] k|ltljDaafx]s Toxf““ s]xL klg k|fKt ePg .
To;kl5 ca p;n] hxf“;'s} cfÏgf] jf:tljs oyfy{tfsf] vf]hL ub{5 / ug] { {5, Toxf““ p;nfO{ :jo+ cfÏ
g} ¿ksf], cyf{t\ cfdfgjLo -unmensch_ pkfoafx]s c¿ s]xL xft nfUg]5}g .
u}/–wfld{s cfnf]rgfsf] cfwf/ xf] M dfG5]n] wd{sf] lgdf{0f ub{5, wd{n] dflg;nfO{ agfp“b}g .
csf] { zAbdf wd{ To:tf] dflg;sf] cfTdlrGtg jf cfTdfg'e"lt xf], h;n] lst cem};Dd klg cfÏgf] cQf]–
kQf] kfPsf] 5}g ls t h;n] kfP/ klg k'gM u'dfpgk'u]sf] 5 . t/ dfG5] To:tf] s'g} xjfO{ k|f0fL xf]Og,
h'g ;G;f/eGbf aflx/ sxL+ kn]6L s“;]/ a;]sf] xf];\ . dflg;–dflg;sf] ;G;f/ 5, /fHo 5, ;dfh 5 .
of] /fHo, of] ;dfhn] wd{ ljk/Lt ljZj r]tgfnfO{ hGd lbG5 lsgeg] Tof] :jo+ Pp6f pN6f] ;G;f/ xf],
wd{ ToxL ;G;f/sf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt xf], To;sf] ;lª\IfKt ljZjsf]z xf], nf]slk|o ¿kdf p;sf] ts{zf:q
xf], p;sf] cflTds ;Ddfgsf] uf}/j xf] / p;sf] >4f]Gdfb rLh xf], p;sf] g}lts zlQm xf], p;sf] kljq

;Dk"0f{tf xf], ;fGTjgf tyf ;dy{gsf] p;sf] ;fj{ef}lds cfwf/ xf] . Tof] dflg;sf] d"ne"t ;f/tTjsf]
sfNklgs ;fsf/ ¿k xf] lsgls dfgjsf] d"ne"t ;f/tTjsf] s'g} tYo;Ët jf:tljstf 5}g . ctM
wd{lj?4sf] ;‹if{ ck|ToIf¿kaf6 Tof] æcsf] { ;G;f/Æsf lj?4sf] ;‹if{ xf], h;sf] cflTds ;f}/e wd{ xf]
.
wfld{s kL8fsf] ;“u;“u} jf:tljs kL8fsf] cleJolQm tyf jf:tljs kL8fsf] lj?4 k|bz{g wd{sf
lj/f]w–k|bz{g xf] . wd{ pTkLl8t k|f0fLsf] cfx xf], Ps XboxLg ;G;f/sf] Tof] Xbo xf], h;/L s'g}
cfTdfljxLg l:yltsf] Tof] cfTdf xf] . Tof] hgtfsf] ckmLd xf] .
pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs ;'vsf] nflu hgtfsf] ldYof ;'vsf] ¿kdf wd{sf] pGd"ng ug'{
cfjZos
x'G5 . cfÏgf] l:yltsf] ;DaGwdf e|flGtx¿nfO{ ltnf~hnL lbg] s'/fsf] dfu hgtfl;t Tof] l:yltnfO{
ltnf~hln lbg] s'/fsf] dfu xf], h;df e|flGtx¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . ctM wd{sf] cfnf]rgf, aLh¿kdf
b'Mvsf] Tof] 3f“6Lsf] cfnf]rgf xf], wd{ h;sf] k|efd08n xf] .
cfnf]rgfn] dfnfx¿af6 ltgsf sfNklgs k"mnx¿nfO{ lsg l6lkPsf] xf]Og eg] ltgsf
dfnfx¿nfO{ s'g} skf]n sNkgfljgf cyjf s'g} ;fGTjgfljgf leg{ ;s"g\ a? lsg l6lkPsf] xf] eg] p;n]
tL dfnfx¿nfO{ lgsfn]/ kmfnf];\ / To;/L ;f“rf] ;hLj k"mnx¿nfO{ l6Kg ;sf];\ . wd{sf] cfnf]rgfn]
dfG5]sf e|dx¿nfO{ lsg tf]l8lbG5 eg] To;af6 Pp6f To:tf] dfG5]sf] ¿kdf p;n] ;f] +rljrf/ ug{ /
sfo{ ug{ ;sf];\ tyf cfÏgf kl/l:yltx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;sf];\, h;sf e|dx¿ x6]sf xf]pmg\ / h;n]
;xL 1fg xfl;n u/]sf] xf];\ . wd{sf] cfnf]rgfn] To;f] lsg ub{5 eg] To;af6 dfG5] :jo+ cfk"mtkm{ /,
To;/L cfÏ g} jf:tljs ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg yfNb5 . wd{ vfln Tof] em'6f ;"o{ xf], h'g dfG5]sf] jl/kl/
Tolta]nf;Dd rSs/ nufO/xG5, ha;Dd pm cfÏgf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg yfNb}g .
ctM ;ToeGbf 6f9fsf] ] ;G;f/ e]l6Pkl5 Oltxf;sf] sfo{ o; ;G;f/sf] ;Tosf] :yfkgf ug'{
x''G5
. dfgjLo cfTd cnufjsf] ;fw' ¿ksf] kbf{ x6fpg] sfd ePkl5 bz{g — h'g Oltxf;sf] ;]jfsf]
nflu ;w} + tTk/ /xG5 — sf] tfTsflns sfo{ cfTd cnufjsf] kbf{ x6fpg' x'G5 . To;/L :ju{sf]
cfnf]rgf k[YjLsf] cfnf]rgf aGg k'Ub5, wd{sf] cfnf]rgf Oxnf]ssf] cfnf]rgf aGg k'Ub5, wd{sf]
cfnf]rgf clwsf/sf] cfnf]rgf aGg k'Ub5 tyf wd{zf:qsf] cfnf]rgf /fhgLltsf] cfnf]rgf aGg k'Ub5 .
tnsf] JofVof — h'g pQm sfo{df Pp6f of]ubfg xf] — sf] tfTsflns ;DaGw d"n bz{gl;t
geP/ To;sf] Pp6f k|lt`lnkLl;t dfq x'G5 — /fHo;Qf / clwsf/sf] ;DaGw hd{g bz{gl;t dfq
x'G5 — /, To;sf] Psdfq sf/0f s] xf] eg] To;nfO{ hd{gLdf n]lvPsf] 5 .
olb s;}n] hd{gLsf] oyfl:yltaf6 g} ;'? ug{ rfxG5 / Tof] To;sf] Psdfq ;d'lrt9Ën]
cyf{t\ gsf/fTds9Ën] ug{ rfxG5 eg] To;sf] kl/0ffd klg c;Ëltk"0f{ x'g]5 . xfd|f] /fhg}lts
jt{dfgsf] lgif]w;Dd cfw'lgs /fi6«x¿sf] P]ltxfl;s rLh vlnxfgleqsf] 8'Ë'/n] k'l/Psf] 5 . olb d}n]
kfp8/ nfu]sf hf]8LnfO{ lgif]w u/] + eg] klg kfp8/ljgfsf] hf]8L t d;“u af“sL /xg]5 . olb d}n]
hd{gLsf] !*$# sf] l:yltnfO{ lgif]w u/] + eg] klg To; a]nfsf] k|mflG;;L u0fgfg';f/ d}n] !&*( ;Dd
gk'u]sf] dfGg]5' — jt{dfgsf] s]Gb|ljGb';Dd k'Ug] s'/fsf] t k|Zg} p7\b}g .
xf], hd{g Oltxf; s] eg]/ v';L eO/xg]5 eg] Oltxf;sf] :ju{df h'g ultaf6 pm u'lh|Psf] 5,
To;af6 g t pmeGbf klxn] s'g} ;Dk|bfo kf/ ePsf] lyof] g To;sf] kl5 g} kf/ x'g]5 . xfdLn] cfw'lgs
/fi6«x¿sf] k'g:yf{kgfdf t efu lnPsf 5f} + t/ ltgsf qmflGtx¿df xfdLn] efu lnPgf} + † ltgdf xfd|f]
k'g:yf{kgf lsg x'gk'u]sf] lyof] eg] Psflt/, c¿ /fi6«x¿n] qmflGt ug] { { ;fx; b]vfPsf lyP csf] {lt/,
c¿ /fi6«x¿n] k|ltqmflGtsf kL8f ef]Ug'k/]sf] lyof] . xfd|F] k'g:yf{kgf klxnf]k6s lsg ePsf] lyof] eg]
xfd|f zf;sx¿ 8b{y] / csf] {k6s lsg ePsf] lyof] eg] xfd|f zf;sx¿nfO{ To;sf] 8/ lyPg . e]8f
uf]7fn]sf] g]t[Tjdf /xg'sf] sf/0fn] Psk6s — h'g lbg p;nfO{ lrxfgdf k'l/+b} lyof] — Tof] afx]s xfdL
:jtGqtfsf] ghLs slxNo} k'Ug ;s]gf} + .
Pp6f ;Dk|bfon] lxhf] klg t'R5tf df}h"b /x]sf]df cfhsf] t'R5tfnfO{ klg sfg"gL 7x¥ofp“5,,
Pp6f ;Dk|bfon] s'g} lzsf/Lsf] ;dodf k|lti7f k|fKt u/]sf], k|frLg / P]ltxfl;s ePsf]df Tof] lzsf/Lsf]
k|xf/sf lj?4 v8f x'g] cw{–bf;sf] x/]s qmGbgnfO{ ljb|f]xL 7x¥ofOlbG5, Pp6f ;Dk|bfon] To;/L g}

cf gf] Oltxf; s]jn lk5l8Psf] dfq b]Vb5, h;/L Oh/fOnL O{Zj/n] cfÏgf] ;]js df]h]hnfO{ olb
hd{g Oltxf;n] :jo+nfO{ vf]h gu/]sf] x'GYof] eg] clwsf/sf] Tof] P]ltxfl;s ;Dk|bfo32n] hd{g
Oltxf;sf] cjZo g} vf]lhu/]sf] x'GYof] eg]/ b]vfPsf] lyof] . Tof] ;fOns xf] t/ ;]js ;fOns †
To;n] cf gf] bf;tfsf], cf gf] P]ltxfl;s bf;tfsf], cf gf] O;fO{ wd{sf] hd{g bf;tfsf] s;d vfG5
eg] hgtdfg;sf] Xbo k|b]zaf6 To;n] df;'sf] Ps–Ps kf}08 sf6]/ lng]5 .
To;sf] ljk/Lt hGdn] hd{g / ljrf/n] j]bLg, ;/n :jefjsf] pT;fxL JolQm :jtGqtfsf] xfd|f]
Oltxf;sf] vf]hL xfd|f] Oltxf;eGbf klg klxn] — k|frLg 6o"6fgL hËndf ub{5 † t/ Tof] Oltxf; olb
hËndf g} kfpg ;lsG5 eg] xfd|f] :jtGqtfsf] Oltxf; / ;'“u'/sf] :jtGqtfsf] Oltxf;aLr km/s s]
x'G5 / < To;afx]s s] s'/f ;j{ljlbt 5 eg] hËnleq h]–hlt tkfO{ + lrRofpg' x'G5, To;}nfO{
bf]xf]¥ofOlG5 . ctM k|frLg 6o"6fgL hËnnfO{ zflGtd} /xg lbg' /fd|f] x'g]5 †
hd{g l:yltsf] ljz'4 o'4 cjZo 5]8\g'xf];\ † of] l:ylt Oltxf;sf] :t/eGbf lgDg 5, Tof] s'g}
klg cfnf]rgfsf] cof]Uo 5 . tfklg k'gM Tof] ck/fwL em} + klg cfnf]rgfsf kfq x'G5, h'g dfgjtfsf]
:t/eGbf t'R5 x'“bfx'“b} klg hNnfbsf nflu Pp6f kfq x'G5 . Tof] l:yltsf lj?4sf] ;‹if{df cfnf]rgf
ug'{
lbdfusf] s'g} cfqmf]z geP/ Tof] cfqmf]zsf] lbdfu xf] . Tof] wfl/nf] 5'/L xf]Og Tof] Pp6f c:q xf] .
p;sf] lgzfgf p;sf] zq' xf] . p;n] s]jn To;sf] v08g ug{ dfq grfx]/ To;nfO{ ;d"ngi6 ug{
rfxG5 — lsgls To;sf] efjgfsf] v08g klxn] g} eO;s]sf] 5 . cfk"m :jo+df To:tf] s'g} rLh x'“b}g,
h;sf] af/]df ;f] +lrPsf] xf];\ . Tof] To:tf] l:ylt xf], h'g To;nfO{ 3[0ff ul/g]hlQs} 3[l0ft 5 . To;
l:yltsf] af/]df ePsf] s6' cfnf]rgfnfO{ s'g} :ki6Ls/0f lbg'kg] { cfjZostf x'“b}g lsgeg] Tof] sfd
p;n] klxn] g} k"/f ul/;s]sf] 5 . ca Tof] :jo+ s'g} nIo /x]g, vfln Pp6f ;fwg dfq /xg uPsf] 5
. To;sf] d"n /; qmf]w xf] eg] To;sf] d"n sfo{ lgGbf xf] .
oxf““ k|Zg tdfd ;fdflhs If]qsf Pscsf{dfly kg] { kf/:kl/s gL/; bafjsf] j0f{g ug] { s'/f xf] .
Tof] Pp6f lg/k]If, lgliqmo, ?vf] :jefj ePsf] JolQmsf] ;Lldt cj:yfsf] j0f{g ug] { s'/f xf] . To;n]
Pp6f ;/sf/L Joj:yfsf] 9f“rfcGt/ut cfÏgf] jf:tljstfnfO{ hlt a'‰g ;Sb5, Tolt To;sf] ljifodf
e|d klg /Rb5 . h'g k|sf/sf] v/fa s'/feGbf dfly hLljt /xg] of] Joj:yf :jo+ ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf
a;]sf] l9nf;':tLafx]s c¿ s]xL xf]Og .
s:tf] b[io xf] † n'6]/fx¿, czfGt cGtM:s/0f tyf kfzljs ;fdfGoJoj:yfsf] sf/0f Ps csf{sf
zq'x¿ gfgfy/L hfltx¿df ;dfh ljeQm eO/xG5 / pgLx¿aLr /x]sf] ;lGbUw tyf cGwljZjf;k"0f{
b[li6sf]0fsf sf/0f tL tdfd hfltx¿;“u s'g} ckjfbLjgf — oBlk a]Unfa]Un} cf}krfl/s k4ltåf/f —
ltgsf zf;sx¿n] ;x'lnotdf lbPsf] lhGbuL em} + pkof]u ub{5 clg pgLx¿ s'g s'/fsf] cfzf ub{5g\
eg] cfÏgf] Tof] l:yltnfO{ :jo+ O{Zj/sf] s[kf 7fg]/ pgLx¿nfO{ bf; agfOPsf] 5, pgLx¿dfly zf;g
ul/Psf] 5, pgLx¿nfO{ cwLg:y agfOPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf pgLx¿nfO{ wGojfb lbg'kb{5 † clg,
csf] {lt/, :jo+ zf;s ju{ 5, h;sf] dxfgtf pgLx¿sf ;+Vofx¿sf] pN6f] cg'kftdf x'G5 .
To;/L cfnf]rgf ug] { s'/f xftkft ug] { { ¿kdf ul/g] cfnf]rgf x'G5 . Tof] n8fO“df s'g s'/f cy{k"0f{
x'G5 eg] s'nLg, a/fa/Lsf], ;/f]sf/ /fVg]vfnsf] geP/ lj/f]wL 5, cyf{t\ s]jn To;dfly k|xf/ ug] { { dfq
cy{k"0f{ s'/f x'G5 . To;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] cfk"mnfO{ wf]sf lbO/xg] tyf xf/]sf] cj:yfdf /xgsf nflu
hd{gx¿nfO{ l5ge/sf] nflu klg ;do glbOof];\ . pgLx¿dfly h'g jf:tljs bafj lbOG5, To;df
bafjsf] r]tgfnfO{ hf]8]/ To;nfO{ emg\ a9L af]em agfOof];\, pgLx¿sf] nfhsf] k|rf/ u/]/ cem a9L
nfhdbf] { agfOof];\ . hd{g ;dfhsf] k|To]s cË hd{g ;dfhsf] nfhdbf] { c+u -Partie Honteuse_
xf] eGg] l;4 ul/of];\, oL 9'Ëfh:tf k|f0fxLg gftfuf]tfx¿nfO{ pg}sf uLt ;'gfP/ grfOof];\ † hgtfdf
;fx;sf] ;~rf/ ug{sf nflu pgLx¿ :jo+nfO{ cfk"mb]lv 8/fpg l;sfOof];\ . To;f] ug'{
hd{g /fi6«sf]
Pp6f ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf k"/f ug'{
xf] / /fi6«x¿sf cfjZostfx¿n] :jo+ pgLx¿sf] k"lt{sf] k/+ cf}lrTo
x'G5 .

hd{g oyfl:yltsf] t'R5 ;Gt'li6sf lj?4 of] ;‹if{ cfw'lgs /fi6«x¿sf] nflu klg dx jxLg x'g
;Sb}g lsgls hd{gLsf] oyfl:ylt k|frLg zf;gsf] n's]sf] k"lt{ xf] eg] k|frLg zf;g cfw'lgs /fHosf]
v'nf t'R5tf xf] . hd{gLsf] jt{dfg /fhgLltsf lj?4 ;‹if{ cfw'lgs /fi6«x¿sf] ctLtsf lj?4 ;‹if{
xf] — clg, tL /fi6«x¿ ctLtsf :d[ltx¿sf] af]emaf6 ce}m klg Hofb} blaPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf ;fy;fy}
cfÏgf] ljof]ufGtaf6 kf/ eO;s]sf] k|frLg zf;gnfO{ ca Pp6f hd{g k|]tem} + cfÏgf] ;+of]ufGtsf] 9f] +u
b]vfpg' pgLx¿sf] nflu lzIffk|b x'G5 . k|frLg zf;gsf] Oltxf; jf:tjdf Tolta]nf;Dd b'Mvb lyof],
hlta]nf;Dd ;+;f/df klxn]b]lv ljBdfg ;Qf ag]sf] lyof] tyf csf] {lt/, :jtGqtf p;sf] nflu s]jn
Pp6f JolQmut sNkgf dfq lyof] . ;ª\If]kdf, ha;Dd cfÏgf] Gof;Ëut s'/fdf pm :jo+n] ljZjf;
ub{Yof] / To;f] ug{ pm jfWo lyof], Tolta]nf;Dd k|frLg zf;g b'Mvb g} lyof] . Pp6f df}h"bf
ljZjJoj:yfsf] ¿kdf k|frLg zf;gn] Tof] ev{/} k}bf eO/x]sf] tfTsfnLg ljZjsf lj?4, hlta]nf;Ds
;‹if{ ul//x]sf] lyof], Tolta]nf;Ddsf] To;sf] e"n Pp6f P]ltxfl;s e"n lyof], JolQmut e"n xf]Og .
ToxL sf/0f xf], To;sf] cwf]ktg b'MMvbfoL lyof] .
csf] {lt/, jt{dfg hd{g zf;g 5 . Tof] Pp6f sfnbf]if xf], cfd ¿kdf Tof] dflgPsf] :jo+l;4
s'/fx¿sf] gUg lj/f]w xf] / ;G;f/sf cufl8 k|blz{t k|frLg zf;gsf] z"Gotf xf] . To;sf] Psxf]xf] Wofg
s] 5 eg] pm :jo+ cfk"md} cf:yf xf] / ;G;f/n] klg To:t} Vofn u/f];\ eGg] p;n] dfu ub{5 . olb
p;nfO{ :jo+ cfÏgf] d"ntTjdf cf:yf x'GYof] eg] Tof] d"ntTjnfO{ s] p;n] Pp6f aflx/L d"ntTjsf]
cfj/0fdf n'sfpg] k|oTg ub{Yof] tyf kfv08 / ;f]kmLjfbsf] z/0f lnGYof] < cfw'lgs k|frLg zf;g Tof]
ljZjJoj:yfsf] dx j Ps gf}6ª\sL xf], h;sf] ;f“rf] gfos dl/;s]sf] 5 . Oltxf;n] cfÏgf] sfd
k"0f{tM ul/5f8\b5 / s'g} k'/fgf] ¿k -Joj:yf_nfO{ To;sf] lrxfglt/ n}hfg]a]nf Tof] w]/} cj:yfx¿af6
u'lh|G5 . s'g} ljZj P]ltxfl;s ¿k -Joj:yf_sf] clGtd cj:yf To;sf] ;+of]ufGtsf] 9f] +u x'G5 . h'g
o"gfgL b]jtfx¿ P:sLn;sf] k|f]dLlyo;sf] 3]/f -Promethies Bound_ df klxn] g} b'MvbfoL9Ëaf6
3fOt] eP/ dl/;s]sf lyP, tL n'l;ogsf] syf]ksygdf csf] {k6s xf:of:kb9Ën] dg'{k/]sf]
lyof] .
Oltxf;n] To:tf] af6f] lsg ckgfp“5 — h;af6 dfgjtfn] cfÏgf] ctLtaf6 ;xif{ ljbf n]cf];\ †
hd{gLsf /fhg}lts clwsf/Lx¿sf nflu xfdL To:t} ;'vb P]ltxfl;s eljiosf] jsfnt ub{5f} + .
To;}aLr h;} :jo+ cfw'lgs /fhg}lts / ;fdflhs jf:tljstfsf] cfnf]rgf x'g yfNb5, h;}
cfnf]rgf jf:tljs dfgjLo ;d:ofx¿ kqmg] l:yltdf k'Ub5, Tolta]nf hd{gLsf] l:ylt p;n] aflx/
uO;s]sf] b]Vb5 . To:tf] x'“b}gYof] eg] cfÏgf] nIonfO{ p;n] cfÎgf] nIoeGbf tn kqmg] sf]lzz
ub} {gYof] . Pp6f pbfx/0f lng'xf];\ . cfd ;Dkbfsf] ;G;f/, /fhg}lts hutsf ;fy} pBf]uwGwfsf]
;DaGwsf] ;d:of cfw'lgs ;dosf] ;a}eGbf k|d'v ;d:ofx¿dWo]sf] Pp6f ;d:of xf] . of] ;d:ofn]
hd{gx¿sf] Wofg s'g¿kdf cfslif{t ug{ ;'? u/]sf] 5 < /fli6«o cy{Joj:yfsf] ;+/If0f z'Nssf] ¿kdf,
k|ltif]wfTds Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf . hd{gf]Gdfb dflg;af6 pq]/ pm b|Jodf k'Ug uPsf] 5 . ctM Pslbg
laxfg ;"tL sk8fsf dflnsx¿ / kmnfdsf gfosx¿n] crfgs pgLx¿ b]zeQm aGgk'u]sf] b]v]sf 5g\
† ctM xfdL hd{gx¿n] Psflwsf/nfO{ afx\o ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;'Dk]/ To;sf] ;fj{ef}d;QfnfO{ b]zleq
:jLsf/ ul//x]sf 5f} + . To;/L hd{gLdf dflg;x¿ ca ToxL s'/f z'? ul//x]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ k|mfG; /
a]nfotdf dfG5]x¿n] vtd ub} { uO/x]sf 5g\ . h'g k'/fgf, e|i6 kl/l:yltnfO{ JolQmn] l;qmLx¿
lel//x]sf] ¿kdf of] b]zsf] l;4fGtsf] lj/f]w ul//x]sf 5g\ tyf h;nfO{ pgLx¿n] wf/0f u/]sf 5g\,
h;/L] — pgLx¿sf] clegGbg hd{gLdf ;'Gb/ eljiosf] piffsfnsf] ¿kdf ul/+b}5, Tof] l;4fGtsf]
If]qaf6 s7f]/ Jojxf/sf] If]qdf kfOnf 6]Sg] eljiosf] cem};Dd Tolt ;fx; 5}g . k|mfG; / a]nfotdf
/fhg}lts cy{zf:q cyjf ;Dkbfdfly ;dfhsf] zf;g :yfkgf ug] { ;d:of 5 eg] hd{gLdf /fli6«o
cy{Joj:yf cyjf /fli6«otfdfly lghL ;DklQsf] cflwkTo sfod ug] { ;d:of 5 . clg km]l/ k|mfG; /
OªUNofG8sf] ;d:of k/fsfi7fdf k'lu;s]sf] Psflwsf/sf] pGd"ng ug'{
xf] eg] hd{gLsf] ;d:of
Psflwsf/nfO{ To;sf] r/df]Tsif{;Dd k'¥ofpg' xf] . pxf“sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] xf] eg] oxf““sf]
clxn];Ddsf] ;d:of ;‹if{sf] xf] . cfw'lgs ;d:ofx¿sf] hd{g :j¿ksf] of] pko'Qm pbfx/0f xf] . of]

s'g s'/fsf] pbfx/0f ;d]t xf] eg] Pp6f gf}l;sf?em} + xfd|f] Oltxf;n] cem} klg tL s'/fx¿ l;Sgsf
nflu cltl/Qm s;/t ug'{
5, h'g Oltxf;df k'/fgf / hL0f{–zL0f{ eO;s]sf 5g\ <
ctM olb hd{gLsf] /fhg}lts ljsf; cufl8 uPg eg] ;Dk"0f{ hd{g ljsf; jt{dfg sfnsf
;d:ofx¿dWo] s'g} hd{g lgjf;LnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L bvfn x'g ;Sb5, hlt s'g} ¿;L lgjf;Lsf] x'G5 .
t/ ha sf]O{ 5'§} JolQm /fli6«o ;Ldfaf6 aflwO/x]sf] x'Gg eg] To; JolQmsf] d'lQmåf/f ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«sf]
cem} sd d'lQm ldNYof] . o"gfgsf bfz{lgsx¿dWo] Pshgf :sfOlyofjf;L33 klg lyP — To; s'/fn]
o"gfgL ;+:s[lttkm{ Ps sbd klg cufl8 a9\\g :sfOlyofjf;Lx¿nfO{ d2t ldn]sf] lyPg .
;+of]ujz xfdL hd{g :sfOlyofjf;L xf]Ogf} + .
k|frLg ;Dk|bfo cfÏgf] k|fuP]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv h;/L sNk g} sNkgfdf kf}/fl0fs syfx¿sf]
¿kdf u'lh|Psf] lyof], To;}u/L xfdL hd{gx¿n] cfÏgf] cfufdL Oltxf;nfO{ lrGtg hutdf, bz{gsf]
If]qdf to ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . To;sf] P]ltxfl;s ;dsfnLg x'“bfx'“b} klg xfdL jt{dfg sfnsf bfz{lgs
;dsfnLg xf} + . hd{g bz{g hd{g Oltxf;sf] cfbz{jfbL lj:tf/ xf] . ctM cfÏgf] jf:tljs Oltxf;sf
cw'/f sfd -Aeuvres In Completes_sf] :yfgdf olb xfdLx¿n] cfbz{jfbL Oltxf;kl5sf sfdx¿
-Aeuvres Posthumes_sf] cfnf]rgf ub{5f} + eg] h'g xfd|f] cfnf]rgfsf] bz{g 5, Tof] tL k|Zgx¿l;t
clNemPsf] 5, tL jt{dfg sfnn] atfpg] c;nL k|Zg pg} k|ultzLn /fi6«x¿df h'g s'/fsf] cy{ /fHosf
cfw'lgs kl/l:yltx¿;“u} Jojxfl/s¿kaf6 ;DaGw–ljR5]b ug'{
x'G5, ToxL cy{ hd{gLdf — hxf“ cem};Dd
tL kl/l:yltx¿ cl:tTjdf cfO;s]sf 5}gg\ — kl/l:yltx¿sf bfz{lgs k|ltljDa;u} ;j{k|yd
cfnf]rgfTds ;DaGw–ljR5]b ug'{
x'g]5 .
clwsf/ / /fHosf] hd{g bz{g g} hd{g Oltxf;sf] Ps dfq To:tf] rLh xf], h'g ;/sf/Ltj/n]
dfGotf k|fKt cfw'lgs jt{dfg:t/;Dd -Al Pari_ k'Ub5 . ctM s] ug'{
cfjZos x'G5 eg] hd{g /fi6«n]
cfÏgf] Tof] :jKlgn Oltxf;sf] ;DaGw cfÏgf df}h"bf kl/l:yltx¿;“u} :yflkt u/f];\ /, s]jn oL
ljBdfg kl/l:yltx¿l;t dfq geP/ ltgsf ;fy} ltgLx¿sf] xjfbf/L lj:tf/sf] ;d]t cfnf]rgf u/f];\ .
To;sf] eljionfO{ g t /fHo / clwsf/sf jf:tljs kl/l:yltx¿sf] tfTsflns lgif]w;Dd ;Lldt ug{
;lsG5 g To;sf /fHo / clwsf/;DaGwL cbz{jfbL kl/l:yltx¿nfO{ t'?Gt Jojxfl/s ¿k lbg]
sfd;Dd dfq ;Lldt ug{ ;lsG5 lsgls To;sf cfbz{jfbL kl/l:yltx¿df To;sf jf:tljs
kl/l:yltx¿sf] tfTsflns lgif]w lglxt x'G5 tyf l5d]sL /fi6«x¿sf] lrGtgdf pm cf gf cfbz{jfbL
kl/l:yltx¿sf] tfTsflns clek"lt{sf] cj:yfeGbf Psk|sf/n] cufl8 al9;s]sf] 5 . ctM hd{gLsf
Jojxfl/s sfddf h'6]sf /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿n] olb bz{gsf] lgif]w ug] { { dfu ub{5g\ eg] To:tf] ;clek|fo
ub{5g\ . To;sf] uNtL pgLx¿n] of] rLhsf] dfu ug'{
geP/ Tof] ToxL dfudf /f]lsg] s'/fdf x'G5 . Tof]
dfusf] g t p;n] uDeL/tfk"j{s kl/k"lt{ ub{5, g kl/k"lt{ ug{;S5 . Totflt/ kL7 kmsf{P/ tyf To;sf]
;DaGwdf s]xL ;8]un]sf k'/fgf tyf qmf]wo'Qm :j/x¿ e'ge'gfP/ To;n] lgif]wsf] sfo{nfO{ k"/f ul//x]sf]
5 † cfÏgf] b[li6sf]0fsf] ;Lldttfsf] sf/0f hd{gsf] jf:tljstf kl/lwdf p;n] bz{gnfO{ ;fd]n ub} {g
cyjf s] ;f] +Rb5 eg] hd{g Jojxf/ tyf To;sf ;xfos l;4fGtx¿sf] :t/eGbf bz{g t'R5 x'G5 .
tkfO{ +n] ;'?cft t jf:tljs hLjgsf aLhx¿af6 ug{ 'kg] { dfu ug'{x'G5
t/ tkfO{ +n] s] e'Ng'x'G5 eg] hd{g
/fi6«sf] jf:tljs hLjgsf] aLh clxn];Dd vfln To;sf] lbdfuleq} dfq al9/x]sf] 5 . Ps zAbdf —
bz{gnfO{ Pp6f jf:tljstf gagfO{sg tkfO{ +n] To;nfO{ pGd"ng ug{ ;Sg' x'Gg . .
oxL g} uNtL bz{gaf6 k}bf x'g] ;}4flGts kf6L{n] u/]sf lyP — To;df vfln To;sf sf/s
tTjx¿sf] qmd pN6f] ePsf] lyof] .
jt{dfg ;‹if{df p;n] hd{g hutsf lj?4 bz{gsf] s]jn cfnf]rgfTds ;‹if{nfO{ dfq b]v]sf]
lyof], p;n] jt{dfg sfn;Ddsf] bz{g :jo+ ;G;f/sf] Ps c+z xf] /, To;sf] k|l/k"/s xf] — oBlk Tof]
To;sf] cfbz{jfbL k|ltk"/s xf] — eGg] s'/fdfly ljrf/ u/]sf] lyPg . cfÏgf] k|ltd"lt{k|lt p;sf]
b[li6sf]0f cfnf]rgfTds ePklg cfkm"k|ltsf] p;sf] b[li6sf]0f cfnf]rgfTds lyPg . bz{gsf k"j{ cjoj -
Premises_x¿af6 yfngL u/]/ ls t Tof] bz{gåf/f k|:t't ul/Psf kl/0ffdx¿dfly g} Tof] /f]lsg

k'u]sf] lyof] ls t p;n] cGo dfu / lgisif{x¿nfO{ bz{gsf tfTsflns dfux¿ tyf lgisif{x¿sf] ¿kdf
k]z ul/lbPsf] . jf:tjdf tL dfu / lgisif{x¿nfO{, tL ;xL lsg gxf]pmg\, jt{dfg sfn;Ddsf] bz{gsf],
:jo+ bz{gs} g} lgif]w k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ljifosf ;DaGwdf clg lj:tf/k"j{s ljrf/ ug] { { cfÏgf]
clwsf/nfO{ xfdL ;'/lIft /fVb5f} + . To;sf cfwf/e"t sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ lgDg–lnlvt zAbdf JoQm ug{
;lsG5 M p;n] s] ;f] +r]sf] lyof] eg] bz{gnfO{ Pp6f jf:tljs cfwf/ gagfO{sg klg pGd"ng ug{
;lsG5 .
/fHo;Qf / clwsf/sf] hd{g bz{gsf] cfnf]rgfsf] ;a}eGbf ;';Ët, ;a}eGbf ;d[4zfnL tyf
clGtd ljsf; x]u]naf6 ePsf] lyof] . Tof] cfnf]rgfdf cfw'lgs /fHo tyf To;l;t ;DalGwt
jf:tljstfsf] cfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f klg 5 /, h;/L /fhgLlt / clwsf/sf] If]qsf] hd{g r]tgfnfO{
clxn];Dd sfof{lGjt ul/Psf] 5, To;}u/L Tof] k"0f{tM b[9tfsf;fy ul/Psf] lgif]w klg xf] . o; r]tgfsf]
;a}eGbf k|ltli7t, ;a}eGbf a9L ;fj{ef}lds ¿k clwsf/sf] lj1fgsf] :t/;Dd k'¥ofOPsf] kl/slNkt -
Speculative_ bz{g :jo+ xf] . clwsf/sf] kl/slNkt bz{g cyf{t\ cfw'lgs /fHosf af/]df — h;sf]
jf:tljstf csf] { nf]ssf] j:t' alg/xG5, rfx] Tof] nf]s /fOg gbLkfl/ g} lsg gxf];\ — Tof]
cltzof]lQmk"0f{ xjfO{ lrGtg olb hd{gdf g} ;Dej lyof] eGg] s'/f ;xL xf] eg] To;sf] pN6f] cyf{t\,
cfw'lgs /fHosf] hd{g lrGtgljDa jf:tljs JolQmnfO{ ;d]t cd"t{ Tof] s'/f s]jn lsg dfq ;Dej x'g
;s]sf] xf] eg] cfw''lgs
/fHo ;d]tn] klg jf:tljs JolQmnfO{ xjfO{ agfOlbG5 cyjf ;Dk"0f{ dflg;nfO{
sfNklgs ;G;f/df dfq} ;Gtf]if k|bfg ub{5 eGg] s'/f klg ;xL xf] . /fhgLltdf hd{gx¿n] h'g s'/f
;f] +Rby], c¿ /fi6«x¿n] To;nfO{ Jojxf/df k"/f ul//x]sf lyP . hd{gL ltgsf] ;}4flGts cGt:s/0f lyof]
. To;sf] lrGtgsf] ljrf/dUgtf tyf z]vL ;w} + To;sf] jf:tljstf PskIfLo tyf t'R5tfsf ;fy
sbddf sbd ldnfP/ rNbYof] . ctM hd{g /fHo;Qfsf] oyfl:ylt olb k|frLg zf;gsf] kl/k"lt{nfO{
cfw'lgs /fHosf] z/L/df sf“8f k"0f{tM 3';]sf] l:ylt JoQm ub{5 eg] hd{g /fHo — lj1fgsf] oyfl:yltn]
cfw'lgs /fHo;Qfsf] cw'/f] l:yltnfO{, :jo+ To;sf] z/L/sf] sdhf]/LnfO{ JoQm ub{5 .
hd{g /fhg}lts r]tgfsf] k"j{:j¿ksf s§/lj/f]wLsf ¿kdf clwsf/sf] kl/slNkt bz{gsf]
cfnf]rgfn] :jo+n] cfÏgf] lg/IfL0f gu/]/ tL ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/IfL0fdf nfUb5, h;sf] ;dfwfgsf]
Psdfq pkfo — Jojxf/ xf] .
k|Zg p7\b5, s] hd{gLsf] Jojxf/ / l;4fGtsf] Tof] prfO{ cyf{t\ qmflGtsf] :t/;Dd dfly p7\g
;Sb5, h'g To;n] s]jn cfw'lgs /fi6«x¿sf] clwsfl/s :t/;Dd dfq geP/ /fi6«x¿n] lgs6 eljiod}
k|fKt ug] { { dfgjtfsf] Tof] pRr:t/;Dd dfly p7fOlbg]5 .
lg:;Gb]x, cfnf]rgfsf] c:qn] c:qsf] cfnf]rgfsf] 7fp“ lng ;Sb}g . ef}lts zlQmsf] tVtf
ef}lts zlQmaf6 g} kN6\ofpg' kb{5 . t/ hgtfsf] Xbodf 3/ hdfO;s]kl5 l;G4fGt klg Pp6f ef}lts
zlQm aGg k'Ub5 . l;4fGtn] h;} dflg;sf cufl8 cfÏgf] ;fy{stf k|dfl0ft ub{5, t;}a]nf To;n]
hgtfsf] Xbodf 3/ hdfpg] Ifdtf k|fKt ub{5 clg, hlta]nf pm cfd"n kl/jt{gjfbL x'g k'Ub5,
Tolta]nf p;n] cfÎgf] ;fy{stf k|dfl0ft ul/lbG5 . cfd"nkl/jt{gjfbL x'g'sf] cy{ xf] — d"n h/f] kqmg' .
t/ dflg;sf nflu d"n h/f] :jo+ dflg; xf] . hd{g l;4fGtsf] cfd"n kl/jt{gjfbLtfsf] /, To;/L
To;sf] Jojxfl/s zlQmsf] :ki6 k|df0f s] xf] eg] cfÏgf] sfo{sf] yfngL To;n] b[9tfk"j{s wd{sf] k|ToIf
pGd"ngaf6 ub{5 . dflg;sf nflu dflg; g} ;jf] {Rr tTj xf] eGg] ] lzIff;“u} wd{sf] cfnf]rgf ;dfKt x'g
k'Ub5 . ctM p;sf] b[9 cfb]z s] x'G5 eg] tL tdfd ;DaGwx¿sf] cGt ul/b]pm, h; cGt/ut dflg;
kltt cj:yfdf 5, bf; cj:yfdf 5, kl/Tofu ul/Psf] l:yltdf 5 / 3[l0ft l:yltdf 5 . oL
;DaGwx¿sf] >]i7td ljj/0f tL k|mflG;;Lx¿sf d'vaf6 ldNb5, h;n] s's'/df s/ nufpg] s'/f ;'g]/
eGg k'u]sf lyP — ljr/f s's'/x¿, ltdLx¿l;t klg tL dfgj k|f0fLx¿h:t} Jojxf/ ug{ rfx5g\ <
To;eGbf tL ;DaGwx¿sf] ;'Gb/ ljj/0f x'g} ;Sb}g †

P]ltxfl;s b[li6n] ;d]t hd{gLsf nflu ;}4flGts d'lQmsf] ljlzi6 Jojxfl/s dx j 5 lsgeg]
hd{gLsf] qmflGtsf/L ctLt ;}4flGts 5, Tof] wd{–;'wf/sf] ctLt xf] . To;a]nf qmflGt h;/L d7af;Lsf]
dl:tisdf k|f/De ePsf] lyof], To;}u/L ca Tof] bflz{lgsx¿sf] dl:tisdf k|f/De eO/x]sf] 5 .
xfdL s] dfGb5f} + eg] n"y/åf/f elQmsf] bf;tfsf] cGt ljZjf;af6 pTkGg bf;tf lj:yflkt u/]/
ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Qfk|ltsf] >4f To;n] Wj:t kf/]sf] lyof] lsgls p;n] >4fsf] ;Qfsf] :yfkgf
ul/lbPsf] lyof] . To;n] kfb/Lx¿nfO{ { ;j{;fwf/0f agfOlbPsf] lyof] lsgls ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ p;n]
kfb/Lx¿df ablnlbPsf] lyof] . aflx/L wfld{stfaf6 p;n] dflg;nfO{ d'Qm ul/lbPsf] lyof] lsgls
wfld{stfnfO{ g} dflg;sf] cGt/ agfOlbPsf] lyof] . z/L/nfO{ p;n] z[ª\vfnfx¿af6 :jtGq kfl/lbPsf]
lyof] lsgeg] p;n] XbonfO{ z[ª\vfnfx¿af6 af“lwlbPsf] lyof] .
t/ k|f]6]:6\ofG6 dtn] olb ;d:ofsf] ;xL ;dfwfg k]z u/]sf] lyPg eg] klg slDtdf ;xL¿kn]
To;nfO{ p;n] k]z ul/lbPsf] t lyof] . ca k|Zg vfln ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;åf/f cfk"meGbf aflx/sf]
kfb/Lsf lj?4 dfq ;‹if{ ug'{kg]
{ geP/ :jo+ cfk"mleqsf] kfb/Lsf lj?4, kfb/Lh:tf] cfÏgf] :jefjsf
lj?4 ;‹if{ ug'{kg]
{ x'guPsf] lyof] . clg, ;j{;fwf/0f hd{g kfb/Lx¿df x'g] k|f]6]:6\ofG6 dtsf]
¿kfGt/n] olb pkf;s kf]kx¿sf] /fhs'df/x¿sf P]/]–u}/] kfb/L d08nL;“u} ljz]ifflwsf/ x'g] tyf cgf8L
JolQmx¿sf tL y'k|} u'6x¿;“u} — p4f/ ul/lbPsf] lyof] eg] kfb/L k|j[lQ x'g] hd{gx?sf] dflg;sf]
¿kdf bfz{lgs ¿kfGt/ x'“bf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] p4f/ x'g]5 . t/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If agfpg] sfd
O;fO{ rr{ -O;fO{ wd{ ;ª\3_sf] tKsfn] ug] { { Tof] sfo{;Dd k'u]/ dfq d'lQmsf] sfd /fhs'df/;Dd dfq
k'u]/ /f]ls+b}g, h;sf] yfngL kfv08L k|zfn] u/]sf] lyof] . hd{g Oltxf;sf] ;a}eGbf pTsif{ 36gf lyof]
— ls;fg o'4 M Tof] wd{zf:qsf] e'“j/Ldf km“;]/ g} c;kmn ePsf] lyof] . olta]nf wd{zf:q :jo+
cK7\of/f]df k/]sf] 5 eg] hd{g Oltxf;sf] ;a}eGbf a9L :jtGqtfljxLg cj:yf xfd|f] oyfl:ylt klg
bz{gl;t 6s/fP/ rsgfr"/ x'g]5 † wd{–;'wf/ cfGbf]ngsf] k"j{a]nfdf hd{gLsf] zf;s ju{ /f]dsf]
;a}eGbf 7"nf] bf; lyof] . t/ cfh Tof] qmflGtsf] 9f]sfdf k'u]sf] 5 eg] Tof] s]jn /f]dsf] dfq geP/
Tof]eGbf uPu'lh|Psf] k|zf / cli6«ofsf], ufp“sf k|ltlqmofjfbL hdLgbf/x¿ tyf 3f]/ ujf“/x¿sf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] bf; ePsf] 5 .
t/ s:tf] nfUb5 eg] To;}aLr ;zQm hd{g–qmflGtsf] dfu{df Pp6f 7"nf] afwf g/f]lsPem} + ePsf] 5
.
lsgeg] qmflGtsf nflu Pp6f lgliqmo tTjsf], Pp6f ef}lts cfwf/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 .
l;4fGtnfO{ hgtfdf ToxL xb;Dd ;kmntf k|fKt x'G5, h'g xb;Dd p;n] hgtfsf tL cfjZostfx¿sf]
kl/k"lt{ ub{5 . t/ hd{g lrGtsf cfjZostfx¿ tyf hd{gLsf jf:tljstfåf/f k|:t't ul/Psf
;dfwfgx¿aLr h'g eo / vf8n 5, gful/s ;dfh / /fHo;QfaLr tyf gful/s ;dfh / :jo+
cfk"maLr klg s] To:t} vf8n b]lvg]5 t < ;}4flGts cfjZostfx¿ s] tfTsflns Jojxfl/s
cfjZostf aGg k'Ug]5g\ < lrGtg l;l4 -nIo k"lt{_sf nflu k|oTg ug'{
— TolQ dfq kof{Kt x'“b}g,
jf:tljstfnfO{ :jo+ lrGtgsf] cg's"n agfpg] k|oTg ug'{kb{5
.
t/ h'ga]nf cfw'lgs /fi6«x¿ /fhg}lts d'lQmsf] dWojtL{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf lyP, To;a]nf hd{gL
Tof] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] lyPg . Jojxf/df Tof] cj:yfdf of] clxn];Dd klg k'u]sf] 5}g, h'g cj:yf
l;4fGtsf] If]qdf o;n] kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5===. k'gM 5nfª df/]/ s]jn :jo+ cfÏgf ;Ldfx¿nfO{ dfq
xf]Og, clkt' cfw'lgs /fi6«x¿sf ;Ldfx¿nfO{ ;d]t klg kf/ u/]/ Tof] hfg ;Sb5, h'gnfO{ cfÏgf
jf:tljs ;Ldfx¿af6 d'lQm kfpgsf nflu jf:tjdf clxn] dfq p;n] cg'ej ug'{
5 / sf]lzz u/]/
xfl;n ug'{
5 < ToxL qmflGt g} pTsif{sf] qmflGt x'g ;Sb5, h;sf cfjZostfx¿ cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L
xf]pmg\ tyf To;sf cfjZostfx¿ k"j{ kl/l:yltx¿ / k"jf{wf/sf] cefj 5 eGg] nfu"g\ .
cfw'lgs /fi6«x¿sf] ljsf;;“u} hd{gLn] olb s]jn lrGtgsf] lg/k]If lqmofsnfksf] dfWodåf/f
dfq Tof] kl/l:ylt Nofpgsf nflu ul/g] jf:tljs ;‹if{df Psflt/, s'g} k|efjsf/L9Ëljgf g} xft
xfn]sf] lyof] eg] csf] {lt/, Tof] nIo k|flKtljgf cfgGbdf cyjf To;sf] cf+lzs ;Gt'li6df efu lnP/
p;n] vfln tL ljsf;sf oftgfx¿ dfq ef]lu/x]sf] 5 . Psflt/, olb lg/k]If lqmofzLntf /x]sf] 5 eg]

ToxL cg';f/ csf{lt/, lg/k]If si6 ;lx/x]sf] 5 . ToxL sf/0f xf], o"/f]ksf] d'lQmsf] cj:yfsf] :t/df
slxNo} gk'uLsg Pslbg hd{gL o"/f]ksf] ktgfj:yfsf] :t/df k'Ug]5 . To;sf] t'ngf Tof]a]nf h8zlQmsf]
Pp6f To:tf] k'hf/L;“u ug{ ;lsG5, h'g O;fO{ wd{sf] /f]un]u|:t eP/ ;w} + 3f]lnO/xG5 .
ca olb hd{g ;/sf/sf] af/]df xfdLn] ljrf/ u¥of} + eg] xfdLn] b]Vb5f} + M ;dosf] l:yltsf sf/0f,
hd{gLsf] cfÏgf] l:yltsf] sf/0f, hd{g lzIffsf] b[li6sf]0fsf] sf/0f /, cGtdf :jo+ Tof] hd{g ;/sf/sf]
;+of]uzfnL ;xhj[lQsf] cfj]usf] sf/0f cfw'lgs /fHosf gful/sx¿sf ;Eo bf]ifx¿NffO{ k|frLg zf;g
Joj:yfsf aa{/tfk"0f{ sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿;“u} hf]8]/ sfddf Nofpgsf nflu Tof] afWo x'g]5 † cfw'lgs
/fHosf gful/sx¿sf /fd|F sfdx¿n] t xfdLnfO{ s'g} kmfObf x'“b}g t/ k|frLg zf;g Joj:yfsf
aa{/tfk"0f{ bf]ifx¿ xfdLn] k"0f{tM ef]Ug'kb{5 . ctM /fHosf jt{dfg l:yltsf ;Ldfx¿eGbf kl//x]sf ¿kx¿
olb ;d'lrt sfo{df gePklg slDtdf ltgsf] cg'lrt sfo{df hd{gLn] a9LeGbf a9L xft xfNg'kg] {5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu ;G;f/df tyfslyt j}wflgsh:tf] s] s'g} csf] { b]z 5, h;n] j}wflgs /fHo;Qfsf
jf:tljstfx¿sf] pkef]u gu/Lsg g} To;sf ;Dk"0f{ e|flGtx¿sf] tL oftgfx¿nfO{ To;n] k|mfG;sf]
;]K6]Da/sf sfg"gx¿34;“u hf]l8lPsf] 5, h;df kqklqsfx¿sf] :jtGqtfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] <
s] Tof] hd{g ;/sf/sf] Pp6f d"9]an xf]Og < h;/L eujfgsf] b]jnf]sdf tkfO{ + tdfd b]zx¿sf
b]jtfx¿ kfpg'x'G5, To;}u/L hd{gx¿sf] kljq /f]dg]nL ;fd|fHodf tkfO{ + /fHosf ;f/fsf ;f/f
:j¿kx¿sf tdfd bf]ifx¿ kfpg'x'g]5 . of] ;f/;ª\u|xjfb ck"j{ / c;fwf/0f xb;Dd k'uf];\ † To;
s'/fsf] Uof/]G6L vf; tj/n] Tof] hd{g ;d|f635sf] 3f]/ /fhg}lts — ;f}Gbo{;DaGwL lnK;fn] ul/lbPsf]
5, h'g /fhtGqsf ;f/fsf ;f/f e"ldsfx¿ lgjf{x ug{ cft'/ 5 — tL e"ldsfx¿ ;fdGtL xf]pmg\,
gf]s/zfxL xf]pmg\, lg/ª\s'z xf]pmg\ jf j}wflgs, PstGqjfbL xf]pmg\ jf hgjfbL † clg tL e"ldsfx¿
olb To;n] hgtfsf] dfWoodaf6 v]Ng ;Sb}g eg] slDtdf :jo+ cfÏ g} dfWodaf6 t v]Ng ;Sb5
clg, olb hgtfsf] kmfObfsf] nflu geP klg slDtdf :jo+ cfÏ g} kmfObfsf nflu t p;n] To;f] ug{
;Sb5 † ctM jt{dfg /fhg}lts l:yltsf bf]ifx¿sf] hd{gL d"t¿k xf], p;sf] :jo+ cfÏg} Pp6f gof“
;G;f/ 5 . ctM jt{dfg /fhg}lts l:yltsf cfd ;Ldfaf6 d'lQm gkfO{sg cfÏgf ljlzi6 hd{g
;Ldfx¿af6 ;d]t p;n] d'lQm kfpg]5}g .
hd{gLsf nflu sfNklgs ;kgfsf] rLh qmflGtsf] pTsif{, cfd dfgjtfsf] d'lQm geP/ s]jn Pp6f
cf+lzs /fhg}lts qmflGt dfq xf], To:tf] qmflGt xf], h;n] 3/sf yfdx¿nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} v8f
5f]l8lbG5 . s]jn s'g} cf+lzs, /fhg}lts qmflGtsf] dfq cfwf/ s] x'G5 < Tof] s'g s'/fdfly cfwfl/t
x'G5 eg] gful/s ;dfhsf] Pp6f efun] cfk"mnfO{ d'Qm ub{5 / cfd cflwkTo sfod ub{5 . Tof] s'g
s'/fdf cfwfl/t x'G5 eg] Pp6f lglZrt ju{, cfÏgf] ljz]if l:yltsf] b[li6sf]0fsf] cfwf/df ;dfhsf] cfd
d'lQmsf] la+8f] yfDb5 . Tof] ju{n] ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] p4f/ ub{5 t/ To:tf] s]jn Tolta]nf dfq x'g
;Sb5, hlta]nf ;Dk"0f{ ;dfh Tof] l:yltdf xf];\, h'g l:yltdf pm ju{ x'G5, cyf{t\ To;;“u klg wg
k};f xf];\ cyjf OR5f ug] { {lalQs} p;n] Tof] kfpg ;sf];\ .
:jo+ cfk"mleq / hgtfleq tLj| pT;fxsf] l:ylt pTkGg gu/];Dd gful/s ;dfhsf] s'g} klg
cËn] Tof] e"ldsf k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g . Tof] s:tf] cj:yf xf] eg] To;df cfd ;dfhsf ;fy To;n] eft[Tj
efj ckgfPsf] xf];\ tyf To;}df ljnLg x'g k'u]sf]xf];\, To;l;t Tof] 3'nldn ePsf] xf]cf];\ / Tof]
;dfhsf] cfd k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf b]lvg / dflgg yfn]sf] xf];\ — Tof] s:tf] cj:yf xf] eg] To;df
p;sf dfu / clwsf/ ;xL cy{df :jo+ ;dfhsf dfu / clwsf/ aGg k'u]sf xf]pmg\ — Tof] s:tf]
cj:yf xf] eg] To;df ;xL cy{df Tof] ;dfhsf] dl:tis / d'6' aGg k'uf];\ † s'g} ljz]if ju{n] ;dfhsf
cfd clwsf/x¿sf] gfddf g} cfd cflwkTo sfod ug] { { clwsf/ cfÏgf] lglDt k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 .
x:tIf]kåf/f of] d'lQmsf] rfxgfsf] l:yltdfly clwsf/ ug{sf nflu /, To;/L :jo+ cfÏgf cËsf lxtdf
;dfhsf tdfd cËx¿sf] /fhg}lts zf]if0f ug{sf nflu qmflGtsf/L zlQm tyf cflTds cfTdfg'e"lt g}
kof{Kt x'“b}g . s'g} /fi6«sf] qmflGt tyf To;df gful/s ;dfhsf] Pp6f ljz]if ju{sf] d'lQm — oL b'j} rLh
Ps}gfz xf]pmg\, s'g} Pp6f ju{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;dfh dflgof];\ — To;sf nflu s] s'/fsf] cfjZostf x'G5
eg] ;dfhsf ;f/f bf]if s'g} csf] { ju{df s]lGb|t xf]pmg\, Tof] vf; ju{ kl5sf] k|ultdf afwf xfNg] cfd

ju{ agf];\, cufl8 a9\g] dfu{sf] afwfsf] Tof] d"t{¿k aGg k'uf];\, To;sf] ljz]if ;fdflhs If]qnfO{ ;Dk"0f{
;dfhsf s'Voft ck/fwx¿sf h/f dflgof];\ — To; If]qaf6 d'lQm ldNbf Tof] ;a}sf] cfTd–d'lQm
dflgof];\ . s'g} Pp6f ju{ >]i7 d'lQmbftf ju{ aGgsf nflu s'g} csf] { ju{ To;sf] pN6f] cyf{t\ :ki6¿kn]
pTkL8g ug] { { ju{ aGg' cfjZos x'G5 . k|mflG;;L ;fdGt ju{ tyf k|mflG;;L kfb/L ju{sf] cfd gsf/fTds
l:yltsf] sf/0faf6 ;a}eGbf ghLssf] / lj/f]wL ju{, k"“hLklt ju{ ;sf/fTds dx jaf6 :yflkt ePsf]
lyof] .
t/ hd{gLdf To:tf] s'g} vf; ju{ 5}g, h;af6 To;k|sf/sf] b[9tf xf];\, Tof] ;dembf/L agf];\,
Tof] ;fx; / s7f]/tf xf];\, h;n] To;nfO{ ;dfhsf] gsf/fTds k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf cufl8 NofP/
pEofcf];\ . g t s'g} To:tf] ju{ g} 5, h;df cfTdfsf] Tof] ljzfntf xf];\, h;n], If0fe/sf] nflu dfq
lsg gxf];\, /fi6«sf] cfTdf;“u ldnfP/ To;nfO{ Psfsf/ agfOb]cf];\ . To;df Tof] k|]/0ff zlQm xf];\, h'g
ef}lts anleq /fhg}lts lx+;f ug] { { ;ª\sNksf] 3f]if0ff u/f];\, cyjf To:tf] qmflGtsf/L ;fx; el/b]cf];\,
h;n] lj/f]wLnfO{ cufl8 b]v]/ uh{ +b} …d s]xL xf]Og t/ d ;a} yf]s x'g]5'Ú eg]/ x' f/ u/f];\ . hd{gLsf
— oxf“sf ju{ / JolQmsf — b'j}sf] g}ltstf / Odfgbfl/tfsf] d'Vo cfwf/ jf:tjdf Tof] ljgd| cx+jfb xf],
h;n] :jo+ s] 3f]lift ub{5 eg] pm ;Ldfa4 5 tyf hlta]nf c¿ JolQmx¿n] p;sf] ljifodf To;}
eGb5g\, ToxLa]nf p;n] s]xL cfklQ ub} {g . To;/L hd{g ;dfhsf ljleGg cËx¿sf] ;DaGw gf6sLo
geP/ jL/ /;sf] sfJoh:tf] 5 . tLdWo] x/]snfO{ cfÏgf] r]tgfsf] cg'e"lt Tof] a]nf;Dd x'“b}g, h'g
a]nf;Dd p;nfO{ pTkL8g ul/G5, a? Tof] a]nf x'G5, hlta]nf :jo+ p;n] s'g} k|oTg gu/Lsg ;dosf]
rqmn] pm :jo+n] hf]/hjh{:tL ug{ ;Sg]vfnsf] lgDg ;fdflhs :t/ ;[li6 ul/lbG5 . clg, Tolta]nf pm
cfÏgf ;f/fsf ;f/f bfafsf ;fy cufl8 cfp“5 / c¿ JolQmx¿sf] cf8df cfÏgf] 8]/f hdfp“5 .
hd{gLsf] dWod ju{sf] g}lts ;xfg'e"lt klg vfln s'g r]tgfdf dfq cfwfl/t 5 eg] pm c¿ tdfd
ju{sf c;+:s[t cfd ;j{;fwf/0fsf] g} k|ltlglw xf] . ctM v/fj lgotaf6 vfln /fhu2Ldf hd{g ;d|f6
a:g] dfq xf]Og, clkt' hd{g gful/s ;dfhsf] x/]s cËn] cfÏgf] ljho ;df/f]x dgfpg'eGbf klxn]
pm k/fhosf ;Ldfx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ 3]l/ /fVg] r/0faf6 u'lh|G5 . ltgLx¿sf] cGTo ug'{eGbf
klxn] pm
:jo+n] cfÏgf ;Ldfx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/xfNb5, cfÏgf] pbf/ :j¿k b]vfpg'eGbf klxn] p;n] cfÏgf]
d'6'sf] ;+s'lrt :j¿ksf] emf“sL b]vfOxfNb5 . To;/L Pp6f dxfg\ e"ldsf v]Ng] cj;/ xft nflu
x'g'eGbf klxn] g} Tof] u'ldxfNb5 / Toxf““sf] x/]s ju{n] h;} cfÏgf lj/f]wL ju{sf lj?4 ;‹if{sf] yfngL
ub{5, TolQs}df pm cfk"meGbf tnsf ju{sf lj?4sf] ;‹if{df klg clNemgk'Ub5 . ToxL sf/0f xf], pRr
;fdGtL ju{n] /fhtGqsf lj?4 ;‹if{ ul//x]sf] 5, gf]s/zfx ju{n] s'nLg ;fdGtL ju{sf lj?4 ;‹if{
ul//x]sf] 5, k"“hLklt ju{n] s'nLg ;fdGtL ju{sf lj?4 ;‹if{ ul//x]sf] 5 / k"“hLklt ju{n] tL ;a}sf
lj?4 ;‹if{ ul//x]sf] 5 eg] k"“hLklt ju{sf lj?4 ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ;‹if{sf] klg yfngL ePsf] 5 .
;fdflhs kl/l:yltsf] ljsf; tyf /fhg}ltszf:qsf] k|ultn] dWod ju{sf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ hL0f{ cyjf
slDtdf ;lGbUw t 7x¥ofOlbPsf] 5 tfklg Tof] dWod ju{n] cfÏgf] To; b[li6sf]0faf6 d'lQm k|fKt ug] { {
ljrf/;Dd dgdf lng] ;fx; ug{ ;Sb}g .
k|mfG;df s'g} klg s'/f k"/f x'G5 eg] Tof] p;sf] lglDt oy]i6 x'G5 / p;n] ;a} s'/f k"/f x'g]
sfdgf ug{ yfNb5 t/ hd{gLdf olb ;a} s'/f 5f]8\g dflg; tof/ 5}g eg] s]xL klg x'“b}g . k|mfG;df
cf+lzs d'lQm g} ;fj{hlgs d'lQmsf] cfwf/ x'G5 t/ hd{gLdf ;fj{hlgs d'lQm geO{sg s'g} klg cf+lzs
d'lQmsf] ;Defjgf x'“b}g . k|mfG;df qmlds d'lQm jf:tljstf xf] / k"0f{ :jtGqtfsf] pbo To;}sf] ue{af6
xf]nf t/ hd{gLdf qmlds d'lQm To;/L x'g' c;Dej 5 . k|mfG;df /fi6«sf] k|To]s ju{ /fhg}lts cfbz{jfbL
5 / To;n] cfÏgf] r]tgf ;aeGbfklxn] Pp6f ljz]if ju{sf] k|l;tlglwsf] ¿kdf geP/ cfd ;fdflhs
cfjZostfx¿sf] k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf k|fKt ub{5 . ctM d'lQmbftfsf] e"ldsf Pp6f gf6sh:tf] qmdfg';f/
Pskl5 csf] { k|mflG;;L /fi6«sf ljleGg ju{x¿sf xftdf Tolta]nf cfO/xG5, hlta]nf;Dd, cGtdf, Tof]
ju{sf xftdf k'Ub}g, h;n] ;fdflhs :jtGqtf, dflg;eGbf aflx/sf] t/ :jo+ dflg;åf/f lgld{t s'g}
kl/l:yltsf] cfwf/df sfof{Gjog gu/]/ To;sf] ljk/Lt dfgj cl:tTjsf tdfd kl/l:yltx¿sf ;Ë7g
g} ;fdflhs :jtGqtfsf d"ne"t cfwf/x¿df ub{5 . hd{gLdf To;sf] pN6f] 5 . oxf““ Jojxfl/s hLjg

Tolts} cfTdfljxLg 5, hlt cflTds hLjg cJojxfl/s 5 . ctM oxf““ gful/s ;dfhsf] s'g} klg
ju{nfO{ g t cfd d'lQmsf] Tolta]nf;Dd s'g} ;/f]sf/ x'G5 / g Tof] Nofpg] p;df Ifdtf g} 5, ha;Dd
cfÏgf] tfTsflns l:yltsf] sf/0f, cfÏgf ef}lts cfjZostfx¿sf] sf/0f, :jo+ cfÏgf l;qmLx¿sf
sf/0f Tof] k|FlKtsf nflu k|oTg ug{ pm afWo gxf]cf];\ .
clg, hd{g–d'lQmsf] lglZrt ;Defjgf s;/L x'G5 t <
pQ/ M hGdhft z[ª\vfnfx¿sf] Pp6f ju{sf] lgdf{0fdf, gful/s ;dfhsf] To;vfn] ju{sf]
lgdf{0fdf To;sf] ;Defjgf x'G5 . Tof] jf:tjdf gful/s ;dfhsf] ju{ xf]Og . Tof] s'gvfnsf] ju{ xf] eg]
To;df ;a}vfn] ju{x¿ ljnLg x'G5g\ . Tof] s:tf] l:ylt xf] eg] cfÏgf] ;fG;fl/s b'Mvåf/f To;n]
;fG;fl/s :j¿k u|x0f ub{5 tyf To;n] vfln s'g} vf; clwsf/sf] dfq dfu ub} {g lsgeg] vfln
p;sf lj?4 dfq vf; cGofo ePsf] geP/ cfd¿kdf cGofo ePsf] 5 . To; ju{n] s'g} P]ltxfl;s
clwsf/sf] bfaf ug{ gvf]h]/ dfgjLo clwsf/ dfu ub{5 . To;n] hd{g /fHo;Qfsf] s]jn s'g} Pp6f
kIfsf] dfq k|ltjfb gu/]/ To;sf] d"n cfwf/sf] rf}tkmL{k|sf/n] k|ltjfb ub{5 . cflv/ Tof] s:tf] ju{ xf]
eg] c¿ x/]s ju{sf] p4f/ gubf{;Dd /, To;/L ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{ ju{sf] p4f/ gubf{;Dd To;n] cfÏgf]
p4f/ ug{ ;Sb}g . /, To;/L ;dfhsf csf] { s'g} ju{sf] klg p4f/ ug{ ;Sb}g . Ps} zAbdf, o; ju{df
dfG5]sf] ;j{gfz ePsf] lyof] /, To;/L k"0f{¿kaf6 k'gM dfgjLo ¿k u|x0f u/]/ p;n] cf gf] ckgTj
kfpg ;Sb5 . Pp6f ljz]if ju{sf] ¿kdf ;dfhsf] To;k|sf/sf] lj36gaf6 ljz]if ju{sf] ¿kdf k}bf x'G5
. Tof] xf] — ;j{xf/f ju{ .
pbLodfg cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k hd{gLdf ;j{xf/f ju{ pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . lsgeg]
oxf“sf] ;j{xf/f ju{ :jefjtM u/Laaf6 geP/ s[lqd¿kaf6 u/La agfOPsf JolQmx¿af6, ;fdflhs
af]emn] oflGqs¿kaf6 pTkLl8t dfgj ;d'bfoaf6 geP/ ;dfhsf], d'VotM dWod >]0fLsf] cfd"n
lj36gsf] sf/0f pTkGg ePsf hg;d'bfoaf6 ag]sf] xf] — oBlk :jfefljs¿kaf6 ePsf u/Lax¿ /
hd{g O;fO{ c4{bf;x¿;d]t klg lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} o;sf] klª\Qmdf ;fd]n x'“b}uO/x]sf] s'/f ;lhn}l;t
a'‰g ;lsG5 .
clxn];Dd ljBdfg ljZj Joj:yfsf] lj36gsf] gx/f ahfp“b} ;j{xf/f ju{n] vfln :jo+ cfÏgf]
cl:tTjsf] dfq /x:of]b\3f6g ul//x]sf] 5 lsgeg] ljZjJoj:yfsf] jf:tljs lj36g ToxL g} xf] . lghL
;Dkltsf] lgif]w ug] { dfu u/]/ ;j{xf/f ju{n] s]jn To; s'/fnfO{ dfq ;fdflhs l;4fGtsf] :t/df
p7fOlbG5, h'g s'/f ;dfhn] cf gf] l;4fGtsf] :t/df k|:t't u/]sf]5, ;dfhsf] gsf/fTds kl/0ffdsf]
¿kdf p;n] :jo+ To;df efu glnO{sg pm ;dfj]z x'gk'u]sf] 5 . h'g ;G;f/ cl:tTjdf cfO/x]sf] 5,
To;sf] ;Gbe{df ;j{xf/f ju{n] :jo+nfO{ Tof] clwsf/af6 ;DkGg ePsf] kfp“5 . h'g ;G;f/ cl:tTjdf
cfO;s]sf] 5, To;sf] ;DaGwdf hd{g ;d|f6df Tolta]nf s] b]lvG5 eg] p;n] 3f]8fnfO{ cf gf] 3f]8f
eg]em} + hgtfnfO{ hgtf eGb5 . ;d|f6n] hgtfnfO{ cfÏgf] lghL ;Dklt 3f]lift ub{5 .
;j{xf/f ju{sf] ¿kdf bz{gn] cfÏgf] ef}lts c:q h;/L kfp“5, To;}u/L bz{gsf] ¿kdf ;j{xf/f
ju{n] cfÏgf] j}rfl/s c:q kfp“5 . /, hg;d'bfosf] o; sd{e"lddf h;} j}rfl/s k|sfz 5l/g]5,
hd{gx¿sf] p4f/ x'g]5 / pgLx¿ dflg; aGg]5g\ .
ca xfdL ;ª\If]kdf s] lgisif{ lgSnG5, Tof] x]/f} + M Jojxfl/s¿kdf hd{gLsf] d'lQm s]jn Tof]
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df dfq x'g ;Sb5, h;n] dfG5]nfO{ g} dfG5]sf] ;jf] {Qd ;f/ dfGb5 .
hd{gLdf dWoo'uaf6 d'lQm kfpg' s]jn Tolta]nf dfq ;Dej 5, hlta]nf dWoo'udfly xfl;n
ePsf] cf+lzs ljhoaf6 ;d]t d'lQm kfOG5 . ;a}y/Lsf bf;tfsf aGwgx¿ gr'“8fnLsg hd{gLdf s'g}
k|sf/sf] bf;tfsf] aGwg r'“8fNg ;lsGg . d"n hd{gLdf Tolta]nf;Dd qmflGt ;DkGg ug{ ;lsGg,
hlta]nf;Dd o;sf] cfwf/df qmflGt ;DkGg x'Gg . hd{gx¿sf] d'lQm dfgj hfltsf] d'lQm xf] . of]
d'lQmsf] dl:tis bz{g xf] tyf o;sf] d'6' ;j{xf/f ju{ xf] . ;j{xf/f ju{sf] pGd"ng gu/Lsg bz{gnfO{
jf:tljs agfpg ;lsGg eg] bz{gnfO{ jf:tljs gagfO{sg ;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ pGd"ng ug{ ;lsGg .
hlta]nf ;Dk"0f{ cfGtl/s cfjZostfx¿ k"/f x'g]5g\, Tolta]nf ufn36sf] s'v'/fsf] 8f“sf]sf]
d2tn] hd{gLsf] k'g?HhLjgsf] lbg klg 3f]lift x'g]5 .

sfn{ dfS;{
kljq kl/jf/ cyjf cfnf]rgfTds cfnf]rgfsf] cfnf]rgf
a| 'gf] afo/ / pgsf] d08nLsf lj?4
-5} +7f} + cWofoaf6_
-3_ k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbsf lj?4 cfnf]rgfTds o'4
æ!* cf} + zbLdf l:kgf]hfjfbsf] k|e'Tj lyof] . Tof] l:kgf]hfjfbs k|mflG;sf] kl5Nnf]vfnsf] lyof] .
To;n] e"t–b|Jo -Matter_ nfO{ kbfy{ -Substance_ / O{Zj/ -Deism_ b'j}sf] gfd lbGYof] . To;n]
e"t–b|Josf] y'k| } cfWoflTds gfd /fv]sf] lyof] .=== l:kgf]hfjfbL k|mflG;;L ;Dk|bfo / O{Zj/jfbLx¿ — tL
b'j} s:tf zfvfx¿ lyP eg] kl5 cf gf] l:kgf]hfsf] k|0ffnLsf] jf:tljs cy{sf nflu emu8f–snx
ul//xGy]=== k|mflG;;L cfGbf]ngkl5 ;'? ePsf] k|ltlqmof;dIf cfTd;dk{0f ug{ afWo kfl/Pkl5 Tof]
/f]dfG;jfbsf] ef;df km“;]/ Tof] gjhfu/0fsf] cGt ePsf] lyof] .Æ
cfnf]rgfn] ToxL atfp“5
k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfb cfnf]rgfTds Oltxf;sf] d'sfljnfdf xfdLx¿ To;sf] cwdL{, lj:t[t
Oltxf;sf] ;lª\IfKt ¿k/]vf k|:t't ug] {5f} + . xfdLx¿n] :ki6¿kdf s'g} lxlRsrfx6ljgf jf:tljs Oltxf;
h:tf] /x]sf] lyof] Tof] Oltxf; / æk/+ cfnf]rgfÆsf] pkb]z cg';f/, cyf{t\ k'/fgf / gof“ b'j}vfn]
;|i6fx¿sf] ;dfg cfb]zfg';f/ ag]sf] Oltxf;sf aLrdf ePsf] vf8nnfO{ :jLsf/ ug] { {5f} + . /, cGtdf
cfnf]rgfsf] cfnf]rgfTds pkrf/ cg';f/ sfd ub} { cfnf]rgfTds Oltxf;sf ælsgÆ, æsxf“af6,Æ / æstfÆ
h:tf k|Zgx¿nfO{ xfdLx¿n] æb[9tfk"j{s cWoogsf ljifoj:t'Æ agfpg]5f} + .
æs6' / oyfy{¿kdf eGg] xf]Æ eg] !* cf} + zbLsf] k|mflG;;L gjhfu/0f vf; u/]/, k|mflG;;L
ef}ltsjfb s]jn tfTsfnLg /fhg}lts ;+:yfx¿ tyf tfTsfnLg wd{ / wfld{s bz{gsf lj?4sf] ;‹if{
dfq lyPg, clkt' Tof] !& cf} + zbLsf] clwe"tjfb 37 sf lj?4 Pj+ ;a}vfn] clwe"tjfb ljz]if u/]/,
b]sft{, dfn]a|fG;, l:kgf]hf / n]lAgT;sf] clwe"tjfbsf lj?4;d]t b[9, ;s];Dd v'nf / :ki6 vfnsf]
;‹if{ lyof] . bz{gn] clwe"tjfbdfly ToxL k|sf/n] k|xf/ ub{Yof], h'g k|sf/n] cf gf] klxnf] k|xf/sf]
a]nf kmfo/jfvn] x]u]ndfly tyf pgsf] dbf]GdQ kl/sNkgfsf] lj?4 uDeL/ bz{g k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
olb ;xL s'/f ug] { {xf] eg] k|mflG;;L gjhfu/0fn], !* cf} + k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbn] !& cf} + zbLsf]
clwe"tjfbnfO{ d}bfgaf6 aflx/ x6fpsf] lyof] . hd{g bz{gdf, ljz]iftM !( zbLsf] sNkgfjfbL hd{g
bz{gdf k'gM Tof] ljhoL ePsf] lyof] . vf; u/]/, To;sf] k'g:yf{kgf x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 x]u]nn]
;a}vfn] clwe"tjfb / hd{g cfbz{jfbsf] ;“u;“u} Hofb} bIftfk"0f{9Ën] To;nfO{ hf]l8lbPsf lyP /,
To;/L clwe"tjfbsf] ;fj{ef}lds ;fd|fHo :yfkgf ul/lbPsf lyP . ctM Toxf“ “ pk/fGt sNkgfjfbL
clwe"tjfb / ;fdfGo clwe"tjfbdfly ul/Psf] Tof] k|xf/ !* cf} + zbLdf em} + :jo+ wfld{s–bz{gdfly
;d]tsf] klg xdnf aGg k'usf] ] lyof] . ef}ltsjfbn] To;nfO{ ;w} +sf nflu k/f:t ug] {5 . ef}lsjfbnfO{
:jo+ sNkgfjfbL sfo{n] kl/k"0f{ agfOlbPsf] 5 / clxn] dfgjtfjfb;“u To;sf] PsfTdstf :yflkt
ePsf] 5 . ;}4flGts If]qdf kmfo/jfvfn] ef}ltsjfbsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]em} + Jojxfl/s If]qdf k|mflG;;L /
a]nfotL ;dfhjfb Pj+ ;fDojfbn] Tof] ef}ltsjfbsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{y], h'g dfgjtfjfbL;t Psfsf/
ePsf] lyof] .
æs6' / oyfy{¿kdf eGg] xf] eg]Æ k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbdf b'O{y/L wf/f kfOG5g\ M Pp6f kIfn]
cf gf] pTklQnfO{ b]sft{l;t hf]8\ \b5 eg] csf] {n] kIfn] nsl;t . bf];|f] wf/f d'VotM k|mflG;;L rLh xf]
/ To;n] ;Lw} ;dfhjfbLt/ n}hfG5 . klxnf] wf/f oflGqs ef}ltsjfb xf] / Tof] k|mflG;;L k|s[lt lj1fg
elgg] rLhl;t ldNg k'Ub5 . ljsf;qmddf tL b'j} wf/f Pscsf] {l;t ldNg k'Ub5g\ . oxf“ xfdLx¿n]
b]sft{af6 ;Lw} k|fKt ePsf] k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbsf] uxL/fO{df k'Ug'kg] { cfjZostf 5}g, h;/L k|mflG;;L
Go"6gjfbL wf/f cyjf k|mflG;;L k|s[lt lj1fgsf] cfd ljsf;sf] uxL/fO{df hfg'kg] { cfjZostf 5}g .

t;y{ xfdLx¿n] s]jn lgDg s'/fx¿ dfq gf]6 ug] { {5f} + M b]sft{n] cf gf] ef}lts lj1fgdf
kbfy{nfO{ cfTd–/rgfTds zlQmaf6 ;DkGg atfPsf lyP / oflGqs ult p;sf] hLjg lqmof xf] eg]sf
lyP . cf gf] ef}lts lj1fgnfO{ cf g} clwe"tjfbaf6 pgn] Psbd} 5'§} /fv]sf lyP . pgsf]
ef}ltszf:q cg';f/ e"t–b|Jo g} Ps dfq kbfy{ xf], hLjg / 1fgsf] ToxL dfq cfwf/ xf] .
k|mflG;;L oflGqs ef}ltsjfbn] b]sft{sf] clwe"tjfbsf] lj/f]w ub} { pgsf] ef}ltszf:qsf] cg's/0f
u/]sf] lyof] . pgsf cg'ofoLx¿ k]zfaf6 clwe"tjfblj/f]wL, cyf{t\ ef}ltszf:qL lyP .
pQm wf/fsf] yfngL lrlsT;s n] /f]oaf6 x'G5 / lrlsT;s sfjflg;af6 To;nfO{ r/df]Tsif{df
k'¥ofOG5 tyf nf d}qL To;sf] s]Gb|ljGb' x'g\ . h;/L !* cf} + zbLdf nf d}qLn] em} + n] /f]on] klg b]sft{
hLljt 5“b}, kz' ;+/rgf;DaGwL b]sft{jfbL cjwf/0ffnfO{ dfgj cfTdfdf cf/f]lkt u/] / s] 3f]if0ff u/]
eg] cfTdf z/L/sf] Pp6f sfo{ljlw xf] / ljrf/ p;sf] oflGqs lqmofsnfk xf] . b]sft{n] cf gf]
jf:tljs ljrf/ u'Kt /fv]sf lyP eGg] ;Dd n] /f]osf] ljrf/ lyof] .b]sft] {n] To;sf] lj/f]w u/]sf lyP .
!* cf} + zbLsf] cGtdf sfjflg;n] b]sft{sf] ef}ltszf:qnfO{ cf gf] u|Gy ædflg;sf] zf/Ll/s lqmof /
p;sf] g}ltstfÆ -Repport du physique et du moral de I'homme_df ljsl;t u/]/ k"0f{
agfPsf lyP .
b]sft{sf] ef}ltszf:q clxn] klg k|mfG;df hLljt 5 . oflGqs k|s[lt lj1fgsf] If]qdf pgn]
;zQm ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf lyP . s6' / oyfy{¿kdf eGg] xf] eg] pQm lj1fgdfly /f]dfG;jfbsf]
cleof]u ;a}eGbf sd nufpg ;lsG5 .
k|mfG;df b]sft{n] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] !& cf} + zbLsf] clwe"tjfb ;'?b]lv g} ef}ltsjfblj/f]wL lyof] .
b]sft{sf] d"t{¿kdf lj/f]w uf:;]G8Ln] u/]sf lyP . uf:;]G8L PkLs'?sf] ef}ltsjfbsf] hLjgf]4f/ ug] { {
JolQm x'g\ . k|mflG;;L / a]nfotL ef}ltsjfbsf] ;w} + 8]df]qm]t' / PkLs'?sf] ef}ltsjfbL;t 3lgi6 ;DaGw
lyof] . cª\u| ]hx¿aLr b]sft{sf] clwe"tjfbsf csf{ lj/f]wL ef}ltsjfbL xA; lyP . cf gf
lj/f]wLx¿dfly uf:;]G8L / xA;sf] ljho pgLx¿sf] d[To' ePsf] w]/}kl5 ePsf] lyof] . pgLx¿sf]
d[To'sf] a]nf t ;f/f k|mflG;;L :s"nx¿df ;/sf/Ltj/af6 clwe"tjfbsf] babaf lyof] .
ef]N6fP/n] s] eg]sf lyP eg] !* cf} + zbLdf h];'O6x¿ / hg;]lg:6x¿ 38 aLr rln/x]sf]
emu8ftkm{ k|mflG;;Lx¿sf] pk]Iffsf] sf/0f bz{gsf] ck]Iff sfg"gl;t ;DalGwt ljQLo kl/sNkgfx¿
a9L ePsf lyP . /, jf:tjdf !& cf} + + zbLsf] clwe"tjfbsf] ktgsf sf/0f !* cf} + zbLsf] ef}ltsjfbL
l;4fGtsf] d2taf6 To;/L g} :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5, h;/L :jo+ Tof] ;}4flGts cfGbf]ngsf] JofVof
tfTsfnLg k|mflG;;L hLjgsf] Jojxfl/s :j¿ksf] dfWodaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . pQm hLjgsf] nufj
tfTsfnLg kl/l:ylt, ;fG;fl/s ;'v / ;fG;fl/s nfex¿sf Pj+ j:t'ut ;G;f/l;t lyof] . To;sf]
Jojxf/ wd{zf:qlj/f]wL / clwe"tjfblj/f]wL tyf ef}ltsjfbL lyof] tyf tbg'¿k wfld{s–bz{glj/f]wL,
clwe"tjfblj/f]wL / ef}ltsjfbL l;4fGtx¿ k}bf ug] { { Jojxfl/s dfu ul/Psf] lyof] . Jojxfl/s hutdf
clwe"tjfbsf] ;f/f k|lti7f d]l6O;s]sf] lyof] . oxf“ “ To;sf] ;}4flGts k|lqmofnfO{ g} ;ª\If]kdf :ki6
ug'{
{kg] { cfjZostf 5 .
!& cf} + zbL;Dd clwe"tjfbLeq -x]g'{xf];\
b]sft{, n]lAgT; cflb_ ;sf/fTds nf}lss tTj df}h"b
lyof] . To;n] cf gf] kl/lwleq k/]sf] k|tLt x'g] ul0ft, ef}ltszf:q / c¿ vf;–vf; lj1fgx¿df
cg';Gwfg u/]sf] lyof] . !* cf} + zbLsf] ;'?df g} Tof] b]vfj6L s'/fsf] cGt ePsf] lyof] . jf:tljs
lj1fgn] To;l;t ;DaGw–ljR5]b u/]sf] lyof] / a]Unfa]Un} lbzfdf :jo+ cf gf] If]qsf] lgdf{0f ug{
yfn]sf] lyof] . To;n] clwe"tjfbsf] ;f/f k|lti7f gi6 ug{ k'u]sf] lyof] . To;sf] ;DaGw vfln
sfNklgs k|f0fLx¿ / /fd|f s'/fx¿l;t dfq /xgk'u]sf] lyof], oBlk Tof] ;do jf:tljs k|f0fL /
;fG;fl/s j:t'x¿ g} ;f/fsf ;f/f rf;f]sf s]Gb| aGgyfn]sf lyP . clwe"tjfb af;L x'gk'u]sf] lyof] .
!& cf} + zbLsf clGtd k|mflG;;L clwe"tjfbLx¿ dfna|fG; / cgf] {N8sf] d[To' x'“g]
jif{d} x]Na]lTo; /
sflbnssf] hGd ePsf] lyof] .
!& cf} + zbLsf] clwe"tjfb / ;fdfGo clwe"tjfbL l;4fGtsf] ;f/f k|lti7f vtd ul/lbg] JolQm
lko/] a]n lyP . pgsf] c:q ;Gb]xjfb lyof] . To;nfO{ pgn] clwe"tjfbs} OGb|hfn;DaGwL ;"qaf6
lgsfn]sf lyP . ;'?df pgL b]sft{jfbL clwe"tjfbsf cfwf/df rn]sf lyP . t/ kl5 sNkgfjfbL

a|x\d1fg lj?4 ;‹if{ ubf{ub} { kmfo/jfv em} + sNkgfjfbL bz{gl;t le8\g afWo ePsf lyP lsgeg]
a|x\d1fgsf] clGtd ;xf/f s]jn sNkgfjfbsf] If]q dfq} /xg k'u]sf] lyof] / 5 eg] oflGqsef}ltsjfbn]
a|x\d1fgsf] 9f] +uL lj1fgsf] vf]n Roft]/ To;nfO{ :y"n / la/f6 elQmsf] z/0fdf x'¥of{pg rfxGYof] —
To;}u/L a]nn] klg wfld{s ;Gb]xsf] efjgfaf6 k| ]l/t eP/ clwe"tjfbsf] ;DaGwdf klg ;Gb]x ug{
yfn]sf lyP /, ;f]xL clwe"tjfb g} pgsf] cf:yfsf] d"n cfwf/ lyof] . ctM pgn] ;'?b]lv g}
clwe"tjfbsf] cfnf]rgfTds9Ëaf6 v"a ljZn]if0f u/]sf lyP . pgsf] d[To'sf] Oltxf; n]Vgsf nflu
pgL To;sf] Oltxf;sf/ aGg k'u] d'VotM pgn] l:kgf]hf / n]lAgT;sf ljrf/x¿sf] v08g u/]sf
lyP .
lko/] a]nn] cf gf] ;Gb]xjfbsf] dfWodåf/f clwe"tjfbsf lj?4 krf{ 5/]/ k|mfG;df s]jn
ef}ltsjfb / ;xh a'l4jfbL bz{gsf] :jfutsf nflu dfq e"ld tof/ u/]sf lyPgg\, pgn] s]jn
cgLZj/jfbLx¿sf] ;dfh dfq} ;Dej 5 / cgLZj/jfbL klg Pp6f ;e|fGt JolQm x'g ;Sb5 eGg] l;4
u/]/ Tof] cgLZj/jfbL ;dfhsf] klg zª\vgfb u/]sf lyP, h'g l56} pTkGg x'“b}
lyof] . cgLZj/jfbaf6
geP/ cGw–ljZjf; / d"lt{–k"hfaf6 dfG5]n] cfk"mnfO{ ;+/If0f u/fp“5 eg]/ pgn] atfPsf lyP .
Ps k|mflG;;L n]vssf zAbdf lko/] a]n !& cf} + zbLsf] …zflAbs cy{df clGtd clwe"tjfbL lyP
eg] !* cf} + zbLsf] cy{df pgL klxnf] bfz{lgs lyP .Ú
!& cf} + zbLsf] wd{zf:q / clwe"tjfbsf] gsf/fTds ¿kaf6 v08g ug'{afx]s
;sf/fTds
clwe"tjfblj/f]wL k|0ffnLsf] ;d]t klg cfjZostf lyof] . tfTsfnLg hLjgsf] Jojxf/nfO{ Jojl:yt
kfl/lbg] / ;}4flts¿kaf6 To;nfO{ ;xL ;fljt ul/lbg] k':tssf] cfjZostf lyof] . pbfx/0f:j¿k,
ToxL cfjZostfsf] k"lt{sf] cg'/f]wsf] pQ/df a]nfotL hn dfu{ -British Chanal_ sf] kfl/kl§
dfgj a'l4sf] pTklQaf/] nssf] u|Gy cfof] . rL/ k|ltlIft cltlynfO{ ;dfg To;nfO{ :jfut ul/Psf]
lyof] .
s] ns s'g}gs'g} ¿kdf l:kgf]hfsf cg'ofoL lyP < pQm k|Zgsf] pQ/ lb+b} …cwdL{Ú Oltxf;n]
eGg ;Sb5 M ef}ltsjfb a]nfotsf] hGdhft k'q xf] . a]nfotL ljBfsf cf8Da/L 8G; :kmf]6;;Ddn]
cfZro{rlst x'“b}
;f]w]sf lyP, æs] kbfy{n] ;f] +Rg ;Sb5 t

cf gf] cufl8sf] ljsf;df ef}ltsjfb Ps kIfLo x'gk'Uof] . a]sgsf] ef}ltsjfbnfO{ xJ;n]
Jojl:yt agfPsf lyP . OlGb|ohGo 1fgn] cf gf] sfJofTds 56f u'dfpg k'Uof] . Tof] Hofldlt1x¿sf]
cd"t{ cg'ejdf km“:of] . ef}lts ultnfO{ oflGqs / ul0ftLo ultdfly anL r9fOof] . HofldltnfO{
lj1fgsL dxf/fgL 3f]lift ul/of] . ef}ltsjfb dfgj hfltsf] j}/L aGg k'Uof] . ef}ltsjfbn] cf gf
lj/f]wL, zq'jt\ / u}/–zf/Ll/s efjgfnfO{ k/f:t ug{sf nflu To;n] :jo+ cf gf OlGb|ox¿nfO{ k|xf/
ug{ / :jo+n] b'Mv ef]Ug afWo x'g'k¥of] . Tof] a'l4;DkGg k|fl0fsf ¿kdf cufl8 cfof] tfklg To;leq
a'l4sf] ufx|f] ts{zlQm klg pTkGg eof] .
a]sgsf] cfwf/df ts{ ub} { xA;n] eGb5g\ — olb dflg;sf] ;f/f 1fgsf] ;|f]t p;sf OlGb|ox¿ /
cg'ejx¿ x'g\ eg] ;dembf/L, ljrf/, sNkgf, cflb ef}lts ;G;f/sf OlGb|ouDo ¿k sl/a–sl/a
9ln;s]sf 5fof“x¿ x'g\ . lj1fgn] pm k|ltljDax¿sf] gfd /fVg dfq ;Sb5 . Pp6} gfdaf6 s}of} +
k|ltljDax¿nfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . gfdsf] klg gfd x'G5 tfklg Psflt/, ;Dk"0f{ 1fgsf] ;|f]t
OlGb|o hut xf] eGg', csf] {lt/, s]xL zAb dfq klg Ps zAbeGbf s]xL w]/} xf] eGg' tyf h'g ljlzi6
k|f0fLsf] k|ltlglwTj ul/Psf] 5, Tof] k|fl0fafx]s cfd k|fl0f klg x'G5g\ eGg' k/:k/df aflemg] s'/f xf] .
u}/–zf/Ll/s j:t'sf] s'/f ug{ 'em} + cl:tTjljxLg kbfy{sf] s'/f ug'{
c;Ëltk"0f{ x'G5 . z/L/, ;Qf / kbfy{
;a} jf:tljs ljrf/x¿ x'g\ . lrGtgnfO{ lrGtg ug] { { kbfy{af6 cnUofpg ;lsGg . kbfy{ g} ;f/f
kl/jt{gx¿sf] ljifoj:t' xf] . olb xfd|f] dl:tisljgf s'g} cgGtnfO{ lg/Gt/ j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 eg]
cgGt zAbsf] s'g} cy{ x'“b}g
. e"t–b|Jo g} b[li6uf]r/ / af]wuDo x'g] x'gfn] dnfO{ vfln d]/f] cf g}
cl:tTjsf] dfq hfgsf/L 5 eg] O{Zj/sf] cl:tTjaf/] s'g} s'/f hfgsf/L 5}g . x/]s dfgjLo cfj]z
Pp6f oflGqs ult xf] . To;sf] ls t k|F/De x'G5 ls cGt . c;n eGg' g} cfj]zsf] nIo xf] . h'g
lgodx¿sf] cwLg:y k|s[lt x'G5, tL lgodx¿sf clwg:y dflg; klg x'G5 . ;fdYo{ / :jtGqtf
cleGg x'G5g\ .
xA;n] a]sgsf ljrf/x¿nfO{ Jojl:yt t agfP . tfklg pgn] xfd|f] 1fg / xfd|f ljrf/x¿sf]
;|f]t OlGb|ox¿sf] g} ;G;f/ x'G5 eGg] pgsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿sf] vf; w]/} k|df0fx¿ k|:t't u/]sf
5}gg\ .
nsn] dfgj a'l4sf] pTklQsf] ljifodf n]lvPsf] lgaGwdf a]sg / xA;sf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;xL
l;4 u/]sf 5g\ .
h;/L a]sgsf] ef}ltsjfbsf O{Zj/jfbL 40 k"jf{u|xx¿nfO{ xA;n] vtd kfl/lbPsf lyP, To;}u/L
sflnG;, 8f]8jn, sfj8{, xf6{n], k|L:6n] / c¿x¿n] nssf OlGb|o af]wjfbsf clGtd ;Ldfx¿nfO{ klg
tf]l8lbPsf lyP . b]jjfb 41 slDtdf ef}ltsjfbLx¿sf] nflu wd{af6 5'6sf/f kfpg] ;'ljwfhgs / ;xh
;fwg dfq xf], To;eGbf a9L s]xL xf]Og .
k|mflG;;Lx¿sf nflu nssf] u|Gy slt w]/} ;do–;fGble{s 5 < Tof] xfdLx¿n] klxn] g}
elg;s]sf 5f} + . nsn] ;fdfGo ;+j]bgfsf] ;xh a'l4 -bon senes_sf] ] bz{g :yfkgf u/]sf lyP, cyf{t\
ck|ToIf¿kaf6 pgn] s] eg]sf lyP eg] :j:y dfgjLo OlGb|ox¿ tyf tLaf6 xfl;n x'g] 1fgsf lj?4
s'g} klg bfz{lgs hfg ;Sb}g .
nssf ;a}eGbf ghLssf cg'ofoL sflbns lyP . pgn] nssf /rgfx¿sf] k|mflG;;L efiffdf
cg'jfb u/]sf lyP . !& cf} + zbLsf] clwe"tjfbsf lj?4 t'?Gt pgn] nssf] OlGb|oaf]wjfbnfO{
/flvlbPsf lyP . pgn] s] k|dfl0ft u/]sf lyP eg] sNkgfsf] sf]/f e8\sfj tyf wfld{s–bz{g;DaGwL
k"jf{u|xsf ¿kdf clwe"tjfbnfO{ 7'So|fP/ k|mflG;;Lx¿n] 7Ls} u/]sf lyP . pgn] b]sft{, l:kgf]hf,
n]lAgT; tyf dfna|fG;sf bfz{lgs k|0fnLx¿sf] v08g k|sflzt u/] .
cf gf] dfgjLo 1fgsf] pTklQaf/] lgaGwdf nssf ljrf/dfly pgn] ;lj:tf/ ljrf/ u/] / s]
l;4 u/] eg] s]jn cfTdf dfq geP/ OlGb|ox¿ klg, s]jn ljrfx¿ pTkGg ug] { { snf dfq xf]Ogg\,
clkt' OlGb|ox¿åf/f 1fg xfl;n ug] { { snf klg cg'ej / jfgL Joxf]/fsf j:t'x¿ x'g\ . ctM dfG5]sf]
k"0f{ ljsf; lzIff / kl/j]zdfly lge{/ ub{5 . sflbnsnfO{ k|mfG;sf :s"nx¿af6, k'gM s]jn ;f/–
;ªu|xjfbL bz{gsf] d2taf6 dfq lgsfNg ;lsPsf] lyof] .

k|mflG;;L / a]nfotL ef}ltsjfbdf ePsf] cGt/n] b'O{ b]zx¿aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ k|ltljlDat ub{5
. cË| ]hx¿sf] ef}ltsjfbnfO{ k|mflG;;Lx¿n] xf8–5fnf / /ut lbPsf lyP tyf ;f/tTj / jfsj}ejaf6
lje"lift u/]sf lyP . pgLx¿n] To;df /x]sf] sdL k"/f ul/lbP, cyf{t\ pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ :jf:Yo /
snf lbP . pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ ;Eo atfP .
x]na]l;o;n] ef}ltsjfbnfO{ k|mflG;;L ¿k k|bfg u/]sf lyP . x]na]l;o;sf cfwf/ klg ns g}
lyP . jf:tjd} x]Nj]l;o;n] tTsfn To;nfO{ ;fdflhs hLjgsf] Jojxfl/s ;Gbe{df /fv]sf lyP . -
x]Nj]l;o;, dflg; tyf p;sf] af}l4s Ifdtf / p;sf] lzIff_ OlGb|ohGo u'0f / cfTd–k| ]d, ;'vef]u tyf
7Ls¿kdf a'lemPsf] JolQmut lxt g} ;a} g}ltstfsf] cfwf/ lyof] . dflg;sf] a'l4 :jfefljs ;dfgtf,
pBdsf] k|ult / ts{sf] k|ultsf] Pstf, dflg;sf] :jfefljs ;Tsfo{ tyf lzIffsf] ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL
¿k pgsf] k|0ffnLsf d'Vo tTjx¿ lyP .
n d}qLsf /rgfx¿df b]sft{sf] bfz{lgs k|0ffnL / a]nfotL ef}ltsjfbsf] ;+Zn]if0f b]lvG5 .
b]sft{sf] ef}ltszf:qnfO{ pgn] lj:t[t¿kdf pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] dfgjLo d];Lg b]sft{sf] kz'
d];Lgsf] gd"gfs} /rgf xf] . xf]Njfvsf] /rgf k|s[ltsf] Joj:yf cyjf ;dfhsf] k|fs[lts bz{g / dfgj
g}ltstfsf] ef}lts v08 klg k|mflG;;L / a]nfotL ef}ltsjfbsf] ;+Zn]if0fsf] kl/0ffd xf] tyf To;sf]
g}ltstfl;t ;DalGwt v08 d"ntM x]Nj]l;o;sf] g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t 5 . k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbL /f]ljg]
k|s[lt -Dela Nature_sf] ;a}eGbf w]/} ;DaGw clwe"tjfbL;t lyof] /, To;sf/0f x]u]nn] pgsf]
k|z+;f u/]sf lyP eg] pgn] :ki6¿kn] n]lAgT;sf] gfd lnGy] .
k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbsf] pTklQ b]sft{sf] ef}ltslj1fg / a]nfotsf] ef}ltsjfb tyf !& cf} +
zbLsf] clwe"tjfb Pj+ b]sft{, l:kgf]hf, dfna|fG; Pj+ n]lAgT;sf] clwe"tjfbsf] lj/f]wsf] bf]xf]/f]
k|lqmofaf6 ePsf] lyof] tyf k'gM e"cy{zf:qLx¿sf] em} + ef]Ng], b'k'O{, lbb]/f] / c¿x¿sf] ljifodf ljrf/
ug'{kg]
{ /xGg . Tof] lj/f]w hd{gx¿nfO{ cfkm} pgLx¿ sNkgfjfbL clwe"tjfbL;t ;3if{df plqPkl5
dfq yfx ePsf] lyof] .
h;/L b]sft{sf] ef}ltsjfb k|s[ltlj1fgdf k"0f{tM 3'nldn x'G5, To;}u/L k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbsf]
csf] { zfvf ;Lw} ;dfhjfb / ;fDojfbtkm{ a9\b5 .
dflg;sf df}lns ;Tsfo{ / ;dfg af}l4s Ifdtf, cg'ejsf] ;jf] {kl/tf, rfn–rng / lzIff,
dflg;dfly jftfj/0fsf] k|efj, pBf]usf] 7"nf] dxŒj, ;'vef]usf] cf}lrTo, cflb ;DaGwdf ef}ltsjfbsf]
lzIffkl5 k'gM ef}ltsjfb s;/L ckl/xfo{¿kdf ;dfhjfb / ;fDojfbL;t ;DalGwt ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f
a'‰gsf nflu vf;u/L uDeL/¿kn] Wofg lbg'kg] { cfjZostf x'“b}g
. dflg;n] cf gf] ;a} 1fg ;Dj]bgf
cflb OlGb|ohut / To;df xfl;n ul/Psf] cg'ejaf6 k|fKt ub{5 eg] cg'ej ePsf] ;G;f/nfO{ g} To;
ct/ut dflg;n] jf:tjdf dfgjLo rLhnfO{ cg'ej ug] { { tyf To;d} cEo:t x'g]vfnsf] /, To;/L
dflg;sf] ¿kdf p;n] cf gf] r]tgf xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] agfOlbg'kb{5 . oyfy{¿kdf cfTd;ft ul/Psf]
lxt g} olb ;f/f g}ltstfsf] d"ne"t l;4fGt xf] eg] dflg;sf lghL lxtnfO{ dfgj hfltsf] lxt cg'¿k
agfOlbg'kb{5 . ef}ltsjfbL cy{df dflg; olb c:jtGq 5, cyf{t\ of] jf Tof] rLhaf6 hf]luOg]
gsf/fTds zlQmsf] ¿kdf geP/ cf gf] jf:tljs JolQmut s'/fnfO{ JoQm ug] { { ;sf/fTds zlQmsf]
¿kdf pm :jtGq 5}g eg] ck/fwsf] nflu JolQmnfO{ ;hfo“ lbOg'x'“b}g,
a? ck/fwsf] ;dfhlj/f]wL
sf/0fnfO{ gi6 ul/lbg'kb{5 tyf x/]s dflg;nfO{ p;sf] ;Qfsf] lgjf{w cleJolQmsf nflu ;fdflhs
cj;/ k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 . dflg;sf] lgdf{0f olb p;sf] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0faf6 x'G5 eg] p;sf]
jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f dfgjLo agfOlbg'kb{5 . dflg; olb :jefj}n] g} ;fdflhs k|fl0f xf] eg] p;n]
cf gf] ;f“rf] :jefjsf] ljsf; s]jn ;dfhdf dfq ug{ ;Sb5 /, To;/L p;sf] :jefjsf] zlQmsf]
d"NofÍg a]Unfa]Un} JolQmx¿sf] zlQmsf] cfwf/df geP/ l;Ëf] ;dfhsf] zlQmsf] cfwf/df ul/g'kb{5 .
of] / o:t} cGo :yfkgfx¿ k'/fgfeGbf k'/fgf k|mfl;G;L ef}ltsjfbLx¿sf /rgfx¿df nueu tL
zAbx¿df g} b]Vg ;lsG5 . ltgLx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug] { { ynf] of] xf]Og . dflG8jnsf] /rgf — dfx'/Lsf]
syf cyjf lghL kfkfrf/x¿sf] ;fj{hlgs ;bfrf/df ¿kfGt/ — n] ef}ltsjfbL ;fdflhs k|j[lQx¿sf]
Pp6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ub{5 . dflG8jn nssf k|f/lDes cË| ]h cg'ofoLx¿dWo]sf Ps lyP . pgn]

cfw'lgs ;dfhdf kfkfrf/ ckl/xfo{ / pkof]uL 5 eGg] l;4 u/]sf 5g\ . t/ To;sf] nflu pgn]
cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] kIf slxNo} lnPgg\ .
km'l/Pn] k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbLx¿sf lzIffx¿sf] cfwf/df g} cf gf] ljrf/ agfPsf 5g\ .
afa"jjfbL lg:;Gb]x e8'jf / c;Eo ef}ltsjfbL lyP tfklg pgLx¿n] k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbsf] ue{af6
g} k|ToIf¿kn] kl/kSj ;fDojfbsf] ljsf; u/]sf lyP . ef}ltsjfb cf gf] dft[e"ld a]nfot
x]Nj]l;o;åf/f kmsf{OPsf] lyof] . x]Nj]l;o;sf] g}ltstfsf] cfwf/df g} a]Gydn] oyfy{¿kdf cfTd;ft
ul/g] lxtsf] cf gf] bfz{lgs k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP tyf cf]j]gn] a]nfotL ;fDojfbsf] :yfkgf
a]Gydsf] bfz{lgs k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df u/]sf lyP . k|mfG;nL sfj]nfO{ b]z lgsfnf u/]/ a]nfotaf6
nv]l6Psf] lyof] . ToxL+ pgL sDo'lg:6 ljrf/x¿sf] k|efjdf cfPsf lyP . k|mfG; kms{ +bfv]l/ pgL
pQfpnf]vfnsf] eP tfklg ;fDojfbsf ;a}eGbf w]/} hglk|o k|ltlglw ag]sf lyP . t/ cf]j]gh:t} a9L
j}1flgs k|mfG;]nL sDo'lg:6x¿ — b]hfoL, u], cflbn] ef}ltsjfbL lzIffx¿nfO{ ;Rrf dfgjtfjfbL
lzIffsf] ¿kdf / ;fDojfbsf] ts{k"0f{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/]sf lyP ==.
sfn{ dfS;{
kmfo/afv;DaGwL b[li6sf]0f
— ! —
kmfo/afvnufot clxn];Ddsf] ;f/f ef}ltsjfbsf] d'Vo bf]if s] xf] eg] To;df j:t' -
Gegenstand_ jf:tljstf / OlGb|ohGo 1fgnfO{ j:t' -Object_ cyjf lrGtgsf] ¿kdf x]g'{
/
dgf]utjfbL9Ën] dfgjLo OlGb|out lqmofsnfk — Jojxf/ — sf] ¿kdf gx]g'{
xf] . ctM p;sf] ;lqmo
kIfsf] ljsf; ef}ltsjfbn] geP/ cfbz{jfbn] u/]sf] 5 — t/ To;n] s]jn lg/k]If¿kdf dfq} u/]sf] 5
lsgeg] lg:;+b]x¿kaf6 cfbz{jfb jf:tljs OlGb|ohGo lqmofsnfkh:tf j:t'x¿l;t Psbd} ckl/lrt
5 . kmfo/afvfn] jf:tjdf ljrf/sf j:t'x¿eGbf a]Un} x'g] OlGb|ohGo j:t'x¿nfO{ cjZo rfxG5g\ t/
pgn] :jo+ dfgjLo lqmofsnfknfO{ j:t'ut -Genestandliche_ lqmofsnfksf] ¿kdf a'‰g ;Sb}gg\
. ctM pgn] - cf gf] u|Gy_ O;fO{ wd{sf] ;f/df ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0fnfO{ g} Psdfq ;xL dfgjLo
b[li6sf]0f dfGb5g\ . Jojxf/nfO{ pgn] s]jn b'i6 ox'bLx¿sf ¿kdf dfq} b]v]sf 5g\ / pgn] ToxL¿kdf
c=lst u/]sf 5g\ . ctM pgn] æqmflGtsf/LÆ, æJojxfl/s — cfnf]rgfTdsÆ lqmofsnfksf] dxŒjnfO{
cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
— @ —
j:t'ut -Gegenstandliche_ ;To dfgjLo lrGtgsf] pkh xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zg ;}4flGts
xf]Og, clkt' of] Jojxfl/s k|Zg xf] . cf gf] lrGtgsf] ;Totf, cyf{t\ jf:tljstf / zlQmnfO{ To;sf]
Oxnf}lsstf -Diesseitikeit_nfO{ dflg;n] Jojxf/df g} l;4 ug'{kb{5
. Jojxf/eGbf 5'§} lrGtgsf]
oyfy{tf jf coyfy{tfsf] ljjfb ug'{
s]jn ljz'4 zf:qLo ljjfbsf] k|Zg dfq xf] .
— # —
dflg; kl/l:yltx¿ / lzIffsf] pkh xf] eGg] ef}ltjfbLx¿sf] l;4fGt xf] /, To;/L ablnPsf]
dflg; c¿ kl/l:yltx¿ tyf ablnPsf] lzIffsf] pkh x'G5 eGg] s'/fn] s] s'/f ljl;{lbG5 eg]
kl/l:yltnfO{ abNg] klg dflg; g} xf] tyf :jo+ lzIfsnfO{ ;d]t klg lzIff lbg'kg] { cfjZostf x'G5 .
h] xf];\, ckl/xfo{¿kn] pQm l;4fGtn] ;dfhnfO{ b'O{ efudf af“l8lbG5 . tLdWo] Pp6f efu -xfdLx¿n]
/j6{ cf]j]gdf b]v]em} +_ ;dfheGbf pRr x'G5 .
kl/l:ylt abNg] dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf] of]unfO{ s]jn qmflGtsf/L Jojxf/sf] ;Gbe{df dfq} a'‰g
/ a'l4;Ët9Ën] ;Demg ;lsG5 .
— $ —
kmfo/jfvn] wfld{s cfTd–;+of]hg, ;G;f/nfO{ wfld{s, sfNklgs ;G;f/ / jf:tljs ;G;f/ b'O{
efudf ljefhg ug] { sfdaf6 ;'? ub{5g\ . pgn] sfd ug'{
eg]sf] s] xf] eg] wfld{s hutnfO{ To;sf]
Oxnf}lss cfwf/df cnUu} v8f ug'{
xf] . pgn] Tof] sfd k"/f eO;s]kl5 klg d'Vo rLh ug{ af“sL g}
/xG5 eGg] tYo a'‰g ;Sb}gg\ . lsgls Oxnf}lss cfwf/df To;n] cfk"mnfO{ :jo+ cfk"maf6 cnUofp“5

:jtGq nf]ssf] ¿kdf afbndf cfk"mnfO{ k|ltli7t ub{5 — To; s'/fsf] :ki6Ls/0f pQm Oxnf}lss
cfwf/sf] cfTd–ljefhg / cfTd–cGt/lj/f]wL :j¿knfO{ dfg]/ g} :jLsf/ ul/G5 . ctM ;a}eGbfklxn]
Oxnf}lss cfwf/nfO{ p;sf cGt/lj/f]wL :j¿kx¿df a'‰g'kb{5 To;kl5 cGt/lj/f]wx¿nfO{ x6fP/
Jojxf/df qmflGtsf/L ¿kfGt/ ug'{kb{5
. To;/L pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fG;fl/s kl/jf/ g} kljq kl/jf/sf]
/x:ok"0f{ cfwf/ xf] eGg] s'/f kQf nfu]kl5 k'gM ;}4flGts If]qdf ;fG;fl/s kl/jf/s} cfnf]rgf
ul/g'kb{5 / Jojxf/df To;nfO{ qmflGtsf/L ¿kfGt/ ug'{kb{5
.
— % —
kmfo/afv lg/k]If lrGtgaf6 ;Gt'i6 gePsf x'gfn] OlGb|ohGo lrGtg -Contemplation_nfO{
k'sfb{5g\ tfklg OlGb|ohGo 1fgnfO{ pgn] Jojxfl/s / dfgj–OlGb|ohGo lqmofsnfksf] ¿kdf dfGb}gg\
.
— ^ —
kmfo/afvfn] wfld{s ;QfnfO{ dfgjLo ;Qfsf] ¿kdf 5'6\ofp“5g\ . tfklg dfgjLo ;Qf x/]s
JolQmdf a]Unfa]Un} df}h"b s'g} lg/k]If j:t' x'“b}g
. pm cf gf] oyfy{tfdf ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿s}
;dli6ut ¿k xf] .
ctM pQm jf:tljs ;Qfsf] cfnf]rgf gug] { { kmfo/afvfn] afWo eP/ eG5g\ M
-s_ wfld{s efjgf -Gemut_nfO{ P]ltxfl;s sfo{dWo]af6 To;/L 5'6ofpg'kb{5, h;/L Tof] :jo+
klg rLh g} xf] / To;nfO{ k'gM pxL¿kdf clÍt ug'{kb{5
tyf Pp6f lg/fsf/ — ;a}eGbf a]Un} —
dfgjLo JolQmsf] ¿kdf sNkgf ug'{kb{5
.
-v_ ctM hxf“;Dd To;sf] ;DaGw 5, dfgjLo ;QfnfO{ pgn] :jfefljs¿kaf6 y'k| } JolQmx¿nfO{
Pp6} ;"qdf afWg] s]jn cfGtl/s, d"s / cfd¿kd} x]g] { Pp6} dfq æhflt -Genus_Æsf] ¿kdf b]Vb5g\
.
— & —
ctM kmfo/afvfn] æwfld{s efjgfÆ :jo+ Pp6f ;fdflhs pkh xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ b]Vb}gg\ tyf
pgn] To;nfO{ lg/fsf/ JolQmsf] ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ub{5g\, h'g jf:tjdf ;dfhsf] Pp6f ljlzi6
¿kl;t ;DalGwt x'G5 .
— * —
;fdflhs hLjg d"ntM Jojxfl/s x'G5 . l;4fGtnfO{ ;x:ojfbsf] e"n–e'n}ofdf e8\sfpg] ;f/f
/x:ox¿sf] dfgjLo Jojxf/df tyf To; Jojxf/sf] ;dembf/Ldf a'l4;Ët ;dfwfg kfOG5 .
— ( —
lrGtgzLn -Comtemplative_ ef}ltsjfbn], cyf{t\ OlGb|ohGo 1fgnfO{ Jojxfl/s
lqmofsnfksf] ¿kdf gb]Vg] ef}ltsjfbn] h'g r/df]Tsif{ xfl;n u/]sf] 5, Tof] xf] — To;n] æ;Eo
;dfhÆsf a]Unfa]Un} JolQmx¿sf af/]df lrGtg ub{5 .
— !) —
k'/fgf] ef}ltsjfbsf] b[li6df æ;EoÆ ;dfh lyof], gof“ ef}ltjfbsf] b[li6df dfgjLo ;dfh cyjf
;dfhLs[t dfgjtf x'G5 .
— !! —
bfz{lgsx¿n] a]Unfa]Un} ¿kdf ;G;f/sf] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ t/ jf:tljs sfd eg]sf] ;G;f/nfO{
abNg' xf] .
sfn{ dfS;{ tyf k|m]l/s Pª\u]N;
hd{g ljrf/wf/f
-cWofo Psaf6 _

======ctM ;f“rf] s'/f s] xf] eg] vf; t/Lsfn] pTkfbg sfo{df ;lqmo vf;–vf; JolQmx¿n]
k/:k/df lglZrt ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts ;DaGw :yflkt ub{5g\IeGg] pNn]v 5 . cg'ejl;4
ko{j]If0fsf] sfd xf] — pTkfbg;“u} x/]s ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts ;Ë7gsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cg'ejsf] ¿kaf6
/ s'g} /x:ojfbL ¿kljgf cyjf s'g} c8snafhLljgf :ki6 ¿k lbg' . ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / /fHo;Qf
lg/Gt/¿kaf6 lglZrt JolQmx¿sf hLjg lqmof cGt/ut pTkGg eO/xG5g\ — :jo+ cf gf] /
c¿x¿sf] cg'dfg pgLx¿ h]–h:tf 5g\, To:t} hLjglqmof cGt/ut geP/, pgLx¿ ;f“lRrs} h:tf
5g\ /, cyf{t\ pgLx¿ h;/L ;lqmo x'G5g\, h:tf] sfd ub{5g\, h:tf] ef}lts pTkfbg ub{5g\ / cf gf]
OR5feGbf :jtGq h'g vf; ef}lts ;Ldf, awgx¿ / kl/l:yltcGt/ut sfd ub{5g\, pgLx¿ To:t}
x'G5g\ . 42
ljrf/x¿, b[li6sf]0fx¿ / r]tgfsf] pTklQ ;'?b]lv g} dfgj hfltsf] ef}lts lqmofsnfk tyf
ltgsf ef}lts cfbfg–k|bfg;“u} jf:tljs hLjgsf] efiff;“u ;Lw} ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . dflg;sf
ljrf/x¿sf] pTklQ, p;sf] lrGtg, p;sf] cflTds ;dfud ;a} ;Lw} p;sf ef}lts kl/l:yltsf]
kl/0ffdsf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfp“5g\ . /fhgLlt, j}wflgs lgodx¿, g}ltstf, wd{, clwe"tjfb, cflb /
hftLo;Dk|bfosf] efiffdf cleJoQm af}l4s pkhaf/] klg ToxL s'/f nfu" x'G5 . dflg;x¿sf wf/0ffx¿,
ljrf/x¿ cflbsf] lgdf{0f ug] { { dflg;x¿ — jf:tljs / ;lqmo dflg;x¿ — g} x'G5g\, ltgLx¿ cf gf
pTkfbs zlQmx¿sf] lglZrt ljsf; tyf tL pTkfbs zlQmx¿sf cg'¿k x'g] ;a}eGbf ;'b"/sf] cfbfg–
k|bfgaf6 ;zt{ k/rflnt x'g] ¿kdf x'G5g\ . r]tgf 43 ;r]t ;Qf 44 afx]s csf] { s'g} rLh slxNo} klg x'g
;Sb}g / dflg;sf] ;Qf g} To;sf] jf:tljs hLjg lqmof xf] . olb dflg;x¿sf ;f/f ljrf/wf/fx¿df
pgLx¿sf ;DaGwx¿sf] :j¿k Sofd/fdf em} + pN6f] b]lvG5 eg] To;sf] sf/0f pgLx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s
hLjg — lqmof xf] — /]l6gf -¿kfwf/_df j:t'x¿sf] pN6f] cfs[lt b]lvg'sf] sf/0f h:t} pgLx¿ ;+nUg
ef}lts hLjg–lqmof x'G5 .
k|ToIf 6Ss/ x'“bf
hd{g bz{g cfsfzaf6 hdLgdf cf]ln{G5 eg] xfdL k[YjLaf6 cfsfzlt/
r9\b5f} + . To;sf] cy{ s] eof] eg] xf8–5fnsf] dfG5];Dd k'Ugsf nflu h'g s'/f dflg;x¿n] eGb5g\,
;f] +Rb5g\ / sNkgf ub{5g\, olb To;nfO{ xfdLx¿n] cfwf/ agfp“b}gf} + eg] h'g s'/f dflg;x¿sf
ljifodf elgG5, ;f] +lrG5 / ljrf/ ul/G5, tL a'‰gsf nflu xfdLx¿n] g jf:tljs ;lqmo dflg;nfO{
lnG5f} + tyf g p;sf] hLjgsf jf:tljs lqmofsnfkaf6 pTkGg ljrf/wf/fTds k|ltljDa / k|ltWjlgsf]
ljsf; x]b{5f} + . dflg;x¿sf dl:tissf c:ki6 k|ltljDax¿ klg cjZo pgLx¿sf ef}lts cg'ejaf6
b]Vg ;lsg] ef}lts ¿keGbf klxn] lgwf{l/t hLjg lqmofsf pbfQ ¿k x'G5g\ . To;/L g} g}ltstf, wd{,
clwe"tjfb / ljrf/x¿sf c¿ ¿kx¿ tyf tL cg'¿k r]tgfsf ¿kx¿sf] b]vfj6L :jtGqtfsf] s'g}
cl:tTj /xGg . cf gf ef}lts pTkfbg / ef}lts cfbfg–k|bfgsf] ljsf;df nfu]sf dflg;x¿eGbf 5'§}
pgLx¿sf] s'g} Oltxf; x'Gg / s'g} ljsf;;d]t x'Gg . clg, tL s'/fx¿ -pgLx¿sf ef}lts pTkfbg /
ef}lts cfbfg–k|bfg_sf] ljsf; x'G5 eg] ltgsf] ;fy;fy} dflg;x¿sf] jf:tljstf, pgLx¿sf] lrGtg
/ pgLx¿sf] lrGtgsf kmnx¿;d]t ablnG5g\ . r]tgfaf6 hLjg lgwf{l/t x'g] xf]Og t/ hLjgn] g}
r]tgfnfO{ lgwf{l/t ub{5 . klxnf] b[li6sf]0fcGt/ut r]tgf g} hLljt JolQm ePh:t} u/L dflg;
r]tgfaf6 cufl8 a9\b5 eg] bf];|f] b[li6sf]0fcGt/ut jf:tljs hLjg cg';f/, dflg; jf:tljs ;hLj
JolQmx¿;“u} cufl8 a9\b5 eg] r]tgfnfO{ s]jn p;sf] r]tgf dfq dfGb5 . ===
***
ctM r]tgf ;'?b]lv g} ;fdflhs pkh x'G5 /, dflg;sf] cl:tTj /x“bf;Dd To:t} /lx/xg]5 .
lg:;Gb]x ;'?df r]tgf OlGb|ohGo, Psbd} ghLssf rLhx¿ tyf cf gf] ljifodf ;r]t JolQmsf] c¿
JolQmx¿ / cfk"meGbf aflx/sf j:t'x¿l;t ;Lldt ;DaGwx¿sf] r]tgf x'G5 . ;fy;fy} Tof] k|s[ltsf]
;d]t r]tgf x'G5 . ;'?df k|s[lt dflg;sf cufl8 k"0f{tM lj/f]wL, zlQmzfnL / ch]o zlQmsf] ¿kdf

v8f x'G5 . To;k|lt dflg;sf] ;DaGw Psbd} kz'h:t} x'G5 tyf p;n] kz' ;dfg k|s[ltsf] k/fwLgtf
:jLsf/ ub{5 . ctM Tof] s]jn k|s[ltsf] kz' r]tgf dfq -k|s[ltk"hf_ x'G5 .
xfdLx¿n] s] s'/f :ki6 b]Vb5f} +eg] Tof] k|s[lt k"hfsf] efjgf cyjf dflg;sf] k|s[ltl;tsf] vf;
;DaGwsf] lgwf{/0f ;dflhs :j¿kn] ub{5 eg] To;sf] ljk/Lt k|s[ltn] klg ;dfhsf] :j¿knfO{
lgwf{l/t ub{5 . c¿ 7fp“df h:t} oxf“ “ klg k|s[lt / dflg;sf] cGt/lj/f]w o:tf] ¿kdf b]lvG5 M
k|s[ [lt;DaGwL dflg;sf] ;Lldt b[li6sf]0fn] Ps csf{k|ltsf] pgLx¿sf] ;Lldt ;DaGwnfO{ lgwf{l/t ub{5
eg] pgLx¿sf] Ps csf{k|ltsf] ;Lldt ;DaGwn] dflg;sf] k|s[ltk|ltsf] ;Lldt b[li6sf]0fnfO{ lgwf{l/t
ub{5 lsgeg] Psflt/, cBfjlw k|s[ltnfO{ P]ltxfl;s¿kn] k"0f{tM ¿kfGtl/t ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g eg]
csf{lt/, JolQmsf] jl/kl/sf ;DaGwx¿sf] cfjZostfsf] r]tgfsf] pTklQ x'g' g} ;dfhdf /xg]
r]tgfsf] pTklQsf] ;'?cft x'g' xf] . To; cj:yfdf :jo+ ;fdflhs hLjg klg kz';/x x'g] x'“bf
Tof]
;'?cft klg To:t} x'G5 . Tof] vfln ;d"xsf] r]tgf x'G5 . dflg;sf] d"n k|j[lQsf] :yfg r]tgfn] lnPsf]
x'gfn] pm e]8fafv|feGbf km/s x'G5, cyjf Tof] leGgtf r]tgf xf] . hg;+Vofsf] j[l4;“u;“u}
pTkfbsTjsf] j[l4 / cfjZostfsf] j[l4 x'g' b'j} cfwf/e"t s'/f x'g\ . To;af6 e]8fafv|f;/xsf] r]tgf
cyjf sljnf r]tgfsf] c¿ ljsf; / lj:tf/, x'G5 . To;sf] ;“u;“u} >d–ljefhg klg ;'? x'G5 . Tof]
d"ntM ;'?df d}y'g sfo{l;t ;DalGwt >d ljefhgafx]s c¿ s]xL klg lyPg . To;kl5 >d–ljefhg
k|fs[lts u'0fx¿ -cyf{t\ zf/Ll/s zlQm _, cfjZostf, ;+of]u cflb–OToflb sf/0fx¿n] :jtM / :jefjtM
pTkGg eof] . >d–ljefhgn] s]jn Tolta]nf dfq To:tf] jf:tljs ¿k u|x0f ub{5, hlta]nf dfgl;s
/ zf/Ll/s >d–ljefhg pTkGg x'G5 . 45 To;kl5 r]tgfn] s] sNkgf ug{ yfNb5 eg] df}h'bf Jojxfl/s
r]tgfeGbf a]Un} s'g rLh 5 / To;n] jf:tljs rLhsf] sNkgf gu/Lsg jf:tjdf sNkgf ug{ ;Sb5
. To;kl5 r]tgfn] :jo+nfO{ ;+;f/af6 d'Qm ub{5 . /, Tof] k'gM ljz'4 l;4fGt, wfld{s–bz{g, bz{g,
g}ltstf, cflb lgdf{0fdf ;/Ls x'g k'Ub5 . t/ tL l;4fGt, wfld{s–bz{g, bz{g, g}ltstf, cflb rLhx¿
tyf ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿aLr olb cGt/lj/f]w pTkGg x'G5 eg] s]jn To;sf] sf/0fn] dfq
ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿ / ljBdfg pTkfbs zlQmx¿aLr lj/f]w pTkGg ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . pQm
k|;Ëdf s] klg egf} + eg] Tof] s'/f ;DaGwx¿sf] vf; /fli6«o If]qleq klg x'g ;Sb5 lsgeg]
cGt/lj/f]wx¿sf] If]q s]jn Tof] /fli6«o If]qleq dfq geP/ /fli6«o r]tgf / c¿ /fi6«x¿sf] 46
Jojxf/sf aLrdf ;d]t x'G5, cyf{t\ /fi6«sf] /fli6«o / ;fj{ef}lds r]tgfaLr -cfh hd{gLdf
eO/x]sf]h:tf]_ x'G5 .
c¿ r]tgf :jo+n] cf gf]af/]df s] ug{ ;'? ub{5 eGg] s'/fn] s'g} km/s kb} {g . ;f/f yf]qf–k'/fgf
rLhx¿leqaf6 xfdL vfln oxL Pp6f dfq kl/0ffd lgsfNb5f} + M pTkfbs zlQmx¿, ;fdflhs
kl/l:yltx¿ / r]tgf tLgf]6} rLhx¿aLr k/:k/df cGt/lj/f]w pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 / To;f] x'g'
ckl/xfo{ 5 . lsgeg] >d–ljefhgcGt/ut af}l4s / ef}lts ultljlwM — dgf]/~hg / sfd ug] { { sfo{,
;[hgf ug] { { / ef]u ug] { { sfo{ — a]Unfa]Un} JolQmx¿sf] efudf kg] { ;Defjgf, egf} + jf:tljstf ljBdfg
/xG5 . pgLx¿aLr cGt/lj/f]w pTkGg gx'g] ;Defjgf Tolta]nf dfq b]vf kb{5, hlta]nf >d–
ljefhgsf] cGt ul/OG5 . Tof] rLh :jo+ s] :ki6 5 eg] æk| ]tfTdfx¿Æ æz[ª\vfnfx¿,Æ, æk/d]Zj/Æ,
æwf/0ffÆ, æz+sfÆ, cflb tL Hofb} cg'ejhGo l;s|Lx¿ / ;Ldfx¿s} sNkgfx¿, cfbz{jfbL dfgl;s
ljrf/x¿ / b[Zo¿kaf6 Psbd} cnu ePsf JolQmsf cjwf/0ffx¿ x'g\ . tL cGt/ut hLjgsf
pTkfbg k4ltx¿ / tL k4lt cg'¿k ;“u;“u} rNg] :j¿kn] sfd ub{5 . ===
=== To;sf/0f Oltxf;sf] Tof] cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/ s] xf] eg] tfTsflns hLjgsf] ef}lts
pTkfbgaf6 ;'? u/]/ pTkfbgsf jf:tljs lqmofnfO{ :ki6 ug'{kb{5,
Oltxf;sf] pQm t/LsfnfO{ ;Dk"0f{
Oltxf;sf] cfwflznf dfg]/ To;l;t ;DalGwt / To;åf/f k}bf ul/Psf s'/fx¿sf] ;“u;“u} rNg]
:j¿ksf] — ctM gful/s ;dfhsf ljleGg cj:yfx¿sf] — sNkgf ug'{k5{
. pQm ;dfhnfO{ To;sf]
/fhg}lts sf/afxLsf] ¿kdf lrlqt ug'{kb{5
tyf ;dfhsf] dfWodaf6 ;f/f ljleGg ;}4flGts

pknlAwx¿ / r]tgfsf :j¿kx¿ — wd{, bz{g, g}ltstf, cflbsf] JofVof ug'{kb{5
/ r]tgfn] tL
rLhx¿sf] ¿knfO{ s;/L lnPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg'kb{5 . To;/L pQm ;Dk"0f{ lqmof - /,
To;sf/0f ltgsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] 3ft–k|lt3ft_sf] lg¿k0f ug{ ;lsG5 . Oltxf;sf] pQm wf/0ffnfO{
Oltxf;sf] cfbz{jfbL cjwf/0ff;/x x/]s o'udf s'g} d"n ljrf/sf] vf]lhug'{kb}
{g t/ To;sf v'§f ;w} +
Oltxf;sf] jf:tljs e"lddf x'G5g\ . To;/L s] lgisif{df k'luG5 eg] Jojxf/sf] JofVof ljrf/sf]
cfwf/df x'“b}g,
a? ljrf/x¿sf] lgdf{0fdf j:t'ut Jojxf/sf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf x'G5 . c:t', r]tgfsf
;f/f :j¿kx¿ / pknlAwx¿sf] pGd"ng af}l4s cfnf]rgfåf/f ug{ ;lsGg, cfTd–r]tgfdf cfTd;ft
u/]/ cyjf …k| ]tÚ, …k| ]tfTdfÚ / …t;f{pg]vfn] rLhsf] pTklQÚ cflbdf abn]/ ug{ ;lsGg, a? tL
cfbz{jfbL 5n–sk6nfO{ hGd lbg] ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s¿kaf6 pGd"ng u/]/ dfq ug{
;lsG5 . Oltxf; tyf wd{, bz{g / l;4fGtsf c¿ :j¿ksf] rfns–zlQm cfnf]rgf geP/ qmflGt xf] .
…cfTdfsf] cfTdfÚ sf] ¿kdf …cfTd–r]tgfÚdf cfk"nfO{ ljno u/]/ Oltxf; vtd x'“b}g
. To;sf] ljk/Lt
To;df p;sf] x/]s cj:yfdf ef}lts kmn df}h"b /xG5 — pTkfbs zlQmx¿sf] Pp6f of]u x'G5,
P]ltxfl;s¿kaf6 lgld{t k|s[lt tyf JolQmx¿sf] Ps csf{;“u kf/:kl/s ;DaGw x'G5 . Tof] ;DaGw
x/]s lk+9LnfO{ To;sf] k"j{jtL{ lk+9Ln] lj/f;tsf] ¿kdf ;'lDklbG5 . Tof] ;DaGwsf] ;“u;“u} pTkfbs
zlQmx¿, gfgf t/xsf k" “hLx¿ / kl/l:yltx¿sf] ;d"x /xG5 . Psflt/, gof“ lk+9Ln] tL kl/l:yltx¿
ablnlbG5 eg] csf] {lt/, tL rLhx¿ / :jo+ Tof] lk+9Lsf nflu hLjgsf] kl/l:ylt lgwf{l/t ul/lbG5 tyf
vf;9Ëaf6 To;sf] ljsf; ub{5 tyf To;nfO{ ljlzi6 rL/q k|bfg ub{5 . ctM kl/l:yltn] klg To;/L
g} dflg;sf] lgdf{0f ub{5, h;/L dflg;n] kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 . pTkfbs zlQmx¿, k" “hL /
;fdflhs cfbfg–k|bfgsf :j¿kx¿sf] of]u x/]s JolQm / x/]s lk+9LnfO{ klxn]b]lv tDtof/¿kdf k|fKt
x'G5 . oxL g} bfz{lgsx¿n] …d"n kbfy{Ú / …dflg;sf] ;f/Ú 7fGg] rLhsf] jf:tljs cfwf/ xf] . To;nfO{
pgLx¿ O{Zj/;/x k|ltli7t ug] { { / To;sf] lj?4 n8\g] ub{y] . dflg;sf] ljsf;dfly / To;sf lqmof /
k|ltlqmofdfly pQm bfz{lgsx¿sf] /lQe/ klg To;/L g} c;/ gkg] { jf:tljs cfwf/ lyof], h;/L
To;sf] lj?4sf] …cfTd–r]tgfÚ / …cx+Úsf] ljb|f]xaf6 To;df s'g} km/s kb} {gYof] . ljleGg lk+9Lx¿sf
nflu klxn]b]lv g} ljBdfg hLjgsf oL kl/l:yltx¿n] g} Oltxf;df ;do–;dodf dlRrOg] qmflGtsf/L
pynk'ynx¿df /x]df ;f/fsf ;f/f cfwf/x¿ lgd" {n kfg] { zlQm 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f lgwf{l/t ub{5g\ .
ltgnfO{ k"0f{ lgd" {n kfg{sf nflu cfjZos kg] { ef}lts tTj olb df}h"b 5}g eg] — cyf{t\ Psflt/,,
ljBdfg pTkfbs zlQmx¿ / csf] {lt/, vfln df}h"bf ;dfhsf s'g} vf; Psfw kl/l:yltsf lj?4 dfq
geP/ clxn];Dd ljBdfg …hLjg–pTkfbgÚsf lqmofs} lj?4, Tof] h;dfly cfwfl/t 5, tL ;Dk"0f{
sf/afxLx¿sf lj?4 g} ljb|f]x ul//x]sf qmflGtsf/L hg;d'bfo ljBdfg 5}gg\ eg] — ;fDojfbsf]
Oltxf;n] l;4 u/]em} + Jojxfl/s ljsf;sf nflu qmflGtsf/L ljrf/x¿ y'k| } ;os8f} +k6s ;"qa4 u/]/
k|:t't ul/;lsPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] /QLe/ dxŒj 5}g .
Oltxf;sf klxn]sf ;f/f cjwf/0ffx¿n] Oltxf;sf] of] jf:tljs cfwf/k|lt cf“vf lrDn]sf 5g\
jf To;nfO{ s]jn k|f;lËs / Oltxf;sf] l;nl;nfl;t s'g} ;/f]sf/ gx'g] rLh 7fg]sf 5g\ . ctM
Oltxf;df xd]zf To;eGbf aflx/sf] s'g} k|ltdfgsf] ¿kdf n]lvg'kb{5 eGg] ToxL sf/0f xf] . jf:tljs
hLjgsf] pTkfbg / k'g?Tkfbg k|fsP]ltxfl;s k|tLt x'GYof] / h'g P]ltxfl;s lyof], Tof] cfd hLjgeGbf
5'§} / Hofb} cnf}lss k|tLt x'GYof] . To;/L k|s[lt;“u dflg;sf] ;DaGwnfO{ Oltxf;af6 cnUofOPsf]
lyof] . To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k k|s[lt / Oltxf;aLr lj/f]w pTkGg x'g k'Uof] . ctM Oltxf;sf] ;f]
cjwf/0ff Oltxf;df s]jn /fh;Qfsf d'Vo–d'Vo ;/sf/L sfo{x¿, wfld{s / cfd ;}4flGts ;‹if{ dfq}
b]lvG5g\ . ljz]if¿kaf6 x/]s P]ltxfl;s o'udf Tof] o'usf] e|dsf] pm :jo+ lzsf/ x'GYof] . pbfx/0fsf
nflu s'g} o'un] olb ljz'4¿kaf6 cf gf] l;h{gf æ/fhg}ltsÆ jf æwfld{sÆ k|of]hgaf6 ePsf] sNkgf
ub{5 eg] — oBlk …wd{Ú / …/fhgLltÚ jf:tljs k|of]hgsf cy{df p;sf nflu k/fO{ ¿kdfq x'g\ tfklg
— ;f] o'usf] Oltxf;sf/n] ;d]t To; ljrf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ k'Ub5 . cf gf] jf:tljs Jojxf/sf]
;DaGwdf pQm ljlzi6 dflg;sf …efjgfÚ / …sNkgfÚn] p;sf] Jojxf/nfO{ lgolGqt / lgwf{l/t ug] { { Ps
dfq lg0ff{os / ;lqmo zlQmsf] ¿k lngk'Ub5 .

hlta]nf ef/tLo / ld>sf afl;Gbfx¿aLr >d–ljefhg /fHo;Qf / tL b]zx¿sf]
;Dk|bfox¿sf wd{leq hfltk|yfsf] e2f ¿kdf b]vf kb{5 / To;af6 /fHo;Qf / tL b]zx¿sf] hftLo
;Dk|bfoleq hfltk|yf pTkgg x'G5, Tolta]nf Oltxf;sf/n] tL sf]/f ;fdflhs :j¿kx¿nfO{ hflt
k|yfs} zlQmn] pTkGg u/]sf] lyof] eGg] 7fGb5 . k|mfG;]nLx¿ / cË| ]hx¿n] t cfk"mnfO{ slDtdf Tof]
/fhg}lts e|d;Dd ;Lldt /fv]sf 5g\, h'g cBfjlw jf:tljstfsf] ghLs 5 . t/ hd{g]nLx¿sf] t
;G;f/ g} ljz'4 cfTdfsf] ;G;f/ aGgk'u]sf] 5 / wfld{s e|d g} Oltxf;sf] rfns zlQm xf] eGg]
pgLx¿ 7fGb5g\ . Oltxf;sf] x]unjfbL bz{g hd{g Tof] Oltxf; n]vg 47 sf] cfd lqmofsf] æ;aeGbf
ljz'4 ¿kÚ sf] clGtd pkh xf] . tL jf:tljs lxtx¿, slt;Dd eg] /fhg}lts lxtx¿;d]tdfly klg
ljrf/ gu/]/ pgLx¿n] ljz'4 ljrf/x¿dfly dfq Wofg lbG5g\ . clg, To;k|sf/sf ljrf/dfnfsf]
¿kdf ;]G6 a'|gf]sf
ljrf/x¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . ltgn] Ps csf] {nfO{ lglnlbG5g\ / cGttM …cfTdr]tgfÚdf
ljnLg x'g k'Ub5g\ . jf:tljs Oltxf;af/] s]xL klg ghfGg] k|ltli7t dfS; :6g{/nfO Oltxf;sf] Tof]
l;nl;nf cem a9L ;';Ët¿kaf6 t/ …;fdGtL jL/Ú, …8f“s"x¿Ú To;}vfn] e"tx¿sf] sxfgLh:t}
nfUg'kb{5 . /, To;af6 pgn] :jefjtM O{Zj//lxt cª\safx]s cGoq sxLklg pgnfO{ d'lQmsf] 7fp“
ldNb}g . Tof] cjwf/0ff jf:tjdf wfld{s xf] . wfld{s dflg;nfO{ g} pgn] cflbd dfgj / To;af6 ;f/f
Oltxf;sf] yfngL ePsf] dfGb5g\ . pgn] cf gf] sNkgfdf hLjgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ tyf
:jo+ hLjgsf] jf:tljs pTkfbgnfO{ wd{sf] sfNklgs pTkfbgnfO{ /fVg k'Ub5g\ . Oltxf;sf pQm
;Dk"0f{ cjwf/0ffx¿ / ltgsf] cGt tyf ltgLx¿af6 pTkGg x'g] ;ª\sf]r / zª\sfx¿ hd{g]nLx¿sf
dfq /fli6«o ;d:ofx¿ x'g\ . tL cjwf/0ffsf] vfln hd{g]nLx¿sf nflu dfq :yfgLo dxŒj 5 . To;sf]
pbfx/0f dfG5] …O{Zj/sf] /fHoÚaf6 lgSn]/ …dflg;sf] /fHoÚdf s;/L …k'Ub5Ú eGg] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ / lx+hf]
cfh p7fOPsf] k|Zgdf e]l6G5 . h:tf] dfgf} + } sNkgfafx]s Tof] æO{Zjsf] /fHoÆsf] jf:tjdf cGoq sxL+
slxNo} cl:tTj lyof] eGg] s'/f xfd|f ljåfg dxf]box¿ ghfgLsg Tof] …dflg;sf] /fHoÚdf dfq} /x]sf
x'“b}gg,
h;df k|j]z ug] { { af6f] clxn] vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ cyjf dfgf} + ljåfgx¿n] ;}4flGts¿kn] c:ki6
/x:osf] JofVof u/]/ ;do Joltt ub{5g\ -lsgeg] pgLx¿sf] sfd Tof]eGbf a9L s]xL x'“b}g
_ . To;sf]
ljk/Lt To;sf] pTklQsf] ;|f]t jf:tljs nf}lss l:ylt l;4 ug] { { s'g} cfwf/ 5}g . cfd ¿kaf6 tL
hd{g]nLx¿sf] ;d:of s] /x]sf] 5 eg] df}h"bf d"v{tfnfO{ s'g} csf] { d"v{tfsf] ;fu/df 8'jfOlbg', cyf{t\
tL ;f/f lg/y{s jsjf;leq s'g} a'l4dQfk"0f{ s'/f l5k]sf] cGj]if0f ug'{
xf] . t/ ;d:of jf:tjdf s] xf]
eg] tL ;}4flGts d'xfj/fsf] JofVof ljBdfg jf:tljs ;DaGwx¿sf] cfwf/df ul/g'kb{5 . xfdLx¿n]
klxn] g} elg;s]sf] h:tf] tL d'xfj/fx¿sf] jf:tljs, cyf{t\ Jojxfl/s¿kaf6 cGt ug] { { sfo{ —
dflg;sf] r]tgfdWo]af6 tL ljrf/x¿ d]6fpg] sfo{ — ;}4flGts lgudgåf/f geP/ ablnPsf]
kl/l:yltåf/f ;DkGg x'g]5 . w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿sf] nflu, cyf{t\ ;j{xf/f ju{sf nflu Tof] ;}4flGts
sNkgfsf] s'g} cl:tTj 5}g / ltgnfO{ vtd ug'{kg]
{ klg s'g} cfjZostf 5}g . clg, olb tL
hg;d'bfoleq s'g} wfld{s ljrf/x¿ lyP eg] ltgsf kl/l:yltx¿n] klxn] g} ltgsf] gfd lgzfgf
d]l6lbPsf lyP=== .
sfn{ dfS;{
æ/fOgL;]/ laof]jfVt]/Æ48
kqsf] ;fDojfb
-s]xL efu_
====/f]d ;fd|fHosf ;ef;b;“u lghn] a'em]em} + cfos/ nufpg'afx]s ;fDojfb Nofpg] csf] { t/Lsf
klg 5 M
æO;fO{ wd{sf] cflb / cGt s] xf] < ;f] wd{sf] cflb kfk / df]Ifsf] cGtljZjf; clg
dflg;x¿sf] ldqtfsf] ;jf] {kl/ kf/:kl/s ;DefJo ;DaGw Joli6 ;dli6sf nflu / ;dli6 Joli6sf
nflu x'g'df lglxt 5 .Æ
dflg;x¿ ;+of]uzfnL 5g\ pgLx¿sf vflt/ d'Vo k|Zg ;w} +sf nflu xn eof] k|lzofnL
lu4 / kljq k| ]tsf] bf]xf]/f] bfgjLo 5fof“df ;j{xf/f ju{n] b'O{ cIfo ;|f]t kfp“5 M klxnf] p;nfO{
/fHosf ;fwf/0f / c;fwf/0f cfjZostfx¿sf] k"lt{kl5 cfo–s/sf] a“r]sf] cltl/Qm efu ldNg]5 . Tof]

cltl/Qm efu z"Go a/fa/ x'G5 bf];|f], p;nfO{ cflbsf] kfk / :juL{o ;fd|fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfo
klg ldNb5 . Tof] klg z"Gosf] a/fa/ x'G5 hLjgsf] s'g} ;xf/f gx'g] /fi6«sf] PsltxfO{ efusf nflu
tL b'O{y/L z"Gon] Hofb} pQd ;xf/f k|:t't ub{5g\ eg] csf] { d]l6b} uO/x]sf] PsltxfO{ efusf nflu
;d]t Tof] Pp6f cb\e"t cf>o aGg k'Ub5 . tfklg sfNklgs cltl/Qm efu cflb kfk / df]Ifsf
efjgfx¿af6 dflg;sf] ef]sKof; d]l6g] t/Lsf pgLx¿sf nflu ;+;b\sf pbf/kGyL ;b:ox¿sf
nfdfnfdf efif0fx¿sf] jiff{ ;xg'eGbf Psbd} a]Un} x'g]5
xfdLx¿ c¿ k9\b5f} + M
æ … cf gf lktfÚdf xfdLx¿ eGb5f} + M xfdLx¿nfO{ k|nf]egtkm{ gn}hfpm . /, xfdLx¿n] cf gf
l5d]sLx¿af6 pgLx¿n] xfdLx¿k|lt h:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5
eg]/ rfxG5f} +, xfdLx¿n] pgLx¿k|lt To:t}
Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5
. t/ df}h"bf ;fdflhs kl/l:yltx¿n] dflg;nfO{ k|nf]eglt/ k'¥ofp“5g\ / tLj|
cfjZostfx¿n] p;nfO{ ck/fw ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5g\ .Æ
clg, dfgjLo gf]s/zfxL tTjx¿, GofofwLzx/ / k|lzof /fHosf] ;+;b\sf ;f+;bx¿n] s] s'/fdf
Wofg lbO{ dflg;x¿nfO{ rqmdf af“w]/ oftgf lbG5g\, pgLx¿sf lz/ sfl6lbG5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ h]ndf
sf]Rb5g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ sf]/f{n] lk6fp“5g\ . /, To;/L ;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ klg pgLx¿n] ck"mnfO{ rqmdf
af“w]/ oftgf lbg], 6fpsf sf6]/ xTof;d]t ug] { {, h]ndf sf]Rg] / 5'/Ln] xfGg] …k|nf]egÚlt/ …8f]¥ofp“5g\Ú .
/, ljZjf; /fVg';\, To:tf] cjZo x'g]5 .
;f+;bn] 3f]if0ff ub{5, æTo;k|sf/sf] kl/l:ylt O;fO{ /fHonfO{ ;x\o x'“b}g
. ctM To;sf] s'g}
;dfwfg vf]H'gkg] { x'G5 Æ
xf], d}qLefjsf] ;DaGwdf ;fdflhs st{Joaf/] a]sf/sf] asjf; u/]/, sfNklgs cltl/Qm efu
tyf k/+lktf k/d]Zj/ / k'q Pj+ d08nLsf 6f6 klN6Psf Aofª\ssf gfddf hf/L ul/Psf] x'G8L b]vfP/
xf]nf
tLj| b|i6f ;f+;bx¿n] c¿ yKb5g\, æ;fDojfbk|ltsf] asjf;af6 xfdLnfO{ d'lQm ldNg ;Sb5 M
olb pgLx¿n] To;vfnsf] k]zf c“ufn]sf x'g\ eg] O;fO{ wd{sf ;fdflhs l;4fGtx¿sf] ;d'lrt¿kaf6
ljsf; u¿g\ . olb pgLx¿n] To;f] ug{ yfn] eg] sDo'lg:6x¿sf] s'/f l56} aGb x'g k'Ug]5 .Æ
O;fO{ wd{sf ;fdflhs l;4fGtx¿sf] !*)) jif{b]lv ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 / clxn] k|lzofnL
;f+;bx¿sf xftn] To;sf] cem a9L ljsf; ug'{kg]
{ s'g} cfjZostf kb} {g .
O;fO{ wd{sf ;fdflhs l;4fGtx¿n] k|frLg bf;k|yfnfO{ ;xL 7x¥ofPsf lyP . ltgLx¿n]
dWoo'uLg c4{–bf; k|yfsf] dxfTDosf] avfg u/]sf lyP / To;/L g} cfjZostfg';f/ ;j{xf/f ju{dfly
ul/Psf] pTkL8gsf] klg tL l;4fGtx¿n] kIfkf]if0f ub{5g\ — oBlk To;f] ubf{ pgLx¿n] Hofb}
lgGofp/f] d'v nfpg] ub{5g\ .
O;fO{ wd{sf ;fdflhs l;4fGtx¿n] s] pkb]z lbG5g\ eg] zf;s ju{ / zfl;t ju{ x'g'
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 / pTkLl8t–zfl;t ju{sf] clei6 rfxgf zf;s ju{n] p;k|lt bofefj b]vfcf];\ eGg]
x'G5 .
O;fO{ wd{sf ;fdflhs l;4fGtx¿n] k|lzofnL ;+;b\sf ;f+;bn] u/]sf —;f/f s'sd{ / t'R5tfk"0f{
sfdsf/afxLx¿sf] k/nf]sdfly lhDd]jf/L xfNb5g\ /, To;/L o; nf]sdf tL s'sd{ / t'R5tf /lx/xg]
s'/f plrt 7x¥ofp“5g\ .
O;fO{ wd{sf ;fdflhs l;4fGtx¿n] s] atfp“5g\ eg] pTkLl8tx¿sf lj?4 pTkL8sx¿åf/f
ul/g] ;f/f s'sd{ of t cflb kfk / cGo kfkx¿sf] plrt b08–;hfo“ xf] jf tLåf/f ;j{1 O{Zj/n] s'g}
sf/0fjz pgLx¿sf] k/LIff lnO/x]sf s'/fsf] p4f/ eO;s]sf] 5
O;fO{ wd{sf ;fdflhs l;4fGtx¿n] sfo/tf, cfTd3[0ff, cf gf] ktg u/fpg], k/fwLg /
g}/f:osf] pkb]z lbG5g\, cyf{t\ Pp6} zAbdf pgLx¿n] tL ;f/f s's'/sf u'0fx¿sf] lzIff lbG5g\ tyf
;j{xf/f ju{n] cfk"mdfly s's'/;/x Jojxf/ ul/of];\ eg]/ grfxg] x'gfn] p;nfO{ /f]6LeGbf a9L cfjZos
cf gf] ;fx;, cf gf] cfTd;Ddfg, cfTd–uf}/j / cf gf] :jtGqtfsf] efjgfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 .
O;fO{ wd{sf] ;fdflhs l;4fGt ;f}xfb| {k"0f{ 5 eg] ;j{xf/f ju{ qmflGtsf/L 5 .
O;fO{ wd{sf ;fdflhs l;4fGtaf/] olQ xf] .

ca cufl8 a9f} + M
æ/fhtGqsf] ;a}eGbf pbfQ sfo{ ;fdflhs ;'wf/ xf]Æ eg]/ xfdLx¿n] atfO;s]sf 5f} + .
s] xfdLx¿n] To;f] eg]sf xf} + < clxn];Dd t To;sf] s'g} k|Zg p7]g . t/ dfgf} + To:t} xf] eg]
klg /fhtGqsf] ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf] ¿k s] xf] < s] To;sf] ¿k pbf/jfbL kqklqsfx¿af6 l6lkPsf
;'emfjx¿ cg';f/ To:tf] cfos/ nufpg' xf], h;sf] cltl/Qm efu lglSng]5 eGg]af/] cy{dGqL :jo+n]
slQklg hfGb}gg\ < s] Tof] ¿k e"ld nufg Aofª\s -Landrenten-banken_ / k|lzofsf] k"jL{ /]n
Joj:yfkg 8f“jf8f]n x'g k'uf];\ eGg] xf] jf b'j} tyf tL ;a} s'/fx¿eGbf klxn] p;sf] ¿k clfb kfk /
df]Ifsf] ljzfn k" “hLaf6 gfkmf ;f]xf]g'{
xf] <
æof] /fhtGqsf] :jfy{s} sf/0f xf]Æ — eg] /fhtGqsf] slt 8/nfUbf] ktg ePsf] xf]nf <
æ;fdflhs cfjZostfn] To;sf] dfu ub{5 — of] ;dfhsf] cGwljZjf;sf] eGbf jf:tjdf
;+/IffTds sfg"gsf] Joj:yf clxn]sf nflu w]/} cfjZos 5 .
æafOann] To;sf] l;kmfl/z ub{5Æ —xf], o;sf] l;kmfl/z s]jn k|lzofsf] /fh:jsf] eofgs
b'/fj:yfsf] afxs dfGgsf nflu To;sf] l;kmfl/z ;fdfGotM x/]s s'/fn] ub{5 . k|lzofsf] /fh:j slt
w]/} 8'a]sf] 5 eg] To;n] ¿;L 8]9 s/f]8 ?an tLg jif{leq gfd lgzfgf g/xg] u/L krfpg]5 . o;
;Gbe{df yk s'/f s] klg atfOlbg'kb{5 eg] afOann] af“wf agfpg' nufot c¿ y'k| } s'/fx¿sf]
l;kmfl/z ub{5 . ;fdflhs ;'wf/ ug] { { k|f/lDes sbdsf] ¿kdf af“wf agfpg' cfjZos x'G5 eg]/ p;n]
atfp“5 . -d}Yo"h–@%_
;f+;bn] eGb5g\, æ/fhtGq hgtfsf ;fy Psfsf/ 5 .Æ
tL zAbx¿df s]jn k'/fgf zAbnfO{ csf] { zAbÆ d g} /fHo x"“Æ 49 I'etat c'est moi df /flvPsf]
5 / jf:tjdf cf gf ljb|f]xL k|hfsf lj?4 n'O{ ;f]x|f} +n] h"g @#, !&(( sf lbg o;nfO{ ToxL¿kdf
eg]sf lyP, æolb ltdLx¿n] d]/f s'/f dfGb}gf} eg] d}n] ltdLx¿nfO{ 3/ k7fOlbg]5' — cf gf k|hfsf]
;'v–b'Mvsf nflu d g} lhDd]jf/ 5' Æ 50

fhtGqn] olb oxLvfnsf] t/Lsf k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 eg] pm Hofb} 7"nf] sl7gfO{df k/]sf] lglZrt
5 . /, ;+;b\sf ;zQm ;f+;bnfO{ cjZo klg s] s'/f yfx xf]nf eg] To;k|sf/sf] t/Lsf k|of]u u/]sf]df
tL n'O{ ;f]x|f} +nfO{ k|mfG;]nL hgtfn] slt wGojfb lbP xf]nfg\
;f+;b cufl8 eGb5g\, æ/fhl;+xf;g hgtfsf] Jofks ;dy{gdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 . clg, Tof]
;a}eGbf ;'b[9 x'g ;Sg]5 .Æ
xf], lgZro g} Tolta]nf;Dd Tof] ;'b[9 x'g]5, hlta]nf;Dd ;zQm em6\sfaf6 tL ljzfn
sf“wx¿n] Tof] /demd pk/L ;+/rgfnfO{ u9\9fdf hflslbGgg\ .
cf gf] s'/f 6'Ë\ofp“b} ;+;b\sf ;f+;bn] eGb5g\, æ;e|fGt ju{n] /fhtGqnfO{ cf gf] dfg–k|lti7f
/flv/xg lbG5 / To;n] emg} sfJofTds9Ën] ;lh;hfp kfl/lbG5 tfklg p;n] jf:tljs ;Qf p;af6
vf]:b5 . k" “hLklt ju{n] p;sf] ;Qf / dfg k|lti7f b'j} g} vf]:b5 tyf p;sf] nflu vfln k]G;g
af“lwlbG5 . hgtfn] /fhtGqsf] ;Qf, dfg–k|lti7f / p;sf] sljtf ;a} /flv /xg lbG5g\ .
oxf“ “, b'ef{Uojz ;+;b\sf ;f+;b k|m]8l/s ljlnodsf] k"mna'§f uf“;]sf] ckLnsf] ljifodf pgn]
cfjZostfeGbf a9L hf]8 lbP/ s'/f rn]sf] 5, hf] pgn] /fh l;+xf;gaf6 k|hf;dIf eg]sf lyP . pQm
ckLnsf clGtd zAb lyP M ;De|fGt ju{sf] ;Qf pN6\ofOb]pm, k" “hLklt ju{sf] ;Qf pN6\ofOb]pm /
hg;dy{gsf] cfwf/df /fhtGq :yfkgf u/ .
tL dfux¿ vfln sf]/f sNkgf x'Ggy] eg] ltgn] k"/f qmflGt NofOlbGy] .
xfdL clxn] s] s'/fdf ljrf/ ug] {5}gf} + eg] clehft ju{nfO{ ;QfRo"t ug{ k" “hLklt ju{ / hgtfsf]
;+o'Qm sf/afxLsf] dfWodaf6 ;lsG5 . h'g b]zdf ;De|fGt ju{ / k" “hLklt ju{ ;“u;“u} df}h"b x'G5g\,
Toxf“ “ hgtfsf] zf;gsf] s'/f ug'{
vfln asjf; dfq xf] . cfOsf]g{sf] Ps ;f+;bsf] d'vaf6 ;'gfOPsf
syfx¿sf] hf]8bf/ ts{åf/f pQ/ lbg'kg] { s'g} cfjZostf 5}g / pgL To; nfos 5}gg\ .
lgZro g} tL dxf]box¿;“u pgLx¿sf] lxtsf nflu s]xL zAb xfdLx¿ eGg]5f} +, h;n] ;Í6df
k/]sf] k|lzofnL /fhtGqnfO{ hgtfsf] rf]nLleq 3';]/ arfpg rfxG5g\
;f/f /fhg}lts tTjx¿dWo] ;d|f6sf nflu hgtf g} ;a}eGbf vt/gfs x'G5g\ . xf]Og, k|m]8l/s
ljlnodn] eGg]u/]sf hgtf xf]Og, tL t x/]s 7Ss/ / rf“bLsf] x/]s l;Ssfsf nflu uxe/L cf“;"
agfP/ cf gf] :jfdLnfO{ wGojfb lbG5g\ . lg:;Gb]x, tL hgtf s'g} klg k|sf/n] vt/gfs 5}gg\
lsgeg] ;d|f6sf] sNkgfafx]s pgLx¿sf] cGoq sxL+ klg cl:tTj 5}g . t/ hxf“;Dd jf:tljs hgtf
;j{xf/f ju{, ;fgf ls;fg / cfd hg;d'bfosf] ;DaGw 5, tL xS;n] eg] em} + tu8f t/ b'i6 s]6f] 51
h:t} x'g\, ltgLx¿nfO{ g t b'Anf] /fhfn] 7Ug ;Sb5 g df]6f] /fhfn] 7Ug ;Sb5 .

tL hgtfn] ;j{k|yd dxfdLxdnfO{ aflnu dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df ljwfg nfu" ug{ tyf ;ef ug] { {,
n]Vg] Pj+ 5fKg] :jtGqtf k|bfg ug{ afWo agfpg]5g\ . To;afx]s y'k| } c¿ klg clk|o rLhx¿sf] dfu
pgLx¿n] ug] { {5g\ .
clg, tL ;a} s'/fx¿ xfl;n ul/;s]kl5 pgLx¿n] To;sf] pkof]u ug] { {5g\ . To;af6 l56f]eGbf
l56f] /fhtGqsf] ;Qf, dfg–k|lti7f / sljtfnfO{ pgLx¿n] s] 7fGb5g\ eGg] s'/f b]vfOlbg]5g\ .
/fhtGqsf ljBdfg ;'of]Uo kbflwsf/L dxf]bon] olb lghnfO{ hgtfn] @%) yfn/ j]tg / lbgx" “
Ps af]Qn /S;Lsf] Hofnf lbP/ ;d]t aln{gsf] b:tsf/ ;‹df gf]s/ /fVg tof/ eP eg] cf gf]
cxf]efUo 7fGg'kb{5
clxn] k|lzofsf] /fhtGq / /fOgLz]/ ljof]jfVt]/sf xtf{stf{ tL ;f+;bx¿nfO{ To; ljifodf
clnslt klg zÍf 5 eg] pgLx¿n] Oltxf;dfly ljxËd b[li6 lbg'kb{5 . cf gf k|hfl;t ckLn ug] { {
;d|f6sf nflu Oltxf;n] cs} { k|sf/sf] rLgf -hGd–s'08nL_ agfOlbG5g\
Oª\NofG8sf] rfN;{ k|ydn] klg cf gf ;fdGtx¿sf lj?4 cf gf k|hfl;t ckLn u/]sf lyP .
pgn] cf gf k|hfl;t ;+;b\sf lj?4 ;z:q ljb|f]x ug{ ckLn u/]sf lyP . t/ hgtfn] /fhfs} lj?4
n8fO“ ug] { { 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . pgn] cf gf] k|ltlglwTj gug] { { ;f+;bx¿nfO{ ;+;b\af6 x6fP/ aflx/
nv]6]sf lyP . cGtdf jf:tljs¿kdf hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ yfn]sf] ;+;b\åf/f /fhfsf] 6fpsf]
s6fpsf lyP . rfN;{ k|ydsf] cf gf k|hfnfO{ ul/Psf] ckLnsf] ToxL kl/0ffd ePsf] lyof] . pQm
36gf hgj/L #), !^$( sf lbg 36]sf] lyof] / hgj/L !*$( df ToxL 36gfsf] bf];|f] ztfAbL kb{5 .
k|mfG;sf n'O{ ;f]x|f} +n] klg cf gf k|hfl;t ckLn u/]sf lyP . tLg jif{;Dd cf gf k|hfsf] Ps
eful;t csf]{ efusf lj?4 ckLn ul//x]sf lyP . pgn] cf gf hgtf, pT;fxk"j{s cf gf] ;dy{g
ug] { { hgtfnfO{ vf]lh/x]sf lyP ;Rrf hgtfnfO{ t/ To;k|sf/sf hgtf pgn] slxNo} kfPgg\ .
cGtdf pgL k|lzof / cli6«ofsf kmf}hL klª\Qmsf] k5fl8 sf]jn]Gh lzlj/df ldNg k'u] . t/ Tof] ;xg'
k|mfG;sf k|hfx¿nfO{ ufx|f] eof] . cu:6 !), !&(@ sf lbg pgn] cfk"mn] ckLn u/]sf hgtfnfO{ kqm]/
dlGb/df s}b ul/lbP / h'g;'s} k|sf/n] cf gf] k|ltlglwTj ug] { {x¿sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cfx\jfg u/] .
pQm ;Dd]ngdf e"tk"j{ ;d|f6sf] ckLnsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug] { { To;nfO{ k"/f clwsf/ ePsf]
3f]if0ff ul/of] . s]xL 5nkmnkl5 ckLn ug] { { k|fyL{nfO{ To;n] d}bfgdf k7fOlbof] / Toxf“ “ hgj/L @!,
!&(# sf lbg p;nfO{ sf6]/ dfl/of] .
/fhfx¿n] ckLn ubf{ To:t} x'G5 . t/ xfdL kvf} + { / x]/f} + M ;f+;bn] k|hftflGqs /fhtGqsf] :yfkgf
ug{ rfxG5g\ eg] pgLx¿sf] eljio s] x'G5 <
sfn{ dfS;{ / k|m]8l/s Pª\u]N;
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkq
-cWofo @ / # sf] sxL c+z_
===wfld{s, bfz{lgs / cfd¿kdf ljrf/wf/fTds b[li6sf]0faf6 ;fDojfbsf] lj?4 h'g cf/f]k
nufOG5, tL ljrf/ ug{nfos 5}gg\ / tLaf/] uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ ug'{kg]
{5}g .
dflg;sf] hLgsf ef}lts kl/l:yltx¿, To;sf ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿ / ;fdflhs hLjgsf] x/]s
kl/jt{g ;“u;“u} To;sf ljrf/x¿, b[li6sf]0fx¿ / sNkgfx¿ klg abln+b} hfG5g\, cyf{t\ dflg;sf]
r]tgf klg abln+b} hfG5 eGg] a'‰gsf nflu s] s'g} vf; cGtb{ [li6sf] cfjZostf x'G5 <
h'g cg'kftdf ef}lts pTkfbgsf ¿kdf kl/jt{g x'G5, ToxL cg'kftdf p;sf] af}l4s pTkfbgdf
klg kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg'afx]s dfgj ljrf/sf] Oltxf;n] csf] { s'/f s] l;4 ub{5 t < ;w} + zf;s ju{sf
ljrf/x¿ g} x/]s o'usf k|rlnt ljrf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
;dfhdf pynk'yn dRrfpg] ljrf/x¿sf] s'/f ubf{v]l/ dflg;x¿n] s]jn k'/fgf] ;dfhsf]
ue{df gof“ ;dfhsf] lapm /f]lkPsf] dfq xf] tyf hLjgsf k'/fgf kl/l:yltx¿sf] cGt;“u} k'/fgf
ljrf/x¿sf] ;d]t cGt eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f hfx]/ ub{5g\ .
k|frLg ;G;f/n] hlta]nf cf gf] clGtd ;f; lnO/x]sf] lyof], Tolta]nf k|frLg wd{nfO{ klg
O;fO{ wd{n] k/f:t ul/;s]sf] lyof] . k'gM !* cf} + + zbLdf a'l4jfbL ljrfx¿sf cufl8 O;fO{ wd{sf]
ljrf/ w/fzfoL x''g]a]nf
qmflGtsf/L k" “hLklt ju{sf lj?4sf] n8fO“df ;fdGtL ;dfhn] ;d]t klg

cf gf] lhGbuLsf] afhL xf/]sf] lyof] . wfld{s d'lQm / cGt:s/0fsf] :jtGqtfsf] s'/f vfln 1fgsf]
If]qdf d'Qm k|lTof]lutfsf] /fHo sfod ePsf] tYon] hfx]/ ul//x]sf] lyof] .
æP]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmddf wfld{s, g}lts, bfz{lgs / sfg"g;DaGwL ljrf/x¿ abln+b} cfO/x]sf
eP tfklg pQm kl/jt{gsf] afjh"b wd{, g}ltstf, bz{g, /fhgLlt, lj1fg / sfg"g lg/Gt/ /lx/xg] s'/f
;To xf]Æ elgg]5 .
æTo;afx]s :jtGqtf, Gofo, cflbh:tf zf:jt ;To ;f/f ;dfh Joj:yfdf kfOG5g\ . tfklg
ltgnfO{ gof“ cfwf/df k|ltli7t ug'{sf]
;f6f], ;fDojfbn] t zf:jt ;TonfO{ g} cGt ul/lbG5, ;f/f wd{
d]l6lbG5 / ;f/f g}ltstf vtd ul/lbG5 . ctM ;fDojfbn] k'/fgf ;f/f P]ltxfl;s cg'ejx¿sf] lj?4
sfd ub{5 .
Tof] cf/f]ksf] jf:tljs cy{ s] x'G5 < ljt]sf] ;Dk"0f{ lnlvt ;dfhsf] Oltxf; ju{–;+3if{sf]
Oltxf; /x]sf] 5 . a]Unfa]Un} o'udf a]Unfa]Un} ¿k wf/0f ug] { { juL{o lj/f]wsf] ljsf;sf] Oltxf; /x]sf]
5 .
t/ pgLx¿n] h];'s} ¿k wf/0f u/]sf xf]pmg\ tfklg ljt]sf ;a} o'ux¿df ;fdfGo¿kn] Pp6f
s'/f /lx/x]sf] 5 . Tof] xf] — ;dfhsf] Ps efun] csf] { efusf] zf]if0f ub} {cfO/x]sf] 5 . k'gM cf gf
ljleGgtfx¿ / ljljwtfx¿sf afjh"b olb ;a} o'usf ;fdflhs r]tgfsf cfd ¿kx¿ jf cfd
ljrf/x¿af/] s]xLgs]xL ¿kdf Ps¿ktf /lx/x]sf] 5 eg] To;df cfZro{sf] s'/f g} s] 5 / < tL cfd
ljrf/x¿ t jf:tjdf k"0f{¿kaf6 juL{o cGt/lj/f]w ;d"n gi6 gx'“bf;Dd
d]l6+b}gg\ .
sDo'lg:6 qmflGt ;dfhsf k/Dk/fut ;DklQ ;DaGwx¿dfly ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k|xf/ xf] . olb
To;sf] sf/0f ;dfhsf k/Dk/fut ljrf/x¿dfly ;jf] {kl/ k|xf/ x'G5 eg] To;df cfZro{sf] s'/f s] g}
x'G5 / <
***
=== h;/L k'/f]lxtx¿ / hdLgbf/x¿df gªdf;'sf] ;DaGw x'G5, To;}u/L wfld{s ;dfhjfb /
;fdGtL ;dfhjfbsf] klg cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw x'G5 .
O;fO{x¿sf] j}/fuL efjgfnfO{ ;dfhjfbL /fdgfdL cf]9fO lbg'eGbf ;lhnf] sfd csf] { x'“b}g
. s]
O;fO{ wd{n] lghL ;DklQsf lj?4, ljjfxjfbLsf lj?4 / /fHo;Qfsf lj?4 d[To'b08sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf]
lyPg < tL s'/fx¿sf] ;f6f] s] p;n] bfg–k'0o, u/LaL, a|x\dro{ / zf/Ll/s tk:of, d7–lgjf; / O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹sf] z/0f lng] pkb]z lbPsf] lyPg < O{Zj/jfbL ;dfhjfb t vfln kljq uËf–hn dfq xf],
h;n] ;]rg u/]/ kfb/Lx¿n] wgL–pd/fx¿sf] ;GtKt dgnfO{ zflGt lbG5g\ ==.
sfn{ dfS;{ / k|m]8l/s Pª\u]N;
hL=Pkm= bf]d]/sf] k':ts ægof“ o'usf] wd{Æsf] ;dLIff
-;+of]lht tyf ;"qa4 cfwf/df k|:t't ug] { { k|oTg v08–@, xDau{, !*%)_ 52
æg"/]Dau{sf] Pshgf pm :jtGq lrGtg ug] { { JolQm lyof] . pm gof“ rLhk|lt cgle1 x'GgYof] t/
hgjfbL sfd sf/afxLsf nflu p;leq c;fWo} 3[0ff el/Psf] lyof] . pm /f]Gu]sf] eQm lyof] . p;sf]
t:jL/nfO{ p;n] cf gf] sf]7fdf /fv]sf] lyof] . t/ /f]Gu]n] hgjfbLx¿nfO{ kIfkf]if0f u/]sf] ;'Gg]ljlQs}
p;sf] t:jL/ x6fP/ cf gf] kfOvfgfdf k'¥ofOlbof] . Psk6s p;n] s] eg]sf] lyof] eg] …cxf, olb
xfdLx¿nfO{ vfln /l;ofnLx¿ cGt/ut /xg] ;+of]u ldNbf] xf] t d slt /dfp“bf] x" “ Ú pkb|jsf]
;dodf p;sf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] . oBlk pm w]/} a"9f] eO;s]sf] lyof] tfklg h'g s'/fn] p;nfO{ d[To'sf]
ghLs x'TofOlbPsf] lyof], Tof] d]/f] ljrf/df pQm 36gfqmdn] pmleq k}bf ePsf] lg/fzf / UnfgLsf]
efjgf lyof] . Ú 53
Tof] b'MvL g"/]Dau{sf] lgjf;Ln] dg'{sf]
;f6f] cf gf 6'qmf6fqmL ljrf/x¿ hd{gL / To;sf] nflu
sfd ug] { { ;Djfbbftfsf ;fy l;n/ / u]6], k|frLg :s"n] k':tsx¿ / cfw'lgs k':tsfnox¿af6 ljgLj/L
hDdf u/]sf] x'“bf]
xf] t pm Joy{df :jo+n] dg] { si6 em]Ng'kb} {gYof] g >L bf]d/n] ;+of]lht / ;"qj4
cfwf/sf ;DaGwdf s6'tfk"j{s n]lvPsf b'O{j6f dxfv08 n]Vg] si6 ug'{kb{Yof]
xf], lg:;Gb]x

Tolta]nf gof“ o'usf] wd{ / To;sf k|yd zxLbsf] kl/ro k|fKt ug] { { 1fga4{s cj;/af6 xfdL klg
al~rt x'“bf
xf} +
>L bf]d/sf] u|Gy k|f/lDes / d'Vo u/L b'O{ efudf ljeflht 5 . k|f/lDes efudf hd{g bz{gsf]
akmfbf/ Psf6{n] s] s'/fdf uxL/f] lrGtf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] ljt]sf b'O{ jif{x¿df lrGtgzLn /
lzlIFt hd{gx¿n] klg cfk"mnfO{ lbzfljxLg agfPsf 5g\ / s]jn …aflx/LÚ qmflGtsf/L sfdsf/afxLdf
cNem]/ lrGtgsf cd"No pknlJwx¿nfO{ 7'S¥ofOlbPsf 5g\ . jt{dfg ;donfO{ pgn] To;sf nflu k'gM
Psk6s /fi6«sf] w]/} pRr efjgfaf6 ckLn ug'{
pko'Qm dfGb5g\ . hd{g]nL ;+:s[ltnfO{ Tof]
;txL¿kaf6 d]6fO lbg'sf] cy{ s] x'G5 eGg] s'/f pgn] atfp“5g\ . hd{g gful/s clxn] klg h]–hlt
5, Tof] ToxL ;+:s[ltsf] sf/0f xf] eGg] pgsf] egfO 5 . hd{g ;+:s[lt;DaGwL cf gf] ;lª\IfKt
ljåtfsf] vf]nsf] ;a} oyfy{tfnfO{ pgn] 5f]6f]eGbf 5f]6f] d'xfj/fsf] ;f“rf]df 9fNb5g\ /, To;/L pgn]
hd{g]nL bz{gem} + hd{g]nL ;+:s[ltsf] klg Gof]R5fa/ ub{5g\ . hd{g]nL dl:tissf ;jf] {kl/ pknlJwx¿sf]
pgsf ;+u|xn] cf gf] cN5Lkgf / t'R5ftfdf o'jfx¿n] k9\g vf]Hg] ;fwf/0f lstfax¿sf] vftnfO{ klg
pl5lglbG5 . k|yd k|mfG;]nL qmflGtsf lj?4 l;n/ / u]6]sf ckl/kSj k|xf/ / …;'t]sf] l;+xnfO{ hufpg'
vt/gfs x'G5Ú 54 eGg] zf:qLo ;flxTob]lv lnP/ ;a}eGbf cfw'lgs ;flxTo;Dd gof“ wd{sf oL 7"nf
Hof]ltn] Psbd} htgsf ;fy ;f/f c+zx/nfO{ vf]h]/ lgsfn]sf 5g\ . ltgdf P]ltxfl;s cfGbf]ngsf
lj?4 hd{g]nL lgDg–k" “hLjfbL e|d / tGb|fdf aa{/fx6sf] ;+of]u pgn] b]vfp“5g\ . P]ltxfl;s
cfGbf]ngk|lt pgn] 3[0ff JoQm ub{5g\ . p;sf] wd{sf] dlGb/ k|m]8l/s /f]d/, jyf] {N8, cfp/afv, nf]vg/,
df]l/Th sfl/P, cNk|m]8 d]:g/, qm'u, l8lun:6]8, /f]G8, g"/]g au{/ af]6], DofS;, afN8f], :6g{ju{, xd{g
df]/]/, n'O{ P:6g, Ps/dfg, gf]cfs, ;flxlTos dgf]/~hgsf] jflif{s ;ª\u|x, s'Gh], l3n]gL, yf d'G6,
;kmL/, u'6\Hsf]h / s'df/L …s'df/L uf6]//Ú— tyf ToxLvfn] c¿ k|ltli7t :tDex¿dfly v8f ePsf] 5 .
>L bf]d/sf] b[li6df qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ng — To;nfO{ oxf“ “ gfgf t/xsf] lv;L6\o'/L ul/Psf] 5 — sf] cy{
Psflt/, /fhgLltsf ;DaGwdf hd{gL / To;sf] vflt/ sfd ug] { { ;Djfbbftfx¿sf] tTjjwfgdf
rln/xg] asDkm';] asaf;h:t} xf] eg] csf] {lt/ To;sf] cy{ 7u ljBf xf] To; 7u ljBfaf/] klg
pgsf cgf}7f ljrf/x¿ 5g\ tL ;a} ax'rlr{t g"g{ au{/sf ;Dafbbftf, a}Dau{hfO6'ª, d'Vg/,
NofG8af]l6g, cf]U;au{/, cf]Nu]ldg hfO6'ª, cflbsf cltl/Qm pko'{Qm
;|f]tx¿sf ;fy /fVg]vfnsf 5g\ .
Tof] ToxL lgDg–k" “hLjfbL t'R5tf xf], h;n] dhb"/df 3[l0ft, e|i6, e'O{ +km'§] JolQmafx]s c¿ s;}nfO{ klg
b]Vb}g . pgn] h"g !*$* sf] k]l/;sf] cfd g/;+xf/ b]v]/ uxL/f] ;Gtf]if k|s6 u/]sf lyP . To;df
#))) hlt æa]sfdsf JolQmx¿Æ sf] xTof ul/Psf] lyof] — / Tof] kz'x¿k|ltsf] lgd{dtfaf6 arfpgsf
nflu agfOPsf efj'stfk"0f{ ;‹x¿sf] xf“;f] p8fp“bfv]l/ /L;n] cfuf] eP/ p7\bYof] .
v08 ! sf] k[i7 @(# df cf gf xflb{s pb\uf/x¿ k|s6 ub} { >L bf]d/ eGb5g\, ædflg;sf
cTofrf/L / lgb{oL xftaf6 cefuL kz'x¿n] ;xg'kg] { eoÍ/ oftgfx¿ tL hËnL JolQmx¿sf nflu
a]sf/sf rLhx¿ x'g\ / ltgsf] af/]df s;}n] klg cf gf] dg dl:tisnfO{ ljufg'{kg]
{ cfjZostf 5}g .Æ
xfd|f] o'usf ;f/f ju{–;‹if{x¿nfO{ >L bf]d/n] …;+:s[ltÚsf lj?4 …c;EotfÚ -pb08tf_sf] ;‹if{
7fGb5g\ . Tof] ;‹if{ tL ju+ {x¿sf P]ltxfl;s kl/l:yltcGt/ut pTkGg ePsf] atfpg'sf] ;f6f] To;sf]
sf/0f pgn] sltko b'i6 JolQmx¿sf] if8oGqsf/L sf/afxLx¿ atfp“5g\ . pgsf] a'emfO cg';f/ tL
b'i6x¿n] cfd hgtfsf] t'R5 ef]snfO{ e8\sfP/ pgLx¿nfO{ lzlIft JolQmx¿sf lj?4 n8fp“5g\ .
æTof] hgjfbL ;'wf/jfbn] …;dfhsf w]/} lgDg ju{sf] 8fx, qmf]w / nf]esf] efjgfnfO{ pRr ju{sf
lj?4 e8\sfp“5 dflg;nfO{ w]/} /fd|f] / w]/} pbfQ agfpg] tyf pRr:t/sf] ;+:s[lt :yfkgf ug] { { of]
s:tf] ;Lwf;fbL pkfo xf] Æ 55
…;+:s[ltsf] g"/]Dau{vfn] …:t/Úsf] :yfkgf ug{ / s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] ef]u vfg] b]jtfl;t n8\g]
bf]d/;/xsf JolQmx¿ k}bf ug{sf nflu ;d]t …pRr ju{sf lj?4 lgDg:t/sf ju{n]Ú s:tf] / slt 7"nf]
;‹if{ ug'{k/]sf]
lyof] eGg] s'/f >L bf]d/nfO{ yfx 5}g .
u|Gysf] bf];|f] …d'VoÚ efudf gof“ wd{sf] ;sf/fTds kIf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . To;df hd{g bz{gsf]
cfqmf]z / O;fO{ wd{sf lj?4sf] p;sf] ;‹if{ {nfO{ e'lnlbPsf] / pQm wd{k|lt hg;d'bfo pbf;Lg
/x]sf]df pgsf] c;Gt'li6 el/Psf] 5 . To;nfO{ bfz{lgsn] dflg;sf] Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{kg]
{ rLh dfGb5g\

. jf:tjdf k|lTof]lutfn] To;sf] Jofkf/nfO{ ahf/af6 x6fpsf] 5 — ctM pgsf] k|lti7f k'g:yf{lkt
ug{sf nflu ;G;f/sf dfldnfx¿df af7f] bfz{lgsn] Pp6} dfq sfd ug{ ;Sb5 . k'/fgf] wd{nfO{ v"a
/fd|/L k|xf/ u/]kl5 To;n] gof“ wd{sf] cfljisf/ u/f];\ eGg] pgsf] O/fbf xf] . t/ To;sf] klxnf] efu
b]Vbf s] nfUb5 eg] Tof] wd{df klg tL k'/fg} egfOx¿sf] ;ª\u|xsf] l;nl;nf 5 . To;df klg vfln
j+zfjnLsf /hL:6/x¿af6 x6fOPsf sljtfsf klª\Qmx¿ / hd{g lgDg–k" “hLjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] :d[ltdf
n]lvPsf sljtfx¿ 5g\ . Tof] gof“ wd{zf:q -s'/fg_ 56 sf cWofox¿df vfln To;vfnsf d'xfj/fx¿
hDdf kfl/Psf] 5, h;n] hd{gLsf] ljBdfg kl/l:yltx¿df g}lts dxŒj a9fpg] sf]lzz ub{5g\ /
ltgnfO{ sfJofTds9Ën] /Ë r'g]/ k|:t't ub{5g\ . tL d'xfj/fx¿dWo] tL;“u ;DalGwt wfld{s ¿knfO{
lgsflnlbOPsf] ePtfklg jf:tjdf pgLx¿ k'/fgf] wd{s} cs{ jf u'bL x'g\ .
…ljZjdf k"0f{tM gof“ kl/l:ylt / gof“ ljZj ;DaGwx¿sf] hGd vfln gof“ wd{x¿sf] dfWodaf6 g}
x'g ;Sb5 . wd{n] s] ug{ ;Sb5 < To;sf] pbfx/0f / k|df0f xfdLn] O;fO{ wd{ / O:nflds wd{df
kfp“b5f} + . /, lg/k]If, ljz'4 /fhgLlt slt sdhf]/ / a]sf/ 5 eGg] s'/fsf] Hofb} HjnGt / a'l4;Ët
k|df0f xfdL !*$* df ;'? ul/Psf] cfGbf]ngx¿df b]Vg kfp“5f} + .Æ 57
Hofb} 1fgaf6 el/k"0f{ pQm :yfkgfn] hd{g …ljrf/sÚsf] 3d08 / c1fgtf t'?Gt cufl8
/flvlbG5 . hd{gL, ljz]if u/]/ aa] ]l/ofsf] æ…dfr{sfÚ ;fgfltgfÆ æpknlAwx¿ÆnfO{ To;n] !*$* /
!*$( sf] o"/fk]nL cfGbf]ng 7fGb5 / s] dfu ub{5 eg] lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} ljsl;t eO/x]sf] / kl/kSj
eO/x]sf] dxfg\ qmflGtsf tL klxnf, :jo+df cToGt ;txL lj:kmf]6x¿n] æk"0f{tM gof“ kl/l:ylt / ljZj
;DaGwx¿Æ t'?Gt :yflkt ul/lbg'kb{5 .
dflg;x¿dWo] Hofb} af7f] bf]d/n] Tof] l;Ëf] hl6n ;fdflhs ;‹if{nfO{ s]jn s] eg]/ ltt/–ljt/
ul/lbG5g\ eg] hgj/L !*$( df …c/nf+u]gsf] ljwfg;DaGwL ;dfhx¿sf cfzfx¿nfO{ clglZrt
sfn;Ddsf nflu :ylut ul/Psf] lyof], h;sf] klxnf] 6Ss/ b'O{ jif{df k]l/;af6 8]a| ];g;Dd tyf
aln{gaf6 kfn]df];Dd b]Vg kfOG5 .Æ 58 To;sf] ;“u;“u} pgn] gof“ ;‹if{sf] ;d]t klg ;Gqf;
lkm+hfp“5g\ — xlkmh, df]xDdb tyf jyf] {N8 cfp/afvsf] cWoog — cg'zLngdf nfu]sf >L bf]d/sf
nflu pQm ;‹if{ k'gM c?rLs/ l;4 x'g ;Sb5 .
ToxL lgn{Hh pQfpnf]kgsf] ;xf/fn] >L bf]d/n] s] s'/f Psbd} e'Ng k'Ub5g\ eg] O;fO{ wd{sf]
pbo x'g'eGbf klxn] pQm k|frLg …ljZj kl/l:yltÚ k"0f{tM vtd eO;s]sf] lyof] . To;sf] O;fO{ wd{ dfq}
Pp6f cleJolQm lyof] . pgn] s] s'/f e'Ng k'Ub5g\ eg] æk"0f{tM gof“ ljZj kl/l:yltÆsf] pbo O;fO{
wd{leqaf6 geP/ s]jn Tolta]nf dfq ePsf] lyof], hlta]nf x"0fx¿ / hd{gx¿n] …/f]dg]nL ;fd|fHosf]
nfzÚdfly aflx/af6 cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . pgn] s] s'/f e'Nb5g\ eg] hd{g cfqmd0fkl5 gof“ ljZj
kl/l:yltn] :jo+nfO{ O;fO{ wd{sf] cg's"n agfpg g;s]/ :jo+ O;fO{ wd{nfO{ kl/l:yltsf] x/]s gof“
Joj:yf;“u} ablnPsf] lyof] . xfdL s] rfxG5f} + eg] >L bf]d/n] To;vfn] s'g} pbfx/0f xfdLnfO{
atfOlbpmg\, h;df s] s'/f yfx nfuf];\ eg] s'g} Hofb} ;zQm æaflx/L tyf lg/k]If /fhg}ltsÆ
pynk'ynljgf k'/fgf] ;G;f/sf] kl/l:ylt s]jn s'g} gof“ wd{sf] sf/0faf6 dfq ablnPsf] xf];\ .
;fdflhs kl/l:yltx¿sf] x/]s dxfg\ P]ltxfl;s pyn–k'yn;“u} dflg;sf b[li6sf]0fx¿ /
ljrf/x¿df ;d]t / To;/L pgLx¿sf wfld{s ljrf/x¿df klg qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g x'g] s'/f :ki6 5 .
jt{dfg pyn–k'yn / klxn]sf pynk'ynsf aLrdf km/s s] xf] eg] cln] tL P]ltxfl;s pynk'ynsf
/x:odo s'/fx¿nfO{ dflg;n] a'lem;s]sf] 5 . ctM ;f] Jojxfl/s aflx/L k|lqmofnfO{ gof“ wd{sf]
k|of;df k'gM k|ltli7t ug'{sf]
;f6f] ca p;n] :jo+nfO{ ;f/f wd{af6 d'Qm kfb{5 .
gof“ ljZja'l4sf lzi6 g}lts lzIffx¿ lgUu]sf lzIffx¿eGbf klg w]/} >]i7 5g\ lsgls tL s]jn
dflg;sf ;xsfo{sf nflu dfq cfjZos geP/ kz'x¿l;t ;d]tsf] ;xsfo{sf nflu cfjZos 5g\
60
eGg] s'/f ltgdf atfOPsf] 5 . ;f]nf]dgsf] pvfgkl5 gof“ ;f]nf]dgsf] uLt cfp“5 ædfgjLotf /
dfgj hfltsf] ljk/Lt k|s[lt / gf/L lbJo x'G5g\ .=== k|s[ltk|lt dfgj hfltsf] / gf/Lk|lt k'?ifsf]
alnbfg — of] ;fRrf] / Psdfq jf:tljs ;]jf / cfTdalnbfg ;jf] {kl/ dfq geP/ Ps dfq u'0f / wd{
xf] .Æ 61

oxf“ “ xfdLn] wd{sf Pshgf hfnL ;+:yfkssf] pQf}nf]kg / c1fgtfn] s;/L :ki6¿kn]
sfo/tfsf] ¿k lng k'Ub5 eGg] b]Vb5f} + . >L /f]d/n] cfk"mdfly h'g P]ltxfl;s ljklQsf] afbn
d8fl/O/x]sf] 5, To;af6 efu]/ tyfslyt k|s[lt, cyf{t\ Pp6f ufp“n] n3'syfsf] kmf“hdf k'Ub5g\ tyf
cf gf] gfdbL{kgdfly kbf{ xfNgsf nflu gf/L k"hfsf] wfld{s pkb]z lbg yfNb5g\ .
oxf“ “ >L bf]d/sf] k|s[ltk"hfsf] efjgf klg ljz]if k|sf/sf] ePsf] s'/f ;d]t atfOlbg' kb{5 . pgL
O;fO{ wd{eGbf klg w]/} k|ltlqmofjfbL aGg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . O;fO{ wd{eGbf klxn]sf] k'/fgf] k|fs[lts
wd{nfO{ pgn] cfw'lgs¿kdf :yfkgf ug] { { r]i6f ub{5g\ . kmn:j¿k pgn] k|s[lt;DaGwL O;fO{
wdf{jnDaL hd{g]nL lkt[;QfTds asjf;eGbf a9L s]xL klg ub} {gg\ . pbfx/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
k'gLt k|s[lt, ddtfdoL cfdf
ltd|f r/0f lrGxdf dnfO{ klg 8f]¥ofpm
d]/f afn–slnnf xft ltd|f xftdf ldnfpm
;xf/f lbP/ dnfO{ klg kf/ nufpm
æo:tf rLhx¿ km];gaf6 x6]sf 5g\ tfklg To;af6 ;+:s[lt, k|ult cyjf dfgjLo cfgGbnfO{
s'g} kmfObf ePg .Æ 62
xfdLx¿ s] b]Vb5f} + eg] Tof] k|s[lt k"hf Pp6f ;fgf] k|fGtLo ufp“sf] To:tf] afl;Gbfsf] cfOtaf/sf]
lbg 3'Dg hfg] s'/f;Dd dfq ;Lldt 5, h'g sf]OnLn] cf gf] c08f sf]/Ngsf nflu csf] { r/fsf] u'“8df
/flvlbPsf], 63 cyjf cf“vfsf] ;txnfO{ rL;f] /fVgsf nflu cf“;"sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/f yfx
kfP/ s]6fs]6L em} + bË kb{5 . 64 clg, ha c¿x¿n] cf gf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ Snf]k:6ssf] /rgf —
j;Gtsf] uLt — ;'gfp“5g\, ta pm wfdL em} + k"hf ug] { efjdf sf“Kg yfNb5 . 65 tL ;a} s'/fx¿df tL
cfw'lgs lj1fgsf nflu s'g} 7fp“ 5}g, h;n] cfw'lgs wGwfsf] ;fy;fy} ;Dk"0f{ k|ultdf g} qmflGt
pTkGg u/]sf 5g\ tyf k|s[ltk|ltsf] dflg;sf] s]6f}n] b[li6sf]0f Pj+ p;sf s]6f}n]kgsf c¿ ¿kx¿
vtd kfl/lbPsf] 5 . To;sf] ;f6f] xfdLx¿nfO{ s] cf]vtL lbOG5 eg] /x:ok"0f{ eljiojf0fLx¿,
:s6NofG8sf afl;Gbfx¿sf] bf];|f] b[li6 / kz' r'Das zlQmsf /x:ok"0f{ ;Í]t kfp“5f} + .
af“sL s] s'/f af~5gLo x'G5 eg] aj]l/ofsf] lghL{j ls;fg cy{Joj:yfnfO{, cyf{t\ cflv/ Tof]
hdLgnfO{ cfw'[lgs
s[lif ;fwgx¿ / cfw'lgs d];Lgx¿af6 hf]ltxfNg'kb{5, / To;df kfb/Lx¿ / bf]d/
b'j}sf nflu v]tL ul/G5 .
gf/L k"hfsf] ;GaGwdf klg ToxL s'/f xf], h'g k|s[lt k"hfsf] ;DaGwdf x'G5 . >L bf]d/
gf/Lx¿sf] jt{dfg ;fdflhs l:yltsf af/]df Ps zAb klg af]Nb}gg\ . To;sf] pN6f] pgn] vfln lg/k]If
gf/Lsf af/]df s'/f ub{5g\ . gf/Lx¿n] ;xg] u/]sf] ;fdflhs si6af/] pgn] ;fGTjgf lbgsf nflu
pgLx¿nfO{ k"hfsf kfqx¿ agfpg] r]i6f ub{5g\ . Tof] k"hf hltw]/} /x:ok"0f{ agfpg] r]i6f ul/G5,
TolQs} Tof] vf]qmf] x'G5 . ljjfxkl5 pgLx¿-dlxnfx¿—cg'=_sf] k|ltef vtd x'G5 lsgeg] pgLx¿n]
s]6fs]6Lsf] ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5
. 66 To;af/] ^) jif{sf] pd]/;Dd pgLx¿n] s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ b"w r';fP/
/xg ;Sb5g\, cflb–cflb 67 s'/f u/]/ pgn] ;fGTjgf lbG5g\ . To;nfO{ >L bf]d/n] ægf/Lx¿sf nflu
k'?ifsf] TofuÆ atfp“5g\ .:jo+ cf gf] b]zdf k'?ifnfO{ anLbfg ug{ nufpgsf nflu pgn] cfbz{ gf/L
kfqsf] vf]hLdf afWotfjz ut zbLsf a]Unfa]Un} s'nLg gf/Lx¿nfO{ vf]H'gkg] { x'G5 . To;/L pgsf] gf/L
k"hf cf gf ;Ddflgt cf>o bft[x¿k|lt Pshgf ljåfg dflg;sf] v]bk"0f{ b[li6sf]0fsf] s'/f aGg k'Ub5
. 68
>L bf]d/n] h'g æ;+:s[ltÆsf] Wj+zdfly cf“;" aufO/x]sf 5g\, Tof] tfTsfnLg ;+:s[lt xf] . To;df
g"/]Dau{ :jtGq ;fd|fHosf] :jtGq /fhwfgLsf] ¿kdf k'mlnkmln/x]sf] lyof] . To;df g"/]Dau{sf] pBf]usf]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lyof] . To; pBf]usf] lgdf{0f snf / b:tsf/Lsf] ;+of]hgaf6 ePsf] lyof] . jf:tjdf
h'g ;+:s[ltk|lt pgn] cf“;" aufO/x]sf 5g\, Tof] hd{g]nL lgDg–k" “hLjfbL ;+:s[lt lyof] . Tof] lgDg–
k" “hLklt ju{;“u} ljgi6 x'“b}
uO/x]sf] 5 . k'/fgf] ;fdGtL z"/jL/h:tf ju{sf] ktgn] snfsf cToGt
b'MvfGt s[ltx¿ pTkGg u/]sf] lyof] . t/ To;n] c;+:s[t k" “hLklt ju{sf lh2Lk"0f{ Oiof{sf lghL{j
cleJo~hgfx¿ / ;Gsf]kfGhvfn] pvfgx¿ tyf 1fgsf lgodx¿sf] ;ª\u|xafx]s c¿ s]xL klg k}bf

ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . >L bf]d/ xfg ;fssf] ?vf] lg/k]If xf:oljxLg ¿k xf], cf gf] k|ltkfns lktf, hd{g
c;+:s[t k" “hLklt ju{ d[To' zøofdf a;]/ zf]sn] 5ftL lk6L–lk6L /f]O/x]sf] 5 — ToxL s?0f lrq xfdL
gof“ o'usf] wd{df b]Vg kfp“5f} + .
k| ]m8l/s Pª\u]N;
hd{gLdf ls;fg o'4
-cWofo—@_
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :yfgLo / k|fGtLo :jfwLgtf, cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s¿kaf6 k|fGtx¿sf] kf/:kl/s
k[ystf tyf cfjfudgsf ;fwgx¿sf] sdLsf] sf/0fn] tfTsfnLg ax';ª\Vos / /ËLrËL /fHox¿
ldnfP/ ck]Iffs[t 7"nf] cfsf/sf] /fHo agfpg ;Sg] s'/f k|foM c;Dej ePsf] lyof] . /fHox¿ ldnfP/
7"nf] cfsf/sf] /fHo agfpg] pgsf] sfdsf] ljsf; wfld{s–;'wf/ cfGbf]ngsf] a]nf wfld{s ljrf/sf]
cfd k|;f/sf ;fy} qmflGtsf/L /fhgLlts — wfld{s ljrf/x¿;“u} k'gM ljsf; x'g;s]sf] lyof] . sltko
/fHox¿n] oL ljrf/x¿sf] ;dy{g ul/;s]sf lyP eg] sltkon] ltgsf] lj/f]w ul//x]sf lyP . ltgsf]
sf/0f df]6fdf]6L¿kdf / Hofb} b'Mvk"0f{9Ën] /fi6«x¿ tLgy/L 7"nf lzlj/x¿df ljeQm ePsf lyP .
Pp6f k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿sf] cyjf Sofyf]lns lzlj/ lyof], bf];|f] n'y/jfbL k" “hLjfbL–;'wf/jfbL lzlj/
lyof] eg] t];|f] qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] lzlj/ lyof] . o; dxfg\ ljefhgdf olb xfdLx¿n] s'g} ts{ b]Vb}gYof} +
t xfdLx¿nfO{ s] nfUg] lyof] eg] klxnf b'O{ lzlj/x¿df k|foM Ps}gfzh:tf tTjx¿ 5g\ . To;sf]
sf/0f s] lyof] eg] dWo o'ub]lv rNb}cfO/x]sf clwsf+z ;/sf/L /fHox¿ lj3l6t ePsf lyP /
/fi6«x¿sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ePsf] lyof] . To;sf/0f ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn] olta]nf tL /fHox¿leq a]Unfa]Un}
Onfsfx¿df k/:k/lj/f]wL k|j[lQx¿ pTkGg ul/lbPsf] lyof] . b]lvg] !^ cf} + zbLsf sltko w]/} hl6n
kl/l:yltx¿df b]lvg]vfnsf /fHox¿ / ju{x¿sf] of] x]/fkm]/Laf6 xfdLx¿nfO{ s'g} ljz]if cfZro{
x'“b}gYof]
. To;}u/L xfn}sf jif{x¿df hd{gLdf olt w]/} k6s tL rLhx¿ b]Vg kfOPsf] 5 .
clxn]sf y'k} | cg'ejx¿sf] afjh"b dWoo'usf h'g ;‹if{cGt/ut hd{g bfz{lgs ljrf/x¿nfO{
w/fzfoL agfOPsf] lyof], tL wfld{s bz{g;DaGwL tLj| snxafx]s clxn];Dd s]xL b]lv+b}g . 3/sf
lgdf{tf ;Gt Oltxf;sf/x¿n] s] eGb5g\ eg] plta]nfsf JolQmx¿n] olb s]jn :ju{;DaGwL
rLhx¿sf ljifodf k/:k/df s]xL ;'emj'em agfPsf x'Gy] eg] dfq ;fG;fl/s dfldnfx¿nfO{ lnP/
n8\g] s'g} cfwf/ /xGgYof] . tL ljrf/j]Qf slt Psf]xf]/f 5g\ eg] Pp6f o'uaf/] h'g e|dsf] ;[hgf x'G5,
cyjf p; o'usf l;4fGtsf/x¿n] To;sf ljifodf h'g e|d km}nfp“5g\, tL ;f/fsf ;f/fnfO{ zf]ef–
z+sfljgf pgLx¿n] ;xL 7fGb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu !&*( sf] qmflGtdf To;vfnsf dflg;x¿n]
;fgf]–7"nf] tftf] ax;afx]s lg/ª\s'z /fhtGqsf] ck]Iff j}wflgs /fhtGqdf s] kmfObf x'G5 eGg] s'/f
s]xL b]Vb}gy] . h'nfO{sf] qmflGtdf …O{Zj/sf] s[kfaf6 k|fKtÚ clwsf/sf] s'/f ca rNg ;Sb}g eGg]
Jojxfl/s ax;afx]s pgLx¿ s]xL b]Vb}gg\ tyf km]a| 'c/L qmflGtdf pgLx¿n] vfln k|hftGq /fd|f] xf] jf
/fhtGq /fd|F] xF] eGg] k|Zg to ug{sf nflu ul/Psf] k|oTg 7fGb5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ clxn];Dd klg
pyn–k'ynsf] dfWodaf6 rNg] u/]sf ju{–;‹if{sf] s'g} 1fg 5}g . oBlk tL ljb|f]xL kl/jt{gx¿sf]
r]tfjgL vfln aflx/af6 cfpg] cfjfhx¿åf/f /fd|/L ;'lgg] dfq geP/ d'n'ssf xhf/f} + ;j{xf/fx¿sf
gf/fx¿df ;d]t klg ;'lgGYof] eGg] pgLx¿n] a'‰b}gy] t/ pgLx¿n] em08fdf clª\st tf/fsf] ;txL
cleJo~hgf dfq ug{ ;s]sf lyP .
!^ cf} + zbLsf] tyfslyt wfld{s o'4sf] txdf klg d'VotM lglZrt ef}lts :jfy{ g} /xGYof] .
a]nfot / k|mfG;sf kl5Nnf cfGtl/s ;‹if{x¿ em} + tL klg ju{ o'4 g} lyP . pQm hdfgfsf] ju{–;‹if{
oBlk wfld{s Wjhfktfsf d'lg nl8GYof] eg] ljleGg ju{x¿sf :jfy{x¿, pgLx¿sf cfjZostfx¿ /
pgLx¿sf dfux¿ oBlk wfld{s cfj/0fleq} l5lk/xGy] tfklg To;af6 pgLx¿sf] jf:tljs l:yltdf
s'g} km/s kb} {gYof] . tfTsfnLg kl/l:yltx¿sf cfwf/df pQm s'/f ;lhn} a'‰g ;lsG5 .
dWoo'uLg ljsf; Psbd} ckl/is[t l:yltaf6 ePsf] lyof] . x/]s s'/f gof“ l;nl;nfaf6 yfngL
ug{sf nflu k'/fgf] ;Eotf, k'/fgf] bz{g, k'/fgf] /fhgLlt tyf k'/fgf] ljlwzf:qnfO{ pgLx¿n] Psbd}
:ki6 kfl/lbPsf lyP . k'/fgf] Wj:t ;G;f/dWo] pgLx¿n] /lx/xg lbPsf] Pp6} dfq rLh O;fO{ wd{
lyof] . To;afx]s vfln s]xL ;Dk"0f{ ;Eotf gi6 ul/Psf c4{ Wj:t gu/x¿ dfq a“r]sf lyP .

kmn:j¿k ljsf;sf] x/]s cflbd cj:yfdf x'g] u/]h:t} kfb/Lx¿sf] ju{nfO{ af}l4s lzIffsf] Psflwsf/
k|fKt lyof] / lzIff :jo+ d"ntM wfld{s lzIff aGgk'u]sf] lyof] . kfb/Lx¿sf] xftdf cGo ;f/f
lj1fgx¿;/x /fhgLlt / ljlwzf:q klg Pp6} dfq wfld{s bz{gsf zfvf alg/x]sf lyP . tLdfly klg
lgod–sfg"g wfld{s bz{gsf k|rlnt l;4fGtx¿sf] cfwf/df g} nfu" eO/x\of] . O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf
cGwljZjf;x¿nfO{ /fhgLltsf] ;d]t :jo+l;4 ;Tosf] ¿kdf dflgG5 / cbfntx¿df afOljn -b"t_sf]
pbfx/0fsf] sfg"gL dfGotf lbOPsf] lyof] . sfg"gj]Qfx¿sf] ljz]if ju{sf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] lyof] t/
ljlwzf:q w]/} lbg;Dd wd{zf:qs} dftxtdf /lx/x\of] . af}l4s lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf
wd{zf:qsf] Tof] k|e'Tj Tolta]nf O;fO{ wfld{s ;ª\3nfO{ k|fKt :yfgsf] ckl/xfo{ kl/0ffd lyof] .
tfTsfnLg ;fdGtL cflwkTosf] Tof] ;a}eGbf ;+Zn]if0f ePsf] ¿k lyof] tyf ToxL g} pQm zf;gsf]
;dy{s / cg'df]bs lyof] .
To;k|sf/sf] l:yltdf cfd¿kdf ;fdGtjfbsf lj?4 hlt klg xdnf ul/Gy], tL d'VotM O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹dfly g} x'Gy] eGg] s'/f :ki6} 5 /, hlt klg ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts qmflGtsf/L l;4fGtx¿
cufl8 cfp“y], tL cjZo / d'Vo¿kn] wd{lj/f]wL klg x'Gy] . ctM df}h"bf ;fdflhs kl/l:yltx¿df
xdnf ug'{eGbf
klxn] ltgsf] dflyaf6 kljqtfsf] vf]n Roft]/ of“lslbg'kg] { cfjZostf lyof] .
;fdGtjfbsf lj?4 qmflGtsf/L lj/f]wsf] qmd l;Ëf] dWoo'uel/ rn]sf] lyof] . ;d;fdlos
kl/l:ylt cg';f/ slxn] To;n] /x:ojfbsf] ¿k u|x0f u/]sf] lyof], slxn] v'nf wd{sf] lj/f]w eg] slxn]
;z:q ljb|f]xsf] lj/f]wsf] ¿k lnPsf] lyof] . hxf“;Dd /x:ojfbsf] ;DaGw 5, !^ cf} + zbLsf
;'wf/jfbLx¿n] To;sf] slt w]/} ;xf/f lnPsf lyP eGg] s'/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 . d'~h/ :jo+ To;sf Hofb}
C0fL lyP . wd{lj/f]wL tL s'/fx¿ c+ztM cfNk;sf] lkt[;QfTds Joj:yfcGt/ut /xg] afv|f
kfnsx¿sf] Tof] ;fdGtjfblj/f]wL k|ltlqmof JoQm ub{y], h'g ;fdGtL cfqmd0fsf sf/0f pgLx¿leq}
/x]sf] -jfN8jfbL wf/0ff_ lyof] . 69 ;fdGtjfblj/f]wL k|ltlqmof c+ztM tL ufp“x¿sf] lj/f]wnfO{ JoQm
ub{y], h'g ljsl;t To;sf] ;LdfeGbf aflx/ lg:s]sf] lyof] . -Pnljh]G;];, a| ]l:sofsf] cgf] {8, cflb_ 70
/, cf+lzs¿kaf6 ls;fgx¿sf k|ToIf ljb|f]xx¿ -hf]g afn, lksf8f] {sf xª\u]l/ofO{ lzIfs, cflb_ 71 sf]
k|ltlglwTj ub{y] . jfN8jfbLx¿sf] lkt[;QfTds Joj:yfsf wd{lj/f]wL s'/fx¿ tyf :jLh/Nof08sf
ljb|f]xnfO{ xfdL oxf“ “ 5f]8\g ;Sb5f} + lsgeg] ¿k / ;f/ b'j}df pgLx¿dfkm{t\ Oltxf;sf] Hjf/ef6f
/f]Sgsf nflu k|ltlqmofjfbL, Pssf]xf]/f] :yfgLo sf]lzz ul/O“b} lyof] . dWoo'usf wd{lj/f]wL c¿
¿kx¿df !@ cf} + zbLdf g} tL ;zQm ;‹if{sf cu|Ld ¿kx¿ b]lvG5g\, h'g zxl/of gful/sx¿ -
au{/x¿_ / ls;fgx¿ Pj+ ;fwf/0f k|hfx¿aLr kl5 cfP/ ePsf lyP . jf:tjdf ls;fg o'4sf]
c;kmntfsf] sf/0f klg ToxL /x]sf] lyof] . tL ;‹if{ kl5 l;Ëf] dWoo'uel/ b]lvG5g\ .
Tof] zxl/of wfld{s lj/f]w — /, jf:tjdf dWoo'udf ToxL ;fj{hlgs wfld{s lj/f]w lyof] — sf]
n8fO“ d'VotM kfb/L ju{;“u x'GYof] . kfb/Lx¿sf] wg–bf}nt tyf pgLx¿sf] /fhg}lts dxŒjdfly To;n]
k|xf/ ub{Yof] . cfhsf] k" “hLklt ju{n] h;/L Pp6f ;:tf] ;/sf/ -Gouvernement a bon
Marche_sf] dfu ub{5, To;}u/L dWoo'uLg ju{/x¿n] -zxl/of dflg;x¿_ d'VotM Pp6f ;:tf] O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹ - Eglise a bon Marche _sf] dfu ub{y] . h'g O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ tyf To;sf
¿9LjfbLx¿ ;dIf ljsf;df s]jn ktg dfq} b]lvGYof], au{/x¿sf] wfld{s lj/f]wsf] ¿k klg x/]s
wd{lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngem} + k|ltlqmofjfbL lyof] . p;sf] dfu s] x'GYof] eg] k|f/lDes sfnsf] ;Lwf;fbf O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹sf] ljwfg k'gM :yfkgf ul/of];\ / kfb/LeGbf a]Un} ljz]if ju{nfO{ vtd ul/of];\ . Tof] ;:tf]
Joj:yfaf6 d7x¿, kfb/Lx¿ / /f]d b/af/sf] ;lh;hfpm cyf{t\ O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf tL ;a} vrL{nf
s'/fx¿ x'Gy] . /fhfx¿sf ;+/If0fdf /xg] eP klg tL :yfgLo k|hftGq ufp“x¿n] g} kf]kjfbsf lj?4sf]
cf gf] xdnfåf/f cfd¿kdf ;aeGbfklxn] k" “hLjfbL k|hftGqsf ;xL ¿k x'g\ . y'k} | ¿9LjfbL
b[li6sf]0fx¿ / O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹k|lt pgLx¿sf] h'g lj/f]wL efj lyof], To;nfO{ cf+lzs¿kaf6 dfly
pNn]v ul/Psf s'/fx¿af6 a'‰g ;lsGYof] eg] cf+lzs¿kaf6 tL /xg] kl/l:yltx¿sf cfwf/df a'‰g
;lsGYof] . pbfx/0fsf nflu a|x\dro{ ;DaGwdf pgLx¿sf] h'g lj/f]w lyof], To;nfO{ af]Ss}l;of]eGbf
/fd|/L slxNo} s;}n] JoQm u/]sf] 5}g . pQm k|j[lQsf d'Vo k|ltlglw O6nL / hd{gLdf a] |l:qmof cfgf] {N8,

= k|mfG;df PNaLh]G;]h, a]nfotdf hf]g afOlSnkm / af]x]ldofdf x'; Pj+ SoflnS;6;jfbL 72 lyP .
ufp“sf] ;Qf x/]s 7fp“ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . To;df ;fdGtjfbL;t n8\g] oy]i6 Ifdtf k}bf ePsf]
lyof] . cf gf ljz]ifflwsf/sf] k|of]u ub} { pgLx¿ To;sf lj?4 ;z:q zlQmaf6 klg n8\g ;Sby] tyf
:yfgLo ;efx¿df ;d]t To;l;t df]rf{ lng ;Sby] . To;af6 ;fdGtjfbsf] lj/f]w kfb/Lx¿sf]
;fdGtjfbsf] lj/f]ws} ¿kdf lsg cufl8 cfPsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a'‰g ;lsG5 .
b=k|mfG;, a]nfot / af]x]ldofdf xfdL s] b]Vb5f} + eg] kfb/Lx¿sf lj?4sf] ufp“n]x¿sf] ;‹if{df
tyf pgLx¿sf wd{lj/f]wL sf/afxLx¿df ;De|fGt ju{sf w]/}h;f] ef/]e'/] ;fdGtx¿;d]t ;fd]n
x'gk'u]sf lyP . To;sf] sf/0f s] lyof] eg] s'nLg ju{sf tL ef/]e'/] ;fdGtx¿ ufp“x¿df lge{/
/xgyfn]sf lyP tyf pgLx¿n] s] 7fGby] eg] /fhfx¿ / zfxL kfb/Lx¿sf lj?4 pgLx¿sf h'g lxt
x'Gy], tL zx¿sf] lxtx¿l;t ;DalGwt lyP . ls;fg o'4df klg xfdL ToxL rLh kfp“5f} + .
k|ToIftM ls;fgx¿ / ;fwf/0f k|hfsf dfux¿ cleJoQm ug] { Tof] wd{sf] lj/f]w / ;w} + ;fy lbg]
ljb|f]x Psbd} a]Un} k|sf/sf] lyof] . kfb/L ju{, kf]kjfb tyf O;fO{ wfld{s ;ª\3sf] k|f/lDes ljwfgsf]
k'g:yf{kgf ug] { { s'/fl;t ;DalGwt au{/x¿ -zxl/of Jofkf/Lx¿_sf ;f/f dfux¿ pQm wd{lj/f]wL
cfGbf]ngsf ;d]t dfux¿ lyP tfklg Tof] tLeGbf w]/} cufl8;Dd hfGYof] . pgLx¿n] O;fO{ wd{sf]
k|f/lDes sfndf To;nfO{ dfGg]x¿sf] ;dfhleq h'g ;dfgtf kfOGYof], To;nfO{ k'g:yf{lkt ul/lbg'kg] {
/ zxl/of gful/sx¿sf] hutdf klg ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 ToxL ;dfgtf nfu" ug'{kg]
{ dfu ub{y] .
pgLx¿n] æO{Zj/sf ;Gtfgx¿ ;a} a/fa/ 5g\Æ eGg] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df gful/sx¿aLr ;dfgtf
x'g'kg] { / Psxb;Dd ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t klg ;dfgtf x'g'kg] { lgisif{ lgsfNby] . s'nLg k'?if /
ls;fgaLr, clehft ju{ / ljz]ifflwsf/ x'g] au{/ gful/sx¿ tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfoaLr
;dflhstf :yflkt ug'{kg]
{ tyf a]uf/, hdLgsf] nufg, s/, ljz]ifflwsf/x¿ Pj+ ;DklQsf] slDtdf
Psbd} cg'lrt lje]bx¿sf] cGt ug'{kg]
{ pgLx¿sf] dfu lyof] . k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{sf l;4fGtx¿sf]
:jfefljs kl/0ffdx¿sf] ¿kdf tL dfux¿nfO{ g} s]xLgs]xL b[9tfsf ;fy cufl8 /flvGYof] . hlta]nf
;fdGtjfb k/fsfi7fdf k'u]sf] lyof], Tolta]nf ls;fg / ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf pQm u}/–wdL{ k|j[lQaLr —
cNjLh]G;];x¿h:tf] cwdL{ k|j[lQaLr — tyf au{/x¿sf] wfld{s lj/f]waLr vf;} cGt/ lyPg tfklg
!$ cf} + / !% cf} +zbLdf ls;fg / ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;f] u}/–wdL{ k|j[ltn] :ki6¿kaf6 Pp6f vf;
kf6L{ cjwf/0ffsf] ¿k u|x0f u/]sf] lyof] eg] clxn] cfd¿kdf au{/x¿sf] u}/–wdL{kgsf] ;“u;“u} p;n]
cf gf] :jtGq b[li6sf]0f;d]t klg /fVbYof] . a]nfotdf jf6l6n/sf] ljb|f]xsf k|rf/s, hf]g afnsf]
ToxL l:ylt lyof] . cfGbf]ngsf] ;“u;“u} rn]/ klg jfOlSnkmsf] cf g} Pp6f :jtGq b[li6sf]0f lyof] .
To;}u/L 6]jf]/fO6jfbLx¿ klg af]x]ldofdf SoflnS;6;jfbLx¿;“u} rNb} cf gf] a]Un} b[li6sf]0f /fVby] .
6]jf]/fO6jfbLx¿n] t O{Zj/Lo ;Qfsf] gfd;Ddsf] cfj/0fdf k|hftGqjfbL k|j[lQsf] kl/ro lbPsf lyP .
tfklg !% cf} + zbL / !^ cf} + zbLsf] k|f/lDes sfndf ;j{;fwf/0f k|hfsf k|ltlglwx¿n] pQm
b[li6sf]0fnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf lyP .
73
/x:ojfbL ljrf/ x'g] ;d"xsf] wdf] {Gdfbn], Kn}unfGtx¿ / nf]n8f] { h:tf JolQmx¿sf]
wdf] {Gdfbn], bdgsf] a]nfdf klg qmflGtsf/L k/Dk/f hf/L /fVgsf wd{lj/f]wL ToxL ¿k c“ufn]sf] lyof] .
Tolta]nf ;j{;fwf/0f k|hfsf] ju{ dfq} tfTsfnLg :jLs[t ;dfheGbf a]Un} /x]sf] ju{ lyof] . tL
;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfox¿ ;fdGt / au{/x¿ b'j}sf ;‹x¿eGbf a]Un} lyP . pgLx¿;“u g ljz]ifflwsf/
lyof] g ;DklQ lyof] . pgLx¿;“u ls;fg / lgDg–k" “hLjfbL zxl/of Jofkf/Lx¿;“u x'g]vfnsf]
;DklQ;Dd klg lyPg — oBlk ltgLx¿ s/sf] af]emaf6 lylrPsf lyP . pgLx¿ h'g;'s} cy{df klg
;DklQljxLg / clwsf/ljxLg lyP . cf gf] hLjgsf kl/l:yltx¿sf] sf/0fn] df}h"bf ;+:yfx¿sf]
ghLs pgLx¿ slxNo} df}nfpg kfp“b}gy] . tL ;+:yfx¿n] k"0f{tM ltgsf] pk]Iff ub{y] . ;fdGtL / ;‹a4
gful/s ;dfhsf] ljgfzsf] Tof] HjnGt k|tLs lyof] . ;fy} cfw'lgs k" “hLjfbL ;dfheGbfklxn] xns/f
pgLx¿ g} lyP .
cfd k|hfsf] lj/f]w Tolta]nf klg vfln ;fdGtjfb / ljz]iflwsf/ ;DkGg au{/x¿sf] lj?4 dfq
lsg ;Lldt /xg ;Sb}gYof], slDtdf sNkgfdf tfTsfnLg pbLodfg / cfw'lgs k" “hLjfbL ;dfh
;LdfeGbf lsg cufl8 uO;s]sf] lyof] tyf ju{–lj/f]wdf, ;f/f ;dfhdf kfOg] ;+:yfx¿, ljrf/x¿ /

cjwf/0ffx¿sf] Pp6f Psbd} ;DklQljxLg JolQmx¿sf] bn x'“bfx'“b}
klg To;n] lsg r'gf}tL lbPsf] lyof]
eGg] kQf nfUb5 . To; b[li6af6 k|f/lDes sfnLg O;fO{ wd{sf xhf/ 74 sf] :jKg — bz{gaf6 ;'? ug'{
;'ljwfo'Qm lyof] . csf] {lt/, clxn] / eljio;Dd;d]t cufl8sf] ;f] pRr:t/df p8\g] s'/f ck|fs[lts /
d[ut[i0ffafx]s c¿ s]xL klg l;4 x'g ;Sb}gYof] . kl5 kms] {/, ckl/xfo{¿kn] ;dsfnLg l:yltaf6
lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] ;Lldt 3]/fleq ;f] p8fg ylRrg' k¥of] . :jfefljs s'/f s] lyof] eg] lghL
;DklQdfly ul/g] xdnfsf] pQ/df, ;+o'Qm :jfldTjsf] dfusf] pQ/df bfg–k'0o ug] { { Pp6f ;dsfnLg
;Ë7g ;[hgf ug{sf nflu æsfg"gsf cufl8Æ gful/s æ;dfgtfÆsf] 3f]if0ff ul/lbg' / ;f/f
clwsf/Lx¿sf] cGtsf] dfusf] k"lt{sf] nflu cGttM hgtfåf/f r'lgPsf] k|hftflGqs ;/sf/sf] :yfkgf
ul/lbg' ;a}eGbf /fd|f] s'/f lyof] . sNkgf hutdf ;fDojfbsf] k"j{fg'e"lt ug'{
eg]sf] jf:tljs hutdf
kl/l:yltx¿sf] k"jf{g'e"lt aGgk'u]sf] 5 .
efjL P]ltxfl;s 36gfx¿sf] Tolt pu|¿kdf klxn]b]lv g} sNkgf ug] { { s'/f ;j{;fwf/0f k|hfsf]
/xg–;xgsf kl/l:yltx¿sf] cfwf/df ;lhn};“u a'‰g ;lsG5 . pQm k"jf{g'e"ltsf] kl/ro ;j{k|yd
xfdLx¿ hd{gLdf 6fd; d~h/ / pgsf] kf6L{df kfp“5f} + . 6]jf]/fO6jfbLx¿df Psk|sf/sf] …xhf/jfbLÚ 75
;fd'bflos :jfldTjsf] ljwfg kfOG5 t/ Tof] ljz'4¿kaf6 Pp6f ;}lgs sf/afxL lyof] . tL sDo'lg:6
:j/ ;dfhsf jf:tljs cËsf OR5f–cfsf+Iffx¿ s]jn d~h/sf lzIff cGt/ut JoQm ul/Gy] . pgL
klxnf] JolQm lyP, h;n] tL OR5f–cfsf+Iffx¿nfO{ ljz]if¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf lyP . To;kl5 tL :j/
hgtfsf] x/]s 7"nf] pyn–k'yndf ;d]t ;'lgG5 . cGtdf lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} pgLx¿ cfw'lgs ;j{xf/f
cfGbf]ng;“u ldn]/ Psfsf/ To;/L x'gk'u]sf 5g\, h;/L dWoo'udf pgLx¿sf] a9LeGbf a9L cf gf]
aGwgdf s:g] ;fdGtL clwgfosTjsf lj?4 :jtGq ls;fgx¿sf] ;‹if{ — ;fdGtL Joj:yfsf] k"0f{
pGd"ngsf] nflu ul/g] c4{–bf; tyf bf;x¿sf] ;‹if{sf ;fy ldn]/ Ps ePsf] lyof] .
tLg 7"nf lzlj/x¿dWo] klxnf] lzlj/, ¿9LjfbL Sofyf]lns lzlj/ cGt/ut tL ;a} tTjx¿ lyP,
h;n] oyfl:ylt /flv/xg rfxGy], cyf{t\ pgLx¿ zfxL ;Qfwf/Lx¿ lyP, wfld{s /fhs'df/x¿ lyP, Tof]
;fG;fl/s /fhs'df/x¿sf] Pp6f efu lyof], h;df clehft ju{sf ef/bf/x¿ lyP, 7"nf kfb/Lx¿ lyP
/ zx¿sf] ;e|fGt juL{o JolQmx¿ lyP . au{/x¿ ;/xsf gd/kGyL n'y/jfbLx¿ ;'wf/jfbsf kIfw/x¿
lzlj/lt/ cfslif{t x'g]x¿dWo]sf lyP, lj/f]wL bnsf ;f/f ;DklQjfg tTjx¿, s'nLg ;fdGtL ju{sf
w]/}h;f] ;fgf dflg;x¿, au{/x¿ / ;fwf/0f /fhs'df/x¿sf] ;d]t Tof] c‹sf] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf]
/fHonfO{ sJhf ul/Pkl5 pgLx¿ :jo+ ;DkGg aGg] / pgLx¿n] ;fd|fHojfbL h'jfaf6 cfk"mnfO{ d'Qm
u/]/ s]xL a9L :jtGqtf kfpg] cfzf lyof] . hxf“;Dd ls;fgx¿ / cfd JolQmx¿sf] ;DaGw 5,
pgLx¿ qmflGtsf/L kf6L{df Pstfj4 ePsf lyP . pQm kf6L{sf dfux¿ / l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf
:ki6 s'/f d~h/n] lbPsf lyP .
cf–cf gf l;4fGtx¿, cf–cf gf rL/qx¿ / sfo{x¿åf/f n'y/ / d~h/ cf gf] kf6L{sf] k"0f{tM
k|ltlglwTj ub{y] .
!%!& / !%@% ;Dd n'y/df ;d]t 7Ls ToxL kl/jt{g x'gk'Uof], h'g jt{dfgsfnLg hd{g
j}wflgstfjfbLx¿dWo] !*$^ / !*$( sf] aLrdf ePsf] lyof] . x/]s To:tf] k" “hLjfbL kf6L{df ToxL
vfnsf] kl/jt{g x'G5, h'g sd ;do;Dd cfGbf]ng u/]kl5, cf gf] k5fl8 v8f ePsf ;fwf/0f hgtf
/ ;j{xf/f ju{sf] kf6L{lt/ cu|;/ ePkl5 lsgf/f nfUb5 .
!%!& df klxnf]kN6 hlta]nf n'y/n] Sofyf]lns O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf ¿9Ljfb / sfg"gx¿sf]
lj/f]w u/]sf lyP, Tolta]nf pgsf] lj/f]wsf] s'g} lglZrt ¿k lyPg . au{/x¿sf klxn]sf wd{–lj/f]wL
dfux¿eGbf cufl8 ltgsf] lj/f]w u/]sf] gePklg To:t}vfn] tL dfux¿eGbf cufl8sf] s'g} k|j[lQnfO{
klg pgn] /f]s]sf lyPgg\, g pgn] /f]Sg ;Sby] . Tof] k|f/lDes cj:yfdf ;f/f lj/f]wL tTjx¿nfO{
Pstfa4 agfpg'kg] {, ;+3if{zLn qmflGtsf/L zlQmx¿nfO{ alnbfgsf nflu tTk/ agfpg'kg] { tyf
Sofyf]lns ¿9Ljfbsf lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg] hlt ;a} zlQmx¿nfO vf]h]/ cufl8 a9fpg k|oTg ug'{kg]
{
cfjZostf lyof] . sl/a–sl/a To;}u/L !*$& df pbf/kGyL k" “hLklt ju{ klg qmflGtsf/L ag]sf] lyof],
:jo+nfO{ To;n] ;dfhjfbL / sDo'lg:6 atfp“Yof] / To;n] dhb"/ ju{sf] p4f/ ug'{kg]
{ s'/fdf hf]8

lbGYof] . p;sf] ultzLntfsf] pQm ;'?sf] ;dodf n'y/sf] k|efjzfnL ls;fg :jefj Hofb} k|v/¿kdf
cufl8 cfPsf] lyof] .
æolb -/f]dsf kfb/Lx¿sf]_ clgolGqt af}nLkg To;/L g} hf/L /xGYof] eg] dnfO{ nfUb5, /fhf /
/fhs'df/n] ;f/f ;G;f/nfO{ ljiffQm agfpg]x¿sf lj?4 zlQmsf] k|of]u ug] { {, :jo+nfO{ ;z:q agfpg] /
tL w'Gw'sf/Lx¿dfly xdnf ug] { { / Tof] v]nnfO{ zAbn] dfq geP/ xltof/af6 Ps}k6sdf ;w} +sf nflu
cGt ul/lbg ;Nnfx lbg'afx]s Tof]eGbf /fd|f] g s'g} ;Nnfx lbg ;lsGYof] g csf] { pkfo vf]Hg
;lsGYof] . rf]/x¿nfO{ xfdL kmf“;Lsf] ;hfo“ lbG5f} +, xtof/fx¿nfO{ t/jf/af6 7Ls kf5f} + { / b'i6x¿nfO{
cfuf]df kf]N5f} + eg] cwf]ktgsf tL ;f/f kf]kåf/f k|lzlIft JolQmx¿, ;f/f kf]kx¿, sfl8{gnx¿ /
ljzkx¿dfly tyf s'sd{x¿sf] /f]d ;fd|fHosf] u9sf ;Dk"0f{ lu/f]xdfly lsg xltof/ xftdf lnP/
xfdLx¿ hfO{ gnfUg] / pgLx¿sf] v"gL xft wf]P/ rog k|fKt gug] { {

lyof] . zflGtk"0f{ ljsf; x'“b}
hf“bf af“sL If]qx¿ klg w]/} lbg;Dd dGblj/f]wsf] bafj ;dIf l6Sg
;Sb}gy] . t/ To;}aLr olb s'g} lx+;fTds pyn–k'yn x'GYof] eg] To;sf] ckl/xfo{ kl/0ffd g/d ljrf/
x'g]x¿sf] kf6L{sf ;fwf/0f JolQmx¿ / ls;fgx¿sf] pu|jfbL kf6L{;“u ;‹if{ rNg]Yof] / ;fdGtL
/fhs'df/, clehft ju{sf JolQmx¿ / sltko zx/x¿;d]t ;f] cfGbf]ngaf6 cnu x'Gy] . To;kl5
b'O{6} dfq af6fx¿ /xGy] — of t ls;fg / ;j{;fwf/0f JolQmx¿n] au{/x¿sf] kIf 5f]8]/ cufl8 a9\by]
of k'gM ;Dk"0f{ cfGbf]ng Sofyf]lns k'g:yf{kgfjfbLx¿åf/f bafOGYof] . clg, tTsfn s]xL ljho k|fKt
u/]kl5 k" “hLjfbL kf6L{x¿n] sfg"gL ;Ldfleq /x]/ s;/L qmflGtsf sdhf]/Lx¿ / k'g:yf{kgfsf
;Defjgfx¿sf aLraf6 cf gf] k|ultsf] af6f] vf]Hg] k|oTg ubf{ /x]5g\ eGg] s'/fsf pbfx/0fx¿
lx+hf]cfh y'k| } b]Vg kfOG5 .
Tolta]nf h'g cfd ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts kl/l:yltx¿ ljBdfg lyP, tLcGt/ut x/]s
kl/jt{gsf] kl/0ffd ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 ;fdGtL /fhs'df/x¿sf] lxtdf x'GYof] / To;af6 pgLx¿sf]
;Qfdf :jfefljs¿kaf6 emg\ w]/} j[l4 x'GYof] . To;/L au{/x¿sf] ;'wf/–cfGbf]ng ;j{;fwf/0f
hg;d'bfo / ls;fgx¿af6 hlt w]/} 6f9f x'GYof], Toltw]/} Tof] ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 ;'lw|Psf /fhs'df/x¿sf]
lgoGq0fdf k'Ug hfGYof] . n'y/ :jo+ a9LeGbf a9L pgLx¿sf] bf; ag]sf lyP . ctM hlta]nf
dflg;x¿n] pgLdfly c¿x¿;“u} pgL klg /fhs'df/x¿sf] abL] {wf/L rfs/ aGgk'u]sf] cleof]u nufPsf
lyP tyf hlta]nf cf]/nfd'G8df pgLx¿n] 9'Ëfx¿af6 pgsf] k"hf u/], Tolta]nf hf]–h;n] To;f] u/]sf
lyP, pgLx¿n] s] ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f pgn] /fd|/L a'em]sf lyP .
ha ls;fg o'4 rNof], Tolta]nf ;a} hflt / ju{sf ;j{;fwf/0f dfG5]x¿ tyf /fhf–/hf}6fx¿
Pj+ w]/}h;f] Sofyf]lnsl;t n'y/n] dWo:ytfsf] e"ldsf v]Ng vf]h]sf lyP . ;/sf/dfly pgn]
hf]8bf/¿kn] xdnf u/] . ljb|f]xsf] bf]if To;}dfly ePsf] pgn] atfP . To;}sf] pTkL8gaf6 p;n] hGd
lnPsf] lyof] . pgn] eg]sf lyP — To;sf lj?4 ljb|f]x ls;fgx¿n] u/]sf] geP/ O{Zj/n] u/]sf] lyof] .
tfklg To;sf] ;“u;“u} pgn] ljb|f]x wd{lj/f]wL / b]jb"tlj/f]wL ePsf] atfP . cGtdf b'j} kf6L{x¿l;t
pgn] b'j} s]xLgs]xL em'Sg'kg] { / b'j}n] d}qLk"0f{ ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]
{ s'/fsf] cg'/f]w u/] .
t}klg dWo:ytfsf] z'esfdgfsf] k|:tfjsf afjh"b ljb|f]x tLj|tf ;fy a9\b} uof] . To;sf]
kl/lwdf n'y/jfbL /fhf–/hf}6fx¿, ;fdGtx¿ tyf zxl/of k|f]6]:6\ofG6 If]q ;d]t klg tflgof] .
au{/x¿sf] …;LldtÚ ;'wf/x¿sf] ;Ldf tf]8]/ ljb|f]x tLj|tf;fy cufl8 a9\of] . ljb|f]xLx¿sf] bx|f] bnn]
d~h/sf] g]t[Tjdf y'l/lËofdf cf gf] d'Vo s]Gb| :yflkt u¥of] . Tof] 7fp“ n'y/sf] lgjf;sf] Psbd}
ghLs lyof] . c¿ yk ;kmntf xfl;n x'g]lalQs} ljb|f]xsf] Hjfnf ;f/fsf ;f/f hd{gLdf km}lnGYof],
n'y/nfO{ 3]l/GYof] /, ;DejtM Pshgf u2f/nfO{ em} + pgnfO{ efnfx¿n] /f]lkGYof] tyf au{/x¿sf ;f/f
;'wf/x¿ ls;fg / ;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfo qmflGtsf] nx¿df aUby] . ;f] +r–ljrf/ ug] { { c¿ ;do af“sL
lyPg . qmflGt cufl8 b]v]/ k'/fgf] ;Dk"0f{ zq'tf e'lnPsf] lyof] . ls;fgx¿sf] ;d"xsf] t'ngfdf
ck|fs[lts Jolerf/sf 3[l0ft /f]dsf 3/x¿sf kIfw/ pgLx¿ lgbf] {if e]8fsf kf7f;/x nfUg yfn] . pgL
O;fdl;xsf] dL7f] :j/ ePsf] afns aGg k'u] . æls;fgx¿sf] xTof/f] / n'6]/f] u''6sf
lj?4Æ 78 au{/
tyf /fhf–/hf}6fx¿, clehft juL{o JolQmx¿ Pj+ kfb/Lx¿, n'y/ / kf]k ;a} ldn]/ Ps x'gk'u]sf lyP
n'y/ lrRofP, æn'sL–l5kL / v'nf¿kdf x/]s ;Ifd JolQmåf/f To;/L g} tL ;a}nfO{ sf6]/
6'qmf–6'qmf agfOlbg'kb{5, ltgsf] 3f“6L /]l6lbg'kb{5 tyf h;/L af}nfxf s's'/nfO{ dflg;n] lk6\g] ub{5g\,
To;/L g} ltgnfO{ 5'/f /f]lklbg'kb{5 ctM lk|o dxfg'efjx¿, oxf“ “ d2t u/, Toxf“ “ arfpm /
ltdLx¿dWo] hf] ;Ifd 5, To;n] pgLx¿nfO{ 5'/f /f]kf];\, pgLx¿nfO{ lk6f];\, pgLx¿sf] 3f“6L /]6f];\ /
olb To;f] ubf{v]l/ ltdLn] cf gf] hLjg alnbfg lbg'k¥of] eg] O;fdl;xn] enf] u¿g\ To;eGbf
/fd|f] d/0f ltdL slxNo} kfpg ;Sg] 5}gf} + Æ
xf], ls;fgx¿k|lt s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e"m6f] bof–dfof bzf{pg' x'“b}g
. h;dfly O{Zj/n] bof ub} {g,
h;nfO{ p;n] ;hfo“ lbg / gi6 ug{ rfxG5, ltgLx¿nfO{ bof ug] { { :jo+ ljb|f]xL xf], ljb|f]xLx¿sf] ;fyL
xf] . kl5 :jo+ ls;fgx¿n] s] a'‰g]5g\ eg] cf gf] Pp6f ufO{sf] zflGtk"j{s pkof]u ug{sf nflu
pgLx¿n] h'g csf] { ufO{ lbg'k/]sf] lyof], To;af6 pgLx¿nfO{ xfgL ePg . clg, To;kl5 pgLx¿n]
eujfgnfO{ wGojfb lbg]5g\ . clg k]ml/, qmflGtåf/f /fhf–/hf}6fx¿n] Tof] eL8–ef8sf] efjgfnfO{ /fd|/L

a'emg]5g\, h;dfly s]jn zlQmåf/f g} zf;g ug'{kg]
{ x'G5 .Æ a'l4dfg dfG5] eGb5 M æuwfsf nflu
bfgf, ef/L / 58L rflxG5 .-cibum, onus et vigram asino) 79 ls;fgx¿nfO{ sgeGbf a9L s]xL
lbOg'x'Gg . pgLx¿n] O{Zj/Lo ;Gb]z ;'Gb}gg\ / d"v{ 5g\ . ctM pgLx¿n] nf7L / aGb"ssf s'/f
;'Gg'kb{5 / pgLx¿sf nflu ToxL plrt xf] pgLx¿sf] lxtsf nflu pgLx¿n] cf1f kfng u¿g\
eg]/ xfdLx¿n] cg'/f]w ug'{kb{5
. hxf“ pgLx¿n] To;f] ub} {gg\, Toxf“ “ pgLx¿k|lt bof b]vfpg'kg] { s'g}
cfjZostf x'“b}g
. pgLx¿aLr tf]k g} u8u8fpg b]pm, gq pgLx¿n] l:ylt xhf/u''gf
a9L v/fa
kfl/lbg]5g\ Æ
dfr{sf 36gfx¿kl5 ljho kmndWo] ;j{xf/f ju{n] cf gf] efu dfu ubf{ d[t ;dfhjfbLx¿ /
bfgL k" “hLklt ju{n] ;d]t ToxL s'/f u/]sf lyP .
afOansf] cg'jfb u/]/ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] xftdf n'y/n] Pp6f zlQmzfnL c:q /flvlbPsf
lyP . afOansf] dfWodn] tfTsfnLg ;fdGtL O;fO{ wd{sf] t'ngf pgn] klxnf] zbLsf] ;Lwf–;fbf
lgisk6 wd{l;t u/]sf lyP . /, ktgf]Gd'v ;fdGtL ;dfhsf] ck]Iff pgn] Pp6f To:tf] ;dfhsf] lrq0f
k|:t't u/]sf lyP, h;df hl6n / s[lqd ;fdGtL juL{s/0fsf] gfd–lgzfgf;Dd lyPg . /fhf–/hf}6f,
clehft ju{ / kfb/L ju{sf lj?4sf] Tof] c:q ls;fgx¿n] Jofks¿kn] pkof]u u/]sf lyP . clxn]
n'y/n] ToxL c:qnfO{ pgLx¿sf lj?4 pkof]u ug{ ;'? u/]sf lyP . O{Zj/åf/f lgwf{l/t ;Qfwf/Lx¿sf]
k|z+;fdf afOanaf6 pgn] Pp6f To:tf] :t'ltufg vf]lhlgsfn]sf lyP, h:tf] lg/Í'z /fhtGqsf] tn'jf
rf6\g]x¿dWo] s;}n] klg To;eGbf klxn] slxNo} lgsfNg ;s]sf] lyPg . afOansf] d2taf6 /fhf–
/hf}6fsf] zf;g gaf]nL dfGg'nfO{ / c4{bf;tf ;d]t;DdnfO{ klg Gofok"0f{ 7x¥ofOPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L
ls;fgx¿sf] ljb|f]xnfO{ dfq geP/ wfld{s / ;fG;fl/s ;QFwf/Lx¿sf lj?4sf] :jo+ n'y/sf] ljb|f]nfO{
;d]t cg'lrt 3f]lift ul/Psf] lyof] . /, /fhf–/hf}6fx¿sf] kmfObfsf] nflu s]jn hgtfsf] cfGbf]ngdf
dfq geP/ ljz]ifflwsf/ x'g] au{/x¿sf] cfGbf]ngsf] kL7df ;d]t k5fl8af6 5'/f /f]lkPsf] lyof] .
s] xfdLx¿n] Tof] k" “hLkltsf] gfd atfpg' knf{, h;n] :jo+ cf gf] ctLtnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{
ToxL vfnsf] pbfx/0f xfn} xfdL;dIf k]z u/]sf] lyof] <
ca xfdL ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DkGg gful/s n'y/sf] t'ngf hgqmflGtsf/L d~h/l;t ug] { {5f} + .
6fd; d~h/sf] hGd xfh{sf] :6nau{ gfds :yfgdf !$(* df ePsf] lyof] . elgG5, pgsf
afa'nfO{ :6nau{sf] cTofrf/L b'i6 sfpG6n] kmf“;L lbP/ df/]sf] lyof] . !% jif{s} cfo'df xfn]sf] :s"ndf
d~h/n] dfUb]au{sf] cfs{ljzk -7"nf] kfb/L_ / cfd /f]dsf O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf lj?4 u'Kt ;Ë7g
:yflkt u/]sf lyP . tfTsfnLg wfld{s bz{gsf] pgnfO{ sltw]/} 1fg lyof] eg] pgnfO{ l56} 8fS6/sf]
pkflw k|fKt ePsf] lyof] tyf xfn]sf O;fO{ a}/fuLx¿sf] d7sf pgL kfb/L aGgk'u]sf lyP . Toxf“ “ O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹sf ¿9Ljfb / ljlwljwfgx¿sf] Hofb} lt/:sf/sf ;fy pgn] lv;L ub{y] . k|Fy{gfsf] a]nf
/S;L / /f]6LnfO{ O;fsf] /ut / df;' ;Demg] zAbx¿sf] pNn]v ug{ pgn] 5fl8lbGy] eg] n'y/n] eg]em} +
;j{zlQmdfg b]jtfnfO{ …kljq gagfO{sgÚ g} pgn] x8k ub{y] dWoo'usf /x:ojfbLx¿ / ljz]if u/]/
sfnfa|Lhsf] vt/fsf] xhf/jfbL u|Gy pgsf cWoogsf d'Vo ljifox¿ lyP . Tolta]nf wd{ ;'wf/–
cfGbf]ng rln/x]sf] lyof] tyf rf/}lt/ czflGt km}lnPsf] lyof] . To:tf] a]nf ktLt O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ /
e|i6 ;G;f/nfO{ kf/ nufpg] ¿kdf O;fn] k'gM k[YjLdf cjtf/ lng / Gofosf lbgsf nflu pgsf]
cfudgsf] h'g JofVof tL /x:ojfbLx¿n] u/]sf lyP tyf pgsf af/]df h'g k|:yfkgfx¿ u/]sf lyP,
tL d~h/nfO{ w]/} /fd|f s'/f nfu]sf lyP . pgn] s] 7fGby] eg] tL rL/tfy{ x'g] lbg Psbd} ghLs
cfOk'u]sf] 5 . 5/–l5d]sdf pgsf pkb]zx/nfO{ w]/} ;kmntf k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . !%@) df O;fsf
k|yd wdf] {kb]zssf ¿kdf pgL HjLsfcf] uP . Toxf“ “ pgn] Tof] s§/ xhf/jfbL -lrlnof;jfbL_80 ;Dk|bfosf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP, h'g k'gM y'k| } 7fp“x¿df sfod ePsf] lyof] / To;n] u'kr"k sfd ub{Yof]
. Tof] ;Dk|bfosf] Ifl0fs lg/fzf / df}gtfd'lg tfTsfnLg kl/l:yltx¿sf lj?4 ;dfhsf ;a}eGbf tNnf]
ju{df lg/Gt/ a9\b} uO/x]sf] lj/f]wsf] Hjfnf l5k]sf] lyof] . czflGt a9]kl5 Tof] ;Dk|bfo ;fx; /
b[9tfsf ;fy v'nf d}bfgdf plqPsf] lyof] . Tof] cgfj}lK6i6x¿ 81 (k'glb{zfdf ljZjf; ug] { {x¿_sf]
;Dk|bfo lyof] . pgLx¿sf g]tf lgsf]nf; :6r{ lyP . pgn] Gofosf] lbg / O;f dl;xsf] k[YjLdf k'gM

cf]n{g] lbg ghLs cfO;s]sf] k|rf/ ub{y] . pgn] ;kgfdf O;fsf] bz{g kfp“y], v';Ln] ub\ub x'Gy] /
eljio b]lv/x]sf] cg'e"lt ub{y] .Æ l56} g} HjLsfcf]sf] kl/ifb;“u pgsf] ;‹if{ rNof] . oBlk d~h/
pgLx¿l;t k"/fk"/ slxNo} ;fd]n ePsf lyPgg\ / pgLx¿nfO{ pgn] cf gf] k|efjdf Nofpg rfxGy]
tfklg pgn] pgLx¿sf] kIfkf]if0f u/] . kl/ifbn] pgsf lj?4 Hofb} s8f sf/afxL u¥of] . pgn] zx/
5f]8\g'k¥of] . pgL;“u d~h/ klg hfg'kg] { eof] . Tof] s'/f !%@! sf] cGtlt/sf] lyof] .
pgL k|fu uP . ljZjsf] zf;g x';jfbL82 cfGbf]ngsf /x]kx]sf JolQmx¿;“u ldn]/ Toxf“ “ pgn]
cf gf] ;Ë7g agfpg] k|oTg u/]sf lyP . t/ pgsf] 3f]if0ffsf] c;/n] pgL af]x]ldofaf6 efUg afWo
x'g'k¥of] . !%@@ df pgL y'l/lËofsf] cN;6]8 gfds :yfgdf pkb]zs aGgk'u] . Toxf“ “ pgn] cf gf]
;Dk|bfodf ;'wf/ u/] . n'y/ To;/L cufl8 a9\g'eGbf klxn] g} pgn] Nofl6g efiffsf] alxisf/
ul/;s]sf lyP . pgn] s] s'/f hf/L u/] eg] hgtfn] vfln cfOtaf/sf lbgsf nflu lgwf{l/t afOansf]
;Gb]z / O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf kqx¿ dfq geP/ k"/} afOan k9\ "g\ . ;fy;fy} cf gf] zx¿df ;d]t
pgn] k|rf/ sfo{ ;Ël7t u/] . ;f/fsf ;f/f lbzfx¿af6 pgL;“u dflg;sf ;d"xx¿ cfpg yfn] . l56}
Tof] cfN;6]s kfb/Llj/f]wL hg–cfGbf]ngsf] s]Gb| aGgk'Uof] . Tof] l;Ëf] y'l/lËofsf] kfb/L–lj/f]wL
cfGbf]ng ag]sf] lyof] .
clxn];Dd c¿ ;a} s'/fx¿eGbf w]/} d~h/ Pshgf wfld{s JolQm g} lyP . clxn];Dd pgn]
vfln kfb/Lsf lj?4 dfq} cfGbf]ng u/]sf lyP . t/ zflGtk"0f{ jfbLjjfb / zflGtk"0f{ k|ultsf To;vfn]
pkb]z pgn] lb+b}gy], h:tf] n'y/n] To;eGbf klxn] ;'? u/]sf lyP . pgL cem} klg n'y/sf klxn]sf
lx+;fTds pkb]zx/s} k|rf/ ub{y] . :ofS;gLsf /fhf–/hf}6fx¿ tyf Toxf“ “sf hgtfl;t pgn] eGg] ub{y]
M /f]dsf kfb/Lx¿sf lj?4 ;z:q ;‹if{ u/ .
æs] O;fdl;xn] d zflGt :yflkt ug{ cfPsf] geP/ d}n] xltof/ lnP/ cfPsf] 5'Æ eg]sf lyPgg\
M -:ofS;gLsf /fhf–/hf}6fx¿ _ Tof] t/jf/af6 ltdLx¿n] s] ug] { { xf} < olb ltdLx¿ O{Zj/sf ;]js
aGg rfxG5f} eg] ltdLn] ug'{kg]
{ Pp6} s'/f afOljnsf] dfu{df ca/f]wsf] ¿kdf v8f ePsf h'g;'s}
kftsLnfO{ klg Toxf“ “af6 x6fP/ aflx/ nv]6\g] / Psbd} vtd ug] { { xf] . O;fdl;xn] uDeL/tfk"j{s s]
cfb]z lbPsf lyP eg] -No"j !(, @&_ M æd]/f zq'x¿nfO{ oxf“ “ Nofpm / d]/} cufl8 pgnfO{ df/ Æ
ltd|f] t/jf/sf] d2tljgf O{Zj/sf] zlQmn] ;a} sfd ug] { { vf]qmf zAb–hfn g;'gfpm lsgls
Tolta]nf;Dd ltd|f] t/af/ Dofgd} n's]sf] x'g]5 .===To;}u/L O{Zj/sf] jrgsf] dfu{df h;n] afwf
xfNb5g\, ltgLx¿nfO{ lgd{dtfk"j{s To;/L g} ljgi6 ug'{kb{5,
x]h]lsof, ;fO/;, hf]lzof, 8\oflgon
tyf Oln;f;n] afns kfb/Lx¿nfO{ h;/L gi6 u/]sf lyP . olb To;f] ul/Pg eg] O;fO{ wfld{s ;ª\3
slxNo} cf gf] k'/fgf] l:yltdf k'Ug]5}g . afnL sf6\bfv]l/ eujfgsf au} +rfsf ;f/f emf/kft pv]n]/
of“lslbg'kb{5===df]h]hsf] kf“rf} + k':tssf] c+z & df O;fdl;xn] eg]sf lyP M æd"lt{ k"hf ug] { {x¿dfly
ltdLn] bof ug'{x'“b}g,
To;sf] ljk/Lt pgLx¿sf j]bLx¿ gi6 ul/lbg'kb{5, pgLx¿sf d"lt{x¿
kmf]l/lbg'kb{5 / ltgnfO{ cfuf]df kf]lnlbg'kb{5 . To;kl5 dfq d ltdLl;t l/;fpg]5}g .Æ
t/ /fhf–/hf}6fx¿;dIf ul/Psf tL ckLnx¿af6 s'g} kmfObf ePg . t/ hgtfsf] qmflGtsf/L
efjgf lbglbg} a9\b}uPsf] lyof] . d~h/sf] ljrf/ w]/}eGbf w]/} pTkif{k"0f{¿kaf6 :ki6 / ;fx;k"0f{
aGb}uPsf] lyof] . ljz]if clwsf/ ;DkGg gful/sx¿sf] wfld{s ;'wf/–cfGbf]ngaf6 pgn] ca b[9tfk"j{s
;DaGw–ljR5]b u/]sf lyP . To;kl5 pgL ;Lw} /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngstf{ aGgk'u]sf lyP .
pgsf bfz{lgs–wfld{s l;4fGtx¿dWo] vfln Sofyf]lnssf] dfq geP/ cfd¿kaf6 O;fO{ wd{sf
g} ;f/f k|d'v s'/fx¿dfly xdnf u/]sf lyP . O;fO{ wd{sf ¿kx¿sf] cfj/0fdf pgn] Psk|sf/sf]
;j{ ]Zj/jfb 83 sf] k|rf/ ub{y] . pQm ;j] {Zj/jfb cfw'lgs sfNklgs lrGtgl;t ljlrq¿kn] ;dfg lyof]
. /, Tof] slxn]sfxL+ cgLZj/jfbsf] ;Ldf;Dd klg k'UbYof] . afOan O{Zj/sf] Ps dfq / Psbd} ce|fGt
jf0fL eGg] b'j} rLhx¿sf] pgn] v08g u/]sf lyP . Tof] O{Zj/sf] jf:tljs / hLljt jf0fL a'l4 xf]
eg]/ pgn] atfPsf lyP . Tof] O{Zj/sf] To:tf] jf0fL xf], h'g ;Dk"0f{ ;Dk|bfoleq ;f/f ;dodf ;w} +
df}h"b /x]sf] 5 . afOannfO{ a'l4sf lj?4 v8f ug'{
eg]sf] zAbaf6 p;sf] jf:tljs cfTdf vtd
ul/lbg' xf] lsgls Tof] kljq cfTdf — h;sf] afOann] s'/f ub{5 — s'g} To:tf] rLh xf]Og, h'g

xfdLeGbf aflx/ /xG5 . xfd|f] a'l4 g} kljq cfTdf xf] . dflg;leq a'l4 knfpg' eg]sf] >4f xf],
To;afx]s c¿ s'g} s'/f xf]Og . /, To;sf/0f d"lt{k"hf ug] { {x¿leq klg wfld{s >4f df}h"b x'g ;Sb5 .
pQm wfld{s >4fsf] dfWodaf6 a'l4 knfpgfn] dflg; O{Zj/;/x / kljq ag]sf] 5 . ctM :ju{ csf] {
;G;f/sf] s'g} rLh xf]Og . Tof] oxL hLjgdf vf]H'gkg] {5 . /, wd{df ljZjf; x'g]x¿sf] st{Jo xf] — of]
:ju{, O{Zj/sf] /fHo oxL+, o;} k[YjLdf :yflkt ug'{
. h;/L o; k[YjLeGbf aflx/ :ju{ 5}g, To;}u/L
g/s / gf/sLo oftgf klg c¿ sxL+ + 5}gg\ . ctM dflg;sf b'/fzfx¿ / nf]n'ktfeGbf aflx/ sxL+ klg
s'g} z}tfgsf] cl:tTj 5}g . O;' klg To;/L g} Pshgf dflg; lyP, h'gk|sf/sf dflg; xfdLx¿ xf} + .
pgL Ps k}uDa/ / lzIfs lyP / pgsf] clGtd ef]h — d/0ff]T;j — s]jn >4fsf] ef]h dfq xf] .
To;df s'g} /x:ofTds agfj6 / ;hfj6ljgf /f]6L / /S;Lsf] pkef]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
w]/}h;f] tL l;4fGtx¿sf] k|rf/ d~h/n] O;fO{ wd{sf] ToxL zAbfjnLdf ub{y], h;sf] cfj/0fdf
l5k]/ s]xL ;do;Dd gof“ bz{g /xg'kb{Yof] . t/ pgsf d"n 3f]/ cwdL{ ljrf/x¿ pgsf /rgfx¿df
;lhn} b]Vg ;lsG5 . afOansf] vf]nnfO{ pgn] TolQs} uDeL/tfk"j{s lnGgy], hlt uDeL/tfk"j{s
cfw'lgs sfndf klg x]u]nLo bz{gaf/] pgsf y'k| } r]nfx¿n] lnG5g\ /, of] Tolta]nfsf] ;do xf],
hlta]nf cfw'lgs bz{g / d~h/sf] aLr #)) jif{sf] km/s 5
d~h/sf] /fhg}lts bz{g pgsf] qmflGtsf/L wfld{s wf/0ffx¿l;t 3lgi6¿kn] ;DalGwt lyof] .
h;/L pgsf] wfld{s bz{g tfTsfnLg kltt wf/0ffx¿eGbf w]/} cufl8 lyof], To;}u/L pgsf] /fhg}lts
bz{g klg tfTsfnLg ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts kl/l:yltx¿eGbf w]/} cufl8 lyof] . h;/L d~h/sf] wfld{s
bz{g cgLZj/jfb;Dd hfGYof], To;}u/L pgsf] /fhg}lts sfo{qmd ;fDojfb;Dd k'UbYof] . km]a| 'c/L
qmflGtsf] k"j{a]nf;Dd klg sltko cfw'lgs sDo'lg:6 ;Dk|bfodf ;}4flGts ckl/kSjtfsf] sdL lyPg,
h;sf] !^ cf} + zbLsf] d~h/sf] hlt klg ;}4flGts 1fg lyPg . To; sfo{qmddf plta]nfsf
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] dfusf] ;ª\u|x sd lyof], cfd hg;d'bfoaLr k}bf x'g yfn]sf ;j{xf/f tTjx¿sf]
p4f/sf kl/l:yltx¿sf] xjfO{ sNkgf w]/} lyof] . To; sfo{qmddf s] dfu ul/Psf] lyof] eg] O{Zj/sf]
/fHo t'?Gt :yfkgf ug'{kb{5
/ O;fn] k[YjLdf k'gM cjtf/ lng] ;do rf“8} Nofpg'kb{5 . /, To;sf]
nflu s] cfjZos lyof] eg] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹nfO{ k'gM p;sf] k|f/lDes cfj:yfdf k'¥ofOlbg'kb{5 / tL
;f/fsf ;f/f ;+:yfx¿ vtd ul/lbg'kb{5, hf] To; tyfslyt k|f/lDes O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ ;f“lRrs}
Psbd} gof“ O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf] dfGotf lj?4 lyof] . O{Zj/sf] /fHoaf/] d~h/sf] dtna xf] M g s'g}
ju{ e]b, g s'g} ;DklQ / g ;dfhsf ;b:oeGbf :jtGq jf pgLx¿eGbf 5'§} s'g} /fhsLo ;Qf x'g]5 .
df}h"bf ;f/fsf ;f/f clwsf/Lx¿n] qmflGtsf] dftxtdf sfd ug{ / To;df ;fd]n x'g c:jLsf/ ug] { {
x'gfn] pgLx¿nfO{ vtd ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf 5 tyf To:tf] Joj:yf sfod ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf 5, h;df
;Dk"0f{ sfd ;a} JolQmn] ldnL–h'nL u¿g\ / ;f/f ;DklQ ;fd"lxs¿kn] pkef]u u¿g\ . dflg;x¿aLr
k"0f{ ;dfgtf sfod ug'{kb{5
. tL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu s]jn l;Ëf] hd{gLleq dfq geP/
;f/f O;fO{ hutleq Pp6f ;‹sf] :yfkgf ug'{kb{5
. /fhfx¿ / ;fdGtx¿nfO{ To; ;‹df ;lDdlnt
x'gsf nflu cfdlGqt ug'{kb{5
/ To;df ;lDdlnt x'g olb pgLx¿n] c:jLsf/ ub{5g\ eg] ;‹n]
xltof/ p7fpg'kb{5 / df}sf ldNg]lalQs} pgLx¿sf] ;Qf vtd ul/lbg'kb{5 jf pgLx¿sf] sfd l;4
ug'{kb{5
.
d~h/n] s] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf lyP eg] pQm ;‹nfO{ ;Ël7t ug] { { sfo{ t'?Gt ;'? ug'{kb{5
.
pgsf pkb]z cem w]/} pu| / qmflGtsf/L x'gk'u] . /fhf–/hf}6fx¿, clehft ju{ / s'nLgx¿sf lj?4
pgL ToxL pTsif{sf ;fy s'/f ub{y], h'g pTsif{sf ;fy pgn] kfb/L ju{dfly xdnf ub{y] . k|rlnt
pTkL8gsf] j0f{g pgn] w]/} s8f zAbdf ub{y] . /, To;sf] ljk/Lt ;fdflhs k|hftflGqs ;dfgtfsf]
cf gf] To; slNkt ;G;f/;dIf /fVby], h;df O;fn] k'gM k[YjLdf cjtf/ lnPsf x'Gy] . Pskl5 csf] {
ub} { y'k} | qmflGtsf/L k'l:tsfx¿ pgn] k|sflzt u/]sf lyP tyf ;Dk"0f{ lbzfx¿df cf gf b"tx¿
5f8]sf lyP . cfN;6]8 / To;sf] j/k/sf If]qdf pgn] :jo+ ;‹sf] ;Ë7g agfPsf lyP .
To;/L klxnf] kl/0ffd s] eof] eg] afOan -b]jb"t_ sf lgDg -&, ^_cfb]z cg';f/, æltdLn] pgsf
k"hfsf j]bLx¿nfO{ gi6 ul/lbg', pgsf d"lt{x¿ kmf]l/lbg' / pgLx¿sf sf7df s'“lbPsf
d"lt{x¿nfO{
cfuf]df kf]lnlbg'Æ eGg] cfb]zfg';f/ cfN;6]8sf] ghLs ldn]/jfvsf] kfb/L df]l/Psf k]n]nfO{ vtd

ul/Psf] lyof] . czflGtnfO{ zfGt kfg{sf nflu :ofS;gLsf /fhf :jo+ cfN;6]8 k'u] . d~h/nfO{ pgn]
cf gf] 3/df tnj lbP/ /fv] . Toxf“ “ uP/ pgn] s:tf] pkb]z lbP eg] n'y/, cyf{t\ …lj§]gau{sf]
;'lj:tfsf] hLjg ljtfpg] pQm df;'sf] 8Nnf]Úsf] s'/f klg pgn] slxNo} ;'g]sf lyPgg\ . d~h/n]
n'y/nfO{ ;f]xL gfdn] af]nfp“y] . d~h/sf] egfO s] lyof] eg] cwdL{ zf;sx¿nfO{ ljz]if u/]/, O{Zj/sf]
;Gb]znfO{ wd{lj/f]wL agfpg] tL kfb/Lx¿ / d7df a:g]x¿nfO{ dfl/lbg'kb{5 . cf gf] pQm s'/f k'li6
ug{sf nflu d~h/n] gof“ afOansf] p4/0f lbGy] eg] r'lgPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ O{Zj/sf] bof ePg eg]
cwdL{x¿sf] af“Rg] clwsf/ gx'g] s'/f pgn] atfp“y] . cwdL{x¿, /fhf–/hf}6fx¿nfO{ gfz gug] { { xf] eg]
O{Zj/n] pgLx¿sf] xftaf6 ;Qf vf]:g]5 lsgeg] t/jf/sf] zlQmdf l;Ëf] ;dfhsf] clwsf/ x'G5 .
/fhf–/hf}6fx¿ / ;fdGtL ;/bf/x¿ g} ;"bvf]/L, rf]/L–rsf/L / 8s}tLsf d'Vo sf/0f x'G5g\ . kfgLdf
/xg] df5f, xfjfdf p8\g] r/fr'?ËLx¿ / df6f]df pd|g] ¿v–lj?jfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] sAhf ub{5g\ —
clg, To;kl5 u/LanfO{ æltdLx¿n] rf]/L gug'{Æ
eGg] pkb]z lbG5g\ . h'g rLhdfly pgLx¿sf cf“vf
kb{5g\, tL ;a} rLhx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] sAhf ub{5g\ . ls;fg / b:tsf/x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] n'6\b5g\ /
;tfp“5g\ . t/ olb tLdWo] s;}n] clnslt dfq klg uNtL ub{5 eg] To;nfO{ pgLx¿n] kmf“;Ldf
e'm08ofp“5g\ . /, tL ;a}nfO{ b]v]/ 8f= n'Ug/ eGb5g\, æzflGt, zflGt, zflGt Æ
æu/La JolQm pgLx¿sf] zq' aGgk'Ub5 eg] To;sf] bf]if :jo+ dflnsx¿dfly g} x'G5 . olb
pyn–k'nsf] sf/0fnfO{ pgLx¿n] x6fp“b}gg\ eg] rLh /fd|f];“u s;/L rln/xg ;Sb5 t < P lk|o
dxfg'ejfx¿, tL ;f/f yf]qf ef“8fx¿nfO{ O{Zj/n] kmnfdsf] 58Ln] 7Ls kfg] {5, olb To;} xf] eg] d}n]
hgtfnfO{ cfGbf]lnt ug] { {5' nf}t, To:t} xf];\ æ 84
d~h/n] Tof] pkb]z 5kfP . :ofS;gLsf] 8\o's hf]gn] cfN;6]8sf To;sf d'b|snfO{ ;hfo“ lbP/
b]z lgsfnf ul/lbP . To;kl5 d~h/sf /rgfx¿nfO{ afOdf/l:yt 8\o'sx¿sf] ;/sf/åf/f ;]G;/
ul/g]5 eGg] klg x's"d lbOof] . t/ d~h/n] pQm cfb]zsf] slQ klg kjf{x u/]gg\ . t'?Gt} pgn]
d'x\Nxl;gsf] zfxL gu/df Pp6f cToGt ljb|f]xk"0f{ kq k|sflzt 85 u/] . To;df pgn] hgtfnfO{ s]
cfx\jfg u/]sf lyP eg] pgLx¿n] æKjfn cem rf}8f agfpmg\ . xfd|f tL dxfg\ lje"ltx¿ sf] x'g\, h;n]
wd{ lj/f]wL9Ëaf6 xfd|f k|e'x¿nfO{ l;Ëfl/Psf] ;fgf] d"lt{ agfOlbPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f ;f/f ;G;f/n]
b]vf];\ / a'emf];\ . pQm ;Gb]zsf] cGt lgDg zAbaf6 ul/Psf] lyof] M
æl;Ëf] ;G;f/nfO{ 7"nf] wSsf lbg' ckl/xfo{ 5 . Pp6f To:tf] e"sDk cfpg]5, h;af6 ;f/f
cwdL{x¿ cf gf] u2Laf6 v:g]5g\ eg] bljPsf / pTkLl8t hg;d'bfo v8f x'g]5g\ .Æ
æ6fd; d~h/n] kqsf] d'v k[i7df lgDg–lnlvt jfSo n]v]sf lyP M
æxyf}8f ;dfpg]x¿, n x]/, d}n] cf gf zAbx¿nfO{ ltdLx¿sf sfg kf/]sf] 5' . cfh d}n]
ltdLx¿nfO{ /fi6«x¿ / /fHox¿eGbf dfly v8f u/]sf] 5' . ltdLx¿ k'gM lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] x'g / k'gM
;+/If0f ug{ ;Sg] x'gsf nflu ltdLx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ pv]n, gi6 kf/ / of“lsb]pm . /fhf–afbzfxx¿
/ kfb/Lx¿ tyf b]zsf hg;d'bfosf aLr kmnfd] kvf{n v8f ul/Psf] 5 . To;nfO{ 9Ng b]pm lsgeg]
86
ljhosf] kmn:j¿k zlQmzfnL / O{Zj/Llj/f]wL cTofrf/Lx¿sf] crDd9Ën] ;Togfz x'g]5 n'y/ /
pgsf] kf6L{af6 d~h/sf] ;DaGw–ljR5]b w]/}klxn] g} eO;s]sf] lyof] . d~h/n] pgLl;t g ;f]wLsg
O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹df h'g ;'wf/ u/]sf lyP, tLdWo] s]xL n'y/n] ;d]t :jLsf/ ug'{k/]sf]
lyof] . h;/L w]/}
l56f] sfd ug] { { s'g} Pshgf dfd"nL ;'wf/s / cufl8;Ddsf] nIo /fv]sf kf6L{k|lt zq'tfk"0f{ cljZjf;
sf] b]Vb5 < To;}u/L pgn] d~h/sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ x]b{y] . w]/} klxn] !%@$ sf] j;Gt Ct'df
d~h/n] w/df klN6/xg] Ifo/f]uL d]nGsygnfO{ n]lvPsf] kqdf pNn]v u/]sf lyP M cfGbf]ngnfO{ g t
ltdLn] clnslt a'‰b5f} + g n'y/n] . afOansf zAbsf] ;xf/f lnP/ pgLx¿n] To; cfGbf]ngsf] unf
/]l6lbg rfxGy] eg]/ pgn] n]v]sf lyP / pgLx¿l;t eg]sf lyP — ltdLx¿sf] l;4fGt ;l8;s]sf] 5
pgn] n]v]sf lyP, ælk|o efOx¿, cfn6fn ug] { { 9'nd"nkgsf] cGt u/ . ;do cfPsf] 5, udL{
Ct'n] 9f]sf 9s9sfO/x]sf] 5 . h;n] O{Zj/sf] ;Gb]znfO{ k"0f¿kn] k"/f x'g lbGgg\, tL wd{

lj/f]wLx¿;“u ldqtf gu/ . cf gf /fhf–/hf}6fx¿sf] bnfnL gu/, gq pgLx¿sf] ;fy} ltdLx¿sf]
;d]t klg cGt x'g] vt/f 5 . P, sf]dn lstfaL ljåfgx¿, gl/;fpm lsgeg] o;afx]s d}n] c¿ s]xL
eGg ;lsbg .Æ
n'y/n] s}of} + rf]6L d~h/nfO{ cfk"m;“u v'n]/ jfb–ljjfb ug] { { r'gf}tL lbPsf lyP . d~h/
hgtf;dIf ax; ug{sf nflu xd]zf tof/ /xGy] t/ lj§]gau{ ljZj ljBfnosf kIfw/ hg;d'bfosf
nflu s'g} wd{zf:qLo h~hfndf kg] { pgLleq slQ klg OR5f lyPg . pgLleq ælzIff vfln pRr
:s"nsf] cufl8 cfTdfsf] ;fIfL dfq k|Zt't ug] { {Æ OR5f lyPg . pgn] s] eGby] eg] olb n'y/ jf:tjdf
;Rrf x'g\ eg] pgn] d~h/ / d'b|ssf lj?4 ul/g] b08 /f]Sgsf nflu cf gf] k|efjsf] pkf]u u¿g\ /
;]G;/l;k vtd kf¿g\ . To;af6 v'n+v'Nnf pgsf] emu8fsf] af/]df jfbLjjfb ug{ ;lsg]5 .
t/ ca d~h/sf] pQm qmflGtsf/L k'l:tsf lg:Sof] . Tolta]nf n'y/n] v'nf¿kdf pgsf] eT;{gf
ug{ ;'? u/]sf lyP . ljb|f]xLx¿sf lj?4 :ofS;gLsf /fhfx¿nfO{ n]lvPsf] pgsf] kqdf n'y/n]
d~h/nfO{ z}tfgsf] cf}hf/ eg]/ pNn]v u/]sf lyP . pgn] tL /fhs'df/x¿l;t eg] M x:tIf]k ul/of];\
/, ljb|f]xsf] cfuf] ;Nsfpg]x¿nfO{ b]z lgsfnf ul/of];\ lsgeg] pgLx¿n] cf gf] sfdnfO{ cz'e
l;4fGtsf] k|rf/ ug] { s'/f;Dd dfq ;Lldt g/fv]/ ;Qfwf/Lx¿sf lj?4 ljb|f]x ug{sf nflu lx+;fTds
sf/afxL ug{;d]t klg e8\sfO/x]sf lyP .
cu:6 ! sf lbg d~h/nfO{ jfO{df/sf] dxndf /fhfx¿;dIf xflh/ x'gsf nflu afWo agfOPsf]
lyof] . pgsf lj?4 y'k| } k|df0f k|:t't ul/P . pgsf] ;DaGw pgsf] u'Kt ;Ë7gsf sfdx¿l;t 5 .
vfgL dhb"/x¿ / ls;fgx¿sf ;dfhx¿sf k5fl8 pg}sf] xft ePsf] atfOPsf] lyof] . pgnfO{ b]z
lgsfnf ug] { wDsL lbO+b}lyof] . pgL cfN;6]8 kms] {sf dfq s] lyP pgnfO{ 8\o's hh{n] cfk"m;dIf
cfTd;dk0f{ ug{ eg]sf] lyof] . ;‹sf tkm{af6 pgn] n]v]sf] kq a/fdb ePsf] lyof] . pQm kqdf pgn]
hh{sf k|hfx¿nfO{ O{Zj/Lo ;Gb]zx¿sf] zq'x¿sf lj?4 ;z:q ljb|f]x ug{ cfx\jfg u/]sf lyP . olb
pgn] :jo+ zx/ g5f]8]sf eP pgnfO{ kqm]/ kl/ifbn] :ofs;gLsf] 8\o's;dIf ;'lDklbGYof] . To;}aLr
ls;fgx¿ / ;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfodfem czflGtsf] efjgf emg\w]/} uxL/f] ePsf] lyof] . To;n]
d~h/sf] k|rf/ sfo{nfO{ ct'ngLo¿kaf6 w]/} ;xh agfOlbPsf] lyof] . pgn] To; sfdsf] nflu
cgalKti6x¿AB-hd{gLsf] afNofj:yfdf ul/Psf] jkltidf gdfGg] Ps k|f]6:6\ofG6 ;Dk|bfon] s]jn
k|f]9x¿n] dfq jkltidf ug'{kg]
{ atfp“Yof] . h;sf] jkltidf afNofj:yfdf ePsf] x'G5, To;n] k'gM
k|f}9fj:yfdf jkltidf ug'kb{5 eGg] p;sf] egfO lyof] . Tof] ;Dk|bfon] O;fO{jfbL ;fDojfbsf] :yfkgf
ug{ rfxGYof] ._df w]/} pQd ;xfos e]6]sf lyP . pQm ;Dk|bfosf] cf g} s'g} l;4fGt lyPg . To;sf]
;xfotfsf] Ps dfq cfwf/ To;sf ;b:ox¿leq ;f/f zf;s ju{x¿k|lt lj/f]wsf] cfd wf/0ff lyof]
tyf pgLx¿ ;a} låtLo jkltidfsf ;dy{s lyP . ltgLx¿sf] /xg–;xgsf] 9f“rf ;Gof;Lx¿sf]h:tf]
lyof] tyf k|rf/ sfo{sf ;DaGwdf pgLx¿ cys¿kaf6 v"a} ;fx;sf ;fy h'6]/ sfd ub{y] . pgLx¿
d~h/sf] jl/kl/ Psh"6 ePsf lyP . bdgn] pgLx¿nfO{ Tof] 3/hd agfOlbPsf] lyof] . ctM pQm
;Dk|bfosf ;f/fsf ;f/f ;b:ox¿ hd{gLdf 3'dlkm/ ub{y] tyf gof“ lzIffsf ;Gb]zx/ pgLx¿n] ;a}
7fp“ k'¥ofp“by] . pQm gof“ lzIffdf pgLx¿sf dfux¿ / OR5fx¿ ;d]tnfO{ klg d~h/n] :jo+
pgLx¿;dIf :ki6 kf/]sf lyP . cgluGtL cga}lK6:6x¿nfO{ l;qmLn] af“lwPsf] lyof], lhp“b} hnfOPsf]
lyof], cyjf cGo s'g} k|sf/n] dfg] { ul/Psf] lyof] tfklg tL ;Gb]zafxsx¿sf] ;fx; / zlQm cl8u
lyof] . ltgLx¿kdf a9\b} uO/x]sf] 3/af/ljxLg l:yltsf] sf/0f pgsf] sfdn] ;kmntf kfof] . ctM
y'l/lª\uofaf6 efUbf d~h/ hxf“ k'u], pxL+ pgn] 7fp“ agfPsf lyP .
d~h/ ;aeGbf klxn] g'/]Dau{ $& -y'k| } tYox¿sf cfwf/df s] s'/f kQf nfUb5 eg] d~h/
;a}eGbfklxn] dx\nx;]gsf] zfxL zx¿df uPsf] lyof] . zx¿sf] u/Lax¿sf ljb|f]xdf efu lnPsf]
cleof]udf pgnfO{ ;]K6]Da/ !%@$ df Toxf“af6 pgnfO{ lgsfnf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 pgL g"/]Dau{
uPsf lyP . _uP . Toxf“ “ Ps dxLgfklxn] dfq ls;fg–ljb|f]x rNg'eGbf klxn] g} To;nfO{ bafOPsf]
lyof] . d~h/n] cf gf] k|rf/ n'sL–l5kL ub{y] . l56} pgsf] wd{;DaGwL ;fxl;seGbf ;fxl;s
k|:yfkgfx¿sf kIfw/ y'k| } dfG5] eP . d~h/sf O;f vfln Pshgf dflg; dfq lyP tyf æ;fG;fl/s

;Qfwf/Lsf] ;Qf wd{lj/f]wL 5 Pj+ afOansf ;a} s'/fx¿ dfGg'kb} {gÆ eGg] k|:yfkgfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n]
;dy{g ub{y] . n'y/ lrRofP M
æx]/, Tof] z}tfg PSn} 3'ld/x]sf] 5, pm cfN;6]8sf] k| ]t xf] Æ $* - n"y/nfO{ M !%@$ df
d~h/n] h'g k|sflzt pQ/ lbPsf lyP, To;sf] zLif{s lyof] M Hoch verurasachte
Schutzrede und Antwort wider das gistlose, sanftlebende Fleisch zu
Wittenberg, welches mit verkehrter Weise durch den Diebstahl der Heiligen
Schrift die erbarmlich Christenheit also ganz jammerlich besudelt hat—
la6]gau{sf cgLZj/jfbL cf/fd ug] { df;'sf tL 8NnfnfO{ h;n] kljq wd{ k':tssf] nfhdbf] { lslddn]
tf]8df]8 u/]/ b'MvL O;fO{x¿nfO{ lgGbgLo 9+uaf6 nfl~5t ul/Psf] 5— hafkm tyf O{;fO wd{sf] 7f];
¿kn] kIfkf]if0f_g"/]Dau{df d~h/n] n'y/nfO{ n]v]sf] cf gf] pQ/ k|sflzt u/] . pgn] pgL -n'y/–cg'_
dfly s] cleof]u nufPsf lyP eg] pgn] /fhfx¿ / /hf}6fx¿sf] bnfnL ub{y] tyf pgsf] dg gkg] {
k|ltlqmofjfbL bnsf] ;dy{g ub{y] . t/ To;sf] afjh"b hg;d'bfon] cfk"mnfO d'Qm ug] { {5g\ / h;/L
klqmPsf] ofp/f] lk+h/fsf ;fy;fy} hfG5, To:t} l:ylt 8f=n'y/sf] x'g]5 . kl/ifbn] pQm kq a/fdb
u¥of] / d~h/n] g'/]Dau{ 5f]8\g'k/]sf] lyof] .
To;kl5 pgL :jfljof x'“b}
cN;fs k'u] . To;kl5 :jLh/NofG8 / k'gM kms] {/ dflysf] sfnf]
hËnlt/ nfu] . Toxf“ “ s}of} + dxLgfklxn] ljb|f]x ;'? ePsf] lyof] . ljb|f]x x'g'sf k5fl8 d'VotM pgsf
cgfjlKt:6 ;Gb]z afxsx¿sf] xft lyof] . d~h/sf] ;f] k|rf/fTds e|d0fsf sf/0f hgtfsf] kf6L{sf]
:yfkgfdf lglj{jfb¿kn] w]/} d2t ldn]sf] lyof] . To;sf] sf/0f pgn] dfux¿nfO{ :ki6¿kn] lgwf{l/t
ug{;s]sf lyP . clg, cflv/ !%@% sf] clk|ndf To;}sf] sf/0fn] cfd ljb|f]x x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . d~h/sf
sfdsf b'j} kl/0ffdx¿ To; l;nl;nfdf :ki6¿kn] cufl8 cfPsf lyP M Psflt/, pgsf sfo{x¿n]
hgtfnfO{ hfu[t kf/]sf lyP . pgn] hgtfl;t Pshgf wfld{s l;4 k'?ifsf] efiffdf s'/f ub{y] . Tof]
s'/f Psflt/, pgLx¿n] a'‰by] eg] csf] {lt/, pgsf sfo{x¿sf] c;/ klxn] g} bLlIft eO;s]sf
JolQmx¿df k/]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿;dIf pgn] cf gf clGtd p2]Zox¿nfO{ :ki6¿kdf /fVg ;Sby] .
cf gf] ofqf ;'? ug'{eGbf
klxn] g} y'l/lËofdf pgn] hgtf / kfb/Lx¿sf] tNnf] ju{leqsf b[9
JolQmx¿sf] Pp6f bnnfO{ Psh"6 kf/]sf lyP . cf gf] u'Kt ;‹sf] g]t[Tj pgn] ToxL bnnfO{
;'lDklbPsf lyP . Tolta]nf pgL blIf0f–klZrd hd{gLsf ;Dk"0f{ qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf k|f0f aGgk'u]sf
lyP . k|mfGsf]lgof / :jfljofdfkm{t\ pgn] cn;fs / :jL; ;Ldf;Dd :ofS;gL / y'l/lËofaLr cf gf]
;Ë7g lkm+hfPsf lyP . b=hd{gLsf jfN8;6sf] x'gd]o/, Ho'l/rsf] sf}g/]8 lu|ljn, lu| +;]gsf k|mfGh
/adfg, d]ldª\3gsf z] n/, nfOkx]dsf h]sa g]6] tyf :6'6uf8{sf 8f=d]lG6nh:tf cfGbf]ng
stf{x¿nfO{ ;d]t pgn] cf gf r]nf / ;‹sf g]tfx¿df uGby] . w]/}h;f] tL JolQmx¿ qmflGtsf/L
kfb/L lyP . pgL :jo+ k|fozM ;fkmxf;]gsf] ;Ldf lu|;]gdf /xGy] . Toxf“ “af6 lxufcf], Sn]§ufp“ cflbaf6
pgL aflx/sf] ofqfdf hfGy] . /fhf–/hf}6fx¿ / ;fdGtL k|e' eoeLt ePsf lyP . x/]s 7fp“ cfd
hg;d'bfosf] u}/–wdL{kg bafpgsf nflu pgn] lx+;fTds bdgsf] hf]8bf/ ;xf/f lnGy] . ljb|f]xsf]
cfuf] ;Nsfpg / ;‹sf] klª\QmnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg To;k|sf/sf] hf]/hah{:tLsf] sd xft lyPg . To;/L
hd{gLsf] dflyNnf] efudf nueu kf“r dxLgf;Dd d~h/n] cfGbf]ng rnfO/x] . hlta]nf if8oGqnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug] { { ;do cfof], Tolta]nf pgL y''l/lËof
kms] { lsgls cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj pgn] :jo+ ug{
rfxGy] . Toxf“ “ xfdL To;kl5 ldNg]5f} + . ===
b'j} kf6L{x¿sf g]tfx¿sf] :jefj / Jojxf/df pgLx¿sf a]Unfa]Un} kf6L{x¿sf] b[li6sf]0f slt
;Totfaf6 JoQm ePsf] 5 eGg] xfdL b]Vg]5f} + . n'y/sf] lg0f{o w]/}eGbf w]/} 7"nf] ¿k ln+b} uO/x]sf] ;f]
cfGbf]ngaf/] pgsf] 8/qf; tyf /fhf–/hf}6fx¿k|ltsf] sf“y/sf] h:tf] pgsf] bnfnLsf] efjgf s;/L
ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DkGg gful/sx¿sf] cfgfsfgL / c:ki6 gLltsf] Psbd} cg'¿k lyof] < To;}u/L xfdL s]
b]Vg]5f} + eg] d~h/sf] qmflGtsf/L zlQm / b[9tfn] ;fwf/0f k|hf tyf ;a}eGbf cufl8 a9]sf
ls;fgx¿leq s'g k|sf/sf] qmflGtsf/L zlQm / b[9tfsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; ul//x]sf] lyof] / s;/L
n'y/n] To; k|sf/sf] qmflGtsf/L zlQm / b[9tfsf] efjgfnfO{ vtd kfl/lbPsf lyP < vfln n'y/ /

d~h/aLrsf] cGt/ s] dfq lyof] eg] n'y/n] cfk"mnfO{ cf gf] ju{sf] ax'dtsf wf/0ffx¿ / OR5fx¿
JoQm ug] { { s'/f;Dd dfq ;Lldt /fv]sf lyP . /, To;/L pgLx¿aLr cToGt ;:tf] vfnsf] nf]slk|otf
xfl;n u/]sf lyP eg] To;sf] ljk/Lt d~h/ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf / ls;fgx¿sf ljrf/x¿ / dfux¿sf]
tfTsflns 3]/feGbf w]/} cufl8 a9]sf lyP . ;j{k|yd pgn] Tolta]nfsf 5flgPsf qmflGtsf/L
tTjx¿sf] kf6L{ lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . ;f] kf6L{ pgsf ljrf/x¿l;t ;xdt lyof] tyf pgL;/x
hf]8bf/¿kn] sfd ub{Yof] tfklg ljb|f]xL hgtfsf] ;fgf] cNkdteGbf a9L dflg;x¿ To;df slxNo}
cfpg ;s]sf lyPgg\ .
dfS;{nfO{ PË]N;sf] kq
-Dofgr]:6/ nueu dO{ @$, !*%#_
==lx+hf] d}n] c/asf lznfn]vx¿l;t ;DalGwt Tof] k':ts k9] +, h;sf] af/]df d}n] tkfO{ +;“u s'/f
u/]sf] lyP“ . oBlk To;df ;'?b]lv cGt;Dd ;a} 7fp“df 3[l0ft9Ën] kfb/L / afOansf] ;dy{g ul/Psf]
5 tfklg To;df rf;f]sf ljifox¿ gkfOg] s'/f xf]Og . To;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;kmntf s] s'/fdf lglxt
5 eg] luagn] k|frLg e"uf]nsf ;DaGwdf sltko uDeL/ uNtL u/]sf] lyof] . lujgsf] wfld{s rLh klg
e|flGtk"0f{ 5 eGg] lgisif{ To;af6 lgsfNg ;lsG5 . k':tssf] gfd xf] M c/asf] P]ltxlf;s e"uf]n .
To;sf n]vs x'g\ M /]j/]G8 rfN;{ kmofG:6/ . To;dWo] w]/}eGbf w]/} s'/f h] lgSnG5 Tof] lgDg k|sf/ 5
M
-!_ afOansf] klxnf] k':tsdf gf]cf, ca|fxd, clfbsf] h'g j+z k/Dk/f lbOPsf] 5, To;df
plta]nfsf a]b"O{ sljnfx¿sf] af]nL;DaGwL — pgLx¿sf] 7"nf] jf ;fgf] gftfg';f/ — w]/} 7Ls–7Ls /
;xL qmdsf] j0f{g kfOG5 . xfdLx¿n] a'em] cg';f/ a]b"O{ sljnfn] cfh;Dd klg ;w} + cfk"mnfO{ a]g;fN8],
a]gLo';'km, clb–cflb, cyf{t\ cd's–cd'ssf 5f]/fsf gfdn] af]nfp“b}cfPsf 5g\ . pQm gfdfs/0fsf]
cfwf/ hLjgsf] k|frLg lkt[;QfTds t/Lsf xf] . To;sf] kmn:j¿k kl5 To;k|sf/sf] j+zfjnL sfod
x'g k'Ub5 . afOansf] klxnf] k':tsdf kfOg] ;xL qmdsf] j0f{gsf] ;Totfsf] k'li6 k|frLg
e"uf]nj]Qfx¿n] s]xLgs]xL u/]sf 5g\ . xfn h;n] Toxf“ “sf] ofqf u/]sf 5g\, pgLx¿n] klg af]nL;DaGwL
kl/jt{g x'g'sf ;fy} k'/fgf gfd clxn] klg w]/}h;f] klxn]h:t} /x]sf] atfp“5g\ . t/ To;af6 s] :ki6
x'G5 eg] ox'bL :jo+ klg c¿x¿;/x, Pp6f ;fgf] a]b"O{ sljnfsf ;b:o lbP, :yfgLo kl/l:ylt, s[lif
cflbn] Toxf“ “sf sljnfx¿nfO{ c¿ a]b"O{ sljnfsf lj/f]wL agfOlbPsf] lyof]
-@_ hxf“;Dd tL dxfg\ c/a cfqmd0fx¿sf] ;DaGw 5, a]b"O{x¿n] klg dËf]nx¿;/x a]nf–a]nfdf
cffqmd0f ug] {u/]sf lyP eGg] xfdLx¿n] klxn] s'/f u/]sf lyof} + . c;Ll/of / a]aLnf]g b'j} ;fd|fHox¿sf]
:yfkgf a]b"O{ sljnfx¿n] g} u/]sf lyP . ltgsf] :yfkgf pgLx¿n] ;f]xL 7fp“df u/]sf lyP, hxf“ kl5
vfnLkmfx¿sf] zf;g sfod ePsf] lyof] . a]aLnf]g ;fd|fHosf ;+:yfks, sflN8ogx¿ clxn] klg pxL
gfdaf6, a]gL ;fN8]sf] gfdaf6 ;f]xL 7fp“d} df}h"b 5g\ . lggLa]x / a]aLnf]g h:t} 7"n–7"nf zx/x¿sf]
pbo tLj|tfsf ;fy 7Ls To;}u/L ePsf] lyof], h;/L s]jn tLg ;o jif{klxn] cfu/f, lbNnL, nfxf]/,
d'Ntfgh:tf ljzfn zx/x¿sf] pbo k"jL{ ef/tdf ckmufgL:tfgLx¿ / tftf/x¿sf] cfqmd0fsf]
kmn:j¿k ePsf] lyof] . To;/L d';ndfgx¿sf] cfqmd0fsf] ljlzi6tf w]/}h;f] vtd x'g k'Ub5 .
-#_ c/a]nLx¿ a;]sf] blIf0f–klZrddf pgLx¿ TolQs} ;Eo lyP, hlt ;Eo ld>]nL /
c;Ll/ofjf;L, cflb lyP eGg] s'/f o;af6 yfx nfUb5 . of] s'/f pgLx¿n] agfPsf 3/x¿af6 klg
l;4 x'G5 . d';ndfgx¿sf] xdnfsf] af/]df klg To;n] w]/} k|sfz kfb{5 . hxf“;Dd Tof] ;+3if{, wfld{s
lj/f]wsf] ;DaGw 5, blIf0fsf k|frLg lznfn]vx¿af6 s:tf] lgisif{ lgSn]sf] h:tf] nfUb5 eg] x/]s
wfld{s cfGbf]ng em} + d';ndfgx¿sf] wfld{s qmflGt klg k|ltudg lyof], k'/fgf], ;/n wd{lt/ slyt
lkmtf{ x'g] s'/f lyof] . blIf0fsf k|frLg lznfn]vx¿df Ps]Zj/jfbsf] k'/fgf] c/a /fli6«o k/Dk/f cem}
klg k|jn¿kdf 5 -h;/L cd]l/sL ef/tLox¿aLr Tof] k|jn 5 _ . lxa| " -ox'bLx¿sf] efiff_ pQm
k/Dk/fsf] s]jn Pp6f ;fgf] c+z dfq xf] .
ox'bLx¿sf] tyfslyt kljq wfld{s k':ts k'/fgf c/ax¿sf] wfld{s tyf sljnfsf] k/Dk/fsf] g}
qmdut j[QfGt xf] . To;eGbf a9L c¿ s]xL xf]Og . of] s'/f ca dnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] :ki6 ePsf] 5 .
cf gf ;uf]qL t/ vfgbfg l5d]sLx¿af6 ;'?d} ox'bLx¿ 5'l§Ogfn] pQm k/Dk/fdf ;Í6 pTkGg ePsf]

lyof] . pgLx¿sf] 5'§} ljj/0f lsg kfOG5 eg] c/asf] lbzfdf Kofn]l:6g vfln d?e"ldl;t a]b"O{x¿sf]
hdLgaf6 3]l/Psf] 5 . t/ c/asf k'/fgf lznfn]vx¿, To;sf k/Dk/fx¿ / s'/fgaf6 tyf hlt
;lhn};“u j+zfjnLx¿, cflb clxn] k9\g ;lsG5, ltgLx¿af6 ;d]t klg s] l;4 x'G5 eg] To;sf] d'Vo
ljifoj:t' c/aL jf cfd ;]d]l6s lyof] — h'g k|sf/n] xfd|f P8\8f -Edda_ / hd{g]nLx¿sf] jL/tfk"0f{
cfVofgx¿sf] klg ToxL ljifoj:t' xf] .
tkfO{sf]
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
PË]N;nfO{ dfS;{sf] kq
n08g
h"g @, !*%#
===ox'bLx¿ / c/ax¿af/] n]lvPsf] tkfO{ + {sf] kq k9]/ dnfO{ w]/} v'zL nfUof] . ;'Gg'xf];\ t M
-!_ hlta]nf Oltxf;sf] k|f/De eof], Tolta]nfb]lv ;f/f sljnfx¿aLr, sljnfx¿sf] Pp6f
efusf] j:tL tyf ltgsf c¿ efux¿sf] 3/af/ljxLg hLjgaLr ;fdfGo ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f
k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
-@_ d'xDdbsf] kfnfdf o"/f]kaf6 Plzof hfg] Jofkfl/s dfu{df w]/} 7"nf] x]/km]/ ePsf] lyof] eg]
ef/t cflbl;tsf] Jofkf/df Hofb} 7"nf] efu lnPsf c/asf gu/x¿ Jofkfl/s¿kaf6 ktgsf] l:yltdf
k'u]sf lyP . h]xf];\, To;af6 klg pQm lqmofnfO{ an k'u]sf] lyof] .
-#_ hxf“;Dd wd{sf] ;DaGw 5, Tof] k|Zg Pp6f cfd k|Zg aGgk'u]sf] 5 / To;/L To;sf] pQ/
klg ;lhn};“u lbg ;lsG5 . k"j{sf] Oltxf; wd{sf] Oltxf;sf] ¿kdf lsg cufl8 cfp“5 eGg] of] cfd
k|Zg xf] .
k"jL{o gu/x¿sf] lgdf{0fsf] ;DaGwdf Pkm=alg{o/sf] k':tseGbf w]/} c;n, ;hLj / :ki6 k':ts
csf] { 5}g - alg{o/ ( jif{;Dd cf}/ªh]jsf lrlsT;s /x]sf lyP _ . pgsf] k':tssf] gfd xf] M
ofqfx¿df dxfg\ d'unsf /fHox¿, cflbsf] j0f{g lbOPsf] 5 . algo{/n] ;}Go Joj:yfsf] klg w]/} /fd|F]
j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . 7"nf] kmf}hsf] vfg–kfg, cflbsf] Joj:yf s;/L ul/G5 eGg] s'/f pgn] atfPsf 5g\ .
c¿ s'/fx¿sf] ;“u;“u} tL b'O{ s'/fx¿sf] ;DaGwdf pgL eGb5g\ M
æ3f]8f ;jf/L g} d'Vo efu x'G5 . k}bn ;]gf cfd¿kdf eGg] ul/Ph:tf] Tolt 7"nf] x'“b}g
.
PSsf;L olb jf:tljs ¿kdf ;f/f gf]s/–rfs/x¿ / ahf/af6 kl5–kl5 lx+8\g]x¿nfO{ ;d]t klg n8\g]
;]gf;“u hf]l8lbg] xf] eg] Tof] lgZro g} 7"nf] x'G5 . lsgeg] To;k|sf/sf] l:yltdf /fhf;“u lx+8\g] k}bn
;]gfsf] ;+Vof s]jn @,)),))) jf #,)),))) ;Dd / slxn]sfxL+ Tof]eGbf a9L klg k'Ug ;Sb5 eGg'
plrt x'g]5 eGg] pgsf] egfOnfO{ d}n] dfGg ;Sb5' . tfklg hlta]nf /fhf /fhwfgLaf6 w]/} lbg;Dd
6f9f /xg]5g\ eGg] lglZrt x'G5 . s]jn Tolta]nf dfq Tof] s'/f x'g ;Sb5 . tL ;]gf;“u} tDa", efG;f,
sk8f / kmlg{r/ tyf k|fozM dlxnfx¿;d]tsf] slt 7"nf] n:s/ nfUb5 /, To;/L ltgsf sf/0fn]
xfQLx¿, pm“6x¿, uf]?x¿, 3f]8fx¿, el/ofx¿, e08f/]x¿, bfp/f–kfgL cf];fg] {x¿, ;a}vfn] Jofkf/Lx¿
Pj+ gf]s/–rfs/x¿sf] eL8 rNb5 eGg] s'/f h;n] a'em]sf] x'G5, To;nfO{ Tof] slQklg crDd nfUb}g .
Tof] rLh Tof] ljlzi6 dfG5]nfO{ crDd nfUb}g, h;n] b]zsf] ljz]if kl/l:ylt / ;/sf/sf]
jf:tljstfnfO{ a'em]sf] x'G5, cyf{t\ h;n] /fhf /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ e"ldsf] Psnf}6L / Psdfq :jfdL x'G5
eGg] s'/f a'em]sf] x'G5 . To;sf] ckl/xfo{ kl/0ffdsf] ¿kdf lbNnL / cfu/fem} + /fhwfgLsf] l;Ëf] zx/
nueu ;]gfsf] ;xf/fdf af“r]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . /, To;sf/0f olb /fhf s'g} nfdf] ;dosf nflu /0fe"ldlt/
hfG5g\ eg] Tof] zx/ ;d]tklg pgsf kl5–kl5 nfUg afWo x'G5 . tL zx/x¿ Ps vfnsf ;}lgs
lzlj/x¿ g} x'g\, v'nf d}bfgsf] ;f6f] ltgdf km/s s] x'G5 eg] tL ck]Iffs[t pko'Qm / w]/} ;'ljwfhgs
7fp“df :yflkt x'G5g\ . ctM tL zx/x¿ k]l/;h:tf x'“b}gg\
g s'g} klg k|sf/n] Tof] ;/xsf x'g ;Sb5g\
.Æ
dxfg\ d'unn] hlta]nf $,)),))) k}bn ;}lgs, cflbsf ;fy sZdL/dfly cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP,
Tolta]nf alg{o/n] n]v]sf lyP M æTolt 7"nf] ;]gf, l;kfxLx¿ / kz'x¿sf] Tolt 7"nf] ;ª\Vof sxf“af6 /

s;/L d}bfgdf lhp“b} /xg ;Sb5 t < To;sf] nflu s]jn Psbd} ;xL s'/f dfq dfGg'kg] { x'G5 M
ef/tLox¿ w]/} d'v afg] { / vfg]–lkg] k|Zgdf Hofb} w]/} ;Lwf–;fbf x'G5g\ . ;f/f 3f]8f ;jf/
;}lgsx¿sf] 7"nf] efuleqsf] !) cf} + jf @) cf} + efun] df;' gvfg] x'G5 . dfr{sf] a]nf hlxn];Dd
ltgLx¿sf nflu lvr8L — cyf{t\ bfn, rfdn / c¿ t/sf/Lx¿ ld;fOPsf] vfgf — ag]kl5 v/fPsf]
l3p xfn]sf] vfgf k|fKt x'G5, Tolta]nf;Dd pgLx¿ ;Gt'i6 x'G5g\ . To;afx]s s] klg hfGg' cfjZos
x'G5 eg] — pm“6df Hofb} uhasf] sfd ug] { { zlQm x'G5 . Tof] w]/} lbg;Dd gvfO{sg klg af“Rg ;S5 /
sd vfP/ klg rNg ;Sb5 tyf To;n] h] klg vfG5 . clg ;]gf h;} s'g} 7fp“df k'Ub5, To;} avt
p“6 xf“Sg] dfG5]n] tL pm“6x¿nfO{ r/fpg v'nf d}bfgdf nu]/ 5f]l8lbG5g\ . Toxf“ “ ltgLx¿n] h] kfp“5g\,
ToxL vfG5g\ . To;afx]s h'g Jofkf/Lx¿n] lbNnLdf Jofkf/ /fVb5g\, ltgLx¿nfO{ g} tL cleofgsf]
a]nfdf klg Jofkf/ /fVg afWo agfOG5 . ToxL s'/f ;fgf Jofkf/Lx¿, cflbsf] af/]df klg nfu" x'G5
===/, cGtdf hxf“;Dd 3f“;–bfgf / cGgkfgLsf] k|Zg 5, Tof] lsGgsf nflu tL u/Lax¿ ;f/f ufp“–ufp“
3'Db5g\, Tof] cfk"lt{ u/]/ pgLx¿ :jo+n] klg s]xL sdfp“5g\ . cfd¿kdf pgLx¿sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
;xf/f sGbd"n x'G5 . To;sf] nflu pgLx¿ s'6f]–sf]bfnf]n] k"/fsf k"/f v]taf/L vGb5g\, To;df h]–hlt
;–;fgf sGbd"n e]6fp“5g\, tL 6s6SofP/ jf wf]P/ ;kmf ub{5g\ / kmf}h;dIf a]Rgsf nflu n}hfG5g\
.Æ
k"j] {nL ;f/f rLhx¿ — pgn] 6sL{, kmf/;, ef/t, cflbsf] s'/f ub{5g\ — sf] cfwf/ hdLg s;}sf]
lghL ;DklQ x'“b}g
eGg] alg{o/sf] ljrf/ jf b[li6sf]0f ;xL lyof] . ToxL jf:tljs ;f“rf] xf], k"j] {nL ;f/f
rLhx¿sf] :ju{;d]t klg ToxL ;f“rf] xf] . ===
dfS;{nfO{ PËN;sf] kq
dfgr]:6/
h"g ^, !*%#
===e"ld s;}sf] lghL ;DklQ gx'g' g} jf:tjdf k"j{nfO{ a'‰g] ;f“rf] xf] . Toxf“ “sf] /fhg}lts /
wfld{s Oltxf; To;}df lglxt 5 . t/ ;fdGtL¿kdf klg s;/L k"j] {nL dflg;x¿sf] hdLgdfly
:jfldTj sfod ePg t < To;sf] d'Vo sf/0f Toxf“ “sf] xjf–kfgL xf] eGg] d 7fGb5' . To;sf] ;fy;fy}
Toxf“ “sf] hdLgsf] ljz]iftf ;d]t klg ;DalGwt 5 . ljz]if u/]/ d?d"ldsf] ljzfn If]qsf] Tof] ljz]iftf
xf], h'g ;xf/fb]lv lnP/ ;Lw} c/a, kmf/;, ef/t / tftf/L x'“b}
Plzofsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] k7f/;Dd
km}lnPsf] 5 . s[[lqd l;+rfO{sf] Joj:yf Toxf“ “ v]tLkfgL ug{sf] klxnf] cfjZostf xf] . t/, Tof] s:tf]
rLh xf] eg] To;sf] Joj:yf ls t sDo"g jf k|fGtx¿n] ug{ ;Sb5g\ ls s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ug{ ;Sb5 .
k"jL{ b]zx¿sf] s'g} ;/sf/ klg lgDgk|sf/sf tLg efux¿ — ljQ ljefu -b]zleqsf] n"6kf6_ —
o'4 ljefu -b]zleq / aflx/sf c¿ b]zx¿sf] ] n"6kf6_ tyf ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f ljefu - k'g?Tkfbgsf]
Joj:yfsf nflu _ — eGbf w]/} ljefux¿ slxNo} x'“b}gy]
. a]nfotL ;/sfn] ef/tdf klxnf] / bf];|F]
ljefudf sfd Hofb} ;ª\sL0f{ lbdfusf ;fy u/]sf] 5 eg] t];|f] ljefusf] sfdnfO{ Psbd} 5f]l8lbPsf] 5
. To;sf] kmn:j¿k ef/tLo s[lif gi6 x'“b}uO/x]sf]
5 . v'nf k|lt:kwf{sf] Joj:yfn] Toxf“ “ :jo+nfO{ k"0f{tM
nfl~5t ub{5 . l;+rfO{sf] Joj:yf gi6 x'g]ljlQs} e"lddf s[lqd¿kaf6 dn–vfb cflb xfn]/ pa{/s
agfpg] Joj:yfsf] klg t'?Gt cGt x'gk'Uof] . cgf}7f] nfUg] Tof] s'/fsf] :ki6Ls/0f klg s'g} a]nf x/fe/f
v]tL nx/fpg] ;f/f Onfsfsf Onfsf -kfdL/, k]6«f / odgsf Wj+zfjz]if, ld>sf If]qx¿, kmf/; /
ef/tsf If]qx¿_ clxn] lsg cfjfb gul/Psf / af“emf] /x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/faf6 x'G5 . ljgfzsf/L
o'4af6 l;Ëf] d'n's zbLof} +sf] nflu s;/L lgh{g aGg k'Uof] / s;/L Toxf“ “sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;Eotf ljgfz x'g
k'Uof] eGg] s'/f To;}af6 :ki6 x'G5 .
d]/f] s] b[li6sf]0f 5 eg] To;df klg Tof] blIf0f c/asf] Jofkf/sf] ljgfzsf] w]/} 7"nf] xft 5, h'g
d';ndfgsf] kfnfeGbf klxn] Toxf“ “ x'g]ub{Yof] / h;nfO{ tkfO{ +n] d';ndfgx¿sf] qmflGtsf] d'Vo sf/0f
lyof] eg]/ Psbd} 7Ls atfpg'ePsf] 5 . kmf/;leq sfnf] ;fu/;Dd hfg] / kmf/;sf] vfl8 eP/
l;l/of / Plzof dfOg/;Dd hfg] Jofkfl/s dfu{sf] ck]Iff nfn ;fu/sf] dfu{nfO{ w]/} ?rfOg'sf] k5fl8
;G;f/sf] cfd ef}lts kl/l:yltsf] slt 7"nf] xft 5 eGg] lg0f{o ug{sf nflu d}n] O;fkl5sf klxnf
5Mj6f zbLx¿sf] Jofkfl/s Oltxf; /fd|/L hflGbg .===h]xf];\, kmf/; ;fd|fHodf j}rfl/s e]befj gx'gfn]

Jofkf/Lx¿sf sf/jf“nfO{ Toxf“ “ ck]Iffs[t a9L ;'/Iff k|fKt x'GYof] . To;sf] klg sd c;/ k/]g xf]nf .
tfklg To;sf] ljk/Lt @)) / ^)) jif{sf aLrdf odgdfly cljl;lgofåf/f nuftf/ cfqmd0f ul/Psf]
lyof] / n'l6Psf] lyof] . & cf} + zbLdf Tof] blIf0fL c/asf] zx/ Psbd phf8 eof] / v08x/ aGgk'Uof] .
Tof] /f]dg]nLx¿sf] kfnf;Dd ;DkGg lyof] . %)) jif{leq} l5d]sL a]b"O{x¿n] cf gf] hGdaf/] Psbd}
sfNklgs / s[lqd k/Dk/fx¿ c“ufNg k'u]sf lyP . 87 tL efux¿df h'g j0f{dfnfdf n]lvPsf lznfn]v
kfOPsf lyP, tL klg nueu c1ft eO;s]sf lyP, oBlk c¿ s'g} j0f{dfnf klg Toxf“ “ lyPg . To;sf]
cy{ xf] — n]vfO lj:d[ltsf] ue{df x/fpgk'u]sf] 5 .
pgLx¿nfO{ Jofkf/sf] cfd kl/l:yltåf/f cf gf 7fp“x¿af6 ælj:yflkt ug] { {Æ s'/fafx]s
To;k|sf/sf] rLhsf] cy{ s] x'GYof] eg] To; l:yltsf] pgLx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L Psxb;Dd ;Lw} lx+;fTds
ljgfzsf/L 36gfdfly x'g]5 . To; rLhnfO{ vfln cljl;lgofsf] cfqmd0fsf] cfwf/df dfq g} a'‰g
;lsG5 . d';ndfgx¿sf] kfnfeGbf $) jif{klxn] g} cljl;gfoLx¿nfO{ Toxf“ “af6 lgsflnPsf] lyof] .
pl7/x]sf] c/a /fli6«o r]tgfsf] ToxL klxnf] sfd lyof] eGg] s'/f :ki6 5 . To; sfddf pQ/af6 x'g]
kmf/;sf] xdnfaf6 klg cjZo d2t k|fKt eP xf]nf, h'g cufl8 a9\b} uP/ nueu dSsf;Dd k'u]sf]
lyof] . cfufdL s]xL lbgx¿df d}n] :jo+ d';ndfgx¿sf] Oltxf; k9\g]5' tfklg clxn];Dd dnfO{ s]
nfUb5 eg] Tof] r]tgf Toxf“ “sf zx/x¿df a;]sf t/ ktgsf] lbzfdf a9\b}uPsf ls;fgx¿sf lj?4
a]b"O{x¿sf] k|ltlqmofh:t} Pp6f rLh lyof] . tL ls;fgx¿ klg Toltanf cf gf] wd{sf] dfldnfdf w]/}
kltt eO;s]sf lyP, cf gf] e|i6 k|s[lt k"hf;“u} e|i6 ox'bL wd{ tyf O;fO{ wd{nfO{ klg pgLx¿n]
ldnfPsf lyP .
a"9f alg{o/sf /rgfx¿ jf:tjdf w]/} pTs[i6 5g\ . tL uDeL/, ;'lNemPsf] lbdfu ePsf a"9f
k|mfG;]nLsf] s'g} rLhnfO{ k'gM k9\bf jf:tljs cfgGb ldNb5 . s:tf] nfUb5 eg] cfk"mn] s;/L ;Totf
pb\3fl6t ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f :jo+ ga'emLsg pgn] nuftf/ Psbd} 7Ls s'/f atfO/x]sf 5g\ .
sfn{ dfS;{
O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng — xfO8 kfs{df k|bz{g
nG8g, @% h"g, !*%%
Pp6f k'/fgf] / P]ltxfl;s¿kaf6 k|dfl0ft rLh s] xf] eg] yf]qf ;fdflhs zlQmx¿ — h;df
;Qfsf ;f/f nIf0fx¿ ;txL¿kdf cem} klg df}h"b x'G5g\ / ltgsf] cl:tTjsf] cfwf/ ;8]/ gi6
eO;s]sf] w]/} lbgkl5;Dd p;/L g} hd]/ /xG5g\ — cf gf] d[To'–kL8faf6 56k6fp“b} cf gf] ;Dk"0f{
zlQm nufP/ /IffTds sf/afxL ug] { k|oTg ub{5g\, gof“ rLhx¿sf lglDt af6f] v'nf ul/lbg'kg] { 7fp“df
r'gf}tL lbg] sf]lzz ub{5g\ . s]jn z+sf dfq pTkGg ePsf geP/ lt/:s[t;d]t eO;s]sf pgLx¿sf
k'/fgf dfGotfx¿sf] cfwf/df Hofb} cltjfbL lgisif{ lgsfNg] r]i6f ub{5g\ . pgLx¿sf] l:ylt sltko
To;vfn] pQ/flwsf/Lx¿sf] h:tf] 'xG5, h;n] d[To'sf] ;"rgf 5fKg' / j;Lotgfdf k9\g'eGbf klxn] g}
lj/f;tsf] kZgnfO{ lnP/ k/:k/df emu8f ug{ yfNb5g\ c+u| ]hx¿sf] cNktGqsf] cfh ToxL xfnt
ePsf] 5 . ToxL xfnt O;fO{ wfdL{s ;‹sf h'DNofxf alxgLx¿ ;d]tsf] ePsf] 5 . ;+:yflkt O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹sf pRr / lgDg b'j} efuleq k'g;{ +u7g ug] { { cgluGtL sf]lzz eO;s]sf 5g\ . tL
sf]lzzx¿sf] ] p2]Zo s] /x]sf] lyof] eg] lj/f]wLx¿;“u ;Demf}tf ug'{kb{5
/ To;kl5 /fi6«sf u}/–wfld{s
hg;d'bfosf] lj/f]w ug{sf nflu ;'b[9 zlQm v8f ug'{kb{5
. wfld{s hf]/hjh{:tLsf y'k} | sfg"gx¿
l56l56f] kf; ul/Psf lyP . klxn] n8{ P]zn] elgg] k'0ofTdf Zof 6\;\j/Lsf cn{n] n8{;\x¿sf] ;efdf
s] s'/fsf] b'Mv];f] kf]v]sf lyP eg] a]nfotdf dfq} %) nfv JolQmx¿ O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹af6 k"0f{tM
ljd'v x'g k'u]sf] dfq geP/ O;fO{ wd{af6 g} Psbd 6f9f x'gk'u]sf 5g\ . To;sf] pQ/df ;+:yflkt
O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹n] eGb5 — hjh{:tL sfd u/fpm . 88 af“sL cf gf] sfd k"/f ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/L
n8{ P];n] tyf pgL;/xsf a]Un} dtfnDaL, ¿9LjfbL / asjf;L wd{fTdfx¿dfly yf]lklbG5g\ .
wfld{s hf]/hAah{:tLsf] klxnf] sbd ljo/ ljnsf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf] lyof] . pQm ljnn]
;fj{hlgs dgf]/~hgsf ;f/f :yfgx¿nfO{ cfOtaf/sf] lbg aGb u/fPsf] lyof] . pgLx¿ s]jn ^ b]lv
!) ah] /ftL ;Dd v'nf /xg ;Sb5g\ . pQm ljn w]/} sd ;b:o pkl:yt /x]sf] a}7saf6 e'mSofP/

kf; u/fOPsf] lyof] . wdf{Tdfx¿n] nG8gsf 7"n–7"nf ;fj{hlgs dgf]/~hgsf :ynx¿sf
dflnsx¿nfO{ cg'dlt–kq lbg] k|0ffnL, cyf{t\ 7"nf k" “hLkltx¿sf] nfO;]G; k|rf/ hf/L /xg]5 jf 7"nf
k" “hLkltx¿sf] Psflwsf/df s'g} 3'g–k'Tnf] nfUg]5}g eGg] cfZjf;g lbP/ pgLx¿sf] ;dy{g k|fKt
u/]kl5 dfq x'g;s]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 cfOtaf/sf lbgsf] Aofkf/ ljn cfof] . tNnf] ;bgdf pQm
ljnsf] t];|f] kf7dfly ax; k"/f eO;s]sf] lyof] / b'j} ;bgx¿sf cfof]ux¿n] ;d]t To;sf a]Unfa]Un}
wf/fx¿dfly ljrf/ ul/;s]sf lyP . pQm bdgsf/L sfg"g ;d]tsf] kIfdf cfOtaf/sf lbg s]an ;fgf
b'sfgbf/x¿n] cf gf b'sfgx¿ v'nf /fVg]5g\ elgPsf] x'gfn] dfq dt k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . clg, 7"nf
b'sfgbf/x¿sf dflnsx¿n] ;+;bLo t/Lsfåf/f dxŒjxLg cfOtaf/sf] k|lt:kwf{ vtd u/fpg Psbd
/fhL 5g\ b'j} ljnaf/] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹n] Psflwsf/jfbL k" “hLklt ju{;“u ldn]/ if8oGq u/]sf] lyof]
. t/ ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt ju{n] cGt/fTdfnfO{ zflGt k|bfg ug] { { / tNnf] ju{nfO{ b08 lbg] b'j} s'/fsf
;DaGwdf wfld{s sfg"g ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ul/lbPsf] lyof] . lao/ ljnn] clehft juL{o Snjx¿nfO{
s'g} xfgL k'¥ofPsf] 5}g, h;/L cfOtaf/] Jofkfl/s ljnaf6 ;Eo ;dfhsf] cfOt;DaGwL] p2]Zodfly
s'g} cf“r k'u]sf] lyPg . dhb"/x¿n] zlgaf/sf lbg w]/} 9Lnf] dhb"/L kfp“by] . cfOtaf/] b'sfg vfln
pgLx¿sf nflu dfq v'Nb5g\ . lsgd]n ug] { { sfd, hlt ;fgf] lsg gxf];\, pgLx¿n] cfOtaf/sf lbg
ug} {kg] { x'G5 . ctM pQm ljn vfln pgLx¿sf] dfq lj?4 5 . !* cf} + zbLdf k|mfG;]nL clehft ju{n]
eGg] ub{Yof] M xfd|f] nflu ef]N6fo/ 5g\ eg] hg;d'bfosf nflu k"hf, gdfh / s/sf] bz c+zsf] Ps
c+z !( cf} + zbLdf a]nfotL clehft ju{ eGb5 M xfd|f] nflu wfld{s af0fL 5g\ eg] hg;d'bfosf
nflu O;fO{ wfld{s sfo{ O;fO{ wd{sf dxfg\ ;Gtx¿n] cfd hg;d'bfosf cfTdfx¿sf] p4f/sf
vflt/ :jo+ cf gf] z/L/nfO{ kL8f lbPsf lyP eg] cfw'lgs lzlIft ;Gtx¿n] :jo+ cf gf] cfTdfsf]
p4f/sf nflu cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ zf/Ll/s kL8f lbG5g\ .
P]øof;L, cfgGbef]uL / ktgzLg clehft ju{sf /S;Lsf 7"n–7"nf sfvf{gfx¿ tyf
Psflwsf/jfbL yf]s Jofkf/Lx¿sf] 3[l0ft gfkmfsf] cf8df l6s]sf] O;fO{ wf/ld{s ;‹sf] ;f] u7aGwgsf]
lj?4 xfO8 kfs{df lxhf] hgk|bz{g ePsf] lyof] . …o"/f]ksf k|yd ;Hhg k'?ifÚ, cyf{t\ hh{ rf}yf]sf]
d[To'kl5 To;vfnsf] k|bz{g nG8gdf slxNo} ePsf] lyPg . xfdLx¿n] ;'?b]lv cGt;Dd k|bz{g x]/]sf
lyof} + . xfO8 kfs{df lx+hf]b]lv la|l6z qmflGtsf] z'ef/De eof] eGg] xfd|f] egfOdf cltzof]lQm 5}g eGg]
d]/f] b[li6sf]0f 5 . of] æu}/–;+;bLoÆ, æ;+;b\eGbf aflx/sf]Æ tyfÆ ;+;bLo k|0ffnL lj/f]wLÆ k|bz{gnfO{
lqmldofaf6 cfpg] gjLgtd va/x¿af6 emg\ w]/} zlQm k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .
cfOtaf/] Aofkf/ ljnsf hGdbftf n8{ /a6{ u|f;eg]/ x'g\ . pQm ljnaf/] pgLl;t of] ljn vfln
u/Lax¿sf] dfq lj?4 5, wgLx¿sf lj?4 5}g eg]/ eGbfv]l/ æclehft juL{o JolQmx¿n] cfOtaf/sf
lbg cf gf 3f]8f / gf]s/x¿sf] k|of]u ub} {gg\Æ eg]/ pgn] pQ/ lbPsf lyP . ljut s]xL lbgotf
nG8gsf ;f/f leQfx¿df 7"n–7"nf cIf/x¿df lgDg 3f]if0ff 6f“l;Psf] 5 . tL kf]:6/x¿ a8fkqjfbL -
Chartists_x¿n] lgsfn]sf lyP M
ægof“ cfOtaf/] ljnn] kqklqsf k9\g, bfx|L skfn vf}g{, r'/f]6 lkpg, vfgkLg ug{, x/]s k|sf/sf]
dgf]/~hg / cfxf/–laxf/ ug{sf nflu, cyf{t\ u/Lax¿n] jt{dfg sfndf clxn];Dd klg pkef]u
ul//x]sf ef}lts / af}l4s rLhx¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu aGb]h nufOlbPsf] 5 . clehft ju{n] slt
wfld{stfsf ;fy lj>fdsf] lbg dgfp“5 / To; lbg cf gf gf]s/x¿ / 3f]8fx¿nfO{ sfd gu/fpgsf
nflu —n8{ /a6{ u|f;eg]/n] cf gf] efif0fdf eg]h:tf] — pm slt cft'/ /xG5 cfOtaf/sf] lbg
ck/fGx xfO8 kfs{df /fhwfgLsf sf/Lu/x¿, dhb"/x¿ / cfd¿kdf lgDg ju{sf hg;d'bfox¿sf]
v'nf ;ef x'g]5 . ;ef xfO8 kfs{sf] ;fgf] gbL — ;k] {G6fOg — sf] bflxg] lsgf/fdf, SoflG;ª\6g
au} +rflt/ ck/fGx tLg ah] x'g]5 . ;efdf pkl:yt x'g'xf];\ / cf gf >LdtL / afnaRrfx¿nfO{ ;d]t
Nofpg'xf];\ pgLx¿n] cf gf 7"nf–a8fsf] pbfx/0faf6 nfe p7fpg' kfpmg\
k]l/;af;Lx¿sf] nflu k]l/;aflx/ 7"nfa8fx¿ 3f]8f jf uf8Ldf ug] { e|d0f -Long Show_ sf]
h'g k|sf/sf] dxŒj 5, a]nfotL pRr ;dfhsf] nflu klg xfO8 kfs{leq ;k] {G6fOgsf] lsgf/} lsgf/sf]
af6f]sf] ToxLk|sf/sf] dxŒj 5 . Tof] s:tf] 7fp“ xf] eg] Toxf“ “ ck/fGx, ljz]if u/]/ cfOtaf/sf lbg
ck/fx\g pgLx¿n] cf gf 3f]8f / aU3Lx¿sf] ;fgbf/ k|bz{g ub{5g\ . aU3Lx¿sf k5fl8 pgLx¿sf

;]jsx¿sf] n:s/ rNb5 . dflysf] ;"rgfaf6 s] s'/f a'lemG5 eg] kfb/Ljfbsf lj?4 rNg] ;‹if{n] klg
Oª\NofG8df ToxL ¿k — wgLx¿sf lj?4 u/Lax¿sf], clehft ju{sf lj?4 hg;d'bfosf], …7"nf–
7fn"x¿Úsf lj?4 …tNnf] ju{Úsf] ju{–;‹if{sf] ¿k — lnPsf] 5 .
ck/fGx tLgah] xfO8 kfs{sf] ljzfn x/fe/f d}bfgdf ;k] {G6fOgsf] bflxg] lsgf/fdf, ;efsf]
3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 7fp“df nueu %) xhf/ hg;d'bfo hDdf ePsf lyP . lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} Tof] ;+Vof a9]/
sl/a b'O{ nfv k'Uof] lsgeg] Toxf“ “ csf] { lsgf/faf6 klg y'k| } dflg;x¿ cfPsf lyP . rf“kfrf“ksf]
eL8af6 7f]lSs+b} otfaf6 pQflt/ hfg] dfG5]x¿sf] tf“tL rf/}lt/ b]lvGYof] . 7"nf] ;+Vofdf k|x/L t}gft
lyP . :ki6¿kn] k[YjL 8udufpg] cfs{ldl8hn] u/]sf] dfusf s'/faf6 ;efsf cfof]hsx¿nfO{ al~rt
ug] { { pgLx¿n] k|oTg ul//x]sf lyP, cyf{t\ v8f x'g] st} 7fp“ gldnf];\ eGg] pgLx¿n] k|oTg ul//x]sf
lyP . cflv/df 7"nf] tf“tL Ps} 7fp“ v8f eof] / rf6{/jfbL AnfO{n] cfk"mnfO{ To;;efsf cWoIf atfP/
hdftsf] aLrf]aLrsf] cUnf] 7fp“df v8f eP . h;} pgn] efif0f ;'? u/], tTsfn $) hgf 808]
l;kfxLx¿sf ;fy k|x/L lg/LIfs Aofª\S; Toxf“ “ k'Uof] …kfs{ dxf/fgLsf] lghL ;DklQ xf], To;df s'g}
;ef ug] { { cg'dlt lbg ;lsGgÚ eGg] s'/f p;n] AnfO{nfO{ atfof] . s]xLa]/;Dd pgLx¿aLr s'/fsfgL
rln/x\of] . To;aLr AnfO{n] p;nfO{ kfs{ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ xf] eGg] s'/f a'emfpg] sf]lzz ul//x]sf
lyP eg] Aof+S;n] pgLl;t pgn] ;ef ;DkGg ug] { { cf gf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug] { { k|oTg u/]sf] v08df
cfkm"n] pgnfO{ lu/ tf/ ug] { { s'/f atfof] . lsgeg] To;af/] p;nfO{ s8f cfb]z lbOPsf] lyof] .
To;kl5 ghLssf ljzfn hg;d'bfosf] dfemaf6 rsf] { :j/df af]Nb} AnfO{n] 3f]if0ff u/] M
ædxf/fgLsf] k|x/Ln] eGb5 — xfO8 kfs{ dxf/fgLsf] lghL ;DklQ xf] / cf gf] ;DklQ hgtfnfO{
cf gflj?4sf] ;efsf] nflu pkof]u ug{ lbg] s'/fdf dxf/fgL tof/ 5}gg\ . ctM xfdLx¿ cS;kmf]8{
ahf/ hfpm“ Æ
ædxf/fgLnfO{ O{Zj/n] /Iff u¿g\ Æ eGg] uugr'DaL gf/f nufp“b} k|bz{gsf/Lx¿sf] tf“tL
Toxf“ “af6 cS;kmf]8{ ahf/lt/ nfUof] . t/ To;}aLr rfl6{:6x¿sf Pshgf sfo{sfl/0fL ;b:o lkmgNofG8
s]xL k/ /x]sf] ¿vlt/ bf}8] . cf“vf lemldSs kfbf{ gkfb} { pgsf] jl/kl/ 7"nf] eL8 hDdf eof] . k|x/Ln]
pgnfO{ lu/ tf/ ug] { { k|oTg 5f]8lbof] .
lkmgNofG8n] eg] M æ;ftfdf ^ lbg xfdLx¿l;t bf;sf]h:tf] Jojxf/ ul/G5 eg] ;ftf} + lbg h'g
clnslt :jtGqtf kfOG5, To;nfO{ ;d]t klg ca ;+;b\n] xfdLaf6 vf]:g rfxG5 . kfv08L
kfb/Lx¿;“u ldn]dtf] ug] { { cNktGqjfbL k" “hLktL ju{n] lqmldofdf xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf] c;Eo9Ën] xTof
u/fO/x]sf] 5 tyf Tof] b'/frf/sf] k|folZrtsf nflu cfk"mnfO{ si6 lbg'kg] {df pN6} pgLx¿n]
xfdLx¿nfO{ g} oftgf lbg vf]Hb}5g\ Æ
xfdLn] Tof] bnnfO{ ToxL+ 5f8\of} + / csf] { bnlt/ nfUof} + . Toxf“ “ Pshgf k|jQmf hdLgdf kN6]sf
lyP . ToxL kN6]sf] l:yltdf pgn] cf gf >f]tfx¿;dIf efif0f ul//xsf] lyP . PSsf;L rf/}lt/af6
æ;8slt/ hfpm“, aU3Llt/ hfp“mÆ eGg] cfjfh ;'lgof] . To;}aLr dflg;x¿n] 3f]8f / aU3Lx¿df ;o/
ul//x]sf dxf;ox¿sf] ckdfg ug{ ;'? u/] . l;kfxLx¿sf] ;+Vof a9\b}uO/xsf] ] lyof] — zx/af6
pgLx¿sf] cflwsfl/s ;+Vof cfO/x]sf lyof] . l;kfxLx¿n] k}bn lx+8\g]x¿nfO{ aU3L lx+8\g] ;8saf6
otfptf nv]l6/x]sf lyP . To;/L k|x/Lsf] b'Jo{jxf/sf sf/0f ;k] {G6fOgsf] lsgf/}–lsgf/, PK;n] ejg /
/f]6]g/f]af6 Sofl;ª\6g au} +rf;Dd — cyf{t\ !% ldg]6eGbf 6f9fsf] af6f];Dd — hgtfsf] 7"nf] eL8 v8f
lyof] . bz{sx¿dWo] nueu b'O{–ltxfO{ dhb"/x¿ lyP / Ps ltxfO{ dWod juL{o dflg;x¿ lyP .
pgLx¿sf ;fydf cf gf >LdtL / afnaRrfx¿ ;d]t lyP . olta]nf sf]dn dflxnfx¿ /
eb|k'?ifx¿sf] h'n'z, …tNnf] ;bg -Commons' Assembly_Ú / …dflyNnf] ;bg - Lords'
Lagislature_Úsf ;b:ox¿sf] h'n'; ;fgl;t lg:s]sf] geP/ Tof] /Ëd~rdf pgLx¿n] grfxLsg
gf6ssf] b'i6 kfqsf] e"ldsf v]Ng' k¥of] . pgLx¿ $ j6f 3f]8fsf cUnf–cUnf aU3Lx¿df uO/x]sf lyP
. pgLx¿sf aU3Lx¿sf cufl8–k5fl8 abL{wf/L ;]jsx¿ v8f lyP tyf lg/kjfb¿kaf6 pgLx¿sf
;fy;fy} 3f]8r9Lx¿dWo] sltko a'h'u{ sxlng] JolQmx¿ lyP pgLx¿ /S;Lsf] gzfsf] sf/0fn]
nf]lnPsf b]lvGy] . pgLx¿dfly ;8ssf b'j}lt/af6 76\of}nf, luHofpg]vfnsf JolQmx¿n] ljb|f]xL /
gfgft/xsf cfqmf]z kf]Vb} uLt ufO/x]sf lyP . To; s'/fsf nflu cª\u] |hLeGbf w]/} ;';d4 csf] { efiff

5}g . lsgls Tof] æ;ËLt uf]i7LÆ s'g} tof/Lljgf ;'? ePsf] lyof] . ctM To;df afhf–ufhf s]xL
lyPgg\ . /, vfln tL ufpg]x¿sf d'v dfq lyP / pgLx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ :j/;ËLt;Dd dfq ;Lldt
/fVg'k/]sf] lyof] . clg, pgLx¿ ;f/f z}tfgsf ;ËLt d08nL lyP; rf/}lt/ 3'“/3'“/
ug] { {, 5L+5L+ + ug] { {, l;7L
ahfpg], Rof“–Rof“–r'“r'“
ug] { {, v6v6fpg], y'Sg], bf“t ls6\g], cflb gfgfy/Lsf cfjfhx¿sf] a]tfn] :j/sf]
k6\of6 nfUg] ;ËLt rn]sf] lyof] Tof] s:tf] ;ËLt lyof] eg] To;n] hf];'s}nfO{ klg kufNg ;SbYof]
tyf 9'ËfnfO{ ;d]t unfpg ;SbYof] . To;}df cË| ]hx¿ v';Lsf] xf“;f] — 7§f / s]6f}n]kgnfO{
hf]l8lbg'kb{5 . To;df w]/} lbgb]lv blaPsf] / plDnPsf] qmf]w emlNsGYof] . cf gf] O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3df
hfpm — æToxL Pp6} s'/f dfq xNnfsf] aLraf6 :ki6¿kn] a'lemGYof] . dflg;x¿nfO{ zfGt kfg{sf
nflu Pshgf dlxnfn] k'/fgf] uftf] ePsf] k|fy{gfx¿sf] lstfa hg;d'bfonfO{ lbg aU3Laf6 xft a9fO{
. …Tof] k9\gsf nflu cf gf] 3f]8fnfO{ b] Æ rsf] { pQ/ lbOof] . To;leq xhf/f} + cfjfhsf] nnsf/
lyof] . 3f]8fx¿n] hlta]nf pkmfg{, kl5lt/ ;g{, k5fl8sf v'§fsf andf pleP/ 7f8f] x'g / cGtdf
cfk"mdfly r9]sf enfb\dLx¿sf] hLjg ;Í6df kfg{ ;'? u/], Tolta]nf dflg;x¿df 3[0ffsf :j/x¿ emg\
a9], emg\ w]/} rsf{ eP / emg\ w]/} e2f k|sf/sf eP . pbf/ n8{ / dlxnfx¿dWo] Pshgf dGqL /
/fgLåf/f dgf]lgt k|ltli7t kl/ifb cWoIfsL >LdtL Uo|fg a]n lyO{g\ . pgLx¿ afWo eP/ 3f]8f–
aU3Laf6 cf]n{g'k¥of] / cf gf v'§fn] lx+8\g'k¥of] . clg, hlta]nf a'9f eO;s]sf enfb\dLx¿n]
===7"n7"nf 5ft] 6f]k nufPsf lyP / Hofb} wd{k/fo0f x'g\ eg]/ b]vfpg]vfnsf n'uf nufPsf lyP .
Tolta]nf s;}sf] lgb] {zgdf qmf]wk"0f{ :j/x¿ Psbd} aGb eP eg] ltgsf] 7fp“ c;'/lIft xf“;f]n] lnof] .
Tof] b]v]/ enfb\dLdWo] Pshgfn] w}o{ u'dfof] . l5/kmf]/ af]Ng] -Mephistophelese_ ;/x p;n]
clzi6 ;Í]t u¥of] — cf gf zq'x¿k|lt cf gf] lhe|f] b]vfof] . ==;8ssf] Pp6f lsgf/faf6 t'?Gt
cfjfh u¥of], æasas ub} { 5, ;+;b\kl§sf] xf]nf p;sf] ToxL xltof/ xf] ;8ssf] csf] {lt/af6
s;}n] pQ/ lb+b} Joª\u xfGof], æpm ehg dg k/fpg] dxfTdf xf] — dxfTdf Æ To;}aLr /fhwfgLsf
lah'nLsf tf/x¿n] ;f/f k|x/L rf}sLx¿nfO{ s] ;"lrt u/]sf lyP eg] xfO8 kfs{df bËf x'g]jfnf 5
k|x/LnfO{ kmf}hL sf/afxLsf nflu t'?Gt d}bfgdf hDdf x'g] lgb] {zg hf/L eof] . s]xLa]/d} PK;n]
ejgaf6 SoflG;ª\6g au} +rf;Dd ;8ssf b'j}lt/ v8f ePsf hgtfsf] hdftaf6 k|x/Lb:tf s]xLa]/sf]
km/sdf cfO/x]sf lyP . tL b:tf cufl8af6 lg:sGy] / cfd hgdfg;af6 lgDg nf]slk|o uLtn]
pgLx¿sf] :jfut ul/GYof] M
sxf“ uP s'v'/fx¿ <
eg k|x/Lx¿
xfn} Sns] {gJofndf Pshgf l;kfxLn] s]xL s'v'/fx¿ rf]/L u/]sf] lyof] . Tof] uLtdf tTsfn
ePsf] ToxL s'Voft rf]/Llt/ ;Í]t ul/Psf] lyof] .
tLg306f;Dd ToxL kl/b[Zo /x\of] . Tof] sfd vfln cË| ]hx¿sf] kmf]S;fn] dfq} ug{ ;SbYof] . pQm
l;Ëf] sf08el/ a]Unfa]Un} bnn] a]Unfa]Un} /fox¿ JoQm ul//x]sf lyP . s;}n] elg/x]sf] lyof] — æclxn]
t s]jn ;'? dfq ePsf] 5 Æ æTof] t xfd|f] klxnf] sbd xf] Æ æxfdL tL ;a} s'/fx¿nfO{ 3[0ff
ub{5f} +Æ cflb eg]/ csf] {n] 3f]if0ff ul//x]sf] lyof] . dhb"/x¿sf cg'xf/x¿ l/;n] r"/ eO/x]sf lyP eg]
dWod juL{o afa'x¿sf] cg'xf/df klxn] slxNo} b]Vg gkfOPsf] h:tf] cfTd ;Gtf]ifsf] dw'/ d':sfg b]vf
kl//x]sf] lyof] . k|bz{g ;dfkg x'g'eGbf s]xLa]/klxn] dfq lx+;fTds k|j[lQn] hf]/ kqm\ \of] . aU3Lx¿nfO{
ysf{p“b} a]tsf] 58L xNnfpg] / c¿ ljleGg rLhx¿sf aLraf6 …ltdL abdf; xf} n'Rrf xf} Æ
eGg] cfjfh ;'lgg yfNof] . tLg 306fsf] pQm l;Ëf] clAwdf pT;fxL rfl6{:6 — k'?if / gf/L — x¿n]
cfd hg;d'bfoleq 3';]/ krf{ af“l8/x]sf lyP . krf{df 7"n–7"nf cIf/df ærfl6{:6 cfGbf]ngsf] k'gu{7g
Æ eGg] s'/f n]lvPsf] lyof] .
æcfufdL dËnaf/, cyf{t\ h"g @^ sf lbg k|mfo/ l:6«6, 8fS6/x¿ ;fwf/0f;ef l:yt ;flxTo /
lj1fgsf ;+:yfgdf ljzfn ;fj{hlgs ;ef x'g]5 . rfl6{:6 cfGbf]ngsf] k'gu{7g ug{sf nflu
/fhwfgLdf x'g uO/x]sf] ;Dd]ngsf nflu ;efn] k|ltlglw r'Gg]5 . ;efdf k|j]z lgMz'Ns x'g]5 Æ

cfhsf nG8gsf w]/}h;f] kqklqsfx¿df xfO8 kfs{ 36gfsf] s]jn clnslt dfq ljj/0f 5, n8{
kfd:6{gsf] kq -Morning Post_ afx]s s'g} c¿ klqsfsf ;DkfbsLo n]v;d]t klg To; ljifodf
clxn];Dd n]lvPsf] 5}g .
Morning Post sf] egfO 5 M æxfO8 kfs{df Hofb} zd{gfs / vtgf{s b'j} rLh ePsf] 5,
sfg"g / dof{bf b'j}sf] v'n]cfd pNn‹g ul/Psf] 5 — ;+j}wflgs cËx¿sf pGd'Qm sfo{x¿df zf/Ll/s
anåf/f cj}w¿kaf6 x:tIf]k ul/Psf] 5 .Æ To;n] s] dfu u/]sf] 5 eg] æTof] b[Zo cfufdL cfOtaf/sf
lbg k'gM bf]xf]¥ofpg]h:tf] wDsL lbOPsf] 5, To;nfO{ Psbd} cg'dlt lbOg'x'“b}g
.Æ
t}klg ;fy;fy} ;f] z}tfgL sfo{sf nflu s]jn æx7LÆ n8{ u|f;eg]/ ælhDd]jf/Æ 5g\ . æhgtfsf]
Gofok"0f{ cfqmf]znfO{Æ pgn] e8\sfOlbPsf 5g\ . ;f] kqn] s:tf] s'/f To;/L p7fO/x]sf] 5 eg] æ:jo+
;+;b\n] u|f;eg]/sf] ljnnfO{ tLgk6s k"/} k9]/ kf; u/]sf] xf]Og Æ cyjf s] pgn] klg æ;+j}wflgs
cËsf d'Vo sfo{nfO{ zf/Ll/s anåf/fÆ x:tIf]k u/]/ k|efljt u/]sf lyP <
***
k" “hL
-v08 — !_ 89
===wfld{s hut\ jf:tljs hut\sf] s]jn k|ltljDa dfq xf] . /, h'g ;dfh dfnsf] pTkfbg
Joj:yfdfly cfwfl/t x'G5, h'g ;dfhdf dfd"nL pTkfbsn] cf gf] pkhnfO{ dfn / d"No dfg]/ Ps–
csf] {l;t ;fdflhs ;DaGw :yflkt ub{5g\ /, To;/L cf gf] JolQmut lghL >dnfO{ ;hftLo dfgj
>dsf] ;j{dfGo -cfbz{_sf] ¿k lbG5g\, To; k|sf/sf] ;dfhsf] nflu cd"t{ dfgjsf] sNkgf ug] { { O;fO{
wd{, ljz]if u/]/ To;sf] k" “hLjfbL — k|f]6]:6\ofG6jfbL, O{Zj/jfbL ¿kx¿dWo] — wd{sf] ;a}eGbf pko'Qm
¿k xf] . k|frLg PlzofnL / cGo k|frLg pTkfbg k4ltx¿df xfdL s] b]Vb5f} + eg] pkhnfO{ dfndf
kl/jlt{t ug] { { lqmofsf] :yfg uf}0f x'G5 . /, To;/L dfn pTkfbsx¿df dflg;sf] kl/jt{gsf] lqmofsf]
:yfg klg uf}0f x'G5 . t/, cflbd ;dfh Joj:yf hlt–hlt lj36gsf] ghLs k'Ub5, Tolt–Tolt
pTkflbt dfndf kl/jt{g /, To;/L dfnsf] pTkfbgdf dflg;x¿sf] kl/jt{gsf] lqmofn] a9LeGbf a9L
dxŒj u|/0f ub} { hfG5 . To;nfO{ ;xL cy{df Aofkf/ ug] { { /fi6« elgG5 . tL k'/fgf] ;G;f/df otf–ptf
vfln /LQf 7fp“x¿ -r/, cflb_df dfq s;/L kfpg ;lsGYof] . h;/L PkLSo"?sf b]jtf vfln b'j}
nf]sx¿aLrsf] cf] +7df kfOGy], cyjf h;/L ox"bL s]jn kf]ln; ;dfhsf l5b|x¿df kfOG5g\, To;}u/L
k" “hLjfbL ;dfhsf] t'ngfdf pTkfbgsf tL k|frLg ;fdflhs ;Ë7gx¿ Hofb} ;/n / :ki6 x'Gy] . t/
ltgsf] cfwf/ ls t To; dflg;sf] JolQmut ljsf; x'GYof], h;n] clxn];Dd klg Tof] cflbd sljnf
;dfh cGt/ut cf gf cGo ;xr/x¿;“u s“;]/ /fv]sf] cf gf] ;DaGwsf] TofGb|f] r'“8fNg
;s]sf]
lyPg jf tL k|frLg ;fdflhs ;Ë7gx¿ ;Lwfl;bL k/fwLg ;DaGwx¿df cfwfl/t x'Gy] . To;k|sf/sf
;fdflhs ;Ë7gx¿ s]jn Tolta]nf dfq pTkGg x'g ;Sb5g / sfod /xg ;Sb5g\, hlta]nf >dsf
pTkfbs zlQmx¿sf] lgDg cj:yfaf6 ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'“b}g
tyf ToxL sf/0fn] ef}lts hLjgsf If]qdf
dfG5]–dfG5] Pj+ dfG5] / k|s[ltaLrsf ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿;d]t klg ToxL lgDg cj:yfg'¿k Hofb}
;Í'lrt x'G5g\ . k|s[lt k"hfsf] k|fs[lts k/Dk/f tyf hgtfsf wd{sf c¿ tTjx¿leq ToxL ;ÍL0f{tf
k|ltljlDat ePsf] b]lvG5 . h];'s} xf];\, tfklg jf:tljs ;G;f/sf] wfld{s k|ltljDa clGtd¿kaf6
Tolta]nf dfq vtd x'G5, hlta]nf vf; b}lgs hLjgdf cf gf c¿ ;fyLx¿ / k|s[ltl;tsf]
Jojxfl/s¿kdf x'g] dflg;sf] ;DaGw k"0f{¿kn] :ki6 / ts{;Ët x'G5 .
;fdflhs hLjglqmof ef}lts pTkfbgsf] lqmofdfly cfwfl/t x'G5 . ;dfhsf] pQm hLjglqmofn]
cf gf] /x:ok"0f{ ;ª\sL0f{tfnfO{ Tolta]nf;Dd x6fp“b}g, hlta]nf;Dd pTkfbgsf] Tof] lqmof d'Qm¿kn]
;Da4 dflg;x¿sf] lqmof aGg kfp“b}g tyf hlta]nf;Dd vf; of]hgfg'¿k ;r]t¿kaf6 p;n]
To;nfO{ ;~rfng ug{ yfNb}g . t}klg To;sf] nflu s] s'/f cfjZos x'G5 eg] ;dfhsf] lglZrt
ef}lts cfwf/ sfod eO;s]sf] xf];\, cyjf p;sf] cl:tTjsf s]xL ljzi6 kl/l:yltx¿ :yflkt
eO;s]sf xf]pmg\ . clg, tL rLhx¿ ljsf;sf] nfdf] / si6bfoL lqmofsf] :jtM:k"mt{ pkh x'G5g\ .

fhgLlts cy{zf:qn] lg:;Gb]x d"No / To;sf] kl/df0fsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 — Tof] ljZn]if0f
hlt ck"0f{ lsg gxf];\ — p;n] tL s'/fx¿cGt/ut s]–slt s'/f l5k]sf 5g\ eg]/ ltgsf] vf]hL u/]sf]
5 . t/ /fhg}lts cy{zf:qn] >dnfO{ To;sf] pkhsf] d"Nosf] ¿kdf / >dsfnsf] p;sf] kl/df0fsf]
¿kdf lsg k|:t't ub{5 eGg] k|Zg slxNo} klg k|:t't u/]sf] 5}g tL ;"qx¿dfly s'g rLhsf] 5fk
k/]sf] 5 eg] ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ;dfhsf] To;k|sf/sf] cj:yf x'G5, h;df dflg;n] pTkfbg
lqmofnfO{ lgolGqt ug'{sf]
;f6f] :jo+ pTkfbg lqmofn] p;dfly zf;g ub{5 . k" “hLjfbL ts{n] ;"q :jo+
k|s[ltsf] b]g xf] / Tof] :jo+ :ki6 ckl/xfo{tf xf] eGg] 7fGb5 . To;sf/0f k" “hLjfbL pTkfbgsf] :j¿ksf]
pbo x'g'eGbf klxn]b]lv g} /x]sf] ;fdflhs pTkfbgsf] :j¿k tkm{ k" “hLklt ju{sf] b[li6sf]0f ToxL
k|sf/sf] x'G5, h'g k|sf/sf] b[li6sf]0f O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf kfb/Lx¿sf] O;fO{ wd{eGbf klxn]sf wd{k|lt
x'G5 ===.
***
====k|f}Bf]lusLaf/] cfnf]rgfTds Oltxf; tof/ ug] { { xf] eg] To;af6 !* cf} + ztfAbLsf] cg';Gwfg
s'g} Pshgf JolQmsf] sfd xf]Og eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g]5 . clxn];Dd To:tf] lstfa tof/ ePsf] 5}g .
8f/ljgn] xfd|f] Wofg k|s[lt;DaGwL 6]Sgf]nfhL -k|ljlw_ sf] Oltxf;lt/, cyf{t\ lj?jf / kz'x¿sf
cËx¿sf] lgdf{0fsf] Oltxf;lt/ cfslif{t u/]sf lyP . hLjgnfO{ sfod /fVgsf nflu ToxL cË
pTkfbgsf cf}hf/x¿sf] sfd ub{5 eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ lyof] . t/ s] dfG5]sf pTkfbs cËx¿sf]
Oltxf;lt/ klg TolQs} Wofg lbg'kb{5, h'g ;f/f ;fdflhs ;Ë7gx¿sf] ef}lts cfwf/ xf] /, s] To;
k|sf/sf] Oltxf; t}of/ ug'{
;lhnf] x'g]5}g < lsgeg] aLsf]n] eg]h:t} dfgj Pltxf; xfdLx¿n] lgdf{0f
u/]sf xf} + eg] k|fs[lts Oltxf;sf] lgdf{0f xfdLx¿n] u/]sf xf]Ogf} +, dfgj Oltxf; / k|fs[lts Oltxf;df
TolQ km/s 5 . dflg;n] k|s[ltaf6 s;/L sfd lnG5 tyf p;n] cf gf] hLjg sfod /fVg] dfWod
pTkfbgsf] s'g lqmof xf] eGg] s'/f 6]Sgf]nf]hLn] atfpg]5 . clg, To;}af6 p;n] cf gf ;fdflhs
;DaGwx¿sf] lgdf{0fsf] k4lt tyf tL ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿af6 pTkGg x'g] dfgl;s wf/0ffx¿sf]
lgdf{0fsf] k4lt;d]t klg :ki6 ub{5 . Tof] ef}lts cfwf/nfO{ Wofg glbg] wd{sf] x/]s Oltxf; klg
cGwf] x'G5 . jf:tjdf wd{sf /x:ok"0f{ ;[hgfx¿sf d"t{¿ksf] cfwf/nfO{ ljZn]if0fåf/f vf]lhug'{
ck]Iffs[t¿kdf w]/} ;lhnf] 5 . To;sf] ljk/Lt hLjgsf jf:tljs ;DaGwx¿sf] cfwf/df tL
;DaGwx¿sf sfNklgs :j¿kx¿sf] cg';Gwfg ug'{
Tolt ;lhnf] sfd x'“b}g
. bf];|f] t/Lsf g} Psdfq
ef}ltsjfbL / To;/L Psdfq j}1flgs t/Lsf xf] . k|s[lt lj1fgsf cj:t'jfbL ef}ltsjfbsf
sdhf]/Lx¿, cyf{t\ Oltxf; / To;sf lqmofsnfknfO{ a]Unfa]Un} /fv]/ j:t'x¿dfly ljrf/ ug] { {
ef}ltsjfbsf sfdhf]/Lx¿n] h;} cf gf] vf; If]qsf ;Ldfx¿af6 clnslt dfq cufl8 a9\g] ;fx;
ub{5g\, TolQv]/ :jo+ To;sf jQmfx¿sf sfNklgs j}rfl/s wf/0ffx¿af6 tL sdhf]/Lx¿ :ki6 x'G5g\ .
***
===kf7sn] olb dnfO{ dfNy;sf] !&(* df k|sflzt ePsf] h;;+Vof;DaGwL lgaGwsf] ;Demgf
u/fp“5g\ eg] d}n] pgLl;t eGg]5', dfNy;sf] pQm /rgf h'g¿kdf klxnf]rf]6L k|sflzt ePsf] lyof],
ToxL ¿kdf t Tof] jf:tjdf 8]= kmf], ;/ h]D; :6'c6{, 6fpg;]g, o|fª\slng, jfn];, cflbsf
/rgfx¿sf] :s"n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] :t/sf] ;txLk|sf/sf] rf]/L xf] . pgL cfkm}n] ;f] +r]sf] Pp6f klg jfSo
To;df 5}g Tof] k'l:tsfnfO{ lnP/ h'g 7"nf] ;g;gL km}lnPsf] lyof], To;sf] Psdfq sf/0f bnut
:jfy{ lyof] . a]nfotdf k|mfG;]nL qmflGtsf b[9 kIfw/ pTkGg ePsf lyP . æhg;ª\Vofsf] l;4fGtÆsf]
/rgf lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} !* cf} + zbLdf ePsf] lyof] /, 7"nf] ;fdflhs ;Í6sf] a]nf w]/} 9f]n lk6]/ Tof]
l;4fGt Pp6f ;~hLjgL a"6L xf] / To;af6 sG8f]/;]6 cflbsf lzIffx¿sf] ljiffQmtfnfO{ t'?Gt vtd
kfg{ ;lsG5Æ eGg] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . ctM a]nfotsf wgf8\ox¿n] xft k;f/]/ Hofb} xiff] {Nnf;sf
;fy To;sf] :jfut u/]sf lyP . dfgj ljsf;sf ;f/f clenfiffx¿nfO{ gi6 ug] { { ;fwg Tof] x'g]
pgLx¿sf] wf/0ff lyof] . dfNy; :jo+ cf gf] Tof] ck|Toflzt ;kmntfaf6 bË k/]sf lyP . t}klg pgn]
cf gf] k':ts gSsnL t/Lsfn] otfptfaf6 hDdf ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿af6 eg{ ;'? u/]sf lyP . pgn]
To;df gof“ pkfo yk] — pgn] To:tf] pkfo hf]8], h;sf] cg';Gwfg pgL :jo+n] u/]sf] geP/
otfptfaf6 a6'lnPsf] lyof] . of] s'/f ofb ug'{xf];\
M oBlk dfNy; a]nfotL /fhsLo O;fO{ wfld{s

;‹sf Pshgf kfb/L lyP t/ pgn] d7jf;L;/x a|x\dro{sf] a|t lnPsf lyP . k|f]6]:6\ofG6jfbL
SoflDa|h ljZj ljBfno90sf] :gfts aGgsf nflu Tof] cfjZos zt{ x/]s JolQmn] k"/f ug'{kb{Yof]
.
To; b[li6af6 c¿ k|f]6]:6\ofG6 kfb/Lx¿sf] ck]Iff dfNy;sf] l:ylt w]/} /fd|f] 5 . c¿ k|f]6]:6\ofG6
kfb/Lx¿n] a|x\dro{sf] pkb]z c:jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ eg] To;sf] 7fp“df cf gf] ljz]if afOan a|tsf]
¿kdf ækmn / ;+Vof a9fpmÆsf] l;4fGt c“ufn]sf 5g\ . pQm l;4fGtnfO{ pgLx¿n] slt;Dd c“ufn]sf
5g\ eg] cfd¿kaf6 pgLx¿ hg;+Vof j[l4 ug{ czf]egLo ;Ldf;Dd k'Ub5g\ . tfklg dhb"/x¿nfO{
pgLx¿n] æhg;+Vofsf] l;4fGtaf/] pkb]z lbG5g\ vf; s'/f t s] xf] eg] dflg;sf] cfly{s kTgL;t
;DalGwt k|Zg, cflbd k'?ifåf/f kmflnPsf kmn vfg] s'/fl;t ;DalGwt k|Zg, ef]sl;t ;DalGwt k|Zg
cyjf kfb/L 6fpg;]gn] lv;L–l6p/L u/]/ eg]em} + æsfdb]jsf] af0fnfO{ lgliqmo agfpg] k|ltaGwÆsf
;d:ofl;t ;DalGwt gfh's k|Zgsf] oyfy{ JofVof ug] { { k|f]6]:6\ofG6 wfld{s bz{gsf kfb/Lx¿n], cyjf
k|f]6]:6\ofG6 O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf kfb/Lx¿n] cf gf] Psflwsf/ sfod /fv]sf lyP / clxn] klg sfod
u/]sf 5g\ eGg'kb{5 . e]lg;sf] a}/fuL df}lns / af7f] n]vs cf]/l6;nfO{ 5f]8]/ hg;+Vof;DaGwL
l;4fGtsf w]/}h;f] lzIfsx¿ k|f]6]:6\ofG6 kfb/L x'g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu a| 'sg/sf] /rgf — kz'x¿sf]
hLjg k|0ffnLsf] l;4fGt 91 ln8, !&^& nfO{ lnpm“ . To;df pgn] hg;+Vofsf] cfw'lgs l;4fGtsf ;Dk"0f{
ljifoaf/] k"0f{tM ljrf/ u/]sf 5g\ . Sj];g] / pgsf r]nf h]7f ld/faf]aLr ePsf] Ifl0fs n8fO“af6 klg
To;af/] gof“ ljrf/x¿ xfl;n ePsf lyP . k'gM To;af/] k|sfz xfNg] kfb/L jfn];, kfb/L 6fpg;]g,
kfb/L dfNy; / pgsf r]nf, dxfkfb/L 6f]d; rfd;{, cflb clxn] klg k|f]6]:6\ofG6jfbL g} 5g\ . To;af/]
n]Vg] c¿ e'O{ +k'm§] kfb/Lx¿ klg ;a} k|f]6]:6\ofG6 lyP . /fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf] cWoog klxn] xJ;,
nsh:tf bfz{lgsx¿n] ub{y] / 6fd d~h/, 6]Dkn, ;'nL, 8]lj6, gy{, nf, jfG8/ln6, s}lG6nL,
o|fÍnLgh:tf Jofkf/L / /fhgLlt1x¿n] ub{y] tyf ;a}eGbfa9L ;kmntfsf ;fy To;sf] cWoog
ljz]if¿kn] Kof/L, af/ag, DofG8]ljn, Sj];g]h:tf lrlsT;fzf:ql;t ;DalGwt JolQmx¿n] u/]sf lyP .
!* cf} + zbLsf] cfwfcfwL;Dd cf gf] ;dosf k|lz4 cy{zf:qL kfb/L 6s/n] wgbf}ntl;t ;DalGwt
pQm ljifosf] cWoog u/]sf]df hg;d'bfol;t dfkmL dfu]sf lyP . t/ kl5 jf:tjdf æhg;+Vofsf]Æ
Tof] …l;4fGtÚ pTkGg ePsf] sf/0fn] k|f]6]:6\ofG6 kfb/Lx¿sf] kfnf] cfPsf] lyof] . k]6Ln] hg;+VofnfO{
wg;DklQsf] cfwf/ dfGby] . pgL P8d l:dyem} + kfb/Lx¿sf v'nf zq' lyP . klxn]b]lv g} cfef;
kfO;s]sf] x'gfn] kfb/Lx¿sf] Tof] x:tIf]knfO{ pgn] eg]sf lyP, æhlta]nf;Dd sfg"gsf] ;DaGw
jsLnl;t ;a}eGbf sd x'5, Tolta]nf;Dd Tof] kmi6\ofp“5 eg]/ h;/L sfg"gaf/] eGg] ul/G5, 7Ls
To;}u/L wd{ klg Tolta]nf;Dd kmi6\ofp“5, hlta]nf;Dd kfb/Lx¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf w]/} si6 lbOG5 . pgn]
;Nnfx s] lbG5g\ eg] k|f]6]:6\ofG6 kfb/Lx¿n]] Psk6s ;w} +sf nflu Pkf]:6n kfpnsf] cg'z/0f u¿g\,
a|x\dro{åf/f cf gf] z/L/nfO{ si6 lbpmg\ / g}ltsjfg ag"g\ . ;fy} pgLx¿n] s] s'/f to u¿g\ eg]
O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf gfddf ck{0f x'g] k|;fbdf dfG5]x¿n] clxn] hlt vfO{kfO{ cfPsf 5g\, To;eGbf
w/} a9fpg' gkg] { u/]/ hflt k}bf ug] {5}gg\ ToxL pgLx¿sf nflu ;a}eGbf /fd|f] x'g]5 . egfOsf] cy{
s] xf] eg] h]–hlt O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf gfddf clk{t 5, Tof] ljeQm eO;s]sf] 5, /, To;sf/0f olb
a]nfot / j]N;df s]jn !@))) kfb/Lx¿ dfq a:g] 7fp“ /x]sf] 5 eg] @$))) kfb/Lx¿sf] hflt x'g'
:jfefljs gxf]nf lsgls !@))) sf nflu Toxf“ s'g} Joj:yf x'g]5}g / pgLx¿n] cf gf] hLljsf
rnfpg] pkfo vf]H'gkg] {5 . /, Tof] sfdsf] nflu ;a}eGbf ;lhnf] t/Lsf s] x'g]5 eg] h'g !@)))
kfb/Lx¿ 7f“6af6l;t /x]sf 5g\, ltgLx¿n] g} pgLx¿sf cfTdfdf ljif 3f]ln/x]sf 5g\, cyjf
pgLx¿nfO{ ef]sef]s} dfl//x]sf 5g\ tyf pgLx¿nfO{ unt af6f] b]vfP/ pgLx¿sf] :ju{sf] af6f]df
Jojwfg v8f ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f aemfpg'kb{5 .Æ 94 cf gf ;dsfnLg k|f]6]:6\ofG6 kfb/Lx¿af/]
P8d l:dysf] wf/0ff s] lyof] eGg] s'/f lgDg–lnlvt 36gfaf6 yfx nfUb5 M æpgsf ;fyL 8]lj8
x\o"dsf] hLjg, d[To' / bz{gaf/] P8d l:dyåf/f Pn=Pn=8L=nfO{ k7fPsf] kq -n]vsn] O;fO{ elgg]
JolQmx¿dWo] PsÆ gfds cf gf] /rgfsf] rf}yf] ;+:s/0f, cS;kmf]8{ !&)$ df gf}lj{rsf ljz]if 8f=
8f]g{n] P8d l:dynfO{ lgGbf u/]sf lyP lsgeg] ld=:6«fxgsf] gfddf k|sflzt cf gf] Pp6f kqdf
pgn] cf gf ldq 8]le8 -cyf{t\ x\o"d_sf] ;Demgf :yfoL agfOlbPsf lyP, ;G;f/nfO{ pgn] s]

atfOlbPsf lyP eg] pgn] …cf gf] d[To' zøofdfÚ ;d]t h'g;'s} k|sf/n] klg æx\o"d n'l;og k9]/ tyf
u~hkmf gfdsf] v]n v]n]/ cf gf] dgf]/~hg ub{y]Æ / x\o"dsf af/]df pgn] s] s'/f;d]t n]Vg] w[i6tf
u/]sf lyP eg] æpgsf] hLjgsfndf / pgsf] z]ifkl5 klg pgnfO{ d}n] xd]zf To:tf] Pp6f a'l4dfg /
;bfrf/L JolQm 7fg]sf] 5', h:tf] æb'j{n dfgjtfn] zfob} k}bf ug{ ;Sb5 .Æ lj;k r"/–r"/ eP/
;f]Wb5g\, æ dxfzo, dnfO{ s] nfUb5 eg] tkfO{ +n] To:tf] JolQmsf] rL/q / cfr/0f d]/f cufl8 k|:t't
ug'{ePsf]
5, h'g wd{ sxlng] ;a} rLhsf lj?4 c;fWo¿k lyof] / To;n] dfG5]leqsf] efjgfnfO{
vtd ug] { {, bafpg] / d]6fpg] k|oTgdf s]xL s;/ af“sL /fv]sf] lyPg . clg, olb pgsf] azsf] s'/f
x'GYof] eg] s;}n] klg yfx gkfpg] u/L To;nfO{ p;n] d]l6lbg]lyof] ] s] ltd|f] nflu To;f] ug'{
plrt
xf]

Hofb} w]/} pRr lzv/df 5, hxf“;Dd To;sf] ¿ksf] ;DaGw 5, To;sf] d'sfljnf t sxL+ s;}n] ug{
;s]s} 5}g . tfklg xfd|f AnfÍLkGyLx¿nfO{ Tof] rLh dg kg{ ;Sb}g . ctM pgLx¿ ;a}eGbf w]/}
pu|jfbL x'g\ eGg] s'/f l;4 ug{sf nflu pgLx¿n] Pp6f 3f]if0ffåf/f O{Zj/sf] cGt ul/lbG5g\ . !&(#
df To;} ul/Psf] lyof] M
æsDo"g 97 n] klxn]sf] b'u{ltsf] k| ]t -O{Zj/_Æ af6 dfgj hfltnfO{ ;w} +sf nflu d'Qm kf/f];\ /
p;sf jt{dfg ljklQsf sf/0fx¿af6 æ-cl:tTjljxLg O{Zj/ To;sf] sf/0f xf] _Æ p;nfO{ d'Qm u/f];\
sDo"gdf kfb/Lx¿sf nflu s'g} :yfg x'“b}g,
x/]s k|sf/sf] wfld{s cleJolQmdfly, x/]sk|sf/sf]
wfld{s ;Ë7gdfly k|ltaGw nufOlbg'kb{5 .Æ
clg, Tof] — d'l tsf] cfb]z 98 cfb]zaf6 dflg;x¿nfO{ gfl:tsdf ablnlbg'kb{5 eGg] sDo"gsf
b'O{hgf ;b:ox¿sf] x:tfIf/ 5 . hf]–h;n] To;df x:tfIf/ u/]sf 5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ jf:tjdf s] s'/f
a'‰g] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] Jojxf/df sfd gnfUg] y'k} | rLhx¿sf] cfb]z Pp6} sfuhdf hf/L ug{
;lsG5 / pgLx¿dfly bdg ug{ {sf nflu cjfl~5t ljZjf;nfO{ hf]8an lbg] csf] { ;a}eGbf /fd|F] t/Lsf
Tof] xf] . s] s'/f lglZrt xf] eg] O{ZjnfO{ d2t ug] { { cfh oxL Ps dfq t/Lsf 5 M cgLZj/jfbnfO{
clgjfo{ wd{ 3f]lift ul/lbOof];\ / wd{dfly cfd¿kdf /f]s nufP/ lj:dfs{sf] Sofyf]lnslj/f]wL
bdgsf/L 99 sfg"gsf] klg sfg sfl6lbOof];\ ====.
***
sfn{ dfS;{
uf]yf sfo{qmdsf] cfnf]rgf
-c+z_
===…cGt:s/0fsf] :jtGqtfMÆ — Sofyf]lns lj/f]wL bdg 100 sf] a]nf pbf/tfjfbnfO{ olb s;}n]
p;sf] k'/fgf] jrgsf] ;Demgf u/fpg rfxYof] eg] Tof] o;k|sf/ dfq ug{ ;SbYof] M x/]s JolQmnfO{
k|x/Lsf] s'g} x:tIf]kljgf cf gf wfld{s / zf/Ll/s cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ ;Sg] :jtGqtf x'g'kb{5 .
t/ To;af/] dhb"/ ju{sf] kf6L{n] slDtdf s] s'/f pm;dIf /flvlbg' kb{Yof] eg] k" “hLjfbL æcGt:s/0fsf]
:jtGqtfÆ eg]sf] s]jn To; cGt/ut cGt:s/0fsf] x/;Dej k|sf/sf] wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] dfq 5"6
lbOG5 t/ hxf“;Dd :jo+ p;sf] -dhb"/ kf6L{sf] _ ;DaGw 5, p;n] cGt:s/0fnfO{ g} wd{sf hfb"–
6'gfaf6 d'Qm kfg'{kb{5
. t/ dflg;x¿n] æk" “hLjfbLÆ ;LdfeGbf cufl8 ga9\g] s'/fnfO{ g} 7Ls 7fGb5g\
===.
***
k|m]8l/s PËN;
8\o'xl/ª dtv08g
-c+z_ 101
===O;fO{ wd{n] s]jn ;a} dflg; a/fa/ lyP eGg] Pp6f s'/f dfq hfGbYof] M ;dfg¿kaf6 ;a}
d"n b'/frf/df k}bf ePsf lyP . Tof] rLh bf;x¿ / pTkLl8tx¿sf] wd{sf] :j¿ksf] Psbd} cg's"n
lyof] . To;afx]s a9LeGbf a9L To;n] dflysf d'Le/ JolQmx¿sf] ;dfgtf dfGbYof] . t/ To;af/]
vfln Psbd} k|f/lDes sfndf g} hf]8 lbOGYof] . gof“ wd{sf] k|f/lDes cj:yfx¿df ;+o'Qm :jfldTjsf
h'g lrx\gx¿ kfOG5g\, ltgsf] sf/0f jf:tljs ;dfgtfjfbL ljrfx¿ Tolt x'Ggy], hlt Pstfsf]
efjgf lgisfl;t–lgjf{l;t / Gofoaf6 jl~rt JolQmx¿df x'G5 . Hofb} 5f]6f] ;doleq kfb/Lx¿ /
;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfoaLr lje]b pTkGg ePkl5 O;fO{ wd{sf] ;'?cftsf] a]nfsf] ;dfgtf klg vtd
x'gk'Uof] .
k=o"/f]kdf cfqmd0f u/]/ hd{gx¿n] cf gf] clwsf/ sfod u/] tyf lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} Toxf“ “ s:tf]
ck"j{ hl6n, tx–txsf] >]l0fo'Qm ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts Joj:yf sfod ul/lbP eg] ;dfgtfsf ;f/f
ljrf/x¿ k'gM zbLof}+sf nflu cGt x'gk'u] . t/ ;fy;fy} pQm cfqm0fsf] sf/0f klZrdL / dWo o"/f]k
ljsf; k|jfxdf xf]ldP . klxnf]k6s Pstfa4 7f]; ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] :yfkgf eof] tyf pQm If]qleq

klg klxnf]k6s d'Vo¿kn] /fli6«o /fHox¿ — k/:k/df Ps csf] {nfO{ k|efljt ug] { { / k/:k/df Ps
csf] {nfO{ /f]syfd ug] { { vfnsf /fli6«o /fHox¿ — sf] Joj:yf sfod eof] . To;/L pgLx¿sf] -
hd{gx¿sf xdnfn]_ To;k|sf/sf] cfwf/ tof/ ul/lbPsf] lyof], h;df kl5 dflg;x¿sf] ;dfgtfsf]
l:yltsf] k|Zg, dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Zg p7fpg ;lsGYof] .
***
æ===clxn] JolQmsf] k/+ ;Qf d"ntM æJolQmx¿dfly /fHo;Qfsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/ x'g]Æ s'/fdf
lglxt x'G5 .Æ t/ h'g xb;Dd To;n] æjf:tjdf k|fs[lts Gofodf d2t lbG5Æ, ToxL xb;Dd
anh tL k"/f ePsf] Tof] clwsf/nfO{ ;xL 7x¥ofpg ;lsG5 . Tof] nIf cufl8 /fv]/ æljwfg;ª\ut /
Gofo;ª\ut clwsf/ :yflkt ul/g]5g\ t/ tL æl;Ëf] ;dfhsf] dftxtdf /xg'kb{5 .Æ clg, ;'/Iffsf]
nflu klg ;+o'Qmdf]rf{ x'g]5 . Tof] æcfGtl/s ;'/Iff sfod /fVgsf nflu ;]gf cyjf æsfo{sf/Lcª\usf]
;+o'Qm sf/afxLÆsf] ¿kdf cleJoQm x'g]5 . To;sf] cy{ xf] — ;]gf x'g]5, k'ln; x'g]5 / ;z:q b:tfsf]
klg Joj:yf x'g]5 . >L 8\o'xl/ªn] w]/}rf]6L pgL Pp6f /fd|F] k|lzofnL x'g\ eGg] l;4 ul/;s]sf 5g\ .
oxf“ “ pgn] cfk"mnfO{ lbjËt dGqL kmfd /fvf]jn] æ;z:q b:tfnfO{ cf gf] 5ftLdf l5kfP/ rNb5Æ
eg]h:t} clåtLo cfbz{jfbL k|lzofnL k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf 5g\ . t/ efjL ;z:q k|x/Lsf] Tof] b:tf hlt
vt/f lx+hf]cfhsf n'6]/f k|x/Lx¿ x'G5g\, Tolt vt/f x'g]5}g . ;j{zlQmdfg\ JolQmsf] xftaf6 ækl/l:ylt
cg';f/ :jtGq ;dfhn] p;dfly h]–hlt ;xL jf unt Jojxf/ u/f];\ / p;n] ef]Ug' k/f];\ tfklg Tof]
Jojxf/ k|fs[lts cj:yfdf p;n] kfpg] Jojxf/eGbf w]/} g/fd|f] x'g]5}gÆ eGg] s'/fdf p;nfO{ ;Gtf]if
x'g]5 . k'gZr >L 8\o'x\l/ªn] pgsf n]vsx¿sf clwsf/x¿sf] af6f]df cfOkg] { cj/f]wx¿sf hfndf
xfdLx¿nfO{ km“;fPsf 5g\ / pgn] xfdLnfO{ s] ljZjf; lbnfpg vf]h]sf 5g\ eg] pgsf] efjL ;G;f/df
æs'g} zf]ef–z+sfljgf lglZrt¿kn] jsLnx¿sf] ;d"xaf6 ;asf ;anfO{ k"0f{ lgMz'Ns sfg"gL ;]jf
ldNg]5 .Æ pgsf] æ:jtGq ;dfhdf cfh sNkgf ul/Pem} +Æ a9LeGbf a8L rfvfnfUbf] ¿k lnO/x]sf] 5 .
To;df jf:t'sf/, s'Desf/, Joj;flos n]vsx¿, ;z:q b:tf / jlsnx¿;d]t kg uP . æuDeL/ /
cfnf]rgfTds lrGtgÆsf tL s]/fpsf b'O{ sK6]/fh:t} Psgfz a]Unfa]Un} wd{x¿sf æ:ju{nf]sx¿Ædf
pkf;snfO{ kl/jlt{t¿kdf j:t'x¿ xfl;n x'G5g\ tyf ltgn] ;fG;fl/s hLjgnfO{ ;'dw'/ agfO/fVb5g\
. clg, >L 8\o'x\l/ª To:tf] /fHosf gful/s x'g\, h'g /fHodf æx/]s JolQm :jo+ cf g}9Ëaf6 ;'vL /xg
;Sb5Æ . To;eGbf a9L xfdLnfO{ s] rflxof] <
t/ xfdL To;sf] s'g} dxŒj gxf];\ eGg] rfxG5f} + . h'g rLhsf] dxŒj 5, Tof] xf] M >L 8\o'x\l/ª s]
rfxG5g\ < clg, To;af/] k|m]8l/s låtLosf] eGbf >L 8\o'x\l/ªsf] b[li6sf]0f a]Un} 5 . pgsf] eljiosf]
/fHodf x/]s JolQm :jo+ cf gf]9Ëaf6 slxNo} klg ;'vL /xg ;Sg]5}g . pgsf] pQm /fHosf] efjL
ljwfgdf s] n]lvPsf] 5 eg] æ:jtGq ;dfhdf wfld{s pkf;gfsf] nflu s'g} klg :yfg x'g ;Sb}g
lsgeg] To;sf] x/]s ;b:o k|s[ltsf k5fl8 jf To;dfly s'g} k|f0fLnfO{ anL r9fP/ jf k|fy{gfx¿åf/f
v';L u/fpg ;lsg] Tof] cflbd sfnLg s]6f}n] cGwljZjf;af6 d'Qm eO;s]sf] 5 .Æ æctM oyfy{9Ën]
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfsf] nflu To;n] wfld{s hfb"–6'gfsf] ;f/f /demd / To;sf] ;fy;fy}
wfld{s pkf;gfsf ;f/f cfjZos tTjx¿nfO{ vtd lbg'kg] { cfjZostf 5 .Æ wd{ Toxf““ c:jLsfo{ x'g]5
.
t/ x/]sk|sf/sf] wd{ dflg;x¿sf] dl:tisdf pgLx¿sf] b}lgs hLjgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug] { afx\o
zlQmx¿sf] sfNklgs k|ltljDaafx]s cf}/ s]xL x'“b}g
. of] s:tf] k|ltljDa xf] eg] o;df nf}lss
zlQmx¿n] cnf}lss zlQmx¿sf] ¿k wf/0f ub{y] . Oltxf;sf k|f/lDes lbgx¿df k|fs[lts zlQmx¿ g}
;j{k|yd To;/L k|ltljlDat x'Gy] . kl5sf] ljsf;qmddf a]Unfa]Un} ;Dk|bfosf JolQmx¿aLr tL
zlQmx¿n] dflg;x¿sf ljljw / gfgf k|sf/sf ¿kx¿ u|x0f u/]sf lyP . kf}/fl0fs syfx¿sf]
t'ngfTds cWoogåf/f pQm k|f/lDes lqmof kQf nufOPsf] 5 . pQm cWoogaf6 slDtdf ef/f]k]nL
;Dk|bfosf] ;DaGw;d]t pQm lqmofsnfksf] ;|f]t ef/tLo j]bdf ePsf] yfx nfu]sf] 5 . kl5 To;
lqmofsf] ljsf; ef/tLox¿, O/fgLx¿, o"gfgLx¿, /f]dg]nL]nLx¿, hd{g]nLx¿, cflbdf tyf clxn];Dd
k|fKt ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf cfwf/df s]N6x¿, lny'lgofnLx¿ tyf :nfjx¿aLr ;d]t klg ;f/f
ljj/0fsf ;fy Tof] s'/sf] lg¿k0f eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ w]/} lbg ljlt;Sg'eGbf klxn] k|Fs[lts zlQmx¿sf]

;“u;“u} ;fdflhs zlQmx¿ klg ;lqmo eP/ nfUb5g\ — tL zlQmx¿ klg dflg;x¿;dIf k|fs[lts
zlQmx¿;/x afx\o¿kdf / k|f/Dedf plQs} a'‰g} g;lsg] zlQmx¿sf] ¿kdf cfp“5g\ . ;txL¿kaf6
To;dfly Psbd} p:t} k|fs[lts cfjZostfsf ¿kdf tL k|e'Tjsf/L x'G5g\, h;/L :jo+ k|fs[lts
zlQmx¿ To;df k|e'Tjsf/L x'G5g\ . k|f/lDes sfndf vfln k|s[ltsf /x:ofTds zlQmx¿nfO{
k|ltljlDat ug] { { sfNklgs k|f0fLx¿df dfq Tof] ljGb'df k'u]/ Oltxf;sf zlQmx¿sf] k|ltlglw aGg]
;fdflhs u'0f pTkGg x'g k'UbYof] . 102 ljsf;sf] cem cufl8sf] cj:yfdf k'u]/ gfgf k|sf/sf
b]jtfx¿sf ;f/fsf ;f/f k|fs[lts / ;fdflhs u'0fx¿ Pp6f ;j{zlQmdfg\ O{Zj/df :yfgfGtl/t x'g
k'Ub5g\ . Tof] O{Zj/ lg/fsf/ dflg;s} Pp6f k|ltljDa x'G5 . Ps]Zj/jfbsf] hGd To;/L g} ePsf] lyof]
. P]ltxfl;s¿kaf6 Tof] pQ/sfnLg o"gfgLx¿sf] e|i6 bz{gsf] clGtd pkh lyof] . k'gM p;n]
ox'bLx¿sf] vf; hftLo b]jtf æh]xf]jfÆ 103 sf] ¿kdf cjtf/ lnPsf] lyof] . Tof] ;'ljwfhgs, ;'U3/ /
;fj{ef}lds¿kaf6 ;dGjofTds¿kdf tyf dflg;x¿sf tfTsfnLg, cyf{t\ efjgfTds ;DaGwsf ¿kdf
Tolta]nf;Dd wd{ tL aflx/L k|fs[lts / ;fdflhs zlQmx¿;“u} /lx/xG5 tyf pgLx¿dfly zf;g
ul//xG5, hlta]nf;Dd dflg;x¿ tL zlQmx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf af“lwG5g\ . t/ s'g s'/f xfdLx¿n]
af/Daf/ b]lv;s]sf 5f} + eg] jt{dfg k" “hLjfbL ;dfhdf Pp6f aflx/L zlQmsf ¿kdf dflg;x¿dfly tL
cfly{s kl/l:yltx¿sf] zf;g rNb5, h;nfO{ :jo+ pgLx¿n] g} lgdf{0f u/]sf x'G5g\, pgLx¿dfly
pgLx¿ :jo+n] pTkfbg u/]sf pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿n] zf;g sfod u/]sf 5g\, . ctM h;n] wd{nfO{
hGd lbG5, To; k|ltljlDat ug] { lqmofsf] jf:tljs cfwf/ /lx/xG5, tyf To;sf] ;fy;fy} wfld{s
k|ltljDa klg sfod /xG5 . /, oBlk k" “hLjfbL /fhg}lts cy{zf:qn] tL aflx/L zf;gsf k5fl8 /xg]
sfo{–sf/0f ;DaGwdfly k|sfz xfNg] k|oTg u/]sf] 5, tfklg jf:tjdf To;af6 s'g} vf; km/s kb} {g .
k" “hLjfbL cy{zf:qn] cfd¿kaf6 ;Í6nfO{ /f]Sg ;Sb}g g t JolQmut k" “hLkltx¿nfO{ 3f6f, r'Qmf x'g
g;Sg] C0f / 6f6kN6\ofOsf] k|xf/af6 arfpg ;Sb5 g JolQmut dhb"/x¿nfO{ g} a]sf/L /
ljkGgtfsf lj?4 s'g} ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . dflg;n] k|:tfj /fVb5, O{Zj/n] -cyf{t\ k" “hLjfbL
pTkfbg k4ltsf] aflx/L zf;gn]_ To;sf] lg0f{o ub{5 eGg] clxn] klg ;xL xf] . ;fdflhs
zlQmx¿dfly ;dfhsf] zf;g :yflkt ug{sf nflu s]jn 1fg — Tof] k" “hLjfbL cfly{s lj1fgeGbf
hlt;'s} a9L / uxg hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] 1fg lsg gxf];\ — dfq oy]i6 x'“b}g
. To;sf] nflu
;a}eGbf 7"nf] cfjZostf ;fdflhs sfo{sf] x'G5 . clg, vfln Tolta]nf dfq wd{df k|ltljlDat ePsf]
aflx/L zlQm clGtd¿kn] d]l6g]5, hlta]nf pTkfbgsf ;f/f ;fwgx¿nfO{ cf gf] lgoGq0fdf lnP/ /
of]hgfa49Ëaf6 To;sf] pkof]u u/]/ ;dfhn] cfk"m / cf gf ;f/f ;b:ox¿nfO{ Tof] bf;tfaf6 d'Qm
ug] { sfo{ k"/f x'G5, h'g bf;tf pm :jo+n] k}bf u/]sf t/ cfh p;sf cufl8 x6fpg g;lsg]u/L afx\o
zlQmsf] ¿kdf v8f ePsf pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿n] hs8]/ /fv]sf 5g\, cyf{t\ hlta]nf dflg;n] s]jn
k|:tfj dfq /fVg] gu/]/ lg0f{o ;d]t ug] { {5 . clg, Tolta]nf To;sf] ;“u};“u} Tof] wfld{s k|ltljDa :jo+
klg d]l6g]5 lsgeg] To;nfO{ k|ltljlDat ug{sf nflu k'gM s'g} rLh af“sL /xg]5}g .
tfklg To;/L wd{sf] :jfefljs d[To' x'g]a]nf;Dd k|ltIff >L 8\o'x\l/ªn] ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . pgL cem
emg\ uxg¿kn] cufl8 a9\b5g\ . pgn] lj:dfs{nfO{ klg pl5G5g\ . pgn] dO{sf sfg"gx¿eGbf 104
klg emg\ s8f sfg"gsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sb5g\ — Tof] vfln Sofyf]lnsjfbsf lj?4 dfq} geP/ ;a}
k|sf/sf wd{x¿sf lj?4 x'G5 . cf gf efjL ;z:q b:tfnfO{ pgn] wd{sf lj?4 e8\sfp“5g\ /, To;/L
wd{nfO{ zxfbtsf] /fdgfdL cf]9fOlbG5g\ tyf p;sf] cfo' a9fpg ;xfotf lbG5g\ . xfdLx¿n] hxf“
x]b{5f} +, Tot} xfdL k|lzofnL vf; ;dfhjfbL bz{g dfq e]6fp“5f} + ===.
Goflos ;dfgtf . Goflos ;dfgtfsf], cyf{t\ tyf ;fdflhs Jojl:yt lgodx¿sf l;4fGts}
cleJolQm P]ltxfl;s¿kaf6 pbo ePsf] xf] . cflbd ;dfhdf To;sf] s'g} cl:tTj lyPg jf ePklg
Hofb} ;Lldt ¿kdf lyof], Psfw ;dfhsf k"0f{ ;b:ox¿sf nflu dfq lyof] / To;sf] ;fy;fy} bf;tf
klg hf]l8Psf] lyof] . k|frLg sfndf 7Ls ToxL l:ylt hgjfbsf] ;d]t klg lyof] . o"gfgLx¿,
/f]dg]nLx¿ / aa{/x¿, :jtGq dflg;x¿ / bf;x¿, k|hfu0f / ljb]zLx¿, gful/sx¿ / k/b]zL
ofqLx¿, cflb ;a}sf] ;dfgtfsf] s'/f k|frLg sfnsf dflg;x¿sf] b[li6df vfln af}nLk"0f{ dfq geP/

Pp6f ck/fw;d]t x'GYof] . /, O;fO{ wd{leq of] ljrf/n] ;'?–;'?df lz/ p7fpg vf]Hbfv]l/ s8f bdg
ul/Psf] lyof] .
Sofyf]lnsjfb cGt/ut ;a}eGbfklxn] O{Zj/sf cufl8 ækfkLÆx¿sf ¿kdf ;f/f dflg;x¿aLr
Pp6f gsf/fTds ;dfgtf x'GYof] . To;nfO{ ;+s'lrt¿kdf x]bf{v]l/ Sofyf]lnsjfb cGt/ut O{Zj/sf
;f/f s]6fs]6Lx¿ lsg ;dfg x'Gy] eg] O;fsf] s[kf / pgsf] /utsf sf/0f pgsf] ;Dk"0f{ p4f/ ePsf]
lyof] . tL b'j} s'/fx¿sf] cfwf/ xf] — O;fO{ wd{n] bf;x¿, blntx¿, cl:tTj gePsfx¿, pTkLl8tx¿,
k|tfl8tx¿, cflbsf] wd{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{Yof] . O;fO{ wd{sf] ljhokl5 Tof] l:ylt ablnPsf] lyof] .
p;sf] pQm e"ldsf k5fl8 k/]sf] lyof] / O;fO{ wd{nfO{ d'Vo dxŒj lbg]x¿ / d"lt{sf] k"hf ug] { {x¿ -
a|fTox¿_sf aLrsf] lj/f]w tyf wd{ k/fo0f / cwdL{x¿aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wtkm{ a9\g yfn]sf] lyof] .
zx/x¿ / ltgsf ;fy;fy} k" “hLklt ju{sf s]xLgs]xL ljsl;t tTjx¿ tyf ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
pbosf] ;fy;fy} k" “hLjfbL cl:tTjsf] Pp6f zt{sf] ¿kdf ;dfgtfsf] dfu klg lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} p7\g'
ckl/xfo{ lyof] . To;sf] ;“u;“u} ;j{xf/f ju{ /fhg}lts ;dfgtfaf6 pm ;fdflhs ;dfgtflt/
a9\g'kb{5 eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug' klg ckl/xfo{ lyof] . Tof] ;‹if{n] wfld{s ¿k lng' :jfefljs} lyof] .
;j{k|yd Tof] ;‹if{ { ls;fg o'4sf] ¿kdf tLj|¿kaf6 rn]sf] lyof] .
k" “hLjfbL kIfnfO{ Jojl:yt¿kaf6 ;aeGbfklxn] ¿;f]n] k|:t't u/]sf lyP . t/ To;nfO{ pgn]
Hofb} rf]l6nf] efiffdf ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hflts} tkm{af6 k|:t't' u/]sf lyP . h'g rLh k" “hLklt ju{sf ;f/f
dfux¿;“u ;DalGwt lyof], Tof] Toxf“ “ ljBdfg lyof] M ;j{xf/f ju{n] :jo+ cf gf] lgisif{ klg lgsfNb}
rNbYof] . 105 k" “hLjfbL ;dfgtf / ;j{xf/f ju{åf/f lgisif{ lgsfNb} rNg] s'/faLr h'g ;DaGw 5,
To;af/] cem lj:t[t¿kn] ljrf/ ug'{kb{5
===.
***
k|s[lt;Ddsf] ljz'4 k|ltljDa kQf nufpg' Hofb} sl7g x'G5 . s]jn nfdf] P]ltxfl;s cg'ejkl5
dfq To;sf] kQf nfUb5 . cflbd dflg;nfO{ k|fs[lts zlQmx¿ aflx/L, /x:ok"0f{ / >]i7 k|tLt x'Gy] .
Ps cj:yfdf ltgnfO{ dflg;n] dflg;sf] ;fsf/ ¿k lbP/ cfTd;ft ub{5 . To; cj:yfaf6 ;Dk"0f{
;Eo ;Dk|bfo u'h| ]sf 5g\ . dflg;sf] :jTjf/f]k0f ug] { { To; k| ]/0ffn] g} ;a} 7fp“df b]jtfx¿sf] ;[li6
ul/lbPsf] lyof] . hxf“;Dd O{Zj/sf] cl:tTjsf] k|df0fsf] ;DaGw 5, cfd hg;d'bfosf] wf/0ff 106 n]
vfln s] s'/f dfq l;4 ub{5 eg] dflg;sf] :jTj/fk0f ug] { { Tof] k| ]/0ff ;fj{ef}lds 5 — ;+qmd0fsf] Tof]
Pp6f cfjZos cj:yf xf] . /, To;sf/0f cfd hg;d'bfosf] pQm -O{Zj/sf] cl:tTjsf] k|df0fsf
;DaGwdf _ wf/0ffn] wd{ klg ;fj{ef}lds 5 eGg] s'/f l;4 ub{5 . b]jtfx¿ jf O{Zj/nfO{ Pskl5 csf] {
7fp“af6 s]jn k|fs[lts zlQmx¿sf] 1fgn] g} k'¥ofp“5 -;]SsL / pgsf] ;f}o{d08n_ . Tof] k|lqmof clxn]
slt cufl8 al9;s]sf] 5 eg] Tof] ;}4flGts ¿kaf6 k"/f ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
;fdflhs If]qdf k/fjt{gsf] lqmof t emg\ w]/} sl7g x'G5 . ;dfhsf ¿ksf] lgwf{/0f cfly{s
;DaGwx¿, pTkfbg / ljlgdo tyf To;sf cltl/Qm P]ltxfl;s¿kaf6, k"j{ ck]lIft kl/l:yltx¿af6
x'G5===.
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
k|s[ltdf åGåjfb
-c+z_
e"ldsf
k|frLg sfnLg k|fs[lts–bfz{lgs ;xh 1fgdfly cfwfl/t cf]h:jL ljrf/x¿ / c/ax¿sf Hofb}
dxŒjk"0f{ t/ l56km'6 cg';Gwfgx¿sf] t'ngf ubf{v]l/ xfdLx¿n] s] kfp“5f} + eg] k|s[lt;DaGwL
cg';Gwfgn] vfln cfw'lgs sfndf dfq j}1flgs, Jojl:yt / ;j{tf]d'vL¿kdf ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .
c/ax¿sf cg';Gwfgx¿ w]/}h;f] s'g} kmn glbO{sg nf]k ePsf lyP . clxn]sf] ;f/f Oltxf;;/x
k|s[lt;DaGwL oL ;f/f cfw'lgs cg';Gwfgx¿sf] yfngL Tof] dxfg\ o'udf ePsf] lyof], h;nfO{ xfdL
hd{g]nLx¿n] wfld{s–;'wf/sf] o'u eGb5f} + . To;sf] yfngL Tof] /fli6«o ljklQaf6 ePsf] lyof], h'g
xfdLdfly Tolta]nf cfOnfu]sf] lyof] . k|mfG;]nLx¿n] To;nfO{ k'ghf{u/0f sfn atfp“5g\ eg]

O6lnogx¿n] l;GSj] ;]G6f] -Cinque Cento_ eGb5g\ . Tof] o'u !% cf} + zbLsf] pQ/f4{df /x]sf] lyof]
. /fhfn] zx¿sf] ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DkGg gful/sx¿ssf] ;xfotfaf6 ;fdGtL clehft ju{sf] ;QfnfO{
rsgfr"/ kfl/lbPsf] lyof] tyf p;n] d"ntM /fli6«otfdfly cfwfl/t 7"nf /fhtGqx¿sf] :yfkgf u/]sf]
lyof] . cfw'lgs o"/f]k]nL /fi6«x¿ / cfw'lgs k" “hLjfbL ;dfhsf] ljsf; ToxL /fhtGqdftxt ePsf]
lyof] . clg, hlta]nf zxl/of ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DkGg ju{ / ;fdGt ju{sf dflg;x¿n] k/:k/df ;‹if{
ul//x]sf lyP, Tolta]nf hd{g]nL ls;fg o'4n] eljiolt/ nIo ub} { efjL ;‹if{x¿sf] k"j{ ;"rgf lbPsf]
lyof] . s]jn ljb|f]xL ls;fgx¿nfO{ /Ëd~rdf k'¥ofP/ dfq To;n] To;f] u/]sf] lyPg — Tof] t s'g} gof“
rLh clxn] /x]sf lyPg — clkt' ljb|f]xL ls;fgx¿sf kl5–kl5 cfw'lgs ;j{xf/f ju{sf] pbo;d]t
ePsf] lyof] . logLx¿sf xftdf /ftf em08f lyP / pgLx¿n] j:t'x¿dfly ;femf :jfldTjsf] dfu
ul//xsf] lyP . jfOh]lG6og-o"gfgL_ ;fd|FHosf] ktgsf] ;dodf h'g kf08'lnkLx¿ a“r]sf lyP / /f]dsf]
v08x/af6 h'g k|frLg d"tL{x¿ k|fKt ePsf lyP, tLaf6 gof“ ;G;f/, k|frLg o"gfgL ;G;f/ b]lvPsf]
lyof] . Tof] ;G;f/nfO{ b]v]/ kfZrfTo hut bË k/]sf] lyof] . p;sf] pHHjn ¿ksf cufl8 dWoo'uLg
k| ]tx¿ nf]k x'gk'u]sf lyP . O6nLdf snfsf] csNklgo pef/ cfof] . p;sf] Tof] snf k|rLg sfnsf]
pQd snfsf] k|ltljDah:tf] k|tLt x'GYof] -k'gM pm Tof] pTsif{df slxNo} k'u]g . O6nL, k|mfG; / hd{gLdf
gof“ ;flxTosf] pbo eof] . ToxL klxnf] cfw'lgs ;flxTo lyof] . s]xL ;dokl5 c+u| ]hL / :k]lg;
;flxTosf] zf:qLo sfn cfof] . k'/fgf] ;G;f/sf ;Ldfx¿ tf]l8P . jf:tjdf ;G;f/ ev{/} dfq
klxnf]k6s kQf nfu]sf] lyof] / kl5sf] ljZj Jofkf/ / pTkfbgsf] If]qdf b:tsfl/tfaf6 sfvf{gflt/
;ª\qmd0fsf] nflu cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] lyof] . k'gM To;af6 7"nf] dfqfdf cfw'lgs pBf]uwGwfsf] ;"qkft
eof] . dflg;sf] dl:tisaf6 O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf] tfgfzfxL Wj:t eof] . w]/}h;f] hd{g]nLx¿n] To;nfO{
;f]em} ltnf~hnL lbP / pgLx¿ k|f]6]:6\ofG6 aGg k'u] . Tolta]nf Nofl6g efiff–efifLx¿cGt/ut :jtGq
lrGtgsf] pNnf;k"0f{ efjgf km}lng k'u]sf] lyof] . Tof] efjgfnfO{ pgLx¿n] c/ax¿af6 l;sf] u/]sf
lyP . gof“ ¿kdf cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] o"gfgL bz{gn] To;nfO{ yk an lbof] / dfly p7fof] . :jtGq
lrGtgsf] Tof] efjgfsf] cfwf/ a9LeGbfa9L uxg aGb}uPsf] lyof] . k'gM pgLx¿n] !* cf} + zbLsf]
ef}ltsjfbL dfu{ tof/ u/] .
dfgj hfltn] clxn];Dd hlt k|ultzLn qmflGt b]v]sf] 5, tLdWo] Tof] ;a}eGbf dxfg\ lyof] . Tof]
;do s:tf] lyof] eg] To;sf] nflu dxfdfgjx¿sf] cfjZostf lyof] / dxfgdfgjx¿nfO{ { — ljrf/
zlQmsf dxfdfgjx¿nfO{, pTs6 pT;fx / rL/qsf dxfdfgjx¿nfO{ ;fj{ef}ldstf tyf ljåtfsf
dxfdfgjx¿nfO{ — p;n] g} pTkGg u/]sf] lyof] . tL JolQmx¿n] k" “hLklt ju{sf] cfw'lgs zf;g
:yfkgf u/]sf lyP . ltgLx¿df h];'s} bf]if /x]sf] eP klg pgLx¿ k" “hLjfbL ;Ldfx¿af6 af“lwPsf
lyPgg\ . To;sf] ljk/Lt, ;dosf] ;fx;L jftfj/0faf6 pgLx¿;d]t klg s]xLgs]xL dfqfdf cg'k|fl0ft
lyP . Tolta]nf zfob To:tf] s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ dflg; /x]sf] xf]nf, h;n] v"a ofqf gu/]sf] xf];\, h;n]
rf/–kf“rj6f efiffx¿ gaf]n]sf] xf];\, h;n] s}of} + If]qx¿df gfd gsdfPsf] xf];\ . lnofgfbf] { b leG;L
s]jn Pshgf lrqsf/ dfq geP/ pgL dxfg\ ul0flt1 d]sflgS; / OlGhlgo/ klg lyP . ef}lts
zf:qsf cToGt a]Unfa]Un} zfvfx¿sf y'k} | dxŒjk"0f{ cg';Gwfgx¿ pgsf C0fL 5g\ . cna| ]Vt 8\o'/]/
lrqsf/, snfsf/, d"tL{sf/ tyf jf:t'sf/;d]t lyP . To;sf cltl/Qm pgn] 3]/faGbLsf] To:tf]
Joj:yfsf] cfljisf/ u/]sf lyP, h;df y'k} | tL ljrf/x¿ df}h"b lyP . ltgnfO{ w]/}kl5 df]G6n PDa6{
tyf 3]/faGbLsf] cfw'lgs hd{g–lj1fgn] k'gM hLljt u/]sf 5g\ . d]lsofa]nL /fhg]tf, Oltxf;sf/ /
slj lyP tyf To;sf ;fy;fy} pgL ;}lgs ljifox¿sf] cfw'lgs sfnsf dxŒjk"0f{ n]vs klg lyP .
n"y/n] s]jn O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf] hdfgfaf6 rNb}cfPsf] kmf]x/ dfq x6fOlbPsf lyPgg\, clkt' pgn]
cfw'lgs hd{g uBsf l;h{gf u/]sf lyP . clg, pgn] g} pQm ;f]xf} + zbLsf] df/;]nfh aGg k'u]sf]
ljho uLtsf zAbx¿ / :j/x¿sf] /rgf;d]t u/]sf lyP . To;a]nfsf gfos clxn];Dd >d–
ljefhgsf aGwgx¿df af“lwPsf lyPgg\ . xfdLx¿ pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿df w]/}h;f] >d–ljefhgsf]
b[li6sf]0f ;Lldt ug] { { k|efjx¿nfO{ b]Vb5f} + . To;sf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿sf] b[li6sf]0fdf Psf]xf]/f]kg cfp“5 .
t/ tL ;a} s'/fx¿dWo]sf] Pp6f vf; rfl/lqs ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] pgLx¿ ;asf ;an] ;dsfnLg
cfGbf]ngsf aLrdf, Jojxfl/s cfGbf]ngx¿sf aLrdf cf gf] sfd ub{y], pgLx¿n] kIf lnGy] /

;‹if{df efu lnGy] — Psy/Ln] Tof] sfo{ af]n]/ jf n]v]/ ub{y] eg] csf{y/Ln] t/af/af6 ub{y] tyf
s}of} +n] b'j}k|sf/n] ub{y] . ctM pgLx¿sf] Tof] r/Lqsf] kl/k"0f{tf / zlQm;DkGgtfn] pgLx¿nfO{ k"0f{
dfgj agfp“Yof] . cWoog sIfdf k|j]z ug] { JolQmx¿ s]jn ckjfbsf] ¿kdf dfq e]l6Gy] . cfk"mdf
s'g} k|sf/sf] cf“r gcfcf];\ eg]/ Hofb} ;ts{ /xg] cgf8Lx¿ jf bf];|f] jf t];|f] txsf JolQmx¿ g} k|foM
el6Gy] .
Tolta]nf k|s[lt lj1fgsf] ljsf; klg cfd qmflGtsf] aLrdf g} ePsf] lyof] / Tof] :jo+ klg
k"0f{tM qmflGtsf/L lyof] . To;n] jf:tjdf cf gf] cl:tTjsf] ;+3if{df ljho k|fKt ug'{k/]sf]
lyof] .
cfw'lgs bz{gsf] yfngL u/]sf dxfg\ O6flnogsf] ;“u;“u} of] k|s[lt lj1fgn] wd{sf cbfntx¿sf
sfnsf]7/Lx¿ -Inquisition_ / kmf“;Lsf tVtf nflu zxLbx¿;d]tnfO{ hGd lbPsf] lyof] . /, s] s'/f
ljz]if¿kn] pNn]vgLo 5 eg] k|s[ltsf] :jtGq cg';Gwfg sfo{dfly lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu
Sofyf]lnsx¿eGbf k|f]6]:6\ofG6x¿ $ xft cufl8 lyP . /Qm ;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{ k"/f ug{
nflu ;s]sf] a]nf ;lj{6\;nfO{ sflNdgn] xftv'§f af“w]/ cfuf]df lk/f]nL–lk/f]nL lhp“b} hnfPsf] lyof] .
jf:tjdf pgnfO{ b'O{306f;Dd p;n] cfuf]df lk/f]ln/x]sf] lyof] . To;eGbf t a? Sofyf]lnsx¿sf]
wfld{s cbfntn] lhofb{gf] a| 'gf]nfO{ ;fdfGotM lhp“b} hnfPsf] s'/f j]z lyof] .
h'g qmflGtsf/L sfo{sf] dfWodaf6 k|s[lt lj1fgn] cf gf] :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ffsf] u/]sf] lyof],
Tof] sf]klg{s;sf] cd/ s[lt 107 sf] k|sfzg lyof] . Tof] Psk|sf/n] n'y/n] kf]ksf] kfkn a'nnfO{
hnfOlbg] lqmofsf] k'g/fj[lQ lyof] . oBlk sf]klg{s;n] 8/fO{–8/fO{ / Ps k|sf/n] cfk"m d[To' zo\ofdf
k'u]sf] a]nfdf pQm u|Gyåf/f k|s[lt;DaGwL dfldnfdf wfld{s kfb/Lx¿sf] ;QfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbPsf lyP /,
oBlk vf;–vf; kf/:kl/s bfafx¿ k"/f ug] { n8fO“ clxn];Dd klg rln/x]sf] 5 / y'k} |sf ljrf/df
clxn];Dd klg Tof] k"/f eO;s]sf] 5}g tfklg wfld{s bz{gaf6 k|s[lt lj1fgsf] d'lQm jf:tjdf p;}
lbg g} ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 lj1fgsf] ljsf; tLj| ultaf6 ePsf] 5 . To;a]nfb]lv g} To;sf]
zlQmdf -;dosf]_ b"/Lsf] ju{sf] cg'kftdf j[l4 x'“b}uPsf]
5 eGg ;lsG5 . ;G;f/nfO{ s] s'/f
atfOlbg'kg] { h:tf] nfUb5 eg] To;kl5 ;hLj kbfy{sf] ;jf] {Rr pkh, cyf{t\ dfgj dl:tissf
;DaGwdf ultsf] h'g lgod nfu" x'G5, Tof] lghL{j j:t'sf ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g] lgodeGbf Psbd} pN6f]
x'G5 .
k|s[lt lj1fgsf] ;"qkft eO;s]sf] pQm klxnf] r/0fdf d'Vo sfd Psbd} cufl8 df}h"b /x]sf
;fdu|Lx¿dfly :jfldTj :yflkt ug'{
lyof] . y'k} | If]qx¿df pQm sfo{sf] k|F/De Psbd} ;'?af6} ug'{kb{Yof]
. ;'?df xfdLn] o"SnL8 108 / K6f]n]dfOsf] ;f}o{kl/jf/ 109 =kfPsf lyof} + . c/ax¿n] cf gf k5fl8
bzdnj cÍ k4lt, k|f/lDes aLhul0ft, cfw'lgs cÍ / cNs]dL 5fl8lbPsf lyP eg] O;fO{ wd{sf]
dWo'un] s]xL klg 5f]8]sf] lyPg . To; l:yltdf :jefjtM klxnf] :yfg ;a}eGbf df}lns k|s[lt lj1fg,
cyf{t\ kfly{j / cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf] oflGqs lj1fgn] kfPsf] lyof] . To;sf] ;“u;“u} ;]ljsfsf] ¿kdf
csf] { dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg ul0ftLo k4ltsf] vf]hL / To;nfO{ ;d[4 agfpg] sfo{n] kfPsf] lyof] . To; If]qdf
dxfg\ ;kmntf xfl;n lyof] . xfdLx¿n] s] b]Vb5f} + eg] To;sf] cflv/df To;sf k|ltlglwx¿ — Go"6g
/ lngfo; lyP . pgLx¿n] lj1fgsf tL zfvfx¿nfO{ lglZrt kl/k"0f{sf] cj:yf;Dd k'¥ofPsf lyP .
cfwf/e"t ul0ftLo k4ltx¿sf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfx¿ :yflkt ul/Psf lyP . vf;¿kn] b]sft{sf]
ljZn]if0ffTds HofldtL -Analytical Geometry_, g]lko/sf] n3' u0fsx¿ -Logarithms_ tyf
n]lAgT; / ;DejtM Go"6gsf leGg / PsLs[t ul0ft -Differintial and Uintegral Calculus_
sf] :yfkgf eO;s]sf] lyof] . ToxL s'/f 7f]; lk08x¿sf] oflGqslj1fgaf/] klg ;xL xf] . To;sf klg
d'Vo lgodx¿ ;w} +sf nflu :ki6¿kaf6 lgwf{l/t ul/Psf lyP . cGtdf ;f}o{–d08nsf] Hof]ltifzf:qsf]
If]qdf ;d]t klg s]Kn/n] u|xx¿ kl/rfl/t x'g] lgodx¿ kQf nufPsf lyP tyf Go"6gn] kbfy{sf]
ultsf] ;fdfGo lgodsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ltgnfO{ ;"qa4 agfPsf lyP . k|s[lt lj1fgsf c¿ zfvfx¿
k|f/lDes k"0f{tfsf] Tof] cj:yfeGbf klg emg\ k5fl8 lyP . To;sf] cGtdf k'u]/ g} t/n / Uof;sf
lk08x¿sf] oflGqslj1fgsf] ljsf;kl§ a9L Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] lyof] . 110 vf; ef}ltszf:q clxn];Dd
klg cf gf] k|f/lDes cj:yfaf6 cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] lyPg . To;df vfln k|sfzzf:q -Optics_

dfq ckjfb lyof] . To;sf] c;fwf/f0f k|ultsf] sf/0f Hof]ltifzf:qsf Jojxfl/s cfjZostfx¿ pTkGg
ePsf lyP . k|bfx;DaGwL l;4fGt 111 sf] ;xfotfaf6 /;fogzf:qn] klg :jo+nfO{ klxnf]rf]6L
cNs]dLaf6 d'Qm u/]sf] lyof] . e"ue{zf:q cem};Dd vlgh lj1fgsf] e| "0f cj:yfaf6 cufl8 a9]sf]
lyPg . ctM k|fu\–e"ue{zf:qsf] cl:tTjsf] t cem};Dd k|Zg g} p7]sf] lyPg . /, cflv/df hLjlj1fgsf]
If]qdf d"n sfd clxn] klg To;l;t ;DalGwt y'k} | ;fdu|L hDdf ug'{
/ To;sf] k|f/lDes 5fgjLg ug'{
lyof] . tL ;fdu|Lx¿df vfln jg:ktLzf:q / k|fl0fzf:q;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿ dfq geP/ zf/Ll/s -
Anatomical_ / b]x;DaGwL -Physiological_ ;fdu|L;d]t kb{y] . hLjgsf a]Unfa]Un} ¿kx¿sf]
t'ngf ug'{
cyjf ltgsf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0f / ltgsf] cl:tTjsf] hnjfo', cflb;DaGwL kl/l:yltx¿sf]
cg';Gwfgsf] s'/fsf] t k|Zg g} lyPg . To; If]qdf lngfo;sf] sf/0f vfln jg:ktLzf:q /
k|f0fLzf:qn] dfq sl/a–sl/a k"0f{tf k|fKt u/]sf lyP .
t/ To;a]nfsf] ljz]if¿kn] dxŒjk"0f{ rLh Pp6f ljz]if cfd b[li6sf]0f pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . To;
b[li6sf]0fsf] cfwf/lznf k|s[lt Psbd} ckl/jt{gzLn 5 eGg] /x]sf] lyof] . k| +s[lt h;/L cl:tTjdf xf];\
tfklg Tof] Tokl5 Tof] hlxn];Dd /xG5, ToxL ¿kdf /lx/xg' lglZrt lyof] . s'g} /x:ok"0f{ æk|yd
cfj]uÆsf] wSsfaf6 Psk6s ;~rflnt eO;s]kl5 u|x / ltgsf pku|xx¿n] cf gf] k"j{ lgwf{l/t
bL3{j[Qdf cgGt sfn;Dd, cyjf slDtdf ;a} rLhx¿sf] cGt gx'“bf;Dd
3'ld/xg]5g\ . tf/fx¿ ;w} +
cf–cf gf 7fp“df l:y/ / c6n /xG5g\ . /, æ;fj{ef}lds u'?Tjfsif{0f zlQmÆåf/f Pscsf] {nfO{ l:y/
agfO /fVb5g\ . cgGt sfnb]lv, cyjf o;f] egf} + cf gf] pTklQsf] kxnf] lbgb]lv s'g} k/jt{gljgf
k[YjL h:tfsf] t:t} /lx/x]sf] 5 . jt{dfg sfnsf ækf“r dxfb]zx/Æ ;w} + cl:tTjdf /x]sf 5g\ tyf
ltgdf ;w} + pg} kj{t, pg} 3f“6Lx¿ / gbLx¿, pxL hnjfo' / pg} k|f0fLx¿ / af]6 lj?jfx¿ /lx/x]sf
5g\ . olb k|f0fL / af]6 lj?jfdf s'g} kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] dflg;sf] sf/0fn] ePsf] 5 . tL
k|f0fLx¿ / af]6 lj?jfx¿sf hflt–k|hfltx¿ tL k}bf x'g]a]nfdf Ps}k6s ;w} +sf nflu :yflkt ePsf
lyP . Pp6f rLhn] ;w} + ToxL k|sf/s} rLh k}bf ub{5 . lngfo;n] s] dfGg' klg 7"nf] s'/f lyof] eg]
;DejtM ;+s/ agfpg] lqmofåf/f oqtq gof“ hflt klg pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . dfgj hfltsf] ;dosf]
;u“;“u} cufl8 a9\g] Oltxf;sf] ljk/Lt k|s[ltsf] Oltxf; s]jn cjsf;df dfq} km}lnG5 eGg] ul/G5 .
x/]s vfnsf] kl/jt{g / k|s[ltcGt/ut x'g] x/]svfnsf] ljsf;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . k|f/lDes
sfndf TolQsf] qmflGtsf/L /xsf] ] k|s[lt lj1fgn] clxn] PSsf;L s] b]Vg k'u]sf] 5 eg] p;sf] cufl8
v8f ePsf] k|s[lt Psbd} ckl/jt{gzLn lyof] — x/]s j:t' ;'?df h:tf] lyof], clxn] klg p:t} 5 tyf
;G;f/sf] cgGtsfn;Dd cyjf zf:jt sfn;Dd x/]s j:t' ;'?df h:tf] x'“b}
cfO/x]sf] 5, To:t}
/lx/xg]5 .
1fg / cf gf rLhx¿sf] 5fgjLg ug] { { b[li6sf]0faf6 klg !* cf} + zbLsf] k"jf{4{sf] k|s[lt lj1fg
o"gfgsf] k|frLg sfnsf t'ngfdf w]/} pRr:t/;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] . t/ ;}4flGts¿kaf6 tL ;fdu|Ldfly
lgoGq0f :yflkt ug] { b[li6sf]0faf6 / k|s[lt;DaGwL cfd b[li6sf]0faf6 Tof] o"gfgsf] k|frLg sfnsf]
t'ngfdf TolQs} lgDg:t/df /x]sf] lyof] . o"gfgL bfz{lgsx¿sf] b[li6sf]0fdf ;G;f/ d'VotM s:tf] rLh
lyof] eg] of] lg/fsf/ z"Goleqaf6 lgSn]sf] lyof] tyf Tof] cl:tTjdf cfPsf] / ljsl;t ePsf] rLh
lyof] . t/ h'ga]nfsf] s'/f xfdL ul//x]sf 5f} +, To; sfnsf j}1flgsx¿sf lglDt ;G;f/ xf8h:tf]
s7f]/ / ljsf;ljxLg lyof], cjk/Ljt{gzLn rLh lyof] tyf To;dWo]af6 w]/}h;f]sf] nflu Tof] ps}k6s
;[li6 ePsf] rLh lyof] . Tolta]nf;Dd klg lj1fg wfld{s bz{gsf] kmGbfdf km“;]sf] lyof] . x/]s 7fp“df
p;n] clGtd sf/0fsf] ¿kdf aflx/L cfj]u -Impulse_ vf]HbYof] / kfp“Yof] klg . Tof] cfj]usf] JofVof
s]jn k|s[ltsf cfwf/df dfq ug{ ;lsGgYof] . u'?Tjfsif{0f zlQmnfO{ Go"6gn] w'dwfdl;t æ;fj{ef}lds
u'?Tjfsif{0fÆsf] gfdfs/0f u/]sf lyP . To;nfO{ kbfy{sf] ljlzi6 u'0fsf] ¿kdf x]bf{v]l/ k|Zg s]
p7\bYof] eg] ;j{k|yd, Tof] u|xx¿sf] u|xky pTkGg ug] { { :kz{–/]vLo zlQm sxf“af6 cfPsf] lyof] <
hGt'x¿ / af]6lj?jfx¿sf cgluGtL k|sf/ s;/L k}bf ePsf lyP < /, ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ k|Zg dfG5]sf]
;[li6 s;/L ePsf] lyof] lsgeg] cflv/ pm cgGtsfnb]lv g} df}h'b lyPg eGg] s'/f t to eO;ssf]
5 < o;k|sf/sf y'k} | k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbgsf nflu k|s[lts lj1fgn] k|foM ;a} s'/fsf] pQ/bfoL ;|i6f

agfOlbGYof] . To;a]nfsf] ;'?df sf]klg{s;n] wfdL{s bz{gnfO{ d"n 9f]sfsf] af6f] b]vfOlbG5g\ . To;
sfnsf] cGt Go"6gn] ub{5g\ — b}jL k|yd cfj]usf] k/+ l;4fGt k|ltli7t u/]/ . h'g k|s[lt lj1fg
;jf] {Rr cfd ljrf/;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf] lyof], Tof] k|s[ltsf] Joj:yfcGt/ut p2]Zok"0f{ x'G5 eGg] lyof] .
jf:tjdf Tof] af]Nkmsf] pQfpnf] pkof]lutfjfbL ljrf/ lyof] / Tof] ljrf/ cg';f/ d';f df/f];\ eg]/
lj/fnfsf] ;[li6 x'G5 / lj/fnf]n] vfg] Joj:yf xf];\ eg]/ d';fsf] ;[li6 x'G5 tyf;|i6fsf] a'l4dfgLsf]
k|df0f ;a}nfO{ xfl;n xf];\ eg]/ ;Dk"0f{ k|s[ltsf rLhx¿sf] ;[li6 x'G5 . Tolta]nfsf] bz{gsf] Hofb}
>]osf] s'/f s] xf] eg] k|s[lt;DaGwL cf gf] ;dosf] ;Lldt 1fgsf] cj:yfaf6 p;n] cfk"mnfO{
lbUe|ldt x'g lbPsf] lyPg / — l:kgf]hfb]lv lnP/ dxfg\ k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbLx¿;Dd — p;n]
;G;f/sf] JofVof :jo= ;G;f/s} cfwf/df ul/g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf lg/Gt/ hf]8 lbO/x]sf] lyof] . To;
s'/fsf] l;nl;nfj4¿kdf k|dfl0ft ug] { { sfo{ef/ p;n] efjL k|s[lt lj1fgnfO{ 5fl8lbPsf] lyof] .
!* cf} + zbLsf ef}ltsjfbLx¿nfO{ d}n] ToxL sfndf ;fd]n ub{5' lsgeg] dfly h'g ljj/0f
lbOPsf] 5, To;afx]s k|s[lt lj1fg;DaGwL pgLx¿nfO{ c¿ s'g} ;fdu|L k|fKt lyPg . sfG6sf]
o'ufGtsf/L sfo{ pgLx¿sf] nflu cg'b\3fl6t /x:o alg/x]sf lyof] / nfKnf; pgLeGbf w]/}kl5 cfPsf
lyP . xfdLx¿n] s] s'/f e'Ng'x'“b}g
eg] kl5 lj1fgsf] k|ultn] To;nfO{ 6'qmf–6'qmf kfl/lbPsf] eP tfklg
!( cf} + zbLsf] ;Dk"0f{ k"jf{4{el/ k|s[lt;DaGwL Tof] cljsl;t b[li6sf]0f rf/}lbzf km}lnPsf] lyof] . /,
cBfjlw d"ne"t¿kdf ;f/fsf ;f/f :s"nx¿df ToxL s'/f l;sfOG5 . 112
k|s[lt;DaGwL Tof] lghL{j b[li6sf]0fdf klxnf] l5b| s'g} k|s[lt j}1flgsn] geP/ bfz{lgsn] k}bf
u/]sf lyP . !&%% df sfG6sf] /rgf–k|s[ltsf] cfd Oltxf; tyf :ju{sf] l;4fGt -Allgemeine
Naturges Chicht und Theorie des Himmels_ k|fsflzt ePsf] lyof] . k|yd cfj]usf]
k|ZgnfO{ To;df vtd kfl/Psf] lyof] . k[YjL / ;Dk"0f{ ;f}o{d08n To:tf] j:t'sf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf]
lyof], h'g sfnqmddf pTkGg ePsf] lyof] ] . Go"6gn] r]tfjgL lbPsf lyP M æef}ltszf:q t“
cflwef}ltsjfbb]lv ;fjwfg /xg" Æ k|s[lt j}1flgsx¿sf] ljzfn ax'dtnfO{ Go"6gåf/f ul/Psf] Tof]
r]tfjgLlt/ Wofg lbg] s'/fdf olb clnslt yf]/} klg ljt[i0ff x'g] eP sfG6sf] pxL k|ltefzfnL
cg';Gwfgsf] cfwf/df g} pgLx¿ To:tf] lgisif{df k'Ug afWo x'Gy] . To;n]ubf{ csygLo e"ndf kg] {
s'/faf6 pgLx¿ a“Rg] lyP / unt lbzfdf nufOPsf] csygLo ;do / >d klg Joy} {df ajf{b x'g]
s'/faf6 hf]luGYof] lsgeg] sfG6sf] vf]hdf kl5sf] ;f/fsf ;f/f k|ultsf] cfwf/ df}h"b lyof] . olb k[YjL
To;vfnsf] pTkGg ePsf] rLh xf] eg] To;sf clxn]sf e"ue{zf:qLo, ef}uf]lns / hnhjfo';DaGwL
cj:yfx¿ /, To;/L k}bf ePsf To;sf af]6lj?jfx¿ / hGt'x¿ klg To;/L g} pTkGg ePsf rLhx¿
x'g'kb{5 . To;sf] Oltxf; x'g'kb{5 — vfln cjsf;df To;sf] ;xcl:tTjsf] Oltxf; dfq geP/ Tof]
To;a]nfsf] To;sf] cg'qmdsf] Oltxf;;d]t klg xf] . olb kl5sf] 5fgjLgsf] sfo{ b[9tfsf ;fy /
t'?Gt ToxL lbzfdf ul/Psf] x'GYof] eg] k|s[lt lj1fg cfh hlt ;d'Ggt 5, Tof]eGbf emg\w]/} ;d'Ggt
x'g]lyof] . t/ bz{gaf6 s] kmfObf x'g ;SbYof] t < s}of} + jif{;Dd s'g} tfTsflns kl/0ffdljgf sfG6sf]
sfd TolQs} /lx/x\of], hlxn];Dd nfKnf; / x;] {nn] To;sf] ljifoj:t'sf] sfo{ k|ltkfbg u/]/ To;nfO{
cema9L uxL/f] cfwf/ k|bfg u/]gg\ . To;f] u/]/ ælgxfl/sf l;4fGtÆ 113 nfO{ lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} pgLx¿n]
hglk|o agfPsf lyP . kl5sf vf]hx¿n] clv/df To;sf] lgwf/df ljhosf] 6Lsf nfufOlbPsf] lyof] .
tLdWo] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ cg';Gwfgx¿ lgDg cg';f/ lyP M l:y/ tf/fx¿sf] ult oyfy{df s] xf] eGg]
kQf nufOPsf] lyof], ;fj{ef}dls cjsf;leq k|lt/f]ws pks/0f df}h"b 5 eGg] l;4 ul/Psf] lyof],
ljZjdf df}h"b ;f/fsf ;f/f kbfy{leq /f;folgs Ps¿ktf -cgGotf_ x'G5 tyf sfG6n] k"j{ sNkgf
u/]sf k|sfzdfg lgxfl/sf ;+xltx¿ -Nebular Masses_ jf:tjdf ljBdfg 5g\ eGg] j0ff{qmdsf]
ljZn]if0fåf/f l;4 ul/Psf] lyof] . 114
t/ k|s[lt vfln df}h"b 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f dfq xf]Og, clkt' of] hlGd/xG5 / dl//xG5 eg]/
pl7/x]sf] wf/0ffaf/] z+sf ug{ ;lsG5 . olb Ps csf] { If]qaf6 ;dy{g k|FKt gePsf] eP k|s[lt
lj1fgsf j}1flgsx¿sf] w]/}h;f] efu kl/jt{gzLn k[YjL ckl/jt{gzLn hLj ePsf] eGg] c;+ultk"0f{
s'/fk|lt l56} ;hu x'GYof] . e"ue{zf:qsf] hGd eof] . To;n] vfln e"ldsf] :t/ Pskl5 csf] { ag]sf] /

Psdfly csf] { hd]sf] s'/f :ki6 u/]sf] dfq geP/ p;n] tL :t/leq nf]k ePsf kz'x¿sf 5fnf /
s+sfn tyf clxn] gkfOg] af]6lj?jfx¿sf tgf, kftx¿ tyf kmn klg df}h"b lyP eGg] s'/f
b]vfOlbPsf] lyof] . s]jn ;Dk"0f{ k[YjLsf] dfq geP/ To;sf] jt{dfg ;tx / To;dfly kfOg] lj?jfx¿
/ hGt'x¿sf] klg s'g} ;dodf Pp6f Oltxf; lyof] eGg] s'/f dfGg' ckl/xfo{ ePsf] lyof] . ;'?–;'?df
Tof] s'/f cToGt xfbL{s¿kaf6 :jLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . k[YjLsf] kl/qmdfsf] ;DaGwdf s'ljo/sf] l;4fGt
zAbdf t qmflGtsf/L lyof] eg] jf:tljs ;f/tTjdf Tof] k|ltqmflGtsf/L lyof] . O{Zj/n] Ps}k6s
;f/fsf ;f/f ;[li6 u/]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/fsf 7fp“df p;n] ;[li6 af/Daf/ ul/Psf] s'/fsf] k"/f ;[li6 u/]sf]
lyof] . To;/L rdTsfl/s sfo{x¿nfO{ p;n] k|s[ltsf] cfjZos sf/s tTj agfOlbPsf] lyof] . ;|:6fsf]
dgf]efjsf] sf/0f pTkGg x'g] PSsf;L qmflGtx¿sf s'/fsf] 7fp“df lnPnn] s] eg]sf lyP eg] tL
qmflGtx¿ k[YjLleq lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} x'g] ¿kfGt/sf k|efjx¿sf] sf/0fn] x'G5g\ . Tof] l;4fGtnfO{ k|:t't
u/]/ lnPn=-Lyell_n] e"ue{zf:qleq ;dGjo :yflkt u/]sf lyP . 115
lnPnsf] l;4fGtn] t hLjx¿sf :yfoL hfltx¿sf] wf/0ffsf ;fy} To;eGbf klxn]sf
l;4fGtx¿l;t;d]t klg sd d]n vfGYof] . k[YjLsf] ;tx -aflx/L efu_ tyf hLjgsf ;f/fsf ;f/f
kl/l:yltx¿df qmdzM x'g] kl/jt{gsf] kmn:j¿k hLjx¿x¿sf] klg qmdzM ¿kfGt/ x'“b}
uof] / tL
kl/jt{gx¿ kl/j]z cg's"n aGb} uP, hfltx¿sf] x]/km/ -Mutuality_ x'“b}
uof] . t/ k/:k/fn] s]jn
Sofyf]lns rr{leq dfq geP/ k|s[lt lj1fgleq klg Pp6f zlQm ;dfg sfd ul//xG5 . jiff} + {;Dd :jo+
lnPnn] pQm c;+ultnfO{ b]Vg ;s]gg\ . pgsf r]nfx¿n] t Tof] emg} sd b]Vg ;s]sf lyP . To;sf]
sf/0f s]jn s] dfq x'g ;SbYof] eg] To;aLr k|fs[lts lj1fgsf] If]qdf >d–ljefhgsf] l;nl;nf
:yflkt ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] sf/0fn] x/]s JolQm s]xLgs]xL dfqfdf cf gf] ljlzi6 If]q;Dd dfq
;Lldt x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . To; rLhsf] sf/0faf6 Jofks b[li6sf]0faf6 k|efljt ePsf gu0o JolQmx¿
lyP .
To;aLr ef}ltszf:qn] Hofb} k|ult u/]sf] lyof] . !*$@ df To;sf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ ljleGg tLg
JolQmx¿n] ;f/¿kdf nueu ;“u;“u} k|:t't u/]sf lyP . k|s[lts cg';Gwfg sfo{sf zfvfx¿sf] nflu
!*$@ sf] jif{ o'ufGtsf/L jif{ lyof] . d]o/ -Mayer_n] x]n a|f]gdf / h"n -Joule_n] dfgr]:6/df
tfk zlQmnfO{ oflGqs zlQmdf tyf olfGqs zlQmnfO{ tfklzlQmdf ¿kfGt/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] l;4
ul/lbPsf lyP . tfkzlQmsf] oflGqs t'Nof+s -Mechanical Equivalent_ sf] lgwf{/0fn] pQm
lgisif{nfO{ ;Gb]xljxLg agfOlbPsf] lyof] . To;sf] ;“u;“u} ef}ltszf:qsf] If]qdf a]Unfa]Un} h] lgisif{
lglSnGYof], To;nfO{ ;f]emf;f]emL¿kdf hf]8]/ u|f]e -Grove_ — h'g k]zfn] k|s[lt j}1flgs geP/
Pshgf c+u| ]h jsLn lyP — n] s] l;4 ul/lbPsf lyP eg] ;f/f ef}lts zlQmx¿ — oflGqs, tfk,
k|sfz, ljB't, r'DasTj, cflb /, jf:tjdf /f;folgs elgg] zlQm ;d]t klg — vf; kl/l:yltdf Ps
csf] {df ¿kfGtl/t x'g k'Ub5g\ . To;af6 zlQmsf] dfqfdf s'g} sdL cfp“b}g . To;/L ef}lts
k|df0fx¿sf] cfwf/df u|f]en] ;G;f/df df}h"b ultsf] dfqf l:y/ -ckl/jt{gLo_ x'G5 eGg] b]sft{sf]
l;4fGtnfO{ ;xL l;4 u/]sf lyP . To;kl5 ljlzi6 ef}lts zlQmx¿, ef}lts zlQmsf slyt
ckl/jt{gzLn æhfltx¿Æ gfgf k|sf/af6 e"t–b|Josf] ultsf a]Unfa]Un} ¿kx¿df ljeQm x'G5g\ eGg]
s'/f :ki6 eof] . vf; lgodx¿ cg';f/ tL Ps ¿kaf6 csf] { ¿kdf abln/xG5g\ . ;f/f ef}lts
zlQmx¿ Pscsf] {l;t ;DalGGwt 5g\ / Pscsf] {df ¿kfGtl/t eO/xG5g\ eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft eO;s]kl5
j}1flgs If]q cGt/ut a]Unfa]Un} ;+Vofdf ;G;f/df ljBdfg x'G5g\ / ltgsf] cl:tTj cfsl:ds x'G5
eGg] wf/0ff ;dfKt eof] . h;/L Hof]ltsifzf:q klxn] pQm lgisif{df k'usf] lyof], To;}u/L ef}ltszf:q
klg ca Tof] clGtd lgisif{df k'Ugfn] ckl/xfo{¿kdf ultzLn e"t–b|Josf] Ps cgGt rqm 5 / Tof]
ToxL rqmdf 3'ld/xG5 eGg] :ki6 x'g k'usf] ] lyof] .
n]jf]l;o/kl5 tyf ljz]if¿kn] 8fN6gkl5 /;fogzf:qsf] If]qdf cfZro{hgs¿kaf6 h'g tLj|
k|ult ePsf] lyof], To;n] k|s[lt;DaGwL k'/fgf ljrf/x¿dfly Ps csf] { kIfaf6 k|xf/ u/]sf] lyof] .
clxn];Dd s]jn hLljt z/L/ cGt/ut dfq pTkGg x'g]u/]sf of}lusx¿ lghL{j -Inorganic_
;fwgx¿sf] dfWodaf6 tof/ ugf{n] s] l;4 ePsf] lyof] eg] /;fogzf:qsf lgodx¿ h;/L lghL{j

jf:t'x¿df nfu" x'G5g\, To;}u/L ;hLj k|f0fLx¿df klg nfu" x'G5g\ . To;/L lghL{j / ;hLj
k|s[ltaLrsf] b"/L w]/} xb;Dd x6\of] . Tof] b"/LnfO{ sfG6n] klg cnª\3gLo 7fGby] .
cGtdf hljzf:qLo cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf klg ut -cyf{t\ !* cf} +_ zbLsf] dWosfnkl5 h'g
j}1flgs ofqf / cleofg Jojl:yt¿kaf6 ;Ël7t ul/Psf] lyof], Tof] ;G;f/sf ;Dk"0f{ efux¿sf
o"/f]k]nL pklgj]zx¿df /xg] Toxf“sf ljz]if1x¿n] 5fgjLg / cg';Gwfgsf] sfd lgs} u/]sf lyP tyf
k|fu\–e"ue{zf:q, z/L/lj1fg / zf/Ll/szf:qsf] If]qdf ljz]if u/]/ ;"Idbz{soGqsf] ljlwjt¿kdf
pkof]u x'gyfn]sf] x'gfn] tyf sf]lzsfsf] cg';Gwfg ePsf] x'gfn] h'g ;fdfGo k|ult ePsf] lyof], tL
;f/f rLhx¿sf sf/0fn] sltw]/} ;fdu|L hDdf ePsf] lyof] eg] ca ltgsf] cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf
t'ngfTds k4ltsf] pkof]u ug] { s'/f ;Dej / ckl/xfo{ ePsf] lyof] . 116 Psflt/, t'ngfTds k|fs[lts
e"uf]nsf] ;xfotfaf6 a]Unfa]Un}vfn] lj?jfx¿ / k|f0fLx¿sf hLjgsf kl/l:yltx¿ lgwf{l/t ul/Psf
lyP eg] csf{lt/, ltgLx¿sf ;hftLo cË cg';f/ a]Unfa]Un} hLjx¿sf] — s]jn pQm hLjx¿sf]
jo:s l:yltsf] dfq geP/ ltgsf ;Dk"0f{ cj:yfx¿sf] — Ps csf{l;t t'ngfTds cWoog ul/Psf] ]
lyof] . hlt a9L uxL/]/L / oyfy{tfsf ;fy pQm cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] ] lyof], TolQs} a9L dfqfdf To;nfO{
:kz{ ubf{lalQs} ;hLj k|s[ltsf] Joj:yf Pp6f h8tfk"0f{ / ckl/jt{gLo¿kaf6 lgwf{l/t Joj:yf xf]
eGg] wf/0ff e]l6g k'Uof] . s]jn lj?jfx¿ / kz'x¿sf ljleGg hfltx¿ dfq a9LeGbf a9L dfqfdf
Pscsf{l;t cleGg¿kn] ldNg k'u]sf lyPgg\, a? b'j}lt/ tLvf] cfsf/ x'g] k|hflt -k|fl;sf—
Amphioxus_ 117 / cg'b/ l5b| x'g] k|hfltvfn] k|f0fLx¿ -Lepidosiren_ b]vf k/] . ltgn] klxn]sf
;a} juL{s/0f 118 nfO{ pkxf;k"0f{ agfOlbPsf lyP . cGtdf To;k|sf/sf hLjx¿ klg e]l6P, h;sf]
;DaGw jg:klt hut\l;t lyof] jf kz' hut\l;t eg]/ 5'6\ofpg' ;Dej lyPg . k|frLg e"ue{zf:qsf
j0f{gx¿df /x]sf cjsfzx¿ a9LeGbf a9L dfqfdf el/+b}uP . ltgsf] sf/0fn] ;Dk"0f{ hLjhut\sf]
ljsf;sf] Oltxf; tyf x/]s k|f0fLsf] 5'§f5'6\ } ljsf;sf] Oltxf;df Psbd} ;dfgtf 5 eGg] s'/f
gdfGg]x¿n] ;d]t ltgLx¿sf sf/0fn] dfGg afWo ePsf lyP . h'g e'ne'n}ofdf ag:kltzf:q /
k|f0fLzf:q x/fPsf lyP, To;af6 pDs]/ aflx/ lgl:sgsf nflu Tof] rLhn] æAriadneÆ sf] wfuf]n] em} +
d2t k'¥ofof] . s] s'/f pNn]vgLo 5 eg] !&%( df hlta]nf sfG6n] ;f}o{d08nsf] cgGttfdfly k|xf/
u/]sf lyP, TolQa]n} s]=Pkm=af]Nkmn] hfltx¿ l:y/ x'G5g\ eGg] wf/0ffdfly k|xf/ u/]sf lyP . To;sf
;fy;fy} pgn] cfg'j+lzsLsf] l;4fGtsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . t/ af]Nkmsf] nflu h'g rLh vfln bl/nf]
k"j{ sNkgf dfq lyof], ToxL cf]s]g, nfdfs{, a]j/ cflbsf] xftdf k'u]/ kfsf] rLh aGgk'u]sf] lyof] .
clg km]l/, 7Ls !)) jif{kl5 !*%( df 8flj{gn] To; l;4fGtnfO{ k"0f{tM ;kmn kf/]sf lyP . sl/a–
sl/a To;}a]nf hLjg–/; -Protoplasm_ / klxn] g} k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] sf]lzsf g} ;f/f hLjx¿sf
cfs[lt tTj;DaGwL clGtd 36s x'g\ / ltgn] hLjgsf lgDgtd :j¿kx¿sf] x}l;otaf6 :jtGq
cl:tTj klg sfod ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] ] lyof] . To; rLhn] s]jn ;hLj / lghL{j
k|s[ltaLrsf] b'/L w]/} 36fOlbPsf] dfq geO{ Tof] hLjx¿sf] cfg'j+lzstfsf] l;4fGtsf] dfu{df b]vf
k/]sf] Pp6f cfwf/e"t afwf c8rgnfO{ ;d]t x6fOPsf] lyof] . k|s[lt;DaGwL gof“ b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy
;f/f d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ :ki6 eO;s]sf lyP . ;Dk"0f{ h8tf vtd ePsf] lyof] . ckl/jt{gLo l:y/tf -
lgTotf_ sf ;f/f s'/fx¿ vtd ePsf lyP . zfZjt dflgg] gof“ b[li6sf]0fsf ;f/fsf ;f/f
ljlzi6tfx¿ If0feË'/ l;4 ePsf lyP . ;f/f k|s[lt lg/Gt/ ultzLntfsf] l:yltdf /xG5 / rqmdf
3'ld/xG5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePsf] lyof] .
***
To;/L xfdLx¿ k'gM o"gfgL bz{gsf dxfg\ ;+:yfkssf] k'/fgf] s'g b[li6sf]0fdf kms] {sf 5f} + eg]
xfdLx¿n] ;–;fgf rLhx¿b]lv 7"n–7"nf rLhx¿, afn'jfsf] s0fb]lv lnP/ ;"o{;Dd, d"n hLj sf]lzsf
-Proisia_ b]lv lnP/ dflg;;Dd ;Dk"0f{ k|s[lt hGd / d[To'sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] l:yltdf x'G5 tyf Tof]
lg/Gt/ ultzLntfsf] Pj+ ult / kl/jt{gsf] l:yltdf x'G5 . d"n km/s s'/f vfln slt dfq xf] eg]
o"gfgLx¿sf nflu h'g cf]h:jL cGt/1fgsf] rLh lyof], ToxL rLh xfdLx¿n] cg'ejsf cfwf/df
z'4¿kaf6 j}1flgs cg';Gwfg sfo{åf/f lgwf{l/t u/]sf 5f} + . ctM o;sf] ¿k klg w]/} lglZrt / :ki6

5 . s] s'/f ;xL xf] eg] Pp6f rqmLo qmdsf] cg'ej l;4 k|df0f q'6Lx¿af6 k"0f{tM d'Qm 5}g tfklg
h'g rLh ;'b[9¿kaf6 k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] ] 5, To;sf t'ngfdf tL p;sf sdLx¿ uf}0f x'G5g\ . x/]s jif{
laTbfv]l/ tL sdLx¿ x6\b} uO/x]sf 5g\ tyf uf]nfsf/ qmdl;t ;DalGwt xfd|f] hfgsf/Ldf h'g vfln
7fp“ lyof], Tof] el/+b}5 . /, hlta]nf dflg;n] lj1fgsf ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ zfvfx¿ — cGt/u|xLo
Hof]ltifzf:q, /;fogzf:q, e"ue{zf:q — cl:tTjdf cfPsf] clxn];Dd d'ZsLnn] Ps ztfAbL lat]sf]
5 tyf zf/Ll/s lj1fgsf] If]qdf t'ngfTds k4ltsf] pkof]u ;'? ePsf] d'ZsLnn] %) jif{ k'u]sf] 5
eg] ;Dk"0f{ h}ljs ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t ¿k — sf]lzsf — sf] cg';Gwfg ePsf] $) jif{ klg
lalt;s]sf] 5}g eg]/ ljrf/ ub{5, Tolta]nf s] s'/f :ki6 x'g]5 eg] of] ] Tof] k|df0f Tof]eGbf w]/} k"0f{ x'g
;Sb}gYof] . To;sf ljj/0fdf cjsfz x'g' c:jfefljs xf]Og .
***
cfsfz uËfsf] aflx/L tf/f d08nLo s'08nLx¿leq afkmsf 3'ld/x]sf — rSs/ sfl6/x]sf — /
aln/x]sf k'~hx¿ l;s'l8g] / lrl;g] lqmofsf] ue{af6 xfd|f] k[YjLh:t} ljZj–a|x\df08sf c;+Vo ;"o{x¿
/ ;f}o{d08nsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] ultsf lgodx¿ s] x'g\ < ;DejtM To; s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
s]xL ztfAbLsf] ko{j]If]0fkl5 k|fKt x'g]5, hlta]nf tf/fx¿sf] oyfy{ ultaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g]5 .
pko'{Qm
lqmof ;a} 7fp“ Ps} k|sf/n] ePsf] 5}g . Hof]ltifzf:qn] sfnf lk08x¿sf] cl:tTj :jLsf/ ug{
a9LeGbf a9L afWo x'g' kl//x]sf] 5 . tL lk08x¿sf] :j¿k vfln u|xh:tf] dfq 5}g . To;sf] cy{ s]
eof] eg] tL tf/f d08nsf lge]sf ;"o{ x'g\ . -Madlar_ csf{lt/, -;]SsLsfg';f/ _ sf] ;fgf] If]q
b]lvg] jf:kLo lgxfl/sfsf] Pp6f v08 tf/fd08ndf 5 — tL s:tf ;"o{ x'g\ eg] clxn];Dd klg
ltgsf] k"0f{¿kn] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5}g . To; rLhaf6 s] s'/fsf] ;Defjgf klg 6fg{ ;lsGg eg] d]8n/n]
eg]h:t} c¿ b]lvg] lgxfl/sfx¿ ;'b'/l:yt :jtGq ljZjsf åLkx¿ x'g\ . ltgsf] ljsf;sf] s'g
;fk]lIfs cj:yf 5 < To;sf] j0ff{qmd b'/jLgsf] ;xfotfaf6 kQf nufpg'kb{5 .
lgxfl/sf k'~hsf] ue{af6 s;/L Pp6f ;f}o{d08n pTkGg x'G5 < To;af/] nfKnf;n] ;lj:tf/
ljj/0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . To;af/] clxn];Dd nfKnf;eGbf sf]xL klg cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g .
kl5sf] j}1flgs ljsf;n] w]/}eGbf w]/} Tof] s'/fsf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
To;/L a]Unfa]Un} aGg] lk08x¿df — rfx] tL ;"o{ jf u|x / pku|xx¿ h];'s} xf]pmg\ — ;'?;'?df
e"t–b|Josf] ultsf] h'g :j¿k kfOG5, To;}nfO{ tfk elgG5 . ;"o{df clxn];Dd kfOPsf] tfkdf klg
tTjx¿sf /f;folgs of}lusx¿ aGg] k|Zg p7\b}g . To;k|sf/sf] k/l:ylt cGt/ut s'g xb;Dd tfk
ljB't\ jf r'DasTjdf ¿kfGtl/t x'G5 < Tof] s'/fsf] kQf ;"o{sf] nuftf/ ko{j]If0faf6 g} x'g ;Sb5 .
;"o{leq kfOg] oflGqs ultsf] pTklQ u'?Tjfsif{0f zlQm;“u} tfksf] ;‹if{sf] ue{af6 x'G5 eGg] s''/f
nueu l;4 eO;s]sf] 5 .
lk08x¿ hlt ;fgf x'G5g\, tL TolQs} l56f] ;]nfp“5g\ . rGb|df w]/}klxn] lge]em} + pku|x, ;fgf
u|x / pNsfx¿ ;jeGbf klxn] ;]nfp“5g\ . u|xx¿ Psbd} lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} ;]nfp“5g\ eg] s]Gb|Lo lk08
t ;a}eGbf l9nf] ;]nfp“5 .
tL lk08x¿ hlQsf] l56f] ;]nfp“5g\, TolQs} ultsf ef}lts :j¿kx¿sf] kf/:kl/s lqmof klg
a9\b}hfG5 / ultsf tL ef}lts :j¿kx¿ Ps csf] {df ¿kfGtl/t x'“b}
hfG5g\ . cGtdf /f;folgs
l;s'l8g] lqmofn] cf gf] k|efj kfg] { ljGb' gcfOk'Ubf;Dd Tof] lqmof rln/xG5 . klxn]
/f;folgs¿kaf6 cleGg -jf pbf;Lg_ tTj ca Pskl5 csf] { u/L leGg x'“b}
hfG5g\, ltgLx¿leq
/f;folgs u'0f pTkGg x'“b}
hfG5 tyf ltgLx¿n] Ps csf] {;“u ldn]/ ;+of]hgsf] sfd ub{5g\ . tfkqmd
36\g'sf] ;fy ;fy} tL of}lus klg nuftf/ abln+b} hfG5g\ . tfkqmd 36\g'sf] c;/ vfln x/]s
tTjdfly a]Unfa]Un} k|sf/n] kg] { dfq geP/ tTjx¿sf x/]s a]Unfa]Un} of}lusx¿dfly klg To;sf]
k|efj kb{5 . tL gof“ kl/l:yltx¿sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k Uof;Lo kbfy{ -b|Jo_sf] Pp6f efu klxnf] kbfy{df
ablnG5 / To;kl5 7f]; cj:yfdf k'Ub5 .
u|xsf] dflyNnf] ;txdf s8f kq hDg] / To;sf] tNnf] ;txdf 7fp“–7fp“df kfgL hDg] a]nf
Toltv]/ x'G5, hltv]/ u|xsf] :jfefljs tfk p;df s]Gb|Lo lk08af6 k|fKt tfksf] t'ngfdf nuftf/
sd x'“b}
hfG5 . To;sf] jfo'd08n df};d;DaGwL 36gfqmdsf] k|efj If]q aGg k'Ub5 / To;sf] ;tx

e"ue{;DaGwL kl/jt{gx¿sf] k|efj If]q aGg k'Ub5 . Tof] k/jt{g x'g]a]nf jfo'd08nLo cjIf]k0f -
Precipition_ sf] sf/0f h'g lgIf]k -Deposit_ k}bf x'G5, To;sf] dxŒj qmdzM 36\b}uO/x]sf tL
aflx/L k|efjx¿sf] t'ngfdf lg/Gt/ a9\b} hfG5 . Tof] leqsf] ud{ kbfy{af6 pTkGg x'G5 .
cGtdf tfk olb To;/L Ps}gfz x'G5 eg] Tof] slDtdf tnsf] ;txsf] Hofb} 7"nf] efudf k|f]l6g
hLljt /xg ;Sg] ;LdfeGbf k/ hfg ;Sb}g . olb cGo /f;folgs lqmofdf klxn]sf kl/l:yltx¿ klg
cg's"n eP eg] hLljt k|f]6f]KnfHd -hLjg /;_ sf] pTklQ x'g k'Ub5 . tL cfjZos kl/l:yltx¿ s]
x'g\ eGg] s'/f cem};Dd xfdLx¿n] hfg]sf 5}gf} + . To;df crDdsf] s'/f s]xL 5}g lsgls cem};Dd klg
k|f]l6gsf] /f;folgs ;"qsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . /f;folgs ¿kaf6 a]Un} slty/L k|f]l6g
lk08x¿ x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f;Dd klg xfdLx¿n] hfg]sf 5}gf} + . hLjgsf ;f/f d'Vo sfdx¿ — kfrg,
;+rfng, ;ª\s'rg -Contraction_, p2Lkgk|ltsf] ;Dj]bgf, pT;h{g -Excretion_ tyf k|hggsf
;Dk"0f{ sfdx¿ — Psbd} cfsf/xLg k|f]l6gn] g} k"/f ub{5 eGg] s'/f kQf nfu]sf] s]jn !) jif{ dfq
ePsf] 5 eGgsf nflu s'g} 7fp“ 5}g eg]/ crDd dfGg'kb} {g . 120
k|ultsf] e¥ofªdf cl3Nnf] kfOnf] r9fpgsf nflu cfjZos kl/l:yltx¿ k}bf x'g ;DejtM
xhf/f} + jif{ lat] xf]nfg\ . To;kl5 klg :gfo' / sf]lzsfsf] lemNnLsf] lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/df Tof] cfsf/xLg
k|f]l6gn] klxnf] sf]lzsfnfO{ hGd lbg ;s]xf]nf . tfklg ToxL klxnf] sf]lzsfn] ;hLj ;G;f/sf]
cfs[lt–tTj;DaGwL ljsf;sf] hu xfn]sf] lyof] . k|fs\–e"ue{zf:qLo clen]vx¿sf] l;Ëf] pbfx/0fsf]
cfwf/df xfdL s] dfGg ;Sb5f} + eg] ;aeGbfklxn] Uof;Lo–sf]zLo tyf sf]zLo hLj ;+3 -Protista_
sf c;+Vo hfltx¿ s} hGd ePsf] lyof] xf]nf . To;dWo] s]jn Oof]h"g Sofgf8]G; -Eozoon
Canadense_ 121 dfq /x]sf] lyof] . tLdWo] sltkonfO{ 5'6\ofp“bfv]l/ lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} } klxnf] lj?jf /
klxnf] kz'sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . /, klxnf] kz'af6 k'gM d'Vo¿kn] tyf Hofb} leGgtfsf] dfWodaf6
kz'x¿sf y'k} | ju{x¿, tKsfx¿ / kl/jf/x¿, hfltx¿ / hftx¿sf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . clg, cGtdf
:tgwf/Lsf] — cyf{t\ dfgjsf] — pbo ePsf] lyof] . To;df k|s[ltn] :jo+ cf gf] r]tgf xfl;n ub{5
.
dflg;sf] k|fb'ef{j klg a]Unfa]Un}k|sf/n] 5'6\ofpg] lqmofsf] dfWodaf6 ePsf] lyof] . To:tf] vfln
j}olQms¿kaf6 dfq — cyf{t\ Pp6f Psn c08 sf]lzsfaf6 ljsl;t eP/ k|s[ltåf/f pTkGg ul/g]
;a}eGbf hl6n ;hLj k|f0fLsf] ¿k wf/0f u/]/ dfq — geP/ P]ltxfl;s¿kaf6 klg To:tf] x'G5 .
xhf/f} + jif{sf] ;+3if{kl5 cGttM hlta]nf v'§faf6 xft clnuug] sfo{ k"/f eof] / dflg; 7f8f] eP/
rNg yfNof], Tolta]nf dflg; afg/af6 5'l§g k'u]sf] lyof] . p;sf] :ki6 af]nL / dl:tissf] ;zQm
ljsf; eof] . To;n] afg/ / dfl;sf aLrsf] b'/L gd]l6g]u/L a9fOlbof] . xftsf] ljz]ifLs/0f ePsf]
lyof] — xftsf] ljz]ifLs/0fdf cf}hf/sf] pkof]u ug] { s'/f;d]t kb{5 . cf}hf/sf] pkof]u ug'{
eg]sf]
ljlzi6 dfgjLo lqmofzLntf, k|s[ltdfly dflg;sf] lqmofzLntfn] p;nfO{ ablnlbG5, cyf{t\ To;sf]
cy{ xf] — pŒkfbg . Hofb} ;+s'lrt cy{df x]g] { xf] eg] kz';“u klg cf}hf/ x'G5g\ — t/ tL pgLx¿sf
zf/Ll/s cËsf ¿kdf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu sldnf, dfx'/L, cf] +t, cflbnfO{ x]/f} + . kz'n] klg
pŒkfbg ub{5g\ t/ ltgsf ghLssf] k|s[ltdfly pgLx¿sf] pŒkfbgsf] slQ klg c;/ kb} {g .
k|s[ltdfly cf gf] 5fk kfg{ vfln PSn} dflg; dfq ;kmn ePsf] 5 . p;n] af]6lj?jfx¿ /
kz'x¿sf hfltx¿nfO{ Ps 7fp“af6 csf] { 7fp“ k'¥ofpg] sfd dfq gu/]/ To;nfO{ p;n] cf gf]
jf;:yfgsf] l:ylt / hnjfo' tyf af]6lj?jfx¿ Pj+ :jo+ kz'x¿nfO{ ;d]t abn]/ u/]sf] 5 . To;sf]
sfdsf] c;/ k[YjLsf] cfd ljgfz;“u} d]l6g ;Sg]5 . /, Tof] sfo{nfO{ d'VotM / d"ntM p;n] xftåf/f g}
;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . jfkmn] rNg] oGq;d]t klg — Tof] p;sf] clxn] ;Ddsf] k|s[ltnfO{ ¿kfGt/ ug] {
;jeGbf zlQmzfnL cf}hf/ xf] — cGt xftdfly lge{/ ub{5 lsgeg] Tof] klg cf}hf/ xf] . t/ kfOnf–
kfOnfdf xftsf] ljsf;sf] ;“u;“u} / c+ztM To;s} sf/0f To;sf] ;dfgfGt/df dl:tissf] klg ljsf;
x'“b}uof]
. olb dfgj dl:tissf] klg To;/L g} ljsf; ePsf] x'“b}gYof]
eg] jfkkOlGhLgsf] lgdf{0f s]jn
xft dfq ;kmn x'“b}gYof]
.

dflg;sf] k|fb'ef{j;“u} xfdLx¿ OLtxf;df k|j]z ub{5f} + . Pp6f Oltxf; kz'x¿sf] klg x'G5 —
pgLx¿sf] pTklQ / qmdzM jt{dfg cj:yf;Dd pgLx¿sf] ljsf;sf] Oltxf; . tfklg Tof] Oltxf;
pgLx¿sf nflu tDtof/ x'G5 . clg, hxf“;Dd To;df :jo+ pgLx¿n] efu lng] k|Zg 5, Tof]
pgLx¿sf] hfgsf/L / OR5fljgf g} x'G5 . csf{lt/, zAbsf] ck]Iffs[t ;+s'lrt cy{df kz'x¿af6 dfgj
k|f0fL hltw]/} 6f9f x'“b}
hfG5, TolQs} w]/} cf gf] Oltxf; p;n] ;r]t¿kaf6 :jo+ lgdf{0f ug{ yfNb5 .
Tof] Oltxf;df cgk]lIft sf/0fx¿ / clgolGqt zlQmx¿sf] k|efj TolQs} sd x'g k'Ub5 . /, h'g
P]ltxfl;s kl/0ffd lg:sG5 Tof] klxn]b]lv g} lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] ] nIo TolQs} cg's"n x'G5 . tfklg To;
kl/df0fnfO{ olb xfdLx¿n] dfgj Oltxf;df nfu" u¥of} + eg], olb To;nfO{ cfhsf ;a}eGbf ljsl;t
;Dk|bfosf] Oltxf;df ;d]t nfu" u¥of} + eg] klg k|:tfljt p2]Zo / k|fKt kl/0ffdsf aLrdf clxn] klg
7"nf] leGgtf 5, cgk]lIft sf/0fx¿ clxn] klg w]/} k|an 5g\ tyf of]hgfa4¿kdf sfddf nufOg]
zlQmx¿sf] ck]Iff clgolGqt zlQmx¿sf] hf]8 clxn] klg w]/} 5 eGg] s'/f xfdLx¿n] a'‰b5f} + .
hlxn];Dd dflg;sf] Tof] P]ltxfl;s cfwf/e"t lqmofzLntfn] p;nfO{ kz'af6 dflg;df alnlbPsf] 5 /
ToxL g} c¿ ;f/f sfdx¿sf] ef}lts cfwf/ xf] — cyf{t\ hLjgsf cfjZostfx¿sf] pŒkfbg cyf{t\
o; o'usf] ;fdflhs pŒkfbg clgolGqt zlQmx¿sf cglR5t sf/0fx¿sf] 3ft–k|lt3ftsf] lzsf/
ePsf] 5 / To;n] ckjfbsf] ¿kdf cf gf] ck]lIft nIo slxn]sfxL+ dfq k|fKt ub{5 t/ w]/}h;f]
p;n] h] rfxG5, To;sf] pN6} x'G5 — Tolta]nf;Dd Tof]afx]s c¿ s]xL klg x'g ;Sb}g .
;a}eGbf ;d'Ggt cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx¿df k|fs[lts zlQmx¿nfO{ lgolGqt ul/Psf]] 5 / dfgj
hfltsf] ;]jfdf nufOPsf] 5 . To;/L pŒkfbgnfO{ a]lx;fa a9fOPsf] 5 . To;sf] kmn:j¿k klxn]
Ps;o hgf dflg;x¿n] ldn]/ k}bf ug] { eGbf a9L rLh cfh s]jn Pshgf afnsn] dfq klg k}bf
ub{5 . /, tL ;a} s'/fsf] kl/0ffd s] x'gk'Uof] < cfd hg;d'bfdfly sfdsf] af]em a9\b} uPsf] 5,
pgLx¿sf] b'Mv–si6 lg/Gt/ a9\b}uPsf] 5 / x/]s bz jif{df Ps eo+s/ ;+s6 pTkGg x'G5 . 8flj{gn]
v'nf k|lTof]lutf / cl:tTjsf nflu x'g] ;+3if{sf] s'/fnfO{ kz'hutsf] ;fdfGo lgod eg]/ To;nfO{
cf gf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] P]ltxfl;s pknlAw atfP/ cy{zf:qLx¿ xif{n] ub\ub\ ePsf lyP, Tolta]nf
pgn] dfgj hfltdfly tyf ljz]if u/]/ :jo+ cf g} b]zjf;Lx¿dfly slt tLvf] JoË ul//x]sf lyP
Tof] s'/f pgn] a'‰b}gy] . h;/L cfd pŒkfbgn] ljz]if u/]/ hLjlj1fgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 dfgj hfltnfO{
kz' hut\eGbf dfly p7fPsf] 5, To;}u/L ;fdflhs pŒkfbgsf] s]jn ;r]t ;Ë7gn] g} ;dflhs
b[li6sf]0faf6 dfgj hfltnfO{ kz' hut\eGbf dfly p7fpg ;Sb5, h;df pŒkfbg / ljt/0f
of]hgfa4¿kdf ul/G5 . To;vfnsf] ;Ë7gfTds sfo{nfO{ P]ltxfl;s ljsf;n] x/]slbg w]/}eGbf w]/}
cfjZos agfp“b}uO/x]sf] 5 tfklg lbg laTb}hfg'sf] ;“u;“u} Tof] w]/} ;Dej aGb} klg uO/x]sf] 5 . h'g
lbg To:tf] x'g]5, To; lbgb]lv gof“ P]ltxfl;s o'u ;'? x'g]5 . To; o'udf :jo+ dfgj hflt / To;sf]
;“u;“u} To;sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf ;f/fsf ;f/f zfvfx¿ tyf ljz]if u/]/ k|s[lt lj1fgsf] zfvf slt
Hofb} tLj|tfsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g]5 eg] Tof] o''ueGbf
klxn] h]–hlt ePsf] lyof], Tof] gfd dfqsf] h:tf]
nfUg yfNg]5 .
To;sf] afjh"b æx/]s rLh h'g hGd5, To;sf] ljgfz klg x'g'kb{5 .Æ 122 ;DejtM s/f]8f} + jif{
ljTg]5g\ / nfvf} + k':tfx¿ cfpg]5g\ / hfg]5g\ tfklg cGttM ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 ;"o{sf] 36\bf] tfkqmd
w| 'jx¿af6 tnlt/ a9\b}uO/x]sf] lxp“ kufNg ckof{Kt x'g]5, hlta]nf e"dWo/]vfsf] a9LeGbf a9L ghLs
k'Ubfv]l/ klg dflg; hfltn] Toxf“ klg hLjg rNg ;Sg]hlt tfkqmd kfpg]5}g, lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} ;hLj
hLjgsf] clGtd lrx\g;d]t klg gi6 x'g]5 tyf k[YjL rGb|dfh:t} lge]sf] 8Nnf]n] em} + ;a}eGbf ;3g
cGwsf/df lge]sf] ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg]5, To;sf] sIF -u|xky_ Hofb} ;f“3'l/g]5 / cGtdf Tof] ;"o{d}
v:g]5 . sltko u|xx¿ To;eGbf klxn] vl;;s]sf x'g]5g\ eg] slt To;kl5 p;df v:g]5g\ .
To;kl5 o:t} Pp6f rlDsnf], u/d ;f}o{ d08nsf ;b:ox¿ cfgGbk"j{s ldnLh'nL /x]sf] 7fp“df
cGtl/Ifsf] cgGt z"Godf vfln Pp6f rL;f] d[t lk08 dfq cf gf] PSnf] af6f]df rln/x]sf] x'g]5
/, h'g 36gf ;f}o{d08nsf af/]df x'g]5, ToxL 36gf l9nf]rf“8f] xfd|f] a|x\df08sf c¿ ;a} kl/jf/x¿sf
af/]df klg 36\g]5 . ToxL l:ylt c¿ ;f/f a|x\df08x¿sf] x'g]5 . ltgsf] k|sfz klg slxNo} k[YjLdf
k'Ug ;Sg]5}g . Tof] b]Vgsf nflu oxf“ Pp6} klg k|f0fL hLljt /xg]5}g .

clg, To;/L hlta]nf ;f}o{d08nn] cf gf] hLjgOltxf; k"/f ug] {5, hlta]nf x/]s rLhsf] ult
;Lldt x'gk'Ug]5, Tolta]nf s] xf]nf < ;"o{sf] nf; cgGt cfsfzdf s] cgGt sfn;Dd TolQs}
3'ld/xnf tyf s'g}a]nf a]Unfa]Un} ¿kx¿df af“l8Psf ;f/fsf ;f/f k|Fs[lts zlQmx¿ k'gM ;w} +sf nflu
Pp6} ultsf] ¿kdf cfsif{0f zlQmsf ¿kdf kl/jlt{t xf]nfg\ < æcyjfÆ — ;]SsLn] ;f]w]em} + æs]
k|s[ltdf d[t kl/jf/nfO{ k'gM k|sfzdfg lgxfl/sfsf] cj:yfdf ¿kfGt/ ug{ ;Sg], To;leq k'gM
gjhLjgsf] ;~rf/ ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt x'g]5

To;afx]s s]jn xfd|F u|xx¿sf] kl/jf/ ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg] / xfd|f] ;"o{ xfd|F] a|x\df08leq 3'Dg] dfq
geP/ ;f/fsf ;f/f a|x\df08x¿;d]t klg c¿ a|x\df08x¿;“u} c:yfoL ;fk]If ;Gt'ngsf] l:yltdf
l6s]sf / cGtl/Ifdf ultzLn /x]sf x'G5g\ . To;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] :jtGq ¿kdf plqP/ lk08x¿sf
aLrdf ;d]t ;fk]If ;Gt'ng s]jn Tolta]nf dfq sfod /xg ;Sb5, hlta]nf pgLx¿sf] ultsf]
lgwf{/0f cGof]Gofl>t¿kdf kf/:kl/s¿kaf6 x'G5 . clg, w]/}h;f] dflg;x¿n] s] dfGb5g\ eg] z"Go
cfsfzdf -cGtl/Ifdf _ x/]s7fp“df Ps} k|sf/sf] tfkqmd x'“b}g
. cGtdf xfdL s] a'em\b5f} + eg]
a|x\df08sf cgluGtL ;"o{x¿sf] tfk To;sf] Hofb} ;fgf] efunfO{ 5f]8]/ z"Go cfsfzsf] tfkdf To;sf]
sf/0fn] nfvf} + efusf] Ps efu, s/f]8f} + efusf] Ps efusf] klg j[l4 x'g ;sb}g . tfksf] Tof] 7"nf]
dfqf sxf“ hfG5 t < ljZjsf] z"Go cfsfznfO{ ttfpg] k|oTgdf s] Tof] ;w} + a{jf{b ePsf] 5 t < s]
Jojxfl/s¿kdf To;sf] cl:tTj ;dfKt ePsf] xf] t < clg ca s] vfln ;}4flGts¿kaf6 p;sf]
cl:tTj j}lZjs z"Go cfsfzsf] Ps l8u|Lsf] s/f]8f} + jf caf} { + efu a/fa/ a9L tfkqmd x'gk'u]sf] 5
eGg] cy{df g} af“sL /x]sf] xf] t < To;vfnsf] wf/0ffn] ultsf] ljgfz x'Gg eGg] cjwf/0ffnfO{
c:jLsf/ ub{5 / To;n] s] ;DefjgfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 eg] cfsfzLo lk08x¿ qmdzM Ps csf] {df
ldNb}hf“bfv]l/ ;f/f df}h"bf oflGqs ult tfkdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g]5 / Tof] tfksf] z"Go cfsfzdf ljls/0f
x'gk'Ug]5 . To;af6 æzlQmsf] cgZj/tfÆsf ;f/fsf ;f/f s'/fx¿sf] afjh"b cfd¿kn] ;f/f ult
;dfKt x'g]5 . oxf“ s] s'/f klg :ki6 x'G5 eg] æultsf] cgZj/tfÆsf] 7fp“df æzlQmsf] cgZj/tfÆ
zAb k|of]u ug'{
slt unt 5 ctM xfdLx¿ s'g lgisif{df k'Ub5f} + eg] cfsfzdf s'g}gs'g} k|sf/n]
ljls/0f tfksf] ultsf] s'g} csf] { To:tf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/ x'gsf nflu ;Dej x'g'kb{5 . To;af6
To;nfO{ k'gM Psk6s ;l~rt ug{ ;lsof];\ / k'gM Tof] Psk6s ;lqmo x'g;sf];\ . Tof] s'/f s;/L
;Dej xf]nf eg]/ kQf nufpg] lhDdf kl5sf j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf] x'g]5 . To;/L lge]sf] ;"o{sf] tfk
jfkmdf k'gM kl/jlt{t x'g] af6f]sf] d'Vo cK7\of/f] x6\b5 .
c¿ s'/f hxf“;Dd sfnsf] cgGt lj:tf/df a|x\df08x¿sf] zfZjt cg'udg -cyf{t\ lg/Gt/
pTkGg eO/xg]_ s'/f xf], To;f] x'g' cgGt cfsfzdf c;+Vo a|x\df08sf] ;x–cl:Tjsf] cj:yfdf
Pscsf] {l;t sfod x'g] ;DaGwsf] :jfefljs kl/0ffd x'g]5 . jf:tjdf Tof] s:tf] l;4fGt xf] eg]
To;sf] cfjZostfn] 8« ]k/ 124 sf] l;4fGtlj/f]wL cd]l/sL dl:tis;DdnfO{ To;n] :jLsf/ ug{ afWo
kf/]sf] 5 .
kbfy{ -b|Jo+ h'g rqmdf rNb5, Tof] zfZjt rqm xf] . Tof] To:tf] rqm xf], h;n] cf gf] sIfsf]
kl/qmdf To:tf] sfndf k"/f ub{5, h'g gfKgsf nflu xfd|f] ef}lds jif{ Psbd} ckof{Kt x'G5 . Tof]
To:tf] rqm xf] h;df ;jf] {Rr ljsf;sf] ;do ;hLj hLjg tyf — To;eGbf w]/} — Tof] k|s[ltsf
ljifodf Pj+ :jo+ cf gf] ljifodf ;r]t k|f0fLx¿sf] ;do TolQs} ;r]t x'G5, TolQs} ;fgf] / ;Lldt
x'G5, hlt 5f]6f] / ;Ldlt Tof] cjsf; x'G5, h;df hLjg / cfTdr]tgf k|s6 x'G5 . Tof] To:tf]vfn]
rqm xf], h;leq kbfy{sf] cl:tTjsf] x/]s ;Lldt ljwf — Every finite mode of existence -
rfx] ;"o{ xf];\, rfx] lgxfl/sf jfik, rfx] PSnf] kz' xf];\, rfx] kz'x¿sf] k"/f hflt xf];\, rfx] /f;folgs
;+of]hg xf];\, rfx] lj36g xf];\ — ;dfg¿kn] If0feª\u'/ x'G5 . To; rqmleq zfZjt¿kaf6 kl/jlt{t
eO/x]sf] / zfZjt¿kaf6 ultzLn kbfy{afx]s Pj+ tL lgodx¿sf cltl/Qm c¿ s'g} j:t' zfZjt
x'“b}g,
h; cg';f/ Tof] ultzLn x'G5 / ablnG5 .
t/ sfn / cjsf;sf] lj:tf/df Tof] rqm hlt w]/} k6s / hlt lgd{dtfk"j{s k"/f xf];\, hlt
s/f]8 ;"o{ / k[YjLx¿sf] pbo / ljgfz xf];\ tyf s'g} Pp6f ;f}o{ d08n / Pp6} u|xdf ;hLj hLjgsf
nflu cfjZos kl/l:yltx¿ pTkGg x'g'eGbfklxn] Tof] hlt nfdf] ;do;Dd To;} /x]sf] lsg gxf];\ tyf
lrGtgsf] Ifdtf x'g]vfnsf k|f0fLx¿sf] k|fb'ef{j pgLx¿leq x'g'eGbf klxn] — h;n] s]xL ;dosf nflu
ckm" af“Rgsf nflu pko'Qm kl/l:ylt kfp“5g\ / kl5 lgd{dtfk"j{s gi6 ul/G5g\ — ;hLj k|f0fLx¿sf
cgluGtL y'k} | ;+Vofn] hLjg–d/0fsf] >[ª\vnfsf aLraf6 u'lh|g' lsg gk/f];\ — Pp6f s] rLh lglZrt
x'G5 eg] kbfy{ -b|Jo_ cf gf] ;f/fsf ;f/f ¿kx¿df zfZjt¿kaf6 Ps}gfz /lx/xG5, To;sf] s'g}
u'0f klg slxNo} klg nf]k x'g kfp“b}g tyf h;/L b[9¿kdf k[YjLdfly cf gf] ;jf] {Rr ;[l:6nfO{ cyf{t\

]tgzLn dl:tisnfO{ p;n] gi6 kfl/lbG5 eGg] s'/f ckl/xfo{ ¿kdf lglZrt x'G5 / To;}u/L s] s'/f
klg lglZrt x'G5 eg] s'g} csf] { 7fp“df / s'g} csf] { ;dodf To;n] k'gM p;nfO{ hGd lbg]5 .
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
k| ]tfTdfx¿sf] ;G;f/df k|s[lt lj1fgsf] :yfg
hg;d'bfosf] r]tgfdf åGåjfbsf] h'g lrq ag]sf] 5, Tof] r/df]Tsif{ e]l6G5 eGg] egfOsf]
dfWodåf/f JoQm ul/G5 . Tof] cjwf/0ffg';f/ dgf]/ysf] ;[hgf, ;fw'kg / cGw ljZjf;sf] efjgfsf
clt ¿kx¿sf] cg';Gwfg k|s[lt lj1fgsf] Tof] wf/fdf gu/]/ j:t'ut hut\nfO{ To;sf] dgfutjfbL
wf/0ffsf] ;f“rf]df anh tL 9fNg] k|oTg ug] { k|s[lt;DaGwL hd{g bz{gem} + olb xfdLx¿n] s]jn
cg'ejnfO{ pRrf;gdf dfq k|ltli7t ub} { jf:tjdf k/fsfi7fdf k'lu;s]sf] lrGtgnfO{ Psbd lt/:sf/
efjaf6 lj/f]wL wf/fdf b]Vb5f} + eg] xfdLx¿ s'g} vf; untL ug] {5}gf} + . a]nfotdf ToxL ;Dk|bfosf]
af]njfnf 5 . To;sf lktf ax'rlr{t k|mflG;; a]sg x'g\ . pgLx¿n] s] dfu /fv]sf 5g\ eg] pgLx¿sf]
gof“ cg'ejl;4 cfudgfTds k4ltsf] pkof]u ul/g'kb{5 / To;sf] ;xfotfaf6 ;jeGbf klxn] bL3f{o'
/ k'ghL{jg k|fKt ug] { k|oTg ul/g'kb{5 . Ps xb;Dd To;sf] ;xfotfaf6 sb / ¿k/Ë abNg], Pp6f
z/L/nfO{ csf] {df ¿kfGtl/t ug] {, gof“ dfgj hflt pTkGg ug] { / xjf–x'/L / cf“wLa]x/L pTkGg ug] {
zlQmdfly clwsf/ sfod ug] { k|oTg ug'{kb{5
. cg';Gwfgsf] To;k|sf/sf] sfo{nfO{ ltnf~hnL lbOPsf]
5 eg]/ a]sgn] l;sfot ub{5g\ . pgn] k|Fs[lts Oltxf;df ;"g agfpg] / gfgf y/Lsf rdTsfl/s
sfo{ ug] { h'lQm atfp“5g\ . To;}u/L cfOhg Go"6gn] klg cf gf] a"9];sfndf ;]G6 hf]gsf
lbJof]kb]zsf] JofVof ug{ w]/}h;f] cf gf] ;do vr] {sf lyP . ctM olb xfnsf jif{x¿df a]nfotL
cg'ejjfbsf s]xL k|ltlglw — clg, lgZro g} tL pgLx¿sf ;a}eGbf v/fa k|ltlglw xf]Ogg\ — n]
s';L{df v6v6 u/]/ k| ]tfTdfl;t s'/fsfgL ug] { tyf pgLx¿nfO{ e]6\g] cd]l/sfaf6 cfoftLt /f]uaf6
u|:t 5g\ eg] To;df cfZro{ dfGg'kg] { s'/f 5}g .
To; hfndf k|s[ltsf h'g ;a}eGbf klxnf lj1fgj]Qf km“;]sf 5g\, tL cToGt k|l;4 k|F0fLzf:qL
/ jg:kltzf:qL cNk|m]8 /;]n jfn]; x'g\ . pgL Tof] JolQm x'g\, h;n] k|fs[lts j/0fsf] lqmofåf/f
hfltx¿df kl/jt{gsf] l;4fGt 7Ls 8flj{gn] pQm l;4fGt k|:t't ug] {a]nfdf k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
cf gf] ;fgf] u|Gy –rdTsf/ / cfw'lgs cWofTdjfb nG8g, jG;{, !*&% df pgn] k|s[lt;DaGwL
1fgsf] Tof] zfvfl;t ;DalGwt cf gf] klxnf] cg'ejsf] j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] s] eg]sf 5g\ eg]
Tof] cg'ej !*$$ af6 ;'? x'G5 . To;a]nf pgn] JolQmdfly :jKg ;/L Ps k|sf/sf] 5fk kg] { /
p;leqsf] e]b v'Ng] Jojxf/ 125 af/] :k]G;/sf] tTsfnsf] efif0f ;'g]sf lyP / k'gM To;k|lt gtd:ts
eP/ pgn] To;} vfnsf] k|of]u cf gf r]nfx¿dfly nfu" u/]sf lyP . ædnfO{ To;af/] uxL/f] rf;f]
lyof] / d}n] To;nfO{ hf]8bf/¿kdf nfu" ug{ ;'? u/] + .Æ 708Lsf] ssl/Psf] kg/ :yfgLo ;Dj]bg
z"Gotfsf] ;“u;“u} pgn] vfln r'DasLo lgb|f dfq pTkGg gu/]/ ufnsf] skfn;DaGwL
dfglrqnfO{;d]t klg pgn] ;xL ;fljt ul/lbP lsgeg] ufnåf/f atfOPsf] s'g} klg OlGb|onfO{
5'g]lalQs} } r'DasLo k|efjaf6 af“lwPsf] /f]uLleq To;sf] cg's"n lqmofzLntf pTkGg x'GYof] / p;n]
To;nfO{ pko'Qm / ;zQm ;+s]tx¿åf/f JoQm ug{ yfNbYof] . To;afx]s pgn] s] s'/f klg b]vfOlbP
eg] s]jn To;nfO{ 5'g]lalQs} } To;sf] /f]uLn] kl/rfnssf ;f/f ;+j]bgfx¿sf] :jo+ klg cg'e"lt k|fKt
ug{ yfNb5 . of] a|fG8L xf] eg]/ pgn] Ps lunf; kfgL To;nfO{ gzfdf k'¥ofPsf lyP . s'g}
gf}hjfgnfO{ p;sf] hfu[t cj:yfdf klg pgn] s:tf] a'4 agfOlbg ;Sby] eg] p;nfO{ cf gf] gfdsf]
klg 1fg /xGgYof] . t/ Tof] s:tf] sfd xf] eg] To;af6 :s"nsf c¿ df:6/x¿ljgf s'g} JolQmdfly
:jKg;/L Ps 5fk kg] { / p;leqsf] e]b v'Ng] Jojxf/åf/f g} ;DkGg ul/G5 cflb OToflb .
;+of]usf] s'/f s] xf] eg] !*$#–$$ sf] zLtsfndf tL :k]G;/nfO{ clxn]sf] dfGr]:6/df d}n] klg]
e]6]sf] lyP“ . pgL ;fwf/0f vfnsf w"t{ dfG5] x'g\ . s]xL kfb/Lx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf pgn] b]zsf] e|d0f
ul//x]sf lyP . Pshgf o'jtLsf] ;xfotfaf6 pgn] r'DasLo skfn ljBf;DaGwL k|bz{g b]vfp“y] tyf
To;åf/f O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj, cfTdfsf] cd/Tj tyf ef}ltsjfbsf] lg:;f/tf k|dfl0ft ug] { k|oTg ub{y] .
To;sf] cfj]gjfbLx¿n] Tolta]nf 7"n7"nf zx/x¿df w"dwfd k|rf/ ul/x]sf lyP . o'jtLnfO{ r'DasLo
lgb|fdf ;'tfOGYof] / k'gM ;~rfnsn] ufnåf/f lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] ] s'g} OlGb|ol;t ;DalGwt skfnsf] s'g}

efu 5'g]lalQs} } To;n] OlGb|osf] lqmofzLntfsf] kl/ro lbgsf nflu gf6sLo k|bz{gfTds ;+s]tx¿ /
xfj–efjx¿ Psbd} pGd'Qm / cf8Da/k"0f{ lgb] {zg ug{ yfNbyL . pbfx/0fsf nflu k|hggzLn OlGb|o
5'g]laQs} p;n] Ps sfNklgs lzz'nfO{ sfvdf v]nfpg, r'Dag ug{ / rf6\g yfNbyL, cflb .
To;afx]s g]s ld:6/ xfnn] skfn;DaGwL ufnsf] e"uf]nnfO{ a/f6]l/of 126 gfdsf] Pp6f gof“ åLk
hf]8]/ emg} ;DkGg agfOlbPsf lyP — 7Ls skfnsf] dflykl§ pgn] elQmefjsf] Pp6f OlGb|osf] vf]h
u/]sf lyP To;nfO{ 5'g]lalQs} } ;Ddf]xgfj:yfdf /x]sL Tof] s'df/L o'jtL 3'“8fsf]
e/df a:g k'UbyL,
cf gf] xft hf]8]/ kfy{gf ug{ yfNbyL tyf tL cfZro{ ljef]/ ePsf c4{–lzlIft >f]tf–d08nLsf
cufl8 k"hfdf nLg ePsL Pp6L lbJo b]jLsf ¿kdf k|:tt' x'g k'UbyL . k|bz{gsf] ToxL k/fsfi7f /
cGt lyof] . O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] ] lyof]
d / d]/f] Pshgf lrg]–hfg]sf] JolQmdfly jfn];dfly k/]sf] k|efjh:t} To;sf] k|efj k/]sf] lyof]
. k|bz{gn] xfdLleq rf;f] k}bf ul/lbPsf] lyof] tyf To;sf] k'g/fj[lQ xfdLn] s;/L ug{ ;Sb5f} + eg]/
xfdLn] a'em\g] k|oTg u¥of} + . !@ jif{sf] 6f7f] afns xfd|f] k/IfL0f kfq aGgsf nflu tof/ eof] . p;sf
cf“vfdf lj:tf/} b]Vbf cyjf p;nfO{ ydydfp“bf s'g} ufx|f] geO{sg pm ;Ddf]xgfj:yfdf k'UbYof] .
tfklg xfdLx¿ jfn];sf] ck]Iff s]xL sd ljZjf; /fVg] JolQm ePsf x'gfn] / sfd klg xfdLx¿n]
ck]Iffs[t s]xL sd hf]zsf ;fy ;'? u/]sf x'gfn] xfdL h'g lgisif{df k'Uof} +, Tof] Psbd} a]Un}vfnsf]
lyof] . df+;k]zLx¿sf] h8tf / ;Dj]bg z"Gotf k}bf ug'{
;lhnf] lyof] t/ To;afx]s p;df
OR5fzlQmsf] k"0f{ lgZr]i6tfsf] l:ylt klg k}bf ePsf] lyof] / p;sf] Tof] l:ylt;“u} cg'e"ltsf]
ljlrqsf] clt ;Dj]bgf klg ylkPsf] lyof] eGg] xfdLn] a'em\of} + . hlta]nf s'g} aflx/L p2Lkgåf/f
/f]uLnfO{ p;sf] tGb|faf6 lap“emfOGYof], Tolta]nf p;n] hfu[tfj:yfeGbf klg s]of} + a9L l56f] k|blz{t
ub{Yof] . ;~rfns;“u s'g} klg k|sf/sf] /x:ok"0f{ ;DaGwsf] s'g} ;+s]t Toxf“ e]l6GgYof] M s'g} csf] {
JolQmn] klg ;'t]sf]nfO{ plQs} ;hLn};“u ;lqmo agfpg ;SbYof] . ufnsf] skfn;DaGwL OlGb|onfO{
lqmofzLn agfOlbg] s'/f t xfdLnfO{ afof“ xftsf] v]n eof] . xfdL Tof]eGbf cufl8 a9\of} + . s]jn
OlGb|onfO{ dgk/L9Ën] Pp6fnfO{ csf] {l;t abNg cyjf To;sf] 7fp“nfO{ k"/} z/L/el/df s'g} klg
7fp“df lgwf{l/t ug{ xfdL ;kmn dfq ePgf} +, clkt' xfdLx¿n] c¿ klg cgluGtL y'k} | OlGb|ox¿nfO{
s[lqd agfOlbof} + . ufpg], l;7L agfpg], af“;'/L ahfpg], gfRg], d'8\sL xfGg], l;pg], h'tf s“:g], tdfv"
lkpg], cflb, cflb y'k} | gof“ OlGb|ox¿sf] xfdLx¿n] cfljisf/ u/]sf lyof} + . tL OlGb|ox¿sf] 7fp“sf]
rog xfdLx¿n] rfx]sf] 7fp“df ug{ ;SbYof} + . jfn];n] cfkm\gf /f]uLx¿nfO{ kfgL VjfP/ gzfdf kfb{y]
t/ xfdLx¿ v'§fsf] a"9L cf} +nfsf] gzfsf] Pp6f OlGb|o vf]Hof} + ! To;nfO{ 5'g' a]/ x'GYof], Pshgf kSsf
/S;L vfPsf] dfG5]sf] dgf]/~hgfTds gf6s cufl8 ;'? x'g yfNbYof]
t/ s'g s'/f /fd|/L a'em\g'kb{5 eg] ha;Dd kfqnfO{ s'g OlGb|o 5'“bfv]l/
s] ug'{kb{5
eg]/
l;sfOGg, Tolta]nf;Dd s'g} OlGb|on] slQ klg ;lqmotf b]vfpGgy] . tTsfn cEof;åf/f afnsn]
cfkm"nfO{ slt w]/} cEo:t agfof] eg] s]jn cln–cln Ozf/f lbg' dfq} klg p;sf] nflu kof{Kt x'GYof]
. To;/L h'g OlGb|ox¿ k}bf ul/Psf lyP, ltgn] k'gM cf gf] ;'tfpg] zlQm kl5 klg Tolta]nf;Dd
sfod /fVby], hlta]nf;Dd ltgnfO{ pxL k'/fgf] /Llt k'gM ablnGgYof] . jf:tjdf kfqdf bf]xf]/f]
Zd/0fzlQm pTkGg x'GYof] M Pp6f p;n] hfu[tfj:yfdf sfddf Nofp“Yof] eg] bf];|f] To;l;t Psbd}
h'DNofxf x'GYof], h;n] ;Ddf]xgfj:yfdf sfd ub{Yof] . hxf“;Dd p;sf] OR5fzlQmsf] lgZr]i6tf tyf
t];|f] JolQmsf] OR5fzlQm cGt/ut To;sf] k"0f{ k/fwLgtfsf] s'/f xf], Tof] p;sf] ;Dk"0f{ rdTsfl/s ¿k
Tolt a]n} vtd x'G5, hlta]nf xfdLx¿n] s] s'/f a'em\b5f} + eg] kfqsf] OR5f zlQmnfO{ ;~rfnssf]
OR5fzlQmsf] clwg:y gagfO{sg p;sf] Tof] l:ylt k}bf x'g ;Sb}g . Tolt u/]kl5 dfq p;sf] ;Dk"0f{
l:ylt k}bf x'G5 . ;Ddf]lxt ug] { ;G;f/sf] 7"nf]eGbf 7"nf] hfb'u/;d]t klg Tof] a]nf Psbd} a]sf/ l;4
x'g k'Ub5, hlta]nf p;sf] kfqn] p;sf s'/f ;'g]/ xf“l;lbG5
To;/L ;Gb]xjfbsf] lt/:sf/k"0f{ b[li6sf]0fsf] d2taf6 xfdLx¿n] s] s'/f a'em\of} + eg] r'DasLo
skfn ljBf;DaGwL Tof] s]6f}n]kgsf] cfwf/ vfln 36gfqmdx¿ dfq x'G5g\ . tL k|foMh;f] hfu[t
cj:yfsf To;}vfnsf 36gfk|jfxeGbf s]jn kl/df0fdf dfq a]Un} x'G5g\ / tL 36gfk|jfxx¿sf] JofVof
ug{sf nflu s'g} /x:ofTds sf/0fsf] cfjZostf x'“b}g,
ToxL æhf]z / pT;fxÆn] j]n];nfO{ cfTd

7uLsf] vf8ndf k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . To;sf] kmn:j¿k ufnsf] skfn;DaGwL dfglrqsf ;–;fgf
s'/fx¿;DdnfO{ pgn] ;xL atfPsf lyP ;fy} pgn] s] eg]sf lyP eg] ;~rfns / To;sf
kfqx¿aLr Pp6f /x:ok"0f{ ;DaGw x'G5 . 127
jfn];sf] ;fw'jfbsf] xb};Ddsf] lgisk6 ljj/0fdf s] s'/f x/]s 7fp“ :ki6 5 eg] hlt w]/} rf;f]
pgsf] ;f/fsf ;f/f Jofkf/nfO{ s'g} klg d"Nodf :jo+n] k'gM u/]/ b]vfpg'df lyof], Tolt To; w'Tof{O+sf]
jf:tljs k[i7e"ld vf]hjLg ug'{df
lyPg . ;'?df j}1flgssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] Pshgf JolQmsf nflu vfln
To;k|sf/sf] lbdfuL s;/tsf] dfq cfjZostf x'GYof] — To;kl5 ;/n / ;Lwf;fbf cfTd7uLåf/f To;
sfddf t'?Gt lgk'0f x'gsf nflu p;nfO{ s'g} ufx|F] kb} {gYof] . jfn];sf] cGt klg To;/L g} ePsf] lyof]
. pgLleq r'DasLo skfn ljBf;DaGwL rdTsf/x¿df >4f pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . To;/L pgsf] Pp6f
-v'§f t klxn] g} k| ]tfTdfsf] hut\df k'lu;s]sf] lyof] .
cf gf] csf] { v'§fnfO{ pgn] !*^% df To;leq k'¥ofOlbPsf lyP . !@ jif{;Dd pi0f sl6aGwLo
k|b]zdf pgn] ofqf ul//x] . Toxf“af6 kms] {kl5 pgn] s';L{ kmsf{pg] r6s u/]/ k| ]tfTdfx¿nfO{ af]nfpg]
k|oTg u/]sf lyP . Tof] k|of]un] pgnfO{ gfgf k|sf/sf ædfWodx¿Æsf] ;dfhdf k'¥ofOlbPsf] lyof] .
To; sfo{df pgn] slt l56f] bIftf xfl;n u/]sf lyP eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f pQm k'l:tsfaf6 ldNb5 .
pgn] xfdLaf6 vfln xfdLx¿n] xf]d, 8]j]g sf]6{ aGw'x¿ tyf w]/}yf]/} ¿lkof“sf nflu To; vfnsf
lqmofsnfkx¿ b]vfpg] tyf w]/}h;f] 7ux¿ / wf]s]jfhx¿sf] ¿kdf ;a}sf cufl8 af/Daf/ gflËPsf
c¿ ;f/f ædfWodx¿Æsf tyfslyt rdTsfl/s sfo{x¿dfly k"0f{tM ljZjf; ug'{kg]
{ s'/fsf] dfq cfzf
ub} {gg\, clkt' pgn] xfdLaf6 k| ]tfTdfx¿sf tyfslyt k|fdfl0fs Oltxf;x¿l;t ;DalGwt pgn] k|:t't
u/]sf gfgfy/Lsf sxfgLx¿nfO{ ;d]t klg dflglbcf} + eGg] cfzf;d]t ub{5g\ . o"gfgL b]jf;gsf
8fOgx¿, dWoo'uLg 8lª\sgLx¿ — tL ;a} ædfWodx¿Æ lyP . cf gf] /rgf cfsfzjf0fL -De
divinatione_ df cfOodlAnS;n] klxn]b]lv g} æcfw'lgs k| ]tfTdfjfbsf Hofb} x}/fg kfg] {vfnsf
Jofkf/x¿Æsf] Hofb} lj:t[t j0f{g ul/lbPsf lyP .
tL rdTsf/x¿sf] j}1flgs k|fdfl0fstf / ljZj;gLotfnfO{ jfn];n] s'g 9Ëaf6 ;xL l;4
ub{5g\ < Tof] atfpgsf nflu Pp6} dfq pbfx/0f klg oy]i6 x'g]5 . lgZro g} s;}sf] nflu s] ;f] +Rg'
Hofb} crDdsf] s'/f x'g]5 eg] pko'{Qm
k| ]tfTdfx¿n] cf gf] kmf]6f] lv+Rg lbG5g\ eg]/ jf:tjd}
xfdLx¿n] ljZjf; ug] {5f} + . lgZro g} xfdLnfO{ s] s'/f dfu ug] { clwsf/ 5 eg] To;eGbf klxn]
xfdLx¿n] ;To 7fg]sf k| ]tfTdfx¿n] pQm t:jL/sf] k|fdfl0fstf Psbd c;lGbUw¿kaf6 l;4
ul/lbg'kb{5 . k[i7 !*& df jfn];n] Pp6f sxfgL ;'gfp“b} s] eGb5g\ eg] !*&@ sf] dfr{ dxLgfdf
Pp6f d'Vo dfWod lgsN;sL 5f]/L >LdtL uKkLn] gf]l6ª\lxndf cjl:yt x8;gsf] 3/df cf gf]
>Ldfg\ / ;fgf] 5f]/fsf ;fy cf gf] kmf]6f] lv+rfPsL lyOg\ . pgsf b'O{ a]Unfa]Un} t:jL/x¿df ;]tf]
hfnLbf/ sk8fdf /fd|f];“u nk]l6PsL Pshgf cUnL dlxnfsf] cfs[lt pgLx¿nfO{ cfzLjf{b lbO/x]sf]
h:tf] u/L k5fl8kl6\ \6 v8f ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm cfs[ltsf] cg'xf/ / df]x8f clnslt k"jL{oh:tf]
nfUb5 .
ætfklg oL b'O{dWo] Pp6f rLh Psbd} kSsf xf] 128 M ls t s'g} s'zfu|a'l4 ePsf] hLljt t/
cb[Zo k|f0fL Toxf“ pkl:yt lyof] jf >Ldfg\ / >LdtL uKkL, kmf]6f] lv+Rg] JolQm tyf s'g} rf}yf] JolQmn]
ldn]/ b'i6\ofO“k"0f{ hfn a'g]sf lyP /, Toxf“ pk/fGt nuftf/ pgLx¿n] Tof] /x:o l5kfp“b}cfPsf 5g\ .
>Ldfg\ / >LdtL uKkLnfO{ d}n] slt w]/} /fd|/L lrGb5' eg] dnfO{ k"0f{tM ljZjf; 5 — h;/L k|s[lt
lj1fgsf] If]qdf ;Tosf] s'g} klg ;f“rf] cg';Gwfgstf{n] To;vfnsf] sfd ug{ ;Sb}g, To;}u/L
pgLx¿n] klg To;vfnsf] w'Tof{O“ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .Æ 129
h] xf];\, k| ]tfTdfsf] kmf]6f] ls t Tof] wf]sf lyof] ls t Psbd} 7Ls . clg, olb Tof] wf]sfk"0f{
lyof] eg] k| ]tfTdfsf] kmf]6f] klxn]b]lv g} Kn]6df df}h"b lyof] cyjf To;vfnsf] 5nsk6l;t ;DalGwt
rf/}hgf JolQmx¿ — cyjf olb sdhf]/ lbdfu ePsf] jf 7luPsf] a[4, *$ jif{sf] pd]/df !*&% sf]
hgj/Ldf sfnsf] d'vdf uO;s]sf] dfG5] uKkLnfO{ 5f]l8lb+bf — af“sL tLg hgfsf] xft To;df /x]
xf]nf . -To; sfdsf] lglDt >LdtL uKkLnfO{ 7Ugsf nflu pgnfO{ :k]gsf] kbf{sf] k[i7e"lddf k7fOlbg'

kof{Kt x'GYof] _ k| ]tfTdfsf] k|lt¿k kmf]6f] lv+Rg] JolQmn] s'g} sl7gfO{ljgf k|fKt ug{ ;SbYof] eGg]
ljifodf klg s'g} w]/} ts{–ljts{ ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf 5}g . tfklg yf]/} ;dokl5 kmf]6f] lv+Rg] JolQm
x8;gdfly k| ]tfTdfsf c;To t:jL/x¿ agfO{–agfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] cleof]udf ;fj{hlgs¿kaf6 d'2f
rnfOPsf] lyof] ctM To; s'/fdfly kbf{ xfNgsf nflu jfn];n] eGb5g\ M æPp6f s'/f :ki6 5 —
olb sxL+ wf]s]jfhL ePsf] 5 eg] k| ]tfTdfjfbLx¿n] p;nfO{ :jo+ klqm;s]sf 5g\ .Æ 130
ctM kmf]6f] lv+Rg] JolQmsf] s'/fdfly a9L e/f];f ug{ ;lsGgYof] . km]l/ /x\of] s'/f — >LdtL
uKkLsf] . hxf“;Dd pgsf] ;DaGw 5, pgsf] ;Totfsf] ;dy{gdf s]jn xfd|f ldq jfn];sf] dfq æk/+
ljZjf;Æ 5 — To;afx]s c¿ s]xL 5}g . To;afx]s c¿ s]xL 5}g 5}g, 5}g s]xL klg 5}g
hxf“;Dd >LdtL uKkLsf] k/+ ljZj;gLotfsf] s'/f xf], To;sf] k|df0f xfdL pgsf] s] s'/fdf
kfp“5f} + eg] pgnfO{ !*&! sf] ;'?df Pslbg /flt xfOj/L lxn kfs{l:yt pgsf] 3/af6 cr]t cj:yfdf
^( NofDa; sf}G8\o'6 uNnLdf — cyf{t\ sf]jfsf] p8fgsf] ;Lwf lx;fan] tL a]nfotL dLnx¿sf] b'/Ldf
— xjfdf pl8/x]sf] cj:yfdf lnuPsf] lyof] tyf ^( gDa/sf] pQm ejgleq Pp6f k| ]tfTdfjfbL
ljrf/d08nsf] aLrdf s';L{dfly /flvPsf] lyof] . sf]7fsf 9f]sfx¿ aGb lyP /, oBlk >LdtL uKkL
nG8gsL Ps ;a}eGbf df]6L dlxnf lyOg\ — To;sf] cy{ jf:tjdf w]/} nfUb5 — tfklg To; sf]7fleq
pgsf] crfgs cfqmd0fsf] sf/0f g t 9f]sf g 5t g} sxL+ slQklg rls{of] -To; 36gfsf] ljj/0f
nG8gsf] æk|ltWjlg EchoÆ gfds klqsfsf] * h"g, !*&! sf] c+sdf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] /,
To;kl5 klg olb s;}sf] k| ]tfTdfsf] kmf]6fsf] ;Totfdf ljZjf; gx'“bf]
xf] t To; JolQmnfO{ s'g}
lsl;dsf] cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{ ;lsGgYof]
a]nfotsf k|fs[lts j}1flgsx¿dWo] csf] { k|Voft JolQm /f;folgs tTj y]lnod /
/]l8of]ld6/ 131 -To;nfO{ hd{gLdf Lichtmuhla klg elgG5_ sf cg';Gwfgstf{ ljlnod q'mS; x'g\ .
q'mS;n] !*&! lt/ k| ]tfTdfjfbL j:t'x¿sf] hf“ra'em ug] { sfd ;'? u/]sf lyP . To; sfdsf nflu
pgn] y'k} | ef}lts / oflGqs ;fwgx¿, sdfgLbf/ t/fh', lah'nLsf Aof6«Lx¿, cflbsf] pkof]u u/]sf
lyP . cf gf] pQm sfo{df ;a}eGbf d'Vo cfjZos pks/0f, cyf{t\ ;+zojfbL cfnf]rgfTds
dl:tissf] pgn] pkof]u u/]sf lyP jf lyPgg\, cyjf cGt;Dd To;nfO{ sfdsf] nflu Psbd} pko'Qm
cj:yfdf sfod /fVg ;s]sf lyP jf lyPgg\ — Tof] s'/f xfdL kl5 a'em\g]5f} + . h] xf];\, tfklg Hofb}
w]/} ;do ljTg'eGbf klxn] g} q'mS;;d]t klg pgLeGbf klxn]sf jfn]; hsl8P em} + k"0f{tM hsl8Psf
lyP .
pgn] eGb5g\, æs]xL jif{b]lv Pshgf o'jtL s'df/L nf]/]G; s'sn] dfWodsf] ¿kdf cb\e"t
Ifdtfsf] kl/ro lbPsL lyO{g\ . xfn} To;sf] kmn:j¿k Pshgf k| ]tfTdf dlxnfsf] l;Ëf] cfs[ltssf]
;[li6 ePsf] lyof] . hlta]nf pm k"0f{ clee"t cj:yfdf sfnf] n'uf nufPsf], aS;leq /fd|/L aGb
ePsf] l:yltdf jf 5]p“sf] Pp6f sf]7fdf klN6/x]sf] lyof], Tolta]n} pQm cfs[lt gfËf v'§f /
nx/fO/x]sf ;]tf] n'ufdf cufl8 cfP/ k|s6 x'GYof] . æ
pQm k| ]tfTdfn] cfkm"nfO{ s]6L atfp“Yof] eg] Tof] crDd}nfUbf] u/L s'df/L s'ssf] ;d¿k lyof] .
Pslbg ;f“em jf]NsDofg — cyf{t\ >LdtL uKkLsf] jt{dfg klt — n] crfgs sDd/df ;dfP . /, sxL+
s'df/L s'ss} csf] { ;+:s/0f t xf]Og eg]/ a'‰gsf nflu pgn] hf]8n] c“7\ofO/x] . Tolta]nf s] yfx
eof] eg] k| ]tfTdf w]/} alnof] lyof] / To;n] cfk"mnfO{ km'Tsfpg hf]8n] k|oTg u¥of] . bz{sx¿n] x:tIf]k
ug'{
k¥of] . k|sfz lgefOof] / s]xL wSsfwlSskl5 ha k'gM zflGt :yflkt eof] / km]l/ pHofnf]
agfOof], Tolta]nf x]bf{ k| ]tfTdf nf]k ePsf] lyof] eg] s's af“lwPsL / cr]t cj:yfdf pxL s'gfdf
klN6/x]sL lyO{g\ . To;sf] afjh"b s] elgG5 eg] af]NsDofgn] cfh lbp;f];Dd klg c¿nfO{ geP/
s'df/L s'snfO{ g} ;dfPsf] bfaf ub} {5g\ . To; s'/fnfO{ j}1flgs9Ëaf6 k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu k|lz4
ljB't\j]Qf — afnL{ — n] gof“ k|of]u ug] { a]nf s] Joj:yf u/] eg] Jof6/Lsf] wf/f dfWod, cyf{t\ s'df/L
s'sleqaf6 hfcf];\ / To;af6 wf/fnfO{ gx6fO{sg pgn] k| ]tfTdfsf] e"ldsf v]Ng g;s"g\ t/ km]l/ klg
k| ]tfTdf k|ToIf b]vf k/L . ctM s] :ki6 eof] eg] Tof] jf:tjdf s'seGbf a]Un} s'g} csL{ dlxnf lyO{ .
Tof] rLhnfO{ cem kfsf] u/L k|dfl0ft ug] { lhDdf q'mS;sf] lyof] . To;af/] pgsf] klxnf] sbd x'GYof] —

k| ]tfTdfjfbL dlxnfsf] ljZjf; k|fKt ug'{
. h"g %, !(&$ sf lbg k|sflzt k| ]tfTdfjfbL gfds klqsfdf
pgL :jo+ eGb5g\, æpQm dlxnfsf] e/f];f ddfly …lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} slt;Dd a9fOof] eg] d}n] Joj:yf
gubf{;Dd To;n] k|bz{g ug{ c:jLsf/ uyL{ . p;n] ;w} + d pm / p;sf] jfs;sf] ghLs /xg'kb{5
eGg] rfxGyL . d}n] s] b]v] + eg] — ha p;nfO{ k"/f ljZjf; eof] / pml;t ul/Psf] ] cf gf] h'g;'s}
afrf d}n] tf]l8\lbg eGg] e/f];f eof], Tolta]nf — To; rdTsf/sf] dxfTDo Hofb} a9\g k'Uof] tyf
v'nf¿kaf6 c¿ s'g} lsl;daf6 k|fKt x'g g;Sg] ;fIfL ldNg yfNof] . k|bz{gsf] a]nf s'g–s'g
JolQmx¿ df}h"b 5g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ s'g–s'g 7fp“df /fVg] xf] eGg] ljifodf w]/}h;f] p;n] dl;t ;Nnfx
ug] { ub{yL . To;sf] sf/0f s] lyof] eg] xfn}, Hofb} cg'lrt vfn] ;'emfjx¿sf] sf/0fn] cg';Gwfgsf
nflu w]/} j}1flgs pkfox¿sf cltl/Qm ansf] klg pkof]u ul/g'kb{5 eg]/ pm eoelt ePsL lyO{ .Æ
k| ]tfTdf o'jtLn] s'g ljZjf; — h'g hlt j}1flgs lyof], TolQs} pbfQ klg lyof] — sf] ;~rf/
klg k"/} dfqfdf u/]sf] ] lyof] . sxf“;Dd eg] pm :jo+ q'mS;sf] 3/df b]lvO{, pgsf s]6fs]6Lx¿;“u v]nL
/ pgLx¿nfO{ …ef/tsf] cf gf] ofqfsf] a]nfsf] rfvnfUbf] sxfgL ;'gfO/xL .Æ q'mS;nfO{ æcf gf]
ctLtsf s]xL s6' cg'ejÆ atfO{ . p;sf] :ki6 ef}ltstfsf] pgnfO{ /fd|/L ljZjf; xf];\ eg]/ p;n]
pgnfO{ cf gf] xftdf xft /fVg], cf gf] gf8L 5fDg] tyf p;n] k|ltldg6 sltk6s ;f; km]b{5], Tof]
klg uGg] cg'dlt lbO{ .Ú p;n] cGtdf q'mS;;“u} cf gf] kmf]6f] klg lvrfO{ ca tL s'/fx¿k|lt xfdL
crDd dfGb}gf} + . afn];n] s] eGb5g\ eg] b]v]kl5, cg'ej u/]kl5, s'/f u/]kl5 / kmf]6f] lv+r]kl5 Tof]
cfs[lt Psbd} x/fof] . Tof] Pp6f ;fgf] sf]7fdf nf]k eO{ . To;af6 5]p“sf] Pp6f sf]7fafx]s aflx/
hfg] csf] { s'g} af6f] lyPg / Tof] sf]7f bz{sx¿n] c6];d6]; ePsf] lyof] .Æ Tof] klg s'g} 7"nf] s'/f
lyPg Tof] ;f/f 36gf q'mS;sf] 3/df ePsf] lyof] / t;y{ s]jn cfjZostf pQm k| ]tfTdfnfO{ pgn]
b]vfPsf] hlt ljZjf; bz{sx¿n] ljgd| efjaf6 q'mS;dfly b]vfpmg\
b'ef{Uojz tL æk"0f{tM k|dfl0ft rdTsf/Ædfly k| ]tfTdfjfbL JolQmx¿n] klg t'?Gt ljZjf; u/]gg\
. dfly xfdLn] s] b]lv;s]sf 5f} + eg] af]NsDofg :jo+ eo+s/ / k| ]tfTdfjfbL x'g\ / pgn] s;/L
k| ]tfTdfnfO{ kqm]sf lyP . clg, clxn] æk| ]tfTdfjfbLx¿sf] a]nfotL /fi6«;+3Úsf] ;b:o Pshgf kfb/Ln]
s'df/L q'mS;sf] k|bz{g b]v]sf 5g\ . h'g sf]7faf6 k| ]tfTdf cfp“yL / nf]k x'GyL, To;sf] csf] { 9f]sfaf6
afx\o ;G;f/;“u p;sf] ;DaGw 5 eGg] s'/f s'g} sl7gfO{ljgf l;4 ul/lbPsf 5g\ . Toxf“ df}h"b
q'mS;sf] Jojxf/n] ædflyaf6 h] b]lvG5, To;df …s]xL tYoÚ x'g ;Sb5Æ eGg] æd]/f] ljrf/nfO{
clGtd¿kaf6 d]l6lbPsf]Æ lyof] . -/x:ojfbL nG8g, kfb/L ;L=df]l/; 8]leh_ k'gZr, To;kl5
cd]l/sfdf s]6Lx¿nfO{ æef}lts ¿kÆ s;/L lbOG5 eGg] s'/fsf] k|sfz xflnPsf] 5 . lkmnf8]lNkmofdf
xf]D; gfds bDkltn] k|bz{g ;Ël7t ug] { ub{Yof] To;df klg Pp6L …s]6LÚ b]lvPsL lyO{ . >4fn'x¿sf
w]/}h;f] pkxf/ p;n] :jLsf/ u/]sL lyO{ . t/ p;sf bz{sx¿dWo] Pshgf ;Gb]xjfbL klg lyof] .
hlxn];Dd pQm s]6Lsf] kQf nufpg] 5}g, Tolta]nf;Dd pm r"krfk /xg]5}g eGg] p;n] lgwf] u¥of] .
To;kl5 s] yfx nfUof] eg] pQm s]6Ln] a]tgsf] sdLsf] sf/0f x8tfn;d]t ul/;s]sL lyO{ . Tof] Pp6f
af]l8{ª 3/df /xg] o'jtL lyO{ eGg] s'/f p;n] kQf nufof] . To;kl5 p;sf] zf/Ll/stfaf/] s'g} cGof]n
/x]sf] lyPg . kl5 s] b]lvof] eg] k| ]tfTdfnfO{ lbOPsf ;a} pkxf/x¿ pm;“u pxL¿kdf df}h"b lyP .
To;}aLr o"/f]k]nL dxfåLkdf klg k| ]tfTdfx¿nfO{ bz{g ug] { j}1flgs b]lvPsf lyP .
;]G6lk6;{au{sf] Pp6f j}1flgs ;+3 — Tof] ljZjljBfnol;t ;DalGwt lyof] jf :jo= k|1f
k|lti7fgl;t lyof] eGg] dnfO{ :ki6¿kn] ofb ePg — /fhb"t cS;fsf]j / /;fogzf:qL a6n]/f]anfO{
pQm k| ]tfTdfjfbL rdTsfx¿sf] cfwf/sf] 5fgjLg ug] { sfd ;'lDkPsf] lyof] . To;sf] vf; 7"nf] kl/0ffd
lgSn]sf] h:tf] nfUb}g . 132 csf{lt/ — olb k| ]tfTdfjfbLx¿sf] rsf] { :j/sf] 3f]if0ffx¿sf] ljZjf; ug] { xf]
eg] — hd{gLdf klg k|f]km];/ hf]ng/sf] ¿kdf To:t} Pshgf JolQmnfO{ ca lnklhun] pTkGg u/]sf
5g\ .
hf]ng/n] cjsfzsf] ærf}yf] cfofdÆ kQf nufpg]af/] jiff} { +b]lv s7f]/ ;+3if{ ub} { cfO/x]sf 5g\
eGg] s'/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 . tLg cfofdx¿sf] cjsf;df y'k} | rLhx¿ c;Dej x'G5g\ eg] rf/
cfofdx¿sf] cjsf;df ;a} rLh ;lhn};“u ug{ ;lsg] s'/f pgn] kQf nufPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf
nflu rf/ cfofdx¿sf] cjsf;df wft'sf] Pp6f aGb uf]nfsf] leqL efunfO{ Unf]j ;/x pN6\ofP/

aflx/ Nofpg ;lsG5 . /, To;f] ug{sf nflu s'g} Kjfn kfg'{kg]
{ cfjZostf kb} {g . To;/L Pp6f
cGtxLg nfdf] 8f]/L cyjf b'j} 5]p“df af“lwPsf] 8f]/Ldf uf“7f] kfg{ ;lsG5 tyf b'O{ 5'§f5'§} aGb
cf} +nfx¿nfO{ tLdWo] s'g} klg gvf]nLsg Ps csf] {l;t km“;fpg ;lsG5 . To;}u/L y'k} | c¿ rLhx¿nfO{
klg ug{ ;lsG5 . k| ]tfTdfsf] ;G;f/af6 cfpg] l:yltsf] ljhof]Nnf;k"0f{ k|ltj]bgaf6 s] kQf nfUb5
eg] k|f]=hf]ng/n] rf}yf] cfofdsf] :yfgsf] w]/} ljj/0f kQf nufpgsf nflu Ps jf Tof]eGbf w]/}
dfWodx¿sf] ;xof]u lnPsf 5g\ . elgG5, To; sfo{df pgnfO{ cb\e"t ;kmntf xfl;n ePsf] 5 .
k|bz{gkl5 s] b]lvof] eg] h'g s';L{dfly pgn] xft /fv]sf lyP, To;sf e'hf pgsf kfv'/f;“u af“lwPsf
lyP, oBlk pgsf] xft s';L{af6 slxNo} x6]sf] lyPg To;} u/L Pp6f 8f]/Lsf b'j} 6'Kkf s';L{df
af“lwPsf lyP, To;sf uf“7f rf/j6f kfl/Psf lyP, cflb . ;ª\If]kdf rf}yf] cfofdsf rdTsf/x¿nfO{
k| ]tfTdfx¿n] Hofb} ;xh¿kdf b]vfpg ;Sb5g\ eGg] ul/G5 . ;fGble{s ;DaGw -relata refero_ nfO{
Vofn /fVg'kb{5 . d}n] k| ]tfTdfx¿sf] ;"rgf klqsfsf] ;Totfsf] Uof/]G6L ulb{g . olb To;df s]xL uNtL
5 eg] hf]ng/nfO{ d}n] ;'wfg] { cj;/ lbPsf]df pgL dk|lt s[t1 x'g'kb{5 . t/ olb To;df hf]ng/sf
cg'ejx¿nfO{ s'g} em"6d'7 s'/fljgf k|:t't ul/Psf] ] 5 eg] :ki6} 5, k| ]tfTdfjfb / ul0ft b'j} lj1fgdf
gof“o'usf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . k| ]tfTdfx¿n] rf}yf] cfofdsf] cl:tTjnfO{ k|dfl0ft ub{5g\ eg] / To;}u/L
rf}yf] cfofdn] k| ]tfTdfx¿sf] cl:tTjsf] ;fIfL aSb5 . /, Tof] rLh Psk6s l;4 ePkl5 lj1fg;dIf
k"0f{tM gof“ / c;Ld If]qsf] 9f]sf v'Nb5 . To;kl5 klxn]sf ;f/f ul0ftzf:q / k|s[lt lj1fg rf}yf] /
cem pRr:t/sf cfofdx¿sf] ul0ftzf:q / tL emg\ pRr:t/sf cfofdx¿ /xg] k| ]tfTdfx¿
oflGqslj1fg, ef}lts lj1fg, /;fogzf:q t z/L/lj1fg ;dIF pgLx¿sf] k|fylds kf7zfnf;/x
x'g]5 . q'mS;n] j}1flgs¿kaf6 s] atfPsf 5}gg\ eg] r}yf] cfofddf — ca xfdLx¿n] ;DejtM
To;nfO{ To:t} eGg ;Sb5f} + — k'Ubfv]l/ s';L{ / kmlg{r/sf c¿ rLhx¿sf] jhg slt sd x'g k'Ub5
eGg] s'/f atfPsf lyPgg\ tyf jfn];n] ;d]t s] rf}yf] cfofdleq cfuf] nufp“bf dfgj z/L/nfO{ s'g}
xfgL k'Ub}g eGg] s'/f 3f]lift u/]sf lyPgg\ < clg, clxn] t k| ]tfTdfx¿sf z/L/sf] z/L/ lj1fgsf] 1fg
klg xfdLnfO{ k|fKt eO;s]sf] 5 pgLx¿n] ;f; lnG5g\, pgLx¿sf gf8L rNb5g\ tyf pgLx¿sf]
kmf]S;f], d'6' / /Qm ;~rf/ gnLx¿ klg x'G5g\ . To;}u/L cGo zf/Ll/s cËx¿sf] b[li6af6 klg tL
slDtdf xfd|F] z/L/ hlQs} /fd|/L n}; x'G5g\ . ;f; lngsf nflu sfjf] {xf8« ]6sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . tL
kmf]S;f]df hNb5g\ . /, tL sfaf] {xfO8« ]6x¿ aflx/af6 pgLx¿;“u k'Ug ;Sg] x'gfn] pgLx¿sf k]6, cfGb|f
/ ltgsf pkfË klg x'G5g\ . clg Tof] s'/f Psk6s l;4 eof] eg] af“sL ;a} s'/f s'g} sl7gfO{ljgf
:jo+ l;4 x'g k'Ub5g\ . t/ To;vfnsf cËx¿ x'g' eg]sf] pgLx¿ /f]u / ljdf/sf lzsf/ x'g ;Sg' xf]
. h]xf];\, s] s'/f x'g' klg ;Dej x'G5 eg] ljrf/x¿n] l56} k| ]tfTdfx¿sf] ;G;f/sf sf]zLo /f]u
lgbfgzf:qaf/] klg k':ts tof/ ug'{k/]sf]
lyof] . /, tL k| ]tfTdfx¿dWo] clwsf+z Hofb} /fd|f o'jtLx¿
x'g] x'gfn] pgLx¿sf] ;'Gb/tf cnf}lss x'g'afx]s pgLx¿ ;fG;fl/s ;'Gb/Lx¿eGbf c¿ s'g} s'/fdf
klg km/s x'“b}gg\
. ctM l9nf]rf“8f] pgLx¿ …k| ]df]Gdfbsf] cg'ej ug] {Æ 133 k'?ifx¿sf] ;Dks{df k'Ug'
;Dej 5 . /, gf8L b]v]/ pgLx¿df æ:qL Xbo cg'kl:yt 5}g æ eGg] s'/f q'mS;n] l;4 ul/lbPsf
x'gfn] k|fs[lts j/0fsf] lqmof;dIf ;d]t rf}yf] cfofdsf] ;Defjgf pTkGg x'g k'u]sf] 5 eg] To;
134
vfnsf] cfofdnfO{ b'i6 ;fdflhs k|hftGq;“u} ;+nUg ul/g] s'/fsf] klg ca 8/ 5}g
***
clt eof] . k|s[lts lj1fgaf6 /x:ojfbLt/ hfg] ;a}eGbf kl/kSj af6f] k|ToIf¿kn] :ki6
eO;s]sf] rLh xf] . k|fs[lts bz{gsf ;DaGwdf ul/g] v'nf ;}4flGts ax;n] To;kl§ k'¥ofp“b}g, a?
Psbd} t'R5vfnsf], ;f/f l;4fGtx¿af6 k/ efUg] tyf ;f/fsf ;f/f lrGtgnfO{ cljZjf;sf] b[li6n]
x]g] { cg'ejjfbkl§ k'¥ofp“5 k| ]tfTdfx¿sf] cl:tTjnfO{ s'g} rLhn] klg :jtM l;4 ckl/xfo{tf
k|dfl0ft ub} {g eg] jfn];, q'mS; / pgsf] d08nLsf cg'ejjfbL ko{j]If0fn] To;nfO{ l;4 ub{5
q'mS;sf] jif{qmd;DaGwL ko{j]If0fsf sf/0fn] y]lnod wft' kQf nufpg d2t ldn]sf] s'/f olb
xfdLx¿n] dfG5f} + eg] cyjf dnfof åLk ;d"xdf jfn];n] ax'd"No k|f0fLzf:q;DaGwL vf]h u/]sf] s'/f
xfdLx¿n] :jLsf/ ub{5f} + eg] tL b'j} j}1flgsx¿sf k| ]tfTdfjfbL cg'ejx¿ / vf]hx¿dfly klg

xfdLx¿n] plQs} dfqfdf ljZjf; ug'{kb{5
eg]/ xfdLx¿l;t elgG5 . h];'s} xf];\, cGttM tL b'j}df
s]xLgs]xL cGt/ 5 cyf{t\ tL j}1flgsx¿sf klxn]sf vf]hx¿sf] ;Totfsf] xfdLx¿ k/IfL0f ug{
;Sb5f} + tfklg pgLx¿sf tL gof“ rLhx¿sf] ;Totfsf] k/IfL0f ug{ ;lsGg eGg] s'/f olb xfdLx¿
ub{5f} + eg] k| ]tfTdfnfO{ b]Vg], af]nfpg]x¿ kms{g] 5}gg\, a? To:tf] s'/f sbflk xf]Og eGg] k|To'Q/
xfdLnfO{ lbG5g\ pgLx¿ k| ]tfTdfx¿sf] ;Totfsf] s'/fsf] ;d]t k/LIff ug] { cj;/ xfdLnfO{ lbg
tof/ ePsf] atfp“5g\ .
To;df s] s'/fsf] z+sf 5}g eg] åGåjfbsf] cj1f gu/Lsg To;sf] ;d'lrt kmn k|fKt ug{
;lsGg . ;}4flGts lrGtgsf nflu s;}sf] Xbodf hlt;'s} pu| lt/:sf/sf] efj eP tfklg ;}4flGts
lrGtgljgf s'g} b'O{ k|fs[lts sf/f]af/sf] g t Ps csf{;“u s'g} ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 g
pgLx¿sf aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ a'em\g ;lsG5 . vfln Pp6} dfq k|Zg xf] — JolQmsf] lrGtg ;xL 5 jf
5}g < olb xfdL k|s[lt–k"hfjfbL t/Lsfaf6 / To;/L unt9ª\uaf6 ;f] +Rg vf]Hb5f} + eg] l;4fGtnfO{ k/
x6fOlbg' — To;k|lt lt/:sf/sf] efj /fVg' — To;sf] ;a}eGbf kl/kSj t/Lsf xf] . tfklg k'/fgf] /
k|lz4 åGåfTds lgod cg';f/, cz'4 lrGtgnfO{ hlta]nf To;sf] tfls{s kl/0ffd;Dd k'¥ofOG5,
Tolta]nf ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 Tof] hxf“af6 k|:yfg u/]sf] lyof], To;sf] Psbd} ljk/Lt ljGb'df k'Ub5 .
ctM åGåjfbk|ltsf] cg'ejjfbL lt/:sf/sf] efj /fVg'sf] ;hfo“ s] ldNb5 eg] sltko Hofb} uDeL/
cg'ejjfbLx¿ klg cGwljZjf;sf] ;a}eGbf uxL/f] ef;df, cyf{t\ cfw'lgs k| ]tfTdfjfbsf] bnbndf
v:b5g\
ToxL s'/f ul0ftzf:qsf] ;DaGwdf nfu" x'G5 . ;fwf/0f clwe"tjfbL ul0flt1n] Hofb} 3d08sf
;fy s] bfaf b{5g\ eg] pgLx¿sf] j}1flgs lgisif{ Psbd} csf6\o 5 . t/ pgLx¿sf] Tof] lgisif{df
sfNklgs kl/df0f klg ;fd]n x'G5 . tL kl/df0fx¿nfO{ of] lj1fgaf6 oyfy{tf k|fKt x'G5 . hlta]nf
√(−1) nfO{, cyjf rf}yf] cfofdnfO{ dflg;x¿sf] dgdl:tiseGbf aflx/ s'g} jf:tljstfl;t hf]8\g
cEo:t x'gk'Ub5, Tolta]nf k'gM Ps sbd cem cufl8 a9]/ To;n] dfWodx¿sf] k| ]tfTdfjfbL ;G;f/df
k'Ug] / To;nfO{ ;d]t clËsf/ ug] { s'g} x}/fgL To;df x'“b}g
. Sof6]n/n] 8f]ln+h/sf] ;DaGwdf eg]sf]
s'/f s]xLgs]xL To:t} xf] . pgn] eg]sf lyP M
æTof] JolQmn] cf gf] hLjgdf slt w]/} asjf;nfO{ ;xL atfPsf] 5 eg] jf:tjdf v"a dhfdf
p;n] slxNo} uNtL ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] bfjf ug{ ;SbYof] Æ 135
jf:tjdf k| ]tfTdfjfbLx¿sf] v08g vfln cg'ejjfbn] dfq ug{ ;Sb}g . k|ydtM æw]/}
pRr:t/Æsf] rdTsf/n] æcg';Gwfgstf{Æ xd]zf Tolta]nf dfq b]Vb5, hlta]nf p;n] h] s'/f
b]Vg'kb{5, cyjf h;nfO{ p;n] :jo+ b]Vg rfxG5, ToxL dfq b]Vg ;Sg] u/L pgLx¿sf] kmGbfdf Hofb}
w]/} km“l;;s]sf] x'G5 . Tof] s'/f q'mS;n] :jo+ Tolt cg'kd ;Lwfkgsf ;fy :ki6 u/]sf 5g\ låtLo,
k| ]tfTdfjfbLx¿n] pgLx¿sf ;os8f} + tyfslyt tYox¿sf] w'TofO{ +sf] ¿kdf e08fkmf]/ ul/lbPsf 5g\
tyf pgsf bh{gf} + tyfslyt dfWodx¿n] ;fwf/0f 7uL k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf 5g\ . Tof] s'/fnfO{
pgLx¿n] slQ klg kjf{x ub} {gg\ . hlxn];Dd x/]s tyfslyt rdTsf/sf] oyfy{tf vf]lnlbOGg,
Tolta]nf;Dd cf gf] sf/f]af/ rfn' /fVg] cj;/ pgLx¿sf cufl8 v'nf ePsf] 5 jfn];n] :jo+
k| ]tfTdfx¿sf gSsnL kmf]6fx¿af/] :ki6¿kaf6 elglbPsf 5g\ . pgL eGb5g\ M hfn;fhL x'g] s'/fn]
;xL rLh klg 5g\ eGg] k|dfl0ft ub{5
clg, To;/L cg'ejjfbn] s] b]Vb5 eg] emSsL k| ]tfTdfjfbLx¿sf] e08fkmf]/ ug{ To;n]
cg'ejejfbsf] cfwf/df ;Sb}g . To;sf] v08g ug{sf nflu, k'gM To;n] ;}4flGts rLhx¿sf] ;xf/f
lngsf nflu tyf xS;n]sf] ;fy;fy} æ…k| ]tfTdfjfbÚ sf] oyfy{tfsf] k|bz{gdf d}n] b]v]sf] Pp6f dfq
c;n s'/f s] xf] eg] To;af6 cfTd3ft ug] { s'/fsf lj?4 Pp6f csf] { ts{ xfdLnfO{ ldNb5 eGg afWo
x'g'kb{5 rf]sdf a9fg] {x¿ d]xQ/sf] x}l;otaf6 af“Rg' klg JolQm dg'{
/ x/]s k|zb{gsf] nflu Ps
lugLdf ef8fdf /flvP/ ædfWodÆsf ¿kdf d"v{tfk"0f{ asjf; ug'{eGbf
w]/} /fd|F] x'G5 . 136
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
jfg/af6 dflg;df ¿kfGt/ x'“bf
>dn] v]n]sf] e"ldsf

-c+z_
====/, jf:tjdf x/]s lbg ljTg'sf] ;fy;fy} oL lgodx¿nfO{ xfdLx¿n] a9LeGbf a9L ;xL9Ën]
a'em\g l;ls/x]sf 5f} + . /, k|s[ltsf k/Dk/fut qmddf xfdLx¿n] h'g x:tIf]k ub{5f} +, To;sf ck]Iffs[t
tfTsflns / bL3{sfnLg b'j}y/L kl/0ffdx¿sf] xfd|F] hfgsf/L a9\b} hfG5 . ljz]if¿kaf6 jt{dfg
zbLdf k|s[lt lj1fgn] h'g 7"nf] k|ult u/]sf] 5, To;kl5 xfdL clxn] a9LeGbf a9L s'g l:yltdf k'Ub}
uO/x]sf 5f} + eg] To;df slDtdf Psbd ;fwf/0f pŒkfbg;DaGwL sf/f]af/x¿sf] w]/} k/;Ddsf
k|fs[lts kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ ;d]t xfdLx¿ a'em\b5f} + / To;/L ltgnfO{ lgolGqt klg ug{ ;Sb5f} + . t/ Tof]
rLh hltw]/} x'“b}hfG5,
TolQs} w]/} dfqfdf dflg;n] s]jn Psk6s k'gM Tof] s'/f dx;"; ug] { dfq
geP/ k|s[ltaf6 tL cleGg 5g\ eGg] klg a'em\b5f} + . /, To;/L dgdl:tis / kbfy{ -b|Jo_, dflg; /
k|s[lt, cfTdf / z/L/aLr cGt/lj/f]w x'g] Tof] lg/y{s / k|s[ltlj/f]wL efjgf klg a9LeGbf a9L
x'“b}hfg]5,
h'g k|ltli7t k|frLg o'u 9n]kl5 o"/f]kdf pTkGg ePsf] lyof] tyf To;sf] ;jf] {Rr kl/is[t
¿k O;fO{ wd{df k|ltli7t ePsf] lyof] . ===
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
l6Kk0fLx¿ / ck"0f{ c+z
P]ltxfl;s
cfw'lgs k|s[lt lj1fgsf] k|f/De k" “hLjfbL Jofkf/Lx¿n] -ju{/x¿n]_ ;fdGtjfbnfO{ gi6 u/]sf]
;an o'uaf6 ePsf] lyof] . To;eGbf klxn] o"gfgLx¿sf cf]h:jL ;xhaf]wsf pbfx¿0fx¿ tyf
c/ax¿sf l56km"6 / Pscsf] {l;t c;Da4 cg';Gwfgx¿ e]l6G5g\ . t/ lj1fgsf] ¿kdf vfln
cfw'lgs k|fs[lts lj1fgdfly dfq ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o; o'udf zx/L gful/sx¿ -k" “hLjfbL
Jofkf/Lx¿_ tyf ;fdGtL clehft ju{sf aLrsf] ;+3if{sf] k[i7e"lddf ls;fg ljb|f]x ePsf] xfdL kfp“5f} +
tyf ls;fgsf] kl5–kl5 cfw'lgs ;j{xf/f ju{sf] qmflGtsf/L k|f/lDes tTj pl7/x]sf] b[li6ut x'G5 .
ltgLx¿sf] xftdf nfnem08f 5 / pgLx¿sf cf] +7df ;fDojfbsf] s'/f .
Tof] o'un] o"/f]ksf dxfg\ /fhtGqx¿nfO{ hGd lbPsf] lyof] . To;n] kf]ksf] cfWoflTds
tfgfzfxLnfO{ l5ofl5of kfl/lbPsf] lyof] . k|frLg o"gfgL o'usf] k'g?TyfgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub} { gof“ o'usf
;jf] {Qd snfTds ljsf;nfO{ k| ]l/t u/]sf] lyof] . k'/fgf] ;G;f/sf ;LdfnfO{ l5GgleGg kfl/lbPsf] lyof]
/, jf:tjdf klxnf]k6s ;G;f/sf] cg';Gwfg u/]sf] lyof] .
Tof] ;jeGbf 7"nf] qmflGt lyof] . To;sf] clxn];Dd ;G;f/n] cg'ej ul/s]sf] lyof] . Tof]
qmflGtsf] sfndf k|s[lts lj1fg klg v"a kmn]–km"n]sf] lyof] . Tof] k|fs[lts lj1fg Psbd} qmflGtsf/L
lyof] . dxfg\ O6nLsf] cfw'lgs bz{gsf] hfu/0fsf] sf“wdf sf“w /fv]/ Tof] cufl8 al9/x]sf] lyof] tyf
;'nLdf e'm08\ofOg / h]ndf sf]lrOgsf nflu zxLb k}bf ul//x]sf] lyof] . To;nfO{ bdg ug{sf nflu
k|f]6]:6\ofG6x¿ / Sofyf]lnsx¿df k|lt:kwf{ rln/x]sf] s'/f pNn]vgLo 5 . k|f]6]:6\ofG6x¿n] ;le{t;nfO{
/ Sofyf]lnsx¿n] luof/bfgf] a'|gf]nfO{
lhp“b} hnfPsf lyP . Tof] s:tf] ;do lyof] eg] To;df dxfg\
cfTdfx¿sf] cfjZostf lyof] tyf dxfg\ cfTdfx¿nfO{ p;n] g} k}bf u/]sf] lyof] — ljåtf, a'l4 /
rL/q ;a}df pgLx¿ dxfg\ lyP . Tof] ;donfO{ k|mflG;;Lx¿n] ;xL–;xL¿kn] gjhfu/0f o'usf] ;+1f
lbPsf lyP eg] k|f]6]:6\ofG6jfbLx¿n] Psf]xf]/f] å]ifsf] sf/0f To;nfO{ wd{;'wf/sf] o'u eg]sf lyP .
k|fs[lts lj1fg 137 n] Tolta]n} cf gf] :jtGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . Psbd} ;'?d} p;n]
To;f] gu/]sf] s'/f Psbd} ;f“rf] xf] . h;/L n"y/ g} klxnf] k|f]6]:6\ofG6 lyPgg\, To;}u/L Tof] 3f]if0ff
klg Psbd} ;'?df ul/Psf] ] lyPg . wd{sf] If]qdf kf]k 3f]if0ffnfO{ hnfP/ n"y/n] h]–hlt u/]sf lyP,
ToxL rLh k|fs[lts lj1fgsf] If]qdf sf]klg{s;sf] dxfg\ s[ltn] u/]sf] lyof] . Hofb} v} +lrbf–v} +lrb}, #^
jif{sf] cfgfsfgLkl5 tyf Psk|sf/n] cfkm" d[To'zo\ofdf k'Ubfv]l/ sf]klg{s;n] cf gf] pQm s[ltåf/f
wfld{s cGwljZjf;nfO{ r'gf}tL lbPsf lyP . To;kl5 wd{af6 k|fs[lts lj1fg d"ntM d'Qm x'g k'u]sf]
lyof], oBlk k"0f{¿kdf To;nfO{ wd{af6 rf]6 k'¥ofpg] sfd clxn];Dd klg rNb}5 / s}of} +
dgdl:tisx¿df Tof] sfo{ cem} klg k"/f ePsf] 5}g . tfklg To;kl5 lj1fgn] nfdf] kfOnf ;fb} {
cufl8 a9\g ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . hlta]nf Tof] ;'? ePsf] lyof], p;sf] b'/L hlt a9\bYof], ToxL cg'kftdf
Tolta]nf p;sf] ljsf; klg s}of} + u'gf tLj| x'“b}
hfGYof] — ;G;f/nfO{ hlt b]vfpg rfxGYof], ;hLj

kbfy{sf] ;jf] {Ts[i6 pkhsf] ultsf] ;DaGwdf, cyf{t\ dfgj dl:tissf] ultsf] ;DaGwdf nfu" x'g]
lgod h8 kbfy{sf] ultsf] lgodeGbf Psbd} pN6f] x'G5 .
cfw'lgs k|s[lt lj1fgsf] k|yd r/0fsf] cGt — lghL{j kbfy{ -Inorganic_ sf] IF]qdf —
Go"6gsf] ;“u} x'g k'Ub5 . Tof] sfndf h'g hfgsf/L ljBdfg lyof], To;dfly k"0f{lwsf/ sfod ul/Psf] ]
lyof] . ul0ftzf:q, oflGqslj1fg / Hof]ltifzf:qsf] If]qdf, l:ylt;DaGwL lj1fgsf] If]qdf /
ultlj1fgsf] IF]qdf dxfg\ sfo{ ul/Psf] ] lyof] . To;sf vf; sf/0f s]Kn/ / Uoflnlnof] lyP .
pgLx¿sf s[ltx¿sf cfwf/df Go"6gn] cf gf lgisif{x¿ lgsfn]sf lyP . t/ ;hLj If]qdf k|f/lDes
rLhx¿eGbf cufl8 s'g} k|ult ePsf] lyPg . P]ltxfl;s¿kaf6 Pskl5 csf] { cfpg] / Pp6fn]
csf] {nfO{ k|lt:yflkt hLjgsf :j¿kx¿af/] tyf To; cg'¿k ablng] hLjgsf kl/l:yltx¿af/]
cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{ cem};Dd klg ;'? ePsf] lyPg — cyf{t\ k|fs\–k|f0fLzf:q / e"ue{zf:qsf] cem};Dd
hGd ePsf] lyPg . k|s[lt s'g} rLh xf], To;sf] P]ltxfl;s qmddf ljsf; ePsf] 5 / To;sf] sfndf
s'g} Oltxf; 5 eGg] 7flgGYof] . vfln cjsf;sf] lj:tf/nfO{ dfq :jLsf/ ul/GYof] . juL{s/0f ubf{v]l/
hLjgsf ljljw kIfx¿nfO{ Pskl5 csf] { /flvGgYof], a? ltgnfO{ Ps csf] {sf] ;“u;“u} /flvGYof] .
k|fs[lts Oltxf; u|xx¿sf] c08fsf/ sIfh:t} ;Dk"0f{ sfnsf] nflu lglZrt dflgGYof] . ;hLj /rgfsf]
cem glhsaf6 ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsof];\ eGgsf vflt/ cfjZos b'j} rLh cem};Dd t}of/ ePsf lyPgg\
cyf{t\ g clxn];Dd /;fogzf:qsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] g ;hLj /rgfsf d"n tTjx¿sf] cyf{t\
sf]lzsfsf] 1fg k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . k|s[lts lj1fg ;'?b]lv g} qmflGtsf/L lyof] tfklg To;sf]
ztk|ltzt ckl/jt{gzLn k|s[ltl;t ;+3if{ eO/x]sf] lyof] . To; vfnsf] k|s[ltl;t cfh klg x/]s
rLh ToxL k|sf/sf] 5, h'g k|sf/sf] k|f/Ded} lyof] tyf x/]s rLh cgGtsf/;Dd To:t} /xg]5, Psbd}
;'?df Tof] h'g k|sf/sf] lyof] .
vf; s'/f s] xf] eg] k|s[ltsf] ;DaGwdf Tof] ¿9LjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf] sf/0f csfj{lgs -
Inorganic_ / sfj{lgs -Organic_ b'j} If]qdf === 138 ==
Hof]ltifzf:q, ef}ltslj1fg, e"ue{zf:q, oflGqslj1fg, /;fogzf:q, k|fs\–k|f0fLz:q, ul0ftzf:q,
vlghlj1fg, jg:klt—z/L/lj1fg, cf/f]Uo lj1fg, kz'–z/L/lj1fg, /f]u–lgbfg zf:q, z/L/–
/rgfzf:q, -o;df_ klxnf] r/ M sfG6 / nfKnf;n] pTkGg u/] .
bf];|f] r/ M e"ue{zf:q / k|fs\–k|f0fLzf:q
-lno]n, dGb ljsf;sf] l;4fGt_
t];|f] r/ M sfj{lgs /;fogzf:qn] sfj{lgs lk08x¿ tof/ ub{5 / hLljt lk08x¿af/]
/f;folgs lgodx¿sf] k|fdfl0fstf k'li6 ub{5 .
rf}yf] r/ M !*$@ df tfksf] oflGqs -l;4fGt_n], u|f]jn] .
kf“rf} + r/ M 8flj{g, nfdfs{ sf]lzsf, cflb -;+3if{, s'ljo/ / cufl;h_n] .
5} +7f} + r/ M z/L/ /rgfzf:qdf t'ngfTds tTj, hnjfo' lj1fg -;dtfk /]vfx¿_, kz' / jg:klt
e"uf]n -!* cf} + zbLsf] dWosfnkl5 j}1flgs ofqfx¿sf] cleofg_, ;fdfGo ef}lts e"uf]n -xdaf]N6_,
To;sf] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;+u|xn] . cfs[lt lj1fg -e" |0f lj1fg, j]o/_ n] .
k'/fgf] x]t'jfb -Teleology_ nf]k eof] t/ s] s'/f b[9tfsf ;fy :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 eg]
kbfy{ cf gf] zfZjt\ rqmdf lglZrt cj:yfdf — ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 lgodx¿ cg';f/ rNb5 —
slxn] otf, slxn] ptf — ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 ;hLj k|f0fLx¿df lrGtgzLn dl:tis ;[hgf ub{5 .
kz'x¿sf] ;fdfGo hLjg k4lt tL ;dsfnLg lgwf{l/t x'G5, h;df tL /xG5g\ tyf h; cg';f/
pgLx¿n] cf gf] l:ylt cg's"n agfp“5g\ . hxf“;Dd dflg;sf] k|Zg 5, p;sf] ;fdfGo hLjg–
k4ltsf kl/l:yltx¿ — hlxn]b]lv p;n] cfkm"nfO{ ;f“u'/f] cy{df kz'af6 5'6\ofPsf] lyof], ToxL
a]nfb]lv clxn];Dd slxNo} /x]sf 5}gg\ / P]ltxfl;s ljsf;åf/f dfq} ;[lht x'g]5g\ . dflg; Pp6f
To:tf] k|f0fL xf] / To;n] dfq kz' cj:yfaf6 dfly p7\g] Ifdtf /fVb5 — p;sf] ;fdfGo cj:yf
p;sf] r]tgf cg'¿k x'G5 —cf gf] ;[hgf p;n] :jo+ ug'{kb{5
.
***

===O{Zj/dfly ljZjf; ug] { k|fs[lts lj1fgsf JolQmx¿åf/f p;k|lt ul/Psf] ] Tolt w]/} g/fd|F]
Jojxf/ sxL+ ePsf] lyPg . ef}ltsjfbLx¿n] t ;Lw} tYox¿sf] JofVof ub{5g\, pgLx¿n] To;vfnsf
zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ub} {gg\ . hlta]nf k5fl8 k/]sf wd{lgi7 O{Zj/eQmx¿dfly anh tL O{Zj/ nfb\g]
r]:6f ul/G5, Tolta]nf ;j{k|yd pgLx¿n] tYo a'emfp“5g\ eg] To;kl5 nfKnf;n] em} + ¿vf] pQ/
lbG5g\ M -dxf]bo dnfO{ Tof] sNkgfsf] s'g} cfjZostf 5}g— Sire, jen' avais pas cflb_ 139 jf
hd{g Jofkf/Lx¿n] cf gf] sd;n dfn abnh tL le/fpg] sf]zLz ubf{ ltgnfO{ eufpgsf nflu
Jofkf/Lx¿n] lr9fp“b} eGb5g\, ætL rLhx¿ dnfO{ rflxPs} 5}gg\ -IK kan die zaken niet
gebruikenÆ_ eg]em} + cem} pu|¿kn] pQ/ lbG5g\ To;kl5 s'/f ToxL+ vtd x'G5 . t/ cf gf
/Ifsx¿sf xftaf6 O{Zj/n] s:tf]–s:tf] ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5}g cfw'lgs k|fs[lts lj1fgsf] Oltxf;df
O{Zj/sf eQmx¿n] p;k|lt s]xL To;}vfnsf] Jojxf/ ub{5g\, h'gvfnsf] Jojxf/ h]gf cleofgsf] a]nf
k|m]8l/s ljlnod t[tLok|lt p;sf hg] {nx¿ / clws[tx¿n] u/]sf lyP . ;]gfsf] Pskl5 csf] {
l8lehgn] xltof/ kmfNb}hfG5, lj1fgsf] k|ult;dIf Pskl5 csf] { u9 9Nb}hfG5 / cGtdf k|s[ltsf]
;f/f cgGt k|b]zdf lj1fgsf] ljhosf] lju'n aHb5 tyf To;nfO{ æk|yd cfj]uÆ;Dd x'g] >]o t
lbPsf lyP t/ To;kl5 ;f}o{d08ndf w]/} bvn lbPsf] x'gfn] p;nfO{ Psbd} /f]lsPsf] lyof] . wd{–
lktf ;]SsLn] ;f}o{d08naf6 To;nfO{ Psbd} aflx/ wkfOlbPsf 5g\ . s] s'/f ;xL xf] eg] Tof] sfd
pgn] ;fbf / k"0f{ wfld{s ;Ddfgsf ;fy u/]sf 5g\ . t/ To;sf] afjh"b To;nfO{ aflx/ wkfpg]
sfo{df pgn] slQ l9nfO u/] /, ;[li6;DaGwL sfo{sf l;nl;nfdf klg p;nfO{ ltgn] vfln cflb
gIfqk'~h;Ddsf] dfq >]o lbPsf lyP . /, c¿ ;f/f If]qdf To:t} ePsf] 5 . pgsf] clGtd dxfg\ 8g
lSjsh6 cufl;hn] t hLjlj1fgsf] If]qdf O{Zj/sf] ;DaGw Psbd} d"v{tfk"0f{ rLhx¿;“u ;+nUg
ul/lbPsf] 5 . cufl;hsfg';f/ O{Zj/n] s]jn jf:tljs kz'x¿sf] dfq geP/ lg/fsf/ kz'x¿sf] /,
lg/fsf/ df5f ;d]tsf] klg ;[li6 u/]sf] lyof] /, cGtdf l608n 140 cfp“5g\ . pgn] k|s[ltsf] If]qdf
O{Zj/sf] k|j]znfO{ Psbd} lglif4 u/]sf 5g\ pgn] To;nfO{ efjgfTds k|lqmofx¿sf] ;G;f/df
lgjf{l;t ul/lbPsf 5g\ pgn] p;sf] ;QfnfO{ s]jn lsg :jLsf/ ub{5g\ eg] cflv/df s'g}gs'g}
rLh oL ;Dk"0f{ j:t'x¿ -k|s[lt_sf ;DaGwdf hf]g l6G8nn] eGbf a9L hfGg] x'g'kb{5 eg]/ dfq pgsf]
;QfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5g\ Tof] k'/fgf] O{Zj/ cfsfz / k[YjLsf] ;|i6f lyof], ;f/fsf ;f/f j:t'x¿sf]
k|ltkfns lyof] tyf p;sf] dhL{ljgf lz/sf] Pp6} /f} + klg emb} {gYof] — ljr/f Tof] O{Zj/ slt kl5
k¥of]
l6G8nsf] efjgfTds cfjZostfn] s'g} klg l;4 ug{ ;Sb}g . ;a}d]lno/ lb lu|psf] klg d]gg
n]:sf]6nfO{ k| ]d ug'{
/ To;nfO{ ckgfpg'kg] { efjgfTds cfjZostf lyof] . t/ d]gg n]:sf]6n] cfkm"
:jo+ / p;nfO{ af/Daf/ a]r]sf] lyof] . To;sf] sf/0fn] ;]j}lnP/nfO{ tf;df a]Odfg u/]/ sdfpg'k¥of] .
pm :jo+ bnfn aGgk'Uof] . /, olb l6G8nn] p;nfO{ tL s'/fx¿sf nflu bf]ifL 7x¥ofpg rfxG5 eg]
p;n] cf gf] …efjgfTds cfjZostfÚ lyof] eGg] pQ/ lbg]5
O{Zj/ gfl:t cyf{t\ 5}g -nescio_ t/ [p;sf] kIFdf Ps dfq ts{ c1fgtf —ignorantia
non est argumentum_ 141 xf] —l:kgf]hf ]
k|m]8l/s Pª\u]N;
a| 'gf] jfo]/ / k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{
!# clk|nsf lbg aln{gdf s'g} a]nf Pp6f bfz{lgs / wd{j]Qfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] JolQmsf]
lgwg eof] . t/ jiff} + {;Dd pgsf af/]df d'ZsLn}n] s]xL rLh ;'lgGYof] . a]nfa]nfdf vfln Pshgf
æemSsL ;flxlTosÆ JolQmsf ¿kdf pgLdfly hg;d'bfosf] Wofg k'UbYof] . /]gfg ;d]t ;/sf/L
kfb/Lx¿n] pgnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/lbPsf lyP /, To;/L pgsf ljifodf d[To';/L ;Ggf6f 5fp“Yof] . t/
To;sf afjh"b pgL tL ;a}dWo] of]Uo lyP . /, xfdL ;dfhjfbLx¿sf] rf;f] ePsf] O;fO{ wd{sf]
pTklQsf] Oltxf;sf] k|Zgdf tL ;a}sf] ck]Iff pgn] w]/} /fd|f] sfd u/]sf lyP .

pgsf] d[To'sf] of] 38Ldf, xfnsf] kl/l:yltsf ;DaGwdf To; k|Zgdf xfdL ;ª\If]kdf ljrf/ u/f} +
tyf Tof] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu jfo]/n] slt of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f x]/f} +
ljZj Oltxf;sf] a'l4;Ët qmdaf/] k|sfz xfNg' x]u]nsf] bz{gdfly bfloTj lyof] . To;kl5
dWoo'uLg :jtGq lrGtsx¿b]lv lnP/ !* cf} + zbLsf] gof“ cfnf]ssf k|;f/sx¿;Dddf af]njfnf
/x]sf] Tof] b[li6sf]0f ckof{Kt lyof] . ca ;f/fsf ;f/f wd{ / ctM O;fO{ wd{;d]t klg vfln 7u ljBf
x'g\ eg]/ dfq x'“b}gYof]
.
olb lgu|f]x¿sf] h8k"hf jf cfo{x¿;d]tsf] cflbd wd{h:tf :jo+ pTkGg ePsf wfld{s
Joj:yfx¿ s'g} k|sf/sf] 7uLljgf pTkGg ePsf lyP eg] ca ltgsf] k5fl8sf] ljsf;sf nflu 7"nf
k'/]tx¿sf] 7u ljBf l56} g} ckl/xfo{ aGg k'u]sf] s'/f :ki6 5 . t/ wdf{Gwtf hlt kfkd'Qm ePklg,
s[lqd wd{ Psbd} ;'?sf] cj:yfdf klg 7uL tyf Oltxf;nfO{ unt9Ën] k|:t't ug] { rfnafhLsf] ;xf/f
glnO{sg x's{g ;Sb}g . jfo]/n] gof“ afOan -New Testament_ sf] cf gf] cfnf]rgfdf :ki6
u/]em} + To; If]qdf O;fO{ wd{n] klg ;'?b]lv g} y'k} | k|k~r k|blz{t u/]sf] 5 . tfklg To;af6 t vfln
cfd sf/f]af/sf] dfq} k'li6 x'G5, k|:t't ljifodf s'g} vf; k|sfz kb} {g .
h'g wd{n] /f]d ;fd|fHonfO{ cf gf] cwLg:y agfPsf] lyof] / h;n] !*)) jif{;Dd ;Eo dfgj
hfltsf] w]/}h;f] efudfly zf;g ub} { cfPsf] 5, To:tf] wd{nfO{ Tof] s]jn sltko w"t{x¿sf] k|k~r
dfq lyof] eg]/ lgd" {n kfg{ ;lsGg . h'g P]ltxfl;s kl/l:yltsf cfwf/df To;sf] pbo ePsf] lyof] /
To;n] cf gf] k|e'Tj sfod u/]sf] lyof], tL kl/l:yltx¿df Tof] pTkGg x'g' / ljsl;t x'g'sf] sf/0f
hlxn];Dd 7f];¿kdf atfpg ;lsGg, Tolta]nf;Dd To;sf af/]df s;}n] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}g . O;fO{
wd{sf] l:ylt klg ToxL xf] . To;kl5 h'g ;d:ofsf] pQ/ lbg' 5, Tof] s] xf] eg] /f]d ;fd|fHosf cfd
hg;d'bfo ;d]t klg c¿ ;f/f wd{x¿sf] ck]Iff clxn];Dd ToxL asaf;sf] k|rf/ ug'{
ljlrqsf] s'/f
xf] — bf; / c¿ pTkLl8t hg;d'bfon] ;d]t klg — To;nfO{ ?rfp“b} cfg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] < To;sf]
sf/0f s] xf] eg] /f]d hutsf :j]R5frf/L zf;ssf] u2Ldf olb dxŒjsf+IfL s:6]G6Lgn] :jo+nfO{
k|ltli7t ug{ rfxG5 eg] asjf;sf] Tof] wd{nfO{ p;n] :jLsf/ ug'{
/fd|f] pkfo x'g]5 eg]/ p;n]
dfGg'k/]sf] lyof] .
To; k|Zgsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hsf nflu c¿x¿sf] ck]Iff a| 'gf] jfo]/n] w]/} ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ .
k|ltudgsf] sfnsf cGwljZjf;L kfb/Lx¿n] !*$( b]lv pgsf lj?4 w]/} ;+3if{ rnfPsf lyP t/ pgL
ljrlnt ePgg\ . :jo+ afOansf] ;f/tTjsf cfwf/df b]jb"tx¿sf] sfnqmd / pgLx¿sf] kf/:kl/s
lge{/tfnfO{ pgn] csf6\ \o¿kdf k|dfl0ft ul/lbP . ToxL rLh ljNs]n] s]jn efiff lj1fgsf] b[li6af6
dfq :ki6 kf/]sf lyP . b]jb"tx¿sf ljj/0fx¿sf cfwf/df dfG5]n] pgLx¿nfO{ P]ltxfl;s klg dfGg
;Sb5 eg] klg 6«f;sf] Tof] c:ki6 slNkt l;4fGtdf /lQe/ klg j}1flgs wf/f gePsf] s'/f a| 'gf]
jfo]/n] k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf lyP . /, olb afOansf ;f/fsf ;f/f ;f/tTjdWo] sl/a–sl/a ;a} }h;f]
rLhx¿nfO{ P]ltxfl;s ¿kaf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsGg eg] — To;af6 O;fd;Lxsf] P]ltxfl;s
cl:tTjsf] ljifodf z+sf ug{ ;lsG5 eg] — jfo]/n] To;nfO{ k|dfl0ft u/]/ h'g k|Zgsf] ;dfwfgsf]
nflu k[i7e"ld tof/ u/]sf 5g\, Tof] xf] M h'g efj / ljrf/x¿ uf“;]/ O;fO{ wd{nfO{ Ps vfnsf]
bz{gsf] ¿k lbOPsf] 5, ltgsf] pTklQ sxf“af6 ePsf] lyof] / tL efj / ljrf/x¿ ;f/fsf ;f/f
;G;f/el/ oltw]/} s;/L km}lnP <
jfo]/n] tL k|Zgsf] cWoog cf gf] d[To'ko{Gt ul//x]sf lyP . cf gf] cg';Gwfg sfo{af6 pgL
s'g d'Vo lgisif{df k'u]sf lyP eg] cn]Sh]lG8«ofsf ox'bL lkmnf] g} O;fO{ wd{sf jf:tljs hGdbftf
lyP . O;fsf] d[To'sf] $) jif{kl5 ;Dd pgL hLljt lyP t/ Tolta]nf pgL w]/} a"9f eO;s]sf lyP . /,
/f]ddf :6f]Os -l:yt k|1_ bfz{lgs l;g]sf Psk|sf/n] O;fO{ wd{sf sfsf lyP . lkmnf]sf /rgfx¿
elgg] y'k} | /rgfx¿ xfdL kfp“5f} + . pgsf] hGd jf:tjdf ox'bL k/Dk/fl;t ;DalGwt ¿ksx¿ /
ts{;Ët tTjx¿sf o"gfgL, vf; u/]/ To;sf pbf;LgtfjfbL -:6f]Os_ bz{g;“usf] ;lDd>0faf6 ePsf]
xf] . k"j] {nL / klZrd]nL b[li6sf]0fsf] Tof] ;dGjodf O;fO{ wd{sf ;f/fsf ;f/f d"n ljrf/x¿ kfOG5g\ .
dflg;sf] hGdhft kfkj[lQ, jrg -cyf{t\ Logos_ O{Zj/;“u x'G5 / O{Zj/ xf] tyf To;n] O{Zj/ /
dflg;aLr dWo:ytfsf] sfd ub{5 . k|folZrt kz'alnaf6 geP/ O{Zj/k|lt cf gf] cfTdfnfO{ ;dlk{t

u/]/ k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 — O;fO{ wd{sf tL ;a} ljrfx¿ To;df df}h"b 5g\ . /, cGtdf O;fO{ wd{sf] Tof]
d"ne"t ljz]iftf klg To;df df}h"b 5, h;n] gof“ wfld{s bz{gleq ;G;f/sf ;f/fsf ;f/f k'/fgf
Joj:yfx¿nfO{ g} pN6\ofOlbG5 — cyf{t\ pQm gof“ wfld{s bz{gn] cf gf cg'ofoL, u/Lax¿,
b'MvLx¿, bf;x¿ / lt/:s[t hgx¿sf] aLrdf vf]Hb5, wgLx¿, ;Qfwf/Lx¿ / ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DkGg
JolQmx¿k|lt 3[0ff ub{5 . ;f/sf ;f/f ;fG;fl/s ;'vef]u kl/Tofu ug] { / z/L/nfO{ si6 lbg] wd{sf
p2]Zox¿sf] pTklQ ToxL efjgfcGt/ut ePsf] lyof] .
csf{lt/, cu:6;n] s] cfb]z hf/Lu/]sf lyP eg] s]jn dfgj–O{Zj/nfO{ dfq geP/ tyfslyt
ljz'4 wf/0ffnfO{ ;d]t klg dfGg' /fhfsf] cf1fg';f/ cfjZos x'G5 . pgn] s]jn l;h/ / cf gf]
dfq b]jtf;/x k"hf u/fpg ;'? u/]sf] geP/ pgL :jo+ cyf{t\ cu:6; l;h/ l8j; b]jb"t ePsf]
k|rf/ ;d]t u/fPsf lyP . pgL s'g} dfgj–lktfsf ;Gtfg geP/ pgsL cfdfn] pgnfO{ ;"o{b]j -
Apolo_ af6 k|fKt u/]sL lyOg\ . t/ Tof] ;"o{b]j -Apolo_ st} x]gl/v xfOg] 142 n] cf gf uLtx¿df
pNn]v u/] ]sf] ToxL ;"o{b]j -Apolo_ l;t ;DalGwt t lyPg <
xfdLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ d"n cfwf/sf] g} cfjZostf 5 eGg] 7fGb5f} + . To;kl5 k'gM cf gf] ;f/fsf
;f/f d"n ljz]iftfx¿;“u} O;fO{ wd{sf] l;Ë} 3/ cufl8 v8f x'G5 M jrgsf] cjtf/n] vf; JolQmsf]
¿k lnG5 tyf kfkd'Qm dfgj hfltsf] d'lQmsf vflt/ Tof] JolQm ;'nLdf r9\b5 .
h'g ;|f]tx¿sf] jf:tjdf e/f];f ug{ ;lsG5, tL pbf;LgtfjfbL — lkmnf]jfbL l;4fGtcGt/ut
O;fO{ wd{sf tL cfwf/e"t ljrf/x¿sf] :yfkgf slxn] ul/Psf] ] lyof] eg]/ xfdL lglZrt¿kn] eGg
;Sb}gf} + . t/ slt s'/f lglZrt xf] eg] To;sf] :yfkgf bfz{lgsx¿n], lkmnf]sf r]nfx¿ jf o"gfgL
j}/fuLx¿ -:6f]Osx¿_ n] u/]sf lyPgg\ . wd{sf] :yfkgf tL dflg;x¿n] ub{5g\, h;n] :jo+ wd{sf]
cfjZostf 7fGb5g\ tyf cfd hgtfsf wfld{s cfjZostfx¿ a'em\b5g\ . Tof] rLh k|frLg
bfz{lgsx¿sf ;DaGwdf cfd¿kdf nfu" x'Gg . csf{lt/, xfdL s] b]Vb5f+ } + eg] cfd ktgsf] a]nf,
cfhef]ln h:t}, bz{g / wfld{s ¿9Ljflbtfn] cfd¿kn] ljs[t / pR5[ª\vn ¿k ln+b}5g\ . k|frLg
o"gfgL bz{g cflv/L :j¿kx¿sf] ue{af6 — vf; u/]/ Toxf“sf PkLs'?jfbL ;Dk|bfosf] ue{af6 —
cgLZj/jfbL ef}ltsjfbsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] t/ o"gfgsf] t'R5vfnsf] bz{gsf] ue{af6 O{Zj/ Ps 5,
s]jn Pp6} dfq 5 / dfgj cfTdf cd/ 5 eGg] l;4fGtsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L ox'bLx¿sf]
wd{sf] ljs[t ¿k;“u} aflx/L dfG5]x¿ / c4{–ox'bLx¿sf ljrf/x¿sf] ;lDd>0f / cfbfg–k|bfgsf]
kmn:j¿k wfld{s sd{sf08x¿sf] pk]Iff ul/g yfNof] eg] klxn] s]jn ox'bLx¿sf] /fli6«o b]jtf
hfxj]x -h]xf]jf_ 143 nfO{ Ps dfq ;Rrf O{Zj/df ablnof] . ToxL k'gM :ju{ / k[YjLsf] ;[li6stf{ sxlng
yfNof] . ;fy} cfTdfsf] cd/tfsf] ljrf/ klg To;df ld;fOof] . ox'bLx¿sf] k|f/lDes wd{df
To;k|sf/sf] ljrf/sf] lgldQ s'g} 7fp“ lyPg . To;}u/L Ps]Zj/jfbL t'R5 wd{;“u t'R5 bz{gsf] ;Dks{
:yflkt eof] . t'R5vfnsf] wd{n] To;nfO{ cf gf] tDtof/ Pp6f / Pp6} dfq O{Zj/ pkxf/ lbof] .
To;/L lkmnf]sf ljrf/x¿em} + ljs[t ¿ksf ox'bLx¿aLr ljGof; u/]/ O;fO{ wd{sf] pTklQ ug{ ;lsg]
k[i7e"ld tof/ eof] . Tof] Psk6s pTklQ ePkl5 To;nfO{ o"gfgLx¿ / /f]djf;Lx¿n] lz/f]k/ ug] {5g\ .
O;fO{ wd{sf] pTklQ :jo+ lkmnf]sf /rgfx¿cGt/ut geP/ lkmnf]sf ljrf/x¿sf] ljs[tLs/0f cGt/ut
ePsf] lyof] —gof“ afOann] lkmnf]sf clwsf+z s[ltx¿nfO{ nueu k"/} pk]Iff u/]sf] s'/faf6 Tof] l;4
x'G5 . k'/fgf] afOansf cfVofgx¿sf ¿ksx¿ tyf To;sf bfz{lgs JofVofx¿nfO{ ljz]if u/]/ gof“
afOandf pk]Iff ul/Psf] ] 5 . jfo]/n] Tof] kIfk|lt oy]i6 Wofg k'¥ofPsf lyPgg\ .
O;fO{ wd{ cf gf] k|f/lDes ¿kdf s:tf]vfnsf] nfUbYof] eGg] s'/fsf] s]xL cfef; hf]gåf/f
lnlvt lbJo ;Gb]zsf] tyfslyt k':ts k9\gfn] kfpg ;lsG5 . Psflt/ To;df p208, cG6;G6
wdf{Gwtf 5 eg] cGwljZjf;sf] s]jn ;'?cft dfq 5, tyfslyt O;fO{ g}ltstfåf/f z/L/nfO{ si6
k'¥ofpg] lglb{i6 s'/f 5 t/ csf{lt/, To;df e/df/ emf“sLx¿ / O{Zj/Lo eljiojf0fLx¿sf] pNn]v 5 .
wfld{s cGwelQm / g}lts l;4fGtx¿sf] ljsf;kl5sf] ;dodf, afOan / b]jb"tx¿sf tyfslyt
wd{kqx¿ n]lvPsf] ;dodf ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] nflu — slDtdf hxf“;Dd cfrf/–ljrf/sf] ;DaGw
5 — a}/fuLx¿ -:6f]Osx¿_sf] bz{g, vf; u/]/ l;g]sfsf] bz{gsf] åGå/lxt efjaf6 pkof]u ul/Psf] ]

lyof] . jfo]/n] s] l;4 u/]sf 5g\ eg] tL wd{eQmx¿n] w]/}h;f] pQm bz{gsf] cIf/zM gSsn ub{5g\ .
jf:tjdf Tof] s'/f O;fO{ wdf{g'ofoLx¿n] klg a'em]sf lyP t/ pgLx¿n] s] eGby] eg] :jo+ l;g]sfn]
tL gof“ afOansf] gSsn u/]/ lnPsf lyP — oBlk l;g]sfsf] ;do;Dd gof“ afOan n]lvPsf] klg
lyPg cGwelQmsf] ljZjf; k|yd, O;'sf] Tof] syfnfO{ lnP/ ePsf] lyof], h;sf] Tolta]nf vfln
hGd dfq eO/x]sf] lyof] eg] csf{lt/, To;sf] ljsf; ox'bL O;fO{x¿ / d"lt{ k'Hg] -k]ug_ O;fO{x¿sf
aLrdf rln/x]sf] ;+3if{sf] a]nfdf ePsf] lyof] .
O;fO{ wd{ ;kmn x'g] / ;G;f/df To;n] cf gf] k|e'Tj hdfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] s'g sf/0fx¿
lyP < To;af/] klg jfo]/n] Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ u/]sf 5g\ . t/ Toxf“ Tof] hd{g bfz{lgsx¿sf]
cfbz{jfb cf8 nfu]sf] 5, h;n] pnfO{ :ki6¿kn] a'em\g / s'/fx¿nfO{ oyfy{¿kdf k|:t't ug{sf nflu
afwf xfNb5 . lg0ff{os s'/fx¿af/] k|fozM d"ntTjsf] :yfg jfsrft'o{n] lnG5 . ctM jfo]/sf
ljrf/x¿sf ljj/0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{sf]
;f6f] d}n] jfo]/sf /rgfx¿ / :jo+ cf gf] JolQmut
cWoogsf cfwf/df cf gf wf/0ffx¿ JoQm ug] {5' .
/f]djf;Lx¿sf] ;kmntfn] ;f/f k/flht b]zx¿df ;j{k|yd k'/fgf ;f/f /fhg}lts
kl/l:yltx¿nfO{ ;Lw} cGt ul/lbof] . To;kl5 ck|ToIf¿kaf6 pgLx¿sf ;fdflhs kl/l:yltx¿nfO{
klg gi6 ul/lbof] . To;f] ubf{ ;j{k|yd /f]djf;Lx¿n] /fHodf cfwfl/t k'/fgf ;Ë7gx¿ -bf;tfsf]
s'/f k/ /fv]/ _ nfO{ x6fP/ /f]dsf gful/sx¿ tyf c¿ b]zsf dflg;x¿ cyjf k/fwLg hgx¿aLr
;Lw} c;dfgtf :yflkt u/] . låtLo, /f]d /fHosf] gfddf pgLx¿n] s/ p7fpg ;'? ug'{
csf] { d'Vo
rLh lyof] . ;fd|fHo cGt/ut /fHosf] lxtdf ;s];Dd s] s'/fsf] ;Ldf lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] ] lyof] eg]
k|zf;sx¿n] wg;DklQsf] cf gf] nfn;f d]6\gsf nflu hlt;Dd n"6df/ ug{ ;Sb5g\, Tof] / To;sf]
;“u;“u} To; n"6df/sf] 7fp“df /fhsLo sf]if k"lt{ ug{sf nflu a9LeGbf a9L a]xfn / ajf{b kfg] {
vfnsf s/x¿;d]t klg nufPsf] lyof] . To;sf] c;/ eo+s/ ljgfzsf/L x'GYof] . t[tLo, x/]s 7fp“df
/f]dsf] sfg"g :yflkt ul/Psf] ] lyof] / Tof] /f]dsf GofowLzx¿n] g} nfu" ub{y] . /f]dsf] sfg"gl;t d]n
gvfg] s'g} klg b]zsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf cj}w 3f]lift ul/Psf] ] lyof] . tL tLg t/Lsfåf/f k]n]/
a]Unfa]Un} ;dfgtf lbg] d"9]an k|oTg ul/Psf] lyof] . tL b]zx¿sf] ] hg;+Vofsf] ;a}eGbf ;fx;L
efunfO tL nufO“sf] a]nf — ljhoeGbf klxn], To;sf] ;“u;“u} jf k|foM To;k5 klg nl8Psf] lyof] —
ls t bafOPsf] lyof] ls bf; agfOPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 ;os8f} + jif{;Dd tL tLgy/L t/Lsf ar]sf]
hg;+Vofsf lj?4 k|of]u ubf{v]l/ t pgLx¿nfO{ k/f:t ul/Psf] ] lyof] . k|fGtx¿df sfod ul/g]
;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿ O6nL / /fhwfgLsf ;DaGwx¿sf] cg'¿k aGb}uPsf lyP . hg;+Vof tLj|¿kaf6
tLgy/L lj/f]wL ju{x¿df af“l8b} uof] . tL ju{x¿ Psbd} a]Unfa]Un} tTjx¿ / hfltx¿sf] d]naf6
ag]sf lyP . tLdWo] Pp6f wgLx¿sf] ju{ lyof] . To;df bf;Tjjfb d'Qm ePsf k]6«f]lgo; h:tf y'k} |
bf;x¿ klg lyP, 7"nf hdLgbf/x¿ jf ;"bvf]/ ;fx"x¿ jf O;fO{ wd{sf lktfx¿, hdLgbf/ / ;"bvf]/
b'j} ePsf l;g]sf h:tf JolQmx¿ klg ToxL ju{df kb{y] . csf] { ju{ ;DklQljxLg :jtGq JolQmx¿sf]
lyof] . /f]ddf pgLx¿sf] ef]hg / dgf]/~hgsf] Joj:yf /fHosf tkm{af6 ul/GYof] . k|fGtx¿df pgLx¿
:jo+ cf g} ;xf/faf6 Pgs]g u'hf/f rnfp“y] . /, cGtdf t];|f] bf;x¿sf] ljzfn ju{ lyof] . /fHo,
cyf{t\ /fhfsf] ck]Iff klxnf b'O{ ju{sf clwsf/x¿ dflnssf] ck]Iff bf;x¿;/xs} lyP . l6a]l/k;sf]
;dob]lv gL/f]sf] ;do;Dd Tof] s:tf] t/Lsf ePsf] lyof] eg] pgLx¿sf] ;DklQ h t ug{sf nflu
wgL /f]dsf gful/sx¿nfO{ d[To'b08 lbg] ul/GYof] ;/sf/sf] ;xf/f ef}lts¿kn] ;]gf x'Yof] .
/f]djf;Lx¿sf] k'/fgf] ls;fg ;]gfsf] ck]Iff Tof] ;]gf ef8fsf ljb]zL l;kfxLx¿sf] ;]gfl;t a9L
ldNbYof] . /, g}lts¿kaf6 ;/sf/sf] ;xf/fsf] xsdf eg] Tof] l:yltaf6 plDsg] s'g} pkfo lyPg eGg]
cfd wf/0ff lyof] . l;h/ of] xf];\ jf Tof] h]xf];\ t/ ;}Go k|e'Tjdfly cfwfl/t ;fd|fHosf] ckl/xfo{tf
lyof] . Tof] wf/0ff lsg Hofb} df}lns kl/l:yltx¿dfly cfwfl/t lyof] eg]/ To;sf] ljZn]if0f ug] { 7fp“
of] xf]Og .
cfd clwsf/ljxLg / To;k|sf/sf] kl/l:ylt ;'wfg] { s'g} dfu{ gePsf] 7fGg] lg/fzfk"0f{ efjgfsf]
ue{af6 ToxL cg'¿k cfd lzlyntf tyf dgf]anljxLgtfsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . s'nLgvfn] h]–hlt
k'/fgf /f]djf;Lx¿ af“sL lyP, ltgnfO{ ls t x6fOPsf] lyof] ls tL dl/;s]sf lyP . 6\of;L6;\ tLdWo]

clGtd lyof] . c¿x¿ ;fj{hlgs hLjgaf6 k/} /xGy] eg] v'zL klg /xGy] . pgLx¿sf] hLjgsf] p2]Zo
lyof] — wg–bf}nt sdfpg] / df]h ug] {, k/:k/df uf]Ko s'/fx¿ ug] { / if8oGq ug] { lyof] . ;DklQljxLg
:jtGq gful/sx¿sf] l:ylt /f]ddf t /fHoaf6 k]G;g kfpg]x¿sf] h:tf] l:ylt lyof] t/ k|fGtx¿df
pgLx¿sf] l:ylt bogLo lyof] . Toxf“ pgLx¿n] sfd ug'{kb{Yof]
. To;eGbf klg Hofb} g/fd|f] s'/f s]
lyof] eg] pgLx¿n] bf;x¿;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{
kb{Yof] . t/ pgLx¿ zx/d} a:by] . ltgLx¿afx]s
k|fGtx¿df ls;fg, :jtGq hdLgsf dflns -oq–tq zfob clxn] klg ;fd"lxs :jfldTj k|0ffnL
ljBdfg lyof], cyjf ufp“dfem} + C0fsf] sf/0f 7"nf hdLgbf/x¿sf a“w'jf, qmLt bf;x¿ klg kfOGy] .
;fdflhs pyn–k'ynsf] ;jeGbf sd c;/ kg] { ju{ ToxL x'GYof] . wfld{s pynk'ynsf] lj/f]w ;a}eGbf
w]/} ;do;Dd ToxL ju{n] g} u/]sf] lyof] . 144 cGtdf tL cwLsf/ljxLg / cf gf] OR5f vtd ul/Psf
bf; lyP . :kf6{s;sf] k/fhon] k|dfl0ft u/]em} + pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ d'Qm ug] { s'g} ;Defjgf
pgLx¿;dIf /x]sf] lyPg . tfklg pgLx¿dWo] w]/}h;f] ls t e"tk"j{ :jtGq gful/s lyP ls
:jtGq¿kn] hlGdPsf gful/sx¿sf ;Gtfg lyP . ctM hLjgsf kl/l:yltx¿sf lj?4 ;DejtM
pgLx¿leq clxn] klg cfd¿kdf pu| /x]sf] lyof] xf]nf, oBlk aflx/L¿kdf pgLx¿ s]xL klg ug{
c;dy{ lyP .
Tolta]nfsf l;4fGtsf/x/ tL kl/l:yltx¿s} cg'¿k ePsf] xfdL kfp“5f} + . bfz{lgsx¿ ls t
vfln wg sdfpg] :s"n df:6/ dfq lyP ls ;DklQjfg\ df]h ug] {x¿sf] ;]jfdf lgo'Qm jsLn lyP .
sltko t bf; klg lyP . /fd|f] l:yltdf k'Ubf pgLx¿sf] l:ylt s:tf] x'GYof] eGg] pbfx/0f l;g]sfn]
k|:t't ub{5g\ . ;f]emf]kg / cj/f]wsf] k|rf/ ug] { Tof] a}/fuLn] bfz{lgs gL/f]sf] b/af/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
if8\oGqsf/L lyof] . bf;j[lt geO{sg Tof] kb k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gYof] . gL/f]af6 p;n] Ogfdsf] ¿kdf wg,
;DklQ, au} +rf / ejg k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . p;n] k|rf/ t afOansf] u/La dfG5] nhf/;sf] ub{Yof] .
t/ jf:tjdf pm ToxL gLltsf] wgL dfG5] lyof] gL/f] hlta]nf pgLk|lt ?i6 eof] / p;sf lj?4
sf/afxL ug{ tof/L u¥of], Tolta]nf dfq p;n] k|fy{gf u/]sf] lyof] M df};'km ;/sf/, cf gf ;a}
k'/:sf/x¿ lkmtf{ lng'xf];\, d]/f] nflu bz{g dfq oy]i6 5 s]jn Psbd} clnuuPsf k/fl;o;h:tf
bfz{lgsx¿dWo] kltt cf gf ;dsfnLg JolQmx¿sf lj?4 JoËjf0f k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] v"jL lyof] . t/
hxf“;Dd csf] {y/L l;4fGtsf/x¿ — g}oflosx¿ — sf] s'/f lyof], pgLx¿df gof“ kl/l:yltsf] sf/0f
pT;fx lyof] lsgls b]zx¿sf] ;f/f c;dfgtfx¿ x6fpgfn] lghL ;DklQsf cf gf] dg k/]sf
clwsf/x¿ a9fpg] pgLx¿nfO{ c;fWo} df}sf ldn]sf] lyof] . tL clwsf/x¿sf] ;f6f]df /fhfsf nflu
pgLx¿n] To;eGbf klxn] slxNo} g7fg]sf] clwsf/x¿sf] lgs[i6 /fhsLo Joj:yf tof/ ul/lbPsf lyP
.
a]Unfa]Un} ;Dk|bfosf /fhg}lts / ;fdflhs ljlzi6tfx¿sf] ;“u;“u} pgLx¿sf wfld{s
ljlzi6tfx¿nfO{ ;d]t /f]dsf] ;fd|fHon] vtd kfl/lbPsf] lyof] . k|frLg sfnLg :jo+ k}bf ePsf ;f/f
wd{x¿ sljnf;DaGwL / kl5 hftLo wd{ x'g] ub{y] . ltgLx¿sf] pTklQ ;DalGwt ;Dk|bfosf ;fdflhs
/ /fhg}lts kl/l:yltx¿af6 ePsf] lyof] / pgLx¿;“u} Ps k|f0f x'g k'u]sf lyP . tL kl/l:yltx¿nfO{,
cyf{t\ ltgsf cfwf/x¿nfO{ l5gleGg kfl/Psf] lyof] tyf ;dfhsf tL k/Dk/fut :j¿kx¿ lj/f;tdf
k|fKt pgLx¿sf /fhg}lts ;+:yfx¿ / /fli6«o :jfwLgtfnfO{ hlta]nf gi6 kfl/Psf] lyof], Tolta]nf
tLl;t ;DalGwt wfld{s dxn klg 9Ng' :jfefljs} lyof] . k|frLg sfndf /fli6«o b]jtf;“u} c¿
b]jtfx¿sf] cfudgsf] s'/f ;xg' cfd s'/f lyof] t/ cfkm"eGbf dflysf] s'g} b]jtfnfO{ pgLx¿ dfGg
;Sb}gy] . k"j{sf b]jtfx¿nfO{ /f]ddf nu]/ /flvPsf] lyof] eg] To;af6 vfln /f]dsf] wd{nfO{ dfq xfgL
k'u]sf] lyof] . k"j{sf wd{sf] ktg To;af6 /f]Sg ;lsPsf] lyPg . /fli6«o b]jtf hlta]nf cf gf] /fli6«o
:jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ c;dy{ eof], Tolta]nf :jo+ p;s} ;j{gfz x'gk'Uof] . x/]s 7fp“ -ls;fgx¿
vf; u/]/ kxf8sf ls;fgx¿sxf“ afx]s_ ToxL l:ylt lyof] . t'R5 bfz{lgs gj cfnf]sn] — d]/}
d'vaf6 lgl:sg yfn]sf] ef]N6fo/jfbn] — /f]d / o"gfgdf h]–hlt u/]sf] lyof], ToxL s'/f k|fGtx¿df
/f]dsf afl;Gbfx¿sf HofbtLn] u/]sf] lyof] . :jtGqtfdfly uj{ ug] { dflg;x¿sf] 7fp“df xtf]T;flxt
k/fwLg JolQmx¿ / :jfyL{ lgsDdf dflg;x¿sf] ;Dk|bfo pTkGg ePsf] lyof] .

To:t} ef}lts / g}lts kl/l:ylt lyof] . jt{dfg sfn c;x\o eO/x]sf] lyof] eg] eljio emg\
eo+s/ x'g] efg x'GYof] . s'g} pkfo b]lv+b}gYof] . vfln lg/fzf dfq b]lvGYof] jf cf gf] vr{ p7fpg
;Sg]x¿sf nflu Pp6f csf] { pkfo — OlGb|ohGo ef]uljnf;sf] ;G;f/df lnKt x'g' — lyof] .
To;vfnsf dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof Hofb} yf]/} lyof] . To;kl5 s]jn eljio;dIf cfTd;dk{0f ug'{
dfq}
Pp6f ljsNk lyof] .
t/ ;a} ju{x¿dWo] ef}lts ;'v–;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ c;dy{ eP/ cflTds df]Ifsf] vf]h ug] {
sltko JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof cjZo lyof] . k"0f{ lg/fzfaf6 a“Rgsf nflu pgLx¿n] To;}df cf gf] ;'/Iff
7fGby] . To;vfnsf] ;fGTjgf pgLx¿nfO{ g PkLs'/; ;Dk|bfosf bfz{lgsx¿af6 k|fKt x'g ;SbYof] g
a}/fuL -:6f]Os_ bfz{lgsx¿sf] ;Dk|bfoaf6 . To;sf] ;Lwf sf/0f s] lyof] eg] Tof] bz{g ;fwf/0f
JolQmsf] r]tgfsf] nflu lyPg . To;sf] sf/0f s] lyof] eg] tL ;Dk|bfosf cg'ofoLx¿sf] afgL–Joxf]/f
pgLx¿sf] l;4fGtnfO{ snlª\st ug] {vfnsf] x'GYof] . ;fGTjgfsf] Tof] dfu{n] u'dfO;s]sf] bz{gsf] 7fp“
lng' geP/ u'dfOPsf] wd{sf] :yfg lng' lyof] . To;sf] nflu p;n] Pp6f wfld{s :j¿k u|x0f ug'{
cfjZos lyof] . h'g rLhn] cfd hgtfnfO{ cfkm"kl§ cfslif{t ug{ rfxGYof], Tof] ] rLhn] ToxL :j¿k
wf/0f ug'{kb{Yof]
. To;a]nf ToxL cj:yf lyof] / !& cf} + zbL;Dd klg xfnt ToxL lyof] .
h'g dflg;x¿n] cf gf] r}tGo hutdf To;vfnsf] ;fGTjgf vf]Hg] sf]lzz ub{y], h'g
dflg;x¿ afx\o ;G;f/af6 efu]/ To;/L cf gf] cfGtl/s ;G;f/df z/0f lng rfxGy], tLdWo] w]/}h;f]
cjZoDefjL¿kaf6 bf;x¿sf] aLrdf kfOGy] eGg'kg] { cfjZostf 5}g .
ToxL cfd cfly{s, /fhg}lts, af}l4s / g}lts ktgsf] jftfj/0fdf O;fO{ wd{sf] pbo ePsf]
lyof] . klxn]sf ;a} wd{sf] b[9 lj/f]wLsf] ¿kdf O;fO{ wd{ cufl8 cfPsf] lyof] .
klxn]sf ;f/f wd{x¿df sd{sf08 g} d'Vo x'g] ub{Yof] . anL r9fpg] / zf]ef ofqfx¿sf] sfo{df
efu lnP/ g} JolQmn] cfkm" s'g wd{sf] cg'ofoL xf] eGg] b]vfpg ;SbYof] . k"j{df cf gf] wd{nfO{ :ki6
kfg{sf nflu JolQmx¿n] vfgf / ;kmfO{af/] Hofb} ;"Id lgodx¿ kfng ug'{kb{Yof]
. /f]d / o"gfgdf t
;xgzLntf ckgfOGYof] eg] k"j{sf b]zx¿df wfld{s k|ltaGw nufpg] pGdfb lyof] . Toxf“sf] clGtd
ktgdf tL k|ltaGwx¿sf] of]ubfg sd lyPg . b'O{ a]Unfa]Un} wfld{s ;Dk|bfosf dflg;x¿ -ld>sf
jfl;Gbf, kmf/;L, ox'bL jf afa'nsf afl;Gbfx¿_ ;“u;“u} vfgkfg ug{ ;Sb}gy] . pgLx¿ b}lgs sfd
klg ;“u;“u} ug{ ;Sb}gy] . pgLx¿ ;“u;“u} af]Ng;Dd klg ;Sb}gy] . dflg;nfO{ dflg;af6
cnUofOPsf] lyof] . k"j{sf] ktgsf] Pp6f 7"nf] sf/0f ToxL lyof] . O;fO{ wd{df To;vfnsf
a]Unfa]Un}k|sf/sf /Lltl/jfhx¿ lyPgg\ . k|frLg hut\sf] xf]d / zf]ef ofqfx¿sf] klg p; cGt/ut
s'g} 7fp“ lyPg . To;/L ;f/fsf ;f/f /fli6«o wd{x¿ tyf ltgLx¿sf ;fdfGo wfld{s cg'i7fgx¿
c:jLsf/ ub} { / s'g} e]befjljgf ;Dk"0f{ dflg;x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub} { O;fO{ wd{ ljZjwd{ aGg]
;Defjgfsf] ¿kdf pTkGg x'g k'Ub5 . cf gf] gof“ ;fj{ef}lds O{Zj/nfO{ lnP/ ox'bL wd{n] klg Pp6f
;fj{ef}lds wd{ aGg] af6f] kqm]sf] lyof] . t/ O{Zj/eQmx¿ / vtgf ul/Psf JolQmx¿leq Ohf/fOnsf
;Gtfgx¿ ;w} + clehft ju{ ag]/ /x]sf lyP . /, jf:tjdf ;fj{ef}lds wd{ aGg'eGbf klxn] O;fO{ wd{n]
klg ox'bL O;fO{x¿sf] pRrtfsf] wf/0ff -h'g hf]gsf] tyfslyt lbJo ;Gb]zx¿sf] ] k':tsdf clxn] klg
5fPsf] lyof] _ sf] cGt ug'{k/]sf]
lyof] . csf{lt/, ljlzi6 k"jL{o sd{sf08nfO{ h:tfsf] To:t} sfod
/fv]/ O:nfd wd{n] :jo+ cfkm"nfO{ k"j{ / vfgbfg c/ax¿n] lht]sf] / k|of]u u/]sf] p= clk|msfsf]
k|b]z;Dd ;Lldt u/]sf] lyof] . To; If]qdf ToxL wd{ d'Vo aGg ;SbYof] eg] klZrddf To:tf] x'g
;Sb}gYof] .
csf] { s'/f, O;fO{ wd{n] To;k|sf/sf] tf/ 5f]OlbPsf] lyof], h;sf] k|ltWjlgsf] :j/ gu0o
cfTdfx¿df p7\g' ckl/xfo{ lyof] . ;dosf] v/fjL tyf cfd ef}lts / g}lts si6x¿l;t ;DalGwt
;f/f k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/df kfk;DaGwL O;fO{ wd{sf] r]tgfn] eGbYof] M xf], ToxL l:ylt xf] / To;afx]s
c¿ s]xL x'g ;Sb}g, bf]if ltd} | xf], ;G;f/sf] e|i6tfsf nflu, :jo+ cf gf] cfGtl/s e|i6tfsf] nflu
;Dk"0f{¿kn] lhDd]jf/ ltdL xf} . /, To; s'/fl;t c;xdt sf] lyof] < Mea culpa — ;a} bf]if d]/}
xf] ;a}sf] b'Mvsf] nflu x/]ssf] pQ/bfloTjsf] :jLs[ltsf] s'/f csf6\o lyof] . ToxL :jLs[ltnfO{ g}
O;fO{ wd{n] Tolta]nf 3f]if0ff u/]sf] cflTds df]If xfl;n ug] { s'/fsf] k|fylds zt{ lyof] . /, cflTds

df]If k|fKt ug] { Tof] s'/fnfO{ s;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] ] lyof] eg] k'/fgf] wfld{s ;Dk|bfosf] x/]s ;b:on]
To;nfO{ ;lhn};“u cfTd;ft ug{ ;SbYof] . ?i6 ePsf] b]jtfnfO{ v'zL kfg{sf nflu k|folZrt ug] {
ljrf/ ;a} k'/fgf wd{x¿df kfOGYof] tfklg dfgj hfltsf ;f/fsf ;f/f ck/fwx¿sf nflu
dWo:ytfsf] cfTdfx'ltsf] ljrf/ ;lhn} lsg ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'“b]gYof]
t < ctM O;fO{ wd{n] dflg; :jo+
cfd e|i6frf/sf] nflu lhDd]jf/ 5 eGg] tL ;fj{ef}lds efjgfnfO{ :ki6¿kn] JoQm ub{Yof] . x/]ssf]
bf]ifsf] r]tgfn] cfd e|i6frf/sf] ¿k lnG5 . ;fy;fy} cf gf] wdf{WoIfsf] cfx'tLsf] ¿kdf O;fO{ wd{n]
e|i6 ;G;f/af6 cfGtl/s df]If k|fKt u/]/ rL/k|tLlIft ;dfwfgsf] ;d]t ;fj{ef}lds Joj:yf u/]sf]
lyof] . To;af6 r]tgfnfO{ ;fGTjgf k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L O;fO{ wd{n] ljZj wd{sf] Ifdtf k'gM
k|dfl0ft u/]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf tfTsfnLg ;G;f/sf] Psbd} cg's"n wd{sf] ¿kdf Tof] cufl8 cfPsf]
lyof] .
ctM cgluGtL gof“ wfld{s ljrf/x¿sf xhf/f} + wdf] {kb]zs / k}uDa/ d?e"lddf 3'dlkm/ ug] { a]nf
vfln O;fO{ wd{sf ;+:yfksx¿nfO{ dfq ;kmntf ldNg ;s]sf] lyof] . wd{sf tL ;+:yfksx¿af6 s]jn
Koflnl:6g dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ k"j{ plta]nf e/Lk"0f{ lyof] tyf pgLx¿aLr eoª\s/ ;+3if{ rln/x]sf]
lyof] . To;nfO{ ;}4flGts cl:tTjsf] nflu 8flj{gjfbL d'VotM dfly lnlvt tTjx¿sf] sf/0f O;fO{
wd{sf] ljho ePsf] lyof] . a]Unfa]Un} ;Dk|bfosf] kf/:kl/s ;+3if{ / k/fO{ wfld{sx ;G;f/sf lj?4 tL
;a}sf] ;+3if{sf] qmddf k|fs[lts j/0fsf] k|lqmofåf/f O;fO{ wd{n] ljZj wd{sf] :j¿k s;/L lj:tf/} }
ljsl;t u/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] 1fg k"0f{ ljj/0fsf ;fy O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf klxnf tLg ztfAbLx¿sf]
Oltxf;df kfOG5 .
***
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
b}jL ;Gb]zsf] u|Gy
Pp6f csf] { lj1fg 5 . To;nfO{ d'Le/ pbf/tfjfbLx¿ wd{zf:qLx¿n] cf gf] js{tn]
EofP;Dd l5kfP/ /fVg] k|oTg ul//xG5g\ . To;af/] of] b]zdf nueu s;}nfO{ klg hfgsf/L 5}g . Tof]
afOansf] P]ltxfl;s / efiff;DaGwL cfnf]rgfsf] lj1fg xf] . k'/fgf / gof“ afOandf ;dfj]z ePsf
ljleGg /rgfx¿sf] sfn, pTklQ / P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf] 5fgjLgl;t To;sf] ;DaGw 5 .
Psk|sf/n] Tof] ljz'4 hd{g lj1fg xf] . To;afx]s s]xLgs]xL h]–hlt c+z hd{g ;LdfeGbf
aflx/ uPsf] 5 jf:tjdf Tof] To;sf] ;j{>]i7 c+z xf]Og . h'g c+z aflx/ uPsf] 5, To;sf] ;DaGw
Tof] ;lx:0f'tfjfbL cfnf]rgfl;t 5, h;n] pm kIfkft/lxt / k"0f{ 5 / To;sf] ;“u;“u} O;fO{
wdf{jnDaL klg xf] eg]/ uj{ ub{5 . u|Gydf h]–hlt ;+u|lxt 5, Tof] Psbd} kljq cfTdfn] atfPsf]
s'/f t xf]Og tfklg To;df tL b}jL ;Gb]zx/ cjZo ;dfj]z 5g\, h;nfO{ dfgjtfsf] kljq cfTdfsf]
dfWodaf6 JoQm ul/Psf] ] lyof], OToflb . To;}u/L 6'ljGh]g ;Dk|bfosf JolQmx¿ 145 j]o/, ukm/f]//,
cflb_ xNofG8 / :jLh/NofG8df Hofb} hglk|o 5g\ . Oª\NofG8df klg tL hglk|o 5g\ . /, h'g
JolQmx¿ Tof]eGbf clnslQ cufl8 a9\g t}of/ 5g\, tL 6«f;sf cg'ofoL x'g\ . k|lz4 cg] {:6 /]gfgdfly
klg ToxL pbf/ t/ Psbd} u}/–P]ltxfl;s cfTdf el/Psf] 5 . cg]:6 /]gfgn] hd{g cfnf]rsx¿sf]
;flxTo g} rf]/L u/]sf 5g\, Tof] klg /fd|/L xf]Og . pgsf ;f/fsf ;f/f /rgfx¿df k|rlnt
ljrf/x¿afx]s Pp6f ;f}Gbo{jfbL efj'stf / lghL{j efiffsf ljrf/x¿ 6f“l;Psf 5g\ . p;sf] cf g}
rLh s]xL 5}g .
t/ cg] {:6 /]gfgn] Pp6f 7Ls s'/f u/]sf 5g\ M
æha O;fO{ wd{sf] k|f/lDes ;d'bfo jf:tjdf s'gvfnsf] lyof] eGg] ltd|f] hfGg] 5, Tolta]nf
ltdLn] To;sf] t'ngf kfb/Lx¿sf lxhf]cfhsf wfld{s kl/ifbx¿l;t gug" { . To;sf] t'ngf jf:tjdf
cGt//fli6«o dhb"/ ;+3sf :yfgLo zfvfx¿l;t ug'{
w]/} pko'Qm x'g]5 .Æ
clg, Tof] s'/f ;xL xf] . O;fO{ wd{n] cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ cfw'lgs ;dfhjfbn] cfh k|efljt
u/]em} + k|efljt u/]sf] lyof] . To;sf] k|efj a]Unfa]Un}k|sf/sf dtfnDaLx¿sf ¿kdf km}lnPsf] lyof] .
To;afx]s a]Unfa]Un} JolQmx¿sf k/:k/lj/f]wL ljrf/x¿sf] ¿kdf klg Tof] km}lnPsf] lyof] . tLdWo]

s]xL ljrf/x¿ a9L :ki6 lyP / s]xL Hofb} c:ki6 lyP — w]/}h;f] tL c:ki6 lyP t/ zf;g Joj:yf
/ æclwsf/L ju{Æ ;a}sf tL lj?4 lyP .
pbfx/0fsf nflu b}jL ;Gb]zsf] xfd|F] u|Gy x]g'{xf];\
. ;a}eGbf cGwsf/k"0f{ / /x:ok"0f{ x'g'sf] ;f6f]
Tof] ;Dk"0f{ gof“ afOansf] Tof] ;a}eGbf ;/n / :ki6 u|Gy xf] eGg] s'/f xfdLx¿n] a'‰g]5f} + . olta]nf
kf7sx¿l;t xfdL s] cfu|x ug{ rfxG5f} + eg] xfdL h]–hlt ul//x]sf 5f} +, Tof] pgLx¿n] dfg"g\ —
lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} xfdL To;nfO{ l;4 ul/lbg]5f} + . Tof] u|Gy ^* jf ^( hgj/Ldf n]lvPsf] lyof] . /,
To;/L Tof] s]jn gof“ afOansf] Ps dfq u|Gy geP/ ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] u|Gy xf] . To;sf] ldlt jf:tjdf
lglZrt 5 . ^* df O;fO{ wd{sf] s:tf] ¿k lyof] < h;/L P]gfdf s'g} rLh :ki6¿kn] b]lvG5,
To;}u/L To; u|Gydf xfdL Tof] s'/f :ki6¿kn] b]Vb5f} + .
;j{k|yd gfgft/xsf wfld{s ;Dk|bfo To;df b]lvG5g\ . Plzofsf ;ftj6f wfld{s ;+3 /
tLgj6f wfld{s ;Dk|bfosf gfd To; ;Gb]zdf pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . cGoyf tL ;Dk|bfosf ljifodf
xfdLnfO{ slQ klg yfx x'“b}gYof]
. tL ;Dk|bfo lgsf]nfO{jfbLx¿, afndjfbLx¿ tyf oxf“ h]h]a]nsf]
gfdaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf Ps dlxnfsf cg'ofoLnfO{x¿ x'g\ . tL tLgj6} ;Dk|bfosf ljifodf s] elgPsf]
5 eg] pgLx¿n] cf gf] cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ d"lt{df r9fOPsf rLhx¿ vfg] cg'dlt lbG5g\ . ltgLx¿sf
af/]df pgLx¿ Jolerf/ k| ]dL lyP elgG5 . cgf}7f] s'/f t s] xf] eg] x/]s 7"nf qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf]
a]nf æv'nf k| ]dÆsf] k|Zg xd]zf cufl8 cfp“5 . sltko JolQmx¿sf] nflu To;sf] cy{ qmflGtsf/L
k|ult, cyf{t\ cgfjZos aGwgx¿ tf]l8lbg' x'G5 eg] c¿ sltko JolQmx¿sf nflu Tof] c;n l;4fGt
x'G5 . /, To;sf cf8df k'?if / :qLsf] x/]s k|sf/sf] v'nf / k|dfl0ft ;DaGwx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n]
cfgGbk"j{s 5f]Kb5g\ . csf{y/L ckl/kSjvfnsf JolQmx¿ g} l56} To;df k|efjsf/L ePsf] k|tLt x'G5
lsgeg] æJolerf/Æ ;w} + æd"lt{x¿df r9fOPsf] j:t'Æ vfg] s'/fl;t ;DalGwt x'G5 . ox'bLx¿ tyf
O;fO{x¿ b'j}nfO{ g} tL rLh Psbd} alh{t lyP . t/ slxn]sfxL+ tL rLhx¿ vfg c:jLsf/ ug'{
hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5 jf slDtdf ;'vb gx'g ;Sb5 . To;af6 k|i6¿kn] s] s'/f b]vf kb{5 eg] h'g
:jtGq k| ]dLx¿sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] ] 5, tL x/]s cfd¿kn] ;fyL aGg tof/ lyP . pgLx¿ h];'s} /x]sf
xf]pmg\, tfklg tL zxLb aGg] wft'sf ag]sf lyPgg\ .
k|To]s dxfg\ klg qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngnfO{em} + O;fO{ wd{nfO{ klg hgtfn] :yflkt u/]sf lyP .
To;sf] pbo Koflnl:6gdf ePsf] lyof] . Tof] s;/L ePsf] lyof] < To;af/] xfdLnfO{ laNs'n} hfgsf/L
5}g . gof“ dt–dtfGt/x¿, gof“ wd{x¿ / gof“ k}uDa/x¿sf] hGd ;os8f} +sf] ;+Vofdf eO/x]sf] lyof] .
jf:tjdf Tof] s:tf]vfnsf] cf};t rLh xf] eg] To;sf] lgdf{0f tLdWo] w]/} k|ultzLn wfld{s
;Dk|bfox¿sf] kf/:kl/s ;+3if{af6 :jo+ ePsf] lyof] . kl5 cn]Sh]lG8«ofsf ox'bLx¿ / lkmnf]sf
;"qx¿nfO{ hf]8]/ tyf k'gM a}/fUok"0f{ -:6f]Os_ k|efjnfO{ ;'b[9= xn'sf ld>0f agfP/ To;nfO{ ;}4flGts
¿k lbOPsf] lyof] . jf:tjdf lkmnf]nfO{ olb xfdLx¿n] O;fO{ wd{sf ;}4flGts lktfdx eGb5f} eg]
l;g]sf To;sf sfsf x'g\ . gof“ afOan (New Testament_ df k"/fk"/ c+z l;g]sfsf /rgfx¿sf
nueu cIf/zM gSsn ul/Psf 5g\h:tf] nfUb5 . csf] {lt/, k/l;o;sf JoËfTds /rgfx¿df
tkfO{ +x¿ Toltv]/;Dd clnlvt ¿kd} /x]sf] gof“ afOanaf6 gSsn ul/Psf] ] e]6\g' x'g]5 . b}jL
;Gb]zsf] u|Gydf tL ;f/f ;}4flGts tTjx¿sf] s'g} lrx\g ;d]t klg b]lvGg . To;df O;fO{ wd{nfO{
s]jn ckl/dflh{t ¿kdf dfq} b]Vg ;lsGYof] . Tof] xfd|f]nflu ToxL¿kd} ;'/lIft 5 . To;df
eQmx¿nfO{ lkz'sf] alnbfgn] arfPsf] lyof] eGg] Pp6} dfq k|d'v dtjfbL s'/f kfOG5 . t/ lsg /
s;/L To:tf] eof] < Tof] s'/f Psbd} c:ki6 5 . ox'bLx¿ / u}/–ox'bLx¿sf O{Zj/ / b]jtfx¿nfO{
alnbfgåf/f ;Gt'i6 agfpg' kb{5 eGg] k'/fgf ljrf/x¿afx]s To;df c¿ s]xL klg kfOGg . d[To'
To:tf] dxfg\ alnbfg xf] / To;n] ;w} +sf] nflu ;a}sf] alnbfg k"lt{ ub{5 eGg] ljrf/nfO{ O;fO{ wd{sf]
vf; wf/0ffdf ablnPsf] 5 / -jf:tjdf O;fO{ wd{nfO{ ToxL wf/0ffn] ;fj{ef}lds agfOlbPsf] lyof] _ .
d"n kfkaf/] sxL+ s'g} klg lrx\g e]l6+b}gYof] . lqu'6 -afa', 5f]/f / kljq cfTdf tLg s'/fsf]
cleJolQm_ sf] klg To;df s'g} pNn]v 5}g . lo;' …kf7f]Ú x'g\ t/ pgL O{Zj/sf] cwLgdf 5g\ .
jf:tjdf Ps c+zdf [!% -#_ ] pgnfO{ df]h]h;/x /flvPsf] 5 . Pp6f kljq cfTdfsf] 7fp“df pgdf

æO{Zj/sf ;ftj6f cfTdfx¿Æ ldNb5g\ [# -!_ ] / [ $ -%_ ] . h'g zxLbx¿sf] xTof ul/Psf] ] 5,
ltgLx¿n] abnf lngsf nflu O{Zj/;“u k|fy{gf ub} { eGb5g\, æx] k|e', k[YjLdf a:g]x¿sf] t“ slxn];Dd
km};nf ub} {g;\ / slxn];Dd xfd|f] /utsf] abnf ln+b}g;\

Tof] ;+s6sf] ;DaGw O{Zj/ / …lo;'–lj/f]wLÚ x'g] clGtd dxfo'4 xf] . …lo;'lj/f]wLÚ p; -gL/f]_sf]
gfd c¿x¿n] /fv]sf lyP . To; ljifodf !# cf} + / !& cf} + cWofosf k|df0fx¿ lg0ff{os x'g\ . ;f/f
cgfjZos cn+sf/x¿ 5fl8lbg] xf] eg] …hf]gÚn] ;d'b|leqaf6 Pp6f hgfj/ lglSn/x]sf] b]Vb5 . Tof]
hgfj/sf ;ftj6f 6fpsf / bzj6f l;ª 5g\ -l;ªl;t xfd|f] s'g} rf;f] 5}g_ . æclg d}n] p;sf] Pp6f
6fpsf] 3fOt] b]v] + — p;nfO{ dfg{sf nflu 3fon kfl/Psf] h:tf] nfUbYof] . clg, p;sf] rf]6sf] 3fp
k'l/Psf] lyof] .Æ Tof] hgfj/sf] k[YjLdfly, O{Zj/ / kf7fsf lj?4 $@ dxLgf;Dd -kljq & jif{sf] cfwf
;do;Dd _ k"/f sAhf x'g] lyof] . To; ;dodf ;f/fsf ;f/f dflg;nfO{ cf gf] bflxg] xftdf jf
cf gf] lz/dfly Tof] hgfj/sf] lrx\g jf p;sf] gfdsf] ;+Vof /fVgsf nflu afWo kfl/Psf] lyof] .
æToxL 1fg xf] . h;n] a'em\b5g\, pgLx¿n] hgfj/sf] ;+Vof ug"g\ lsgeg] Tof] dflg;sf] ;+Vof xf] /
To;sf] ;+Vof ^^^ xf] .Æ
bf];|f] zbLdf klg O/]lgo;n] s] s'/f a'em]sf] lyof] eg] p; 3fon lz/sf] ;DaGw gL/f]l;t lyof]
/ Tof] k'gM k'l/Psf] lyof] . O;fO{x¿dfly eo+s/ bdg ug] { Tof] klxnf] JolQm lyof] . p;sf] d[To'sf] a]nf
pm d/]sf] lyPg, s]jn 3fOt] dfq ePsf] lyof] . Ps lbg k'gM pm k|s6 x'g]5 / To;n] ;f/f ;G;f/df
cft+ssf] /fHo sfod ug] {5 eGg] xNnf km}lnPsf] lyof] . PsfOof -k'/fgf] o"gfg_ / Plzofdf Tof] xNnf
rn]sf] lyof] -6];L6;, Pg= [^ — -@@_ ] ;fy;fy} O/]lgo;n] Pp6f csf] { w]/} k'/fgf] kf7 cg';f/ gfdsf]
;+Vof ^^^ sf] ;f6f] ^!^ x'g] a'em]sf] lyof] .
!@ cf} + cWofodf ;ftj6f 6fpsf ePsf] hgfj/ k'gM k|s6 x'gk'Ub5 . To;k6s p;dfly Tof]
k|lz4 nfn dlxnf klg r9]sL 5 . To;sf] ;'Gb/ j0f{g kf7s :jo+ k':tsdf k9\g ;Sb5g\ . Tof]
cWofodf hf]gnfO{ Pp6f k]mxl/:t atfp“5 M
æh'g kz'nfO{ t} +n] b]lvly;\ — Tof] lyof] / 5}g ==== ;ftj6f 6fpsf eg]sf ;ftj6f kj{t x'g\,
tLdfly Tof] dlxnf a;]sL lyO{ / tL ;ftj6f /fhf xg\ — kf“rj6f vtd eO;s]sf 5g\, Pp6f df}h"b
5 / csf] { cem} cfPsf] 5}g . hlta]nf Tof] cfpg]5, Tolta]nf Tof] 5f]6f] ;do;Dd dfq /xg]5 . clg
h'g kz' lyof], Tof] ca 5}g . Tof] klg * cf} + xf] / tL ;ftj6fs} ju{ xf] . === t} +n] b]v]sL Tof] dlxnf
dxfg\ gu/L xf] / To;n] k[YjLsf /fhfx¿dfly zf;g ub{5] .
oxf“ b'O{j6f :ki6 egfO b]lvG5g\ M -!_ nfn dlxnf /f]d xf] . Tof] dxfg\ gu/L xf] . To;n]
k[YjLsf ;d|F6x¿dfly zf;g ub{5] . -@_ h'ga]nf Tof] k':ts n]lvPsf] lyof], To;a]nf & cf} + /f]dsf]
;d|F6sf] zf;g lyof] . To;kl5 5f]6f] ;do zf;g ug{sf nflu csf] { ;d|f6 cfpg]5 / k'gM kls{g]5 .
Tof] æ;ftdWo] Pp6f xf] .Æ Tof] 3fOt] ePsf] lyof] t/ ca gLsf] ePsf] 5 . To;sf] gfd Tof] /x:ok"0f{
;+Vofdf df}h"b 5 . /, O/]lgo;n] Tof] gL/f] g} xf] eGg] s'/f a'em]sf] lyof] .
cu:6;af6 xfdLx¿n] uGtL ug{ ;'? ug] { xf] eg] cu:6;, 6fOa]l/o;, sflnu'nf, Anfl8o; /
kf“rf} + gDa/df gL/f] 5 . 5}7f} + df}h"b 5, Tof] ufNaf xf] . Tof] u2L;Lg x'g' /f]dsf] kmf}hsf nflu ljz]if
u/]/ dfndf ljb|f]xsf] ;+s]t aGgk'u]sf] lyof] . tL ljb|f]xL ;]gfx¿sf] g]t[Tj ufNafsf] pQ/flwsf/L
cf]yf]n] ul//x]sf] lyof] . To;} u/L ufNafs} ;dodf Tof] u|Gysf] /rgf ul/Psf] ] s'/f :ki6 5 . ufNafsf]
zf;g ( h"g, ^* b]lv !% hgj/L ^( ;Dd rn]sf] lyof] tyf gL/f] t'?Gt kmfls{g]jfnf 5 eGg] Tof]
u|Gyn] eljiojf0fL ub{5 .
ca xfdL clGtd k|df0f — cyf{t\ ;+VofnfO{ lncf} + . To;sf] vf]h klg k|f]=kml8{gfG8 a]g/Ln] g}
u/]sf 5g\ . To;kl5 j}1flgs hutdf To;sf] v08g s;}n] u/]sf] 5}g .
#)) O=k"= g} ox'bLx¿n] cf gf] cIf/x¿sf] ;+Vofsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;'? u/]sf lyP
. sNkgfzLn /lAax¿ -ox'bL k'/]tx¿_nfO{ s] nfu]sf] lyof] eg] ;+Vofsf tL k|tLsx¿f] ¿kdf /x:ojfbL
6Lsf agfpg] gof“ t/Lsf jf Pp6f gof“ u'Kt ljBf pgLx¿sf] xftdf k/]sf] lyof] . u'Kt zAbx¿nfO{
c+sx¿åf/f JoQm ul/GYof] . Tof] tL cIf/x¿sf c+s cg';f/ d"Nosf] hf]8af6 ldNby] . Tof] gof“
lj1fgnfO{ pgLx¿n] /]vful0ft -Grmtriah_ jf -Geometry_ gfdfs/0f u/]sf lyP . …hf]gÚn] oxf“
ToxL lj1fg pkof]u u/]sf] 5 . ca xfdLx¿n] s] l;4 ug'{
5 eg]
-!_ lbOPsf] ;+Vofdf Pshgf JolQmsf] gfd 5 / Tof] JolQm gL/f] xf] /,
-@_ h'g xn ul/Psf] ] 5, Tof] ^^^ / ^!^ b'j}sf ;DaGwdf ;xL xf] .

xfdLx¿ lxa| " efiffsf cI/x¿ / ltgsf d"No x]/f} + —
-nun_ n=50 (keph) k=100
-resh_ r= 200 (samech) s=60
(vau) for 0=6 (resh) r=200
(nun) n= 50
gL/f]g s];/, ;d|f6 gL/f]g, o"gfgL g]/f]g s];/ . ca o'gfgL lxHh]sf] 7fp“df Nofl6g gL/f]
l;h/nfO{ olb xfdL lxa| " cIf/df abNof} + eg] Neron sf] cGtaf6 nun nf]k x'G5 / To;sf] ;fy;fy}
%) sf] d"No klg nf]k x'G5 . To;af6 xfdL ^!^ sf] pxL k'/fgf] kf7df k'Ub5f} + . To;eGbf w]/} s'g
k|df0fsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 t -d_ gfddfly lbOPsf] lxHh] bf];|f] nun ;“u} / Tof]ljgf b'j} ¿kdf —
tfndb -ox'bL ;+lxtf_df kfOG5 . ctM k|dfdfl0fs 5 .
To;kl5 k'gM /x:ok"0f{ u|Gy ca Psbd} :ki6 x'gk'Uof] …hf]gÚ eljiojf0fL ub{5g\ — &)
;fnsf] j/k/ gL/f] km]l/ kmsL{ cfpg]5 / To;sf] cft+sk"0f{ zf;g k'gM ;'?cft x'g]5 . Tof] zf;g $@
dxLgf jf !@^) lbg rNg]5 . Tof] clJwkl5 O{Zj/sf] cjtf/ x'g]5 . To;n] lo;'–lj/fwL gL/f]nfO{
k/flht ul/lbg]5 . dxf gu/Ldf cfuf] nufP/ To;nfO{ gi6 ul/lbg]5g\ /, Tof] ;}tfgnfO{ !))) jif{sf
nflu s“;]/ afWg]5g\ / O;f d;Lxsf] zf;g -;To o'u_sf] yfngL x'g]5, cflb–cflb . clxn] klg cflv/L
lg0f{o lbg] s'/fsf] lx;fj ug] { k|oTg ug] { tL c1fgLx¿nfO{ 5f8]/ c¿ ;a} s'/fx¿df ca ;s}sf] rf;f]
/x]sf] 5}g . t/ cflbdsfnLg O;fO{ wd{sf] Ps k|fdfl0fs t:jL/ k|:t't ug] { /rgfsf] ¿kdf — :jo+
ltgLx¿dWo] Psn] ;[hgf u/]sf] /rgfsf]¿kdf — Tof] u|Gy c¿ af“sL ;Dk"0f{ gof“ afOaneGbf klg w]/}
dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

k|m]8l/s PË]N;
n'8lju kmfo/afv / zf:qLo hd{g bz{gsf] cGt
k|:tfjgf
!*%( df sfn{ dfS;{n] aln{gaf6 k|sflzt cf gf] /rgf — /fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf] cfnf]rgfdf
of]ubfg — sf] e"ldsfdf æhd{g bz{gsf] cfbz{jfbL b[li6sf]0f / xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f — cyf{t\ d'VotM
dfS;{n] ljsf; ug'{ePsf]
Oltxf;sf] ef}ltsjfbL JofVofsf] b[li6sf]0f — aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ a|;]N;df
!*$% df xfdL b'j}n] ldn]/ s;/L ;'? u/]sf lyof} + < Tof] atfpg'ePsf] 5 .Æ Tof] sfo{åf/f xfdLx¿n]
jf:tjdf cf gf] bfz{lgs ljZjf;sf] ;fy cf gf] lx;fa r'Qmf ug{ rfxGYof} + . Tof] ;ª\sNk x]u]nkl5sf]
bz{gsf] cfnf]rgfsf] ¿kdf k"/f ul/Psf] ] lyof] . b'O{ 7"n–7"nf v08df ljeflht pQm /rgfsf] kf08'lnkL
j]:6km]lnof k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] . Tof] ToxL+af6 k|sflzt x'g' lyof] . To;kl5 xfdLx¿n] ablnPsf]
kl/l:yltdf To;sf] k|sfzg x'g g;Sg] va/ kfof} + . clg, xfdLx¿n] Tof] kf08'lnkLnfO{ d';fn] sf6]/
cf gf] cfnf]rgf k"/f u/f];\ eg]/ yGsfOlbof} + . To;f] ubf{v]l/ xfdLx¿nfO{ s'g} k5'tf] ePg lsgeg]
cf gf] d'Vo p2]Zo — cf gf] dgz'l4 ug] { p2]Zo — xfdLx¿n] k"/f ul/;s]sf lyof} + . 146 Toxf“ pk|fGt
clxn];Dd $) jif{ ljlt;s]sf] 5 . xfdL b'j}dWo] s;}nfO{ klg k'gM To; ljifodf n]Vg] df}sf ldn]g .
x]u]n;“usf] ;DaGwsf ljifodf xfdLx¿n] ljleGg 7fp“df cf gf ljrf/x¿ JoQm u/]sf 5f} + . tfklg
To;sf] l;nl;nfa4 JofVof u/]sf 5}gf} + . clg, kmfo/afvsf] ljifodf k'gM slxNo} s]xL n]Vg] df}sf
ldn]g . of] y'k|} cy{df x]u]njfbL bz{g / xfdLx¿sf] wf/0ffaLrsf] s8L xf] .
o;aLr dfS;{jfbL ljZjb[li6sf]0fsf k|ltlglwx¿ hd{gL / o"/f]kLo ;LdfeGbfaflx/, w]/} 6f9f–
6f9f;Dd / ;G;f/sf ;f/fsf ;f/f efiff–;flxTox¿df pTkGg ePsf 5g\ . csf] {lt/, ljb]zdf ljz]if u/]/
Oª\Nof08 / :SofG8g]ljofdf k|frLg hd{g bz{gsf] Psk|sf/sf] k'gh{Gd eO/x]sf] 5 . clg, s:tf]
nfUb5 eg] :jo+ hd{gLdf ;d]t klg bz{gsf] gfddf Toxf“sf ljBfnox¿df lzIff lbOg] ;f/xLg
;j{bz{gaf6 pgLx¿ jfSs eO/x]sf 5g\ .
dnfO{ s:tf] nfUb5 eg] tL kl/l:yltx¿df x]u]njfbL bz{gl;tsf] xfd|f] ;DaGw s:tf] /x]sf] 5,
xfdLx¿n] To;af6 s] kfPsf 5f} + / To;l;t xfdLx¿ sxf“af6 5'l§Psf lyof} + < Tof] s'/f ;ª\If]kdf
w]/}eGbfw]/} Jojl:yt¿kaf6 atfpg'kg] { cfjZostf 5 . xfdLx¿sf] dfgl;s pyn–k'ynsf tL lbgx¿df
x]u]njfbL bfz{lgsx¿dWo] xfdLx¿df ;a}eGbfa9L k|efj kmfo/afvsf] g} k/]sf] lyof] . ctM pgsf] Tof]
k|efjsf nflu pgLk|lt k"0f{ cfef/ k|s6 ug'{
klg dnfO{ clnlvt C0f xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfUbYof] . ctM
gof“ hfO6 -New Zeit_sf ;Dkfbsx¿n] dnfO{ s] cfu|x u/]sf lyP eg] d}n] :6fs{sf] k':tsaf/]
;dLIff ul/lbpm“ . Tolta]nf d}n] To;nfO{ ;xif{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] lyP“ . d]/f] n]v pQm kqsf] !*^^ sf]
rf}yf] / kf“rf} + cÍdf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . oxf“ To;nfO{ ;+zf]lwt¿kdf a]Un} k|sfzgdf lbO+b}5 .
oL klª\tx¿nfO{ 5fkfdf k7fpg'eGbf klxn] !*$%–$^ sf] k'/fgf] kf08'lnkL vf]h]/ To;nfO{ k'gM
x]/]sf] x" “ . kmfo/afvl;t ;DalGwt c+z To;df k"/f ul/Psf] ] lyPg . h'g efu k"/f ul/Psf] ] lyof],
To;df Oltxf;sf] ef}ltsjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf] JofVof ul/Psf] ] lyof] . To;af6 Tolta]nf;Dd cfly{s–
Oltxf;;DaGwL xfd|f] 1fg slt cw'/f] lyof] eGg] s'/f yfx nfUb5 . kmfo/afvsf] l;4fGtsf] s'g}
cfnf]rgf To;df lyPg . ctM xfd|f] jt{dfg p2]Zosf nflu Tof] a]sf/ lyof] . To;sf] ljk/Lt dfS;{sf]
gf]6a"sdf kmfo/afvaf/] !! j6f l;4fGt d}n] kfPsf] 5' . tL oxf“ kl/lzi6sf ¿kdf lbOPsf] 5 . tL
l6Kk0fLx¿ kl5 s'g} a]nf ;la:tf/ JofVof ug] { ljrf/n] xtkQdf l6lkPsf lyP . tL k|sflzt ug{sf
nflu n]lvPsf Psbd} xf]Ogg\ . tfklg gof“ ljZjb[li6sf]0fsf cf]h:jL d"gf /x]sf] k|yd b:tfj]hsf]
¿kdf ltgLx¿sf] w]/} dxTj 5 .
nG8g,
km/j/L @!, !***

k|m]8l/s PË]N;
n'8lju kmfo/af/ / zf:qLo hd{g bz{gsf] cGt
— ! —
xfd|f cufl8 h'g k':ts 147 5, ;dosf b[li6n] To;n] xfdLnfO{ ;L=Pg=:6fsåf/f lnlvt n'8lju
kmfo/jfvsf] sfndf kmsf{p“5 . oBlk Tof] Ps lk+9LeGbf w]/} k'/fgf] lyPg tfklg jt{dfg hd{g
lk+9Lsf nflu slt k/fO{ ePsf] 5 eg] slDtdf Tof] ljt]sf] ;do Ps;o jif{ k'u]sf]h:tf] nfUb5 . /,
Tof] ;do !*$* sf] qmflGtsf nflu hd{gLsf] tof/Lsf] sfn lyof] . Toxf“b]lv clxn];Dd xfd|f] b]zdf
h]–hlt ePsf] 5, Tof] ;a} !*$* kl5s} l;nl;nf xf] . ToxL qmflGtsf] clGtd OR5f / To;sf] cw'/f]
sfd k"/f ug] { s'/fs} l;nl;nf /x]sf] 5 .
h;/L !* cf+ } ztfJbLdf k|mfG;df Toxf“sf] bfz{lgs qmflGtn] /fhg}lts x|f; Nofpg d2t
k'¥ofPsf] lyof], To;}u/L !( cf} + zbLdf hd{gLdf ePsf] 5 . tfklg tL b'j} rLhx¿ Pscsf] {af6 slt
Hofb} leGg ePsf]h:tf] nfUb5 k|mflG;;Lx¿n] ;f/f ;/sf/L lj1fg, rr{ -O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹_ tyf
k|fozM /fHo;Qfsf lj?4;d]t n8fO“ ul//x]sf lyP . pgLx¿sf /rgfx¿ aflx/ xNofG8 / Oª\NofG8df
k|sflzt x'g] ub{y] . lsgeg] pgLx¿ :jo+ k|foM k|mfG;sf] s'Voft h]n jflT;nLdf s}b hfg'kg] { vt/fdf
x'GYof] . csf] {lt/, hd{g k|fWofksx¿ / o'jfx¿ ;/sf/L k|lzIfs x'Gy] . o'jsx¿nfO{ lzIff lbgsf nflu
;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pgLx¿sf] lgo'lQm x'GYof] . pgLx¿sf s[ltx¿ :jLs[t kf7\ok':ts x'Gy] tyf ;du|
ljsf;sf] pRrtd k|0ffnL — x]u]nLo k|0ffnLnfO{ zfxL k|lzofnL bz{gsf] ¿kdf k|lti7flkt ul/Psf]
lyof] s] tL k|fWofksx¿sf cf8df, pgLx¿sf ga'lemg] cf8Da/o'Qm zAbx¿sf cf8df, pgLx¿sf
el8\snf jfSox¿sf cf8df s'g} qmflGt l5k]sf] lyof] < s] tfTsfnLg qmflGtsf k|ltlglw dflgg]
pbf/jfbLx¿ g} lbdfunfO{ lbUe|ldt kfg] { bz{gsf lj/f]wL lyP < t/ !*## df Pshgf JolQmn] h] s'/f
a'em]sf lyP, Tof] g t ;/sf/ g t tL pbf/jfbLx¿dWo] s;}n] a'‰g;s]sf lyP . tL JolQm xfOg] 148
afx]s c¿ sf]xL klg lyPg .
pbfx/0fsf nflu …h'g rLh oyfy{ 5, Tof] ts{;ª\ut x'G5, h'g rLh ts{;ª\ut 5, Tof] oyfy{
x'G5Ú eGg] x]u]nsf] rlr{t egfOk|lt pgLx¿n] hltw]/} cfqmf]z kf]v]sf 5g\, Tof]eGbf a9L g t ;+sL0f{
b[li6sf]0f x'g] ;/sf/n] g t TolQs} ;+sL0f{ dl:tis x'g] pbf/jfbLx¿n] c¿ s'g} bfz{lgs k|0ffnLk|lt
s[t1tf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . oyfy{df Tof] df}h"bf Joj:yfk|ltsf] ;dy{g lyof] . tfTsfnLg lg/ª\s'z,
k'ln;tGq, sfnsf]7/Lx¿sf sf/afxLx¿ tyf ;]G;/sf] sfo{sf] bfz{lgs ;dy{g lyof] . k| ]m8l/s
ljlnod t[tLon] Tof] sygnfO{ ToxL ¿kdf ;Dem]sf lyP . clg, pgsf k|hfx¿n] klg p;nfO{ To;/L
g} ;Dem]sf lyP . tfklg x]u]nsfg';f/, To:tf] x'“b}g
. h'grLh ljBdfg 5, Tof] c¿ s'g}klg zt{ljgf
jf:tljs klg x'G5 . x]u]nsf] b[li6sf]0fdf s]jn ToxL rLhnfO{ jf:tljs rLh eGg ;lsG5, h'g
jf:tljs x'g'sf ;fy} cfjZos klg x'G5 M æcf gf] ljsf;qmddf jf:tljstfn] Tof] cfjZos 5 eGg]
k|dfl0ft ub{5 .Æ ctM s'g} ;/sf/L sfdnfO{ c¿ s'g} zt{ljgf jf:tljs dfGg'kg] { cfjZostf x'“b}g
.
x]u]n :jo+n] …s/;DaGwL lgodÚsf] pbfx/0f lbG5g\ . t/ h'g rLh cfjZos x'G5, cflv/df Tof]
ts{;ª\ut klg l;4 x'G5 . Tof] rLhnfO{ ha tfTsfnLg k|lzofdf nfu" ul/G5, Tolta]nf x]u]nLo
dfGotfsf] cy{ vfln s] dfq x'G5 eg] of] /fHosf] cfjZostf h'g xb;Dd x'G5, Tof] xb;Dd ts{;+ut
x'G5, ljj]sk"0f{ x'G5 . clg, olb Tof] xfd|f] nflu clgi6sf/L k|tLt x'g'sf afjh"b klg sfod /xG5
eg] /fHosf] clgi6sf/L rL/qnfO{ p;sf] lhDd]jf/L cf gf hg;d'bfodfly x'G5 eGg] cfwf/df
cfjZos 7flgG5 . tfTsfnLg k|lzofnLx¿sf] To:t} ;/sf/ lyof], h:tf Toxf“sf clwsf/Lx¿ lyP .
k/Gt' x]u]nsfg';f/ oyfy{tf To:tf] vf; u'0f xf]Og, h'g s'g} klg /fhg}lts jf ;fdflhs
l:yltdfly x/xfntdf / x/kl/l:yltdf yf]kg{ ;lsof];\ . s'/f To;sf] ljk/Lt x'G5 . /f]dsf] hgtGq
oyfy{ lyof], h;n] /f]dsf] ;d|f6nfO{ lj:yflkt u/]/ :jo+ To;sf] 7fp“ lnPsf] lyof] . !&*( df
k|mfG;]nL /fhtGq sltw]/} c;+ut aGgk'u]sf] lyof] eg], cyf{t\ To;sf ;a} cfjZostfx¿ sltw]/} vtd

eP eg] dxfg\ k|mfl;G;L qmflGtsf] nflu To;sf] cGt ckl/xfo{ x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . pQm qmflGtsf af/]df
x]u]nn] ;w} + pT;fxsf ;fy s'/fsfgL ub{y] . To;/L Toxf“ /fhtGq c;+ut ePsf] lyof] eg] qmflGt
jf:tljs aGgk'u]sf] lyof] . clg, To;}u/L ljsf;qmddf klxn] h'g rLh oyfy{ lyof], Tof] cjf:tljs
aGgk'Ub5 eg] cf gf] oyfy{tf a“rfO/xg] cf gf] clwsf/ tfTsfnLg ts{;Ët kl/j]zdf u'dfpg
k'Ub5 . /, d/0ff;Gg oyfy{tfsf] :yfgdf gof“ ljsf; x'g ;Sg] cfjZostf pTkGg x'G5 . olb k'/fgf]df
To; s'/fsf] cSsn x'GYof] eg] n8fO“–emu8fljgf pgLx¿ dl/lb+bf Tof] sfo{ zflGtk"j{s x'GYof], olb
To;n] Tof] cfjZostfsf] lj/f]w ub{5 eg] To;nfO{ anh tL k"/f ul/G5 . To;/L :jo+ x]u]njfbL
åGåjfbsf] dfWodaf6 x]u]njfbL dfGotflj/f]wL tŒjdf ablng k'Ub5 M dfgj Oltxf;sf] If]qdf h'g
rLh oyfy{ 5, Tof] sfnfGt/df cts{;Ët aGgk'Ub5 lsgeg] ts{;Ët gePsf] aGg' g} p;sf] lgolt
/x]sf] x'G5 . ;'?b]lv g} p;dfly ts{;Ët gePsf] bf]if nfUb} u/]sf] x'G5 /, dflg;sf dgdl:tisdf
ts{;Ët nfUg] x/]s rLh ljBdfg ;txL oyfy{tfsf] hlt ljk/Lt eP klg cGttM jf:tljs¿kdf Tof]
oyfy{ ag]/} 5f8\b5 . lrGtgsf] x]u]njfbL k4ltsf ;f/f lgodx¿ cg';f/, h'g oyfy{ 5, x/]s rLh
ts{;Ët x'G5, eGg] dfGotfn] x/]s rLh gfzjfg\ x'G5, h;sf] cl:tTj 5 eGg] csf] { dfGotfdf
¿kfGtl/t x'G5 .
t/ ToxL s'/f g} x]u]njfbL bz{gsf] jf:tljs dxŒj / To;sf] qmflGtsf/L rL/q lglxt x'G5 -oxf“
xfdLx¿n] sfG6kl5 ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|ultsf] clGtd¿kdf ToxL kIf;Dd dfq cfk"mnfO{ ;Lldt /fVg]5f} +_ .
dfgj lrGtg / dfgjLo ultljlw ;f/f pknlAwx¿sf] k"0f{tfsf] s'/faf/] x]u]njfbL bz{gn] ;fª\3flts
k|xf/ u/]sf] lyof] eg] pQm sNkgfnfO{ ;w} +sf nflu ;dfKt kfl/lbPsf] lyof] . ;To kQf nufpg'
bz{gsf] sfd xf] eg] x]u]nsf xftdf To:tf] :jo+df k"0f{ cflwsfl/s jQmJosf] of]u af“sL /x]sf] lyPg,
h'g Psk6s kQf nufPkl5 3f]s]/ s07:y kfg'{g}
kof{Kt xf];\ clxn]b]lv ;To rLh 1fgsf] sfo{
cGt/ut, 1fg lgDg:t/af6 pRr:t/df a9\b}hfG5 eg] lj1fgsf] nfdf] ljsf;qmd cGt/ut 1fg k|fKt
ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ Tof] ljsf;qmd To:tf] ljGb'df slxNo} k'Ug ;Sb}g, h'g ljGb'df k'u]/ p;n] tyfslyt
k/+ ;To -k"0f{ ;To_ kQf nufO;s]sf] xf];\ / ca Tof] cufl8 a9\g g;sg] s'/f aGg ;sf];\ . pm To:tf]
ljGb'df slxNo} k'Ug ;Sb}g, h'g ljGb'df p;n] cf gf c+zx/ hf]8]/ k|fKt u/]sf] k/+ ;TonfO{
cfZro{k"j{s x]b} { /xg'afx]s p;n] ug'{kg]
{ s'g} s'/f af“sL g/xf];\ . clg, h'g s'/f bfz{lgs 1fgaf/] ;To
xf], ToxL s'/f c¿ ;a}k|sf/sf 1fgaf/] klg ;To xf] . Jojxfl/s sfo{sf ;DaGwdf ;d]t klg ToxL
s'/f ;xL xf] . h;/L 1fg dfgjtfsf] s'g} k"0f{, cfbz{ Joj:yfdf k'Ug, cf gf] k"0f{ kl/0fltdf k'Ug
;Sb}g, To;}u/L Oltxf;sf] cGt klg slxNo} x'“b}g
. k"0f{ -clgGbgLo_ ;dfh / k"0f{ -clgGbgLo_
/fHo;Qf s:tf s'/fx¿ x'g\ eg] ltgsf] cl:tTj, vfln sNkgfdf dfq} x'g ;Sb5 . To;sf] ljk/Lt
;f/f qmlds P]ltxfl;s Joj:yfx¿ lgDg:t/af6 pRr:t/sf] lbzfdf dfgj ;dfh ljsf;sf] cGtxLg
qmdsf vfln Ifl0fs cj:yfx¿ dfq x'G5g\ . x/]s cj:yf cfjZos x'G5 / To;/L Tof] a]nfsf] nflu /
Tof] pTkGg x'g] kl/l:yltx¿df ;To x'G5 . tfklg :jo+ p;sf] ue{df qmdzM ljsl;t x'g] gof“ / w]/}
pRr kl/l:ylt;dIf p;n] cf gf] pkof]lutf / cf}lrTo u'dfpg k'Ub5 . To;sf] :yfg ckl/xfo{¿kdf
Tof]eGbf w]/} pRr:t/sf] cj:yfn] lnG5 . tfklg To;sf] kfnf] cfp“bfv]l/ Tof] cj:yf;d]t Ifltu|:t
x'gk'Ub5 / d]l6G5 . h;/L 7"nf] dfqfsf pBf]uwGwf, k|lTof]lutf / ljZj Jofkf/sf] :yfkgf u/]/ k" “hLklt
ju{n] ;f/f :yfoL / ;doåf/f k|ltli7t ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s¿kdf cGt ul/lbG5, To;} u/L of]
åGåfTds bz{gn] klg clGtd, k"0f{ -k/+_ ;Tosf ;f/f wf/0ffx¿ / tLdfly cfwfl/t dfgjtfsf] k"0f{
cj:yfx¿sf] s'/f vtd ul/lbG5 . o;sf] -åGåjfbL bz{gsf]_ nflu s'g} klg j:t' clGtd x'“b}g,
k"0f{
x'“b}g
/ kljq x'“b}g
. x/]s j:t' If0feË'/ x'G5, x/]s j:t'sf] cfGtl/s :j¿k If0feË'/ x'G5 eGg] s'/f
o;n] :ki6 ub{5 . To; b[li6sf]0fn] lgdf{0f / ljgfzsf] cgj/t k|lqmofsf] cltl/Qm, lgDg:t/af6
pRr:t/lt/ x'g] cGtxLg k|ultsf] lqmofsf] cltl/Qm s'g} klg rLh rL/:yfoL x'“b}g
. /, :jo+ åGåfTds
bz{g klg vfln lrGtgzLn dl:tissf] leqL efudf /x]sf] vfln To;lqmofsf] k|ltljDa dfq xf],
Tof]eGbf a9L s]xL xf]Og . lg:;Gb]x o;sf] Pp6f ¿9LjfbL kIf klg x'G5 M o;n] s] s'/f dfGb5 eg]
1fg / ;dfhsf ljlzi6 cj:yfx¿ b]z / sfn cg';f/ -kl/l:ylt cg';f/_ ;To x'G5g\ . tfklg o;sf]

¿9LjfbL kIf ToxL+ ;dfKt x'G5 . To;k|sf/sf] b[li6sf]0fsf] ¿9Ljflbtf ;fk]If x'G5 eg] To;sf]
qmflGtsf/L rL/q lg/k]If x'G5 — åGåfTds bz{gn] ToxL Pp6f dfq lg/k]If rLh /x]sf] :jLsf/ ub{5 .
k|s[lt lj1fgsf] jt{dfg cj:yfl;t To;n] d]n vfG5 eGg] b[li6sf]0fsf] 5fgaLg;DaGwL k|Zg
oxf“ p7fpg' cfjZos 5}g . s'g} lbg k[YjLsf] cGt x'g' ckl/xfo{ 5 eGg] jt{dfg k|s[lt lj1fgsf]
egfO 5 . /, p;sfg';f/ s'g} lbg Tof] dfgj cl:tTjsf] nflu pko'Qm /xg]5}g eGg] s'/f t sl/a–
sl/a lglZrt 5 . To;}u/L k|s[lt lj1fgn] s] s'/f :jLsf/ ub{5 eg] dfgj hfltsf] Oltxf;sf] lbzf
vfln ;d'Ggt x'g] -pTsif{sf]_ dfq geP/ cwf]ktgsf] klg x'G5 . t}klg h];'s} xf];\ clxn] g} slDtdf
;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s qmd cwf]kTgLt/ nfUg] df]8sf] ljGb'eGbf xfdL w]/} 6f9f 5f} + . /, x]u]njfbL
bz{gaf6 xfdLx¿n] s] cfzf /fVg ;Sb}gf} + eg] To;n] cf gf] ;dsfnLg k|s[lt lj1fgn] clxn];Dd
k|:t't gu/]sf o;k|sf/sf] ljifodf 5nkmn u/f];\
tfklg jf:tjdf oxf“ eGg}kg] { s'/f s] xf] eg] dfly h'g ljrf/x¿sf] JofVof ul/Psf] ] 5, ltgsf]
j0f{g x]u]nLo bz{gdf olt :ki6tfsf ;fy ul/Psf] ] lyPg . x]u]nLo k4ltaf6 tL s'/fx¿ cjZo
lgSnG5g\ t/ To;n] :jo+ olt :ki6tfsf ;fy slxNo} oL lgisif{x¿ lgsfn]sf] lyPg . clg, To;sf]
;Lwf;fbf s] sf/0f lyof] eg] k/Dk/fut lgisif{ cg';f/ pgL Pp6f bfz{lgs k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug{ afWo
lyP tyf pgn] :yflkt ug] { bfz{lgs k|0ffnL s'g}gs'g} k|sf/n] lg/k]If ;Tosf] vf]hdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg] {
cfjZostf klg lyof] . ctM ljz]if u/]/ pgn] cf gf] u|Gy …ts{zf:qÚdf oBlk :jo+ tfls{s jf
P]ltxfl;s lqmofafx]s c¿ s'g} zfZjt ;To 5}g eGg] s'/fdf Hofb} w]/} hf]8 lbPsf eP tfklg o;
lqmofnfO{ s'g}gs'g} nIo -r/df]Tsif{_ ;Dd k'¥ofpg pgL afWo lyP . pgn] cf gf] k4ltnfO{ zfZjt
s'g} ljGb'df k'¥ofpg}kg] { ePsfn] pgn] To;f] ug'{k/]sf]
lyof] . …ts{zf:qÚ gfds cf gf] u|Gydf pgn]
Tof] cGtnfO{ ;'?sf] ¿k lbg ;Sb5g\ lsgeg] h'g ljGb'af6 pQm lqmofsf] cGt x'G5, Tof] k/+ ljrf/sf]
ljGb'df p;n] :jo+nfO{ k/sLos/0f ub{5 -Alienates_, cyf{t\ p;n] :jo+nfO{ k|s[ltsf ¿kdf
abNb5 clg To;kl5 Tof] dl:tisdf cyf{t\ ljrf/x¿df / Oltxf;df k'ghL{ljt eP/ p7\b5 . /,
pgsf] Tof] k/+ -lg/k]If_ ljrf/ vfln lsg dfq lg/k]If x'G5 eg] To;sf ljifodf x]u]nsf] eGg] s'/f
s]xL x'“b}g
. tfklg l;Ëf] bz{gsf] cGtdf k'u]/ cf/Desf] ljGb'df To;/L kms{g' vfln Psk|sf/n] dfq
x'g ;Sb5, Tof] vfln Tolta]nf dfq ;Dej x'g ;Sb5, hlta]nf OLtxf;sf] cGtsf] sNkgf
lgDgk|sf/n] ul/of];\ M dfgj hfltn] ToxL k/+ ljrf/sf] 1fg k|fKt ub{5 / To;sf] cg'af]w x]u]nLo
bz{gdf k|fKt x'G5 eGg] 3f]if0ff ub{5 . t/ To;/L x]u]nLo k4ltsf] ;Dk"0f{ dtjfbL ;f/tTjnfO{ g} k/+
;To 3f]lift ul/G5 . Tof] pgsf] åGåfTds k4ltsf] Psbd} ljk/Lt x'G5 lsgeg] pgsf] åGåfTds
k4ltn] t x/]sk|sf/sf] dtjfbsf] cGt ul/lbG5 . To;/L pgsf] qmflGtsf/LkIf ¿9LjfbL kIfsf]
8'Ë'/d'lg bAg k'Ub5 . clg, h'g rLh bfz{lgsx¿sf ;Gbe{df ;xL x'G5, Tof] rLh P]ltxfl;s
Jojxf/sf ;Gbe{df klg ;xL x'G5 . h'g dfG5] x]u]nsf ¿kdf k/+ ljrf/sf] cjwf/0ff :yfkgf ug] {
xb;Dd k'u]sf] x'G5, Tof] dfG5] Jojxf/sf] If]qdf ;d]t ToxL k/+ ljrf/nfO{ jf:tljs hLjgdf ;hLj
¿k lbg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] x'g]5 . ctM ;dsfnLg JolQmx¿af6 ul/g] k/+ ljrf/l;t ;DalGwt
Jojxfl/s /fhg}lts dfunfO{ Tof]xbeGbf dfly p7fpg' x'“b}g
. clg, To;/L ;Totfsf] bz{g -
Philosophy Of Right_sf] lgisif{df xfdLnfO{ s] s'/f yfx x'G5 eg] k/+ ljrf/sf] k|f0f k|lti7f
;fdflhs /fHodf cfwfl/t PstGqLo /fhtGqdf x'g]5 . To;sf] k| ]m8l/s ljlnod t[tLon] cf gf
k|hfl;t lg/Gt/ t/ e"m6} afrf ub{5 . cyf{t\ To;sf] k|f0f k|lti7f ;DkGg ju{x¿sf] Tof] ;Lldt,
dof{lbt / ck|ToIf zf;gdf x'g]5, h'g hd{gLsf] tfTsfnLg lgDg–k" “hLjfbL kl/l:yltsf nflu pko'Qm
lyof] . To;afx]s To;df clehft ju{sf] cfjZostfsf] lbUbz{g;d]t klg sfNklgs9Ëaf6 u/fpg]
ul/G5 .
To;/L x]u]nLo k4ltsf cfGtl/s cfjZostfx¿ :jo+ s] s'/f atfpgsf nflu kof{Kt 5g\ eg]
lrGtgsf] lgtfGt qmflGtsf/L t/LsfcGt/ut Pp6f lgtfGt lghL{j /fhg}lts lgisif{ lsg lg:Sof] <
jf:tjdf Tof] lgisif{sf] ljlzi6 ¿ksf] sf/0f s] lyof] eg] x]u]n Pshgf hd{g lyP / pgL cf gf
;dsfnLg u]6]s};/x+ pgsf] k[i7e"lddf Pp6f c1fgtfsf] kxf8 e'ml08O/x]sf] lyof] . cf–cf gf] If]qdf
pgLx¿ b'j} dxfdfgj lyP tfklg hd{g cgfl8kg pgLx¿ s;}n] klg x6fpg ;s]sf lyPgg\

tfklg tL ofjt\ s'/fx¿sf afjh"b x]u]nLo bfz{lgs k|0ffnL h'g ct'ngLo prfO{df k'u]sf] lyof],
Tof] :t/df klxn] s'g} k|0ffnL klg km8\s]/ hfg ;s]sf] lyPg . To;}u/L bz{gsf] If]qdf pgn] h'g
j}rfl/s ;Dkbfsf] ljsf; u/]sf lyP, To;n] clxn] klg xfdLnfO{ rlst kfb{5 . dl:tissf] 36gf
lqmof lj1fg [o;sf] t'ngf dl:tissf] e| "0f lj1fg / hLjfid lj1fgl;t ug{ ;lsG5 . tL lj1fgåf/f
JolQmsf] r]tgf s'g–s'g r/0faf6 ljsl;t x'“b}cfPsf]
/ a9]sf] s'/f kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . tL
r/0fx¿sf] ;ª\If]kdf k'gM l;h{gf u/]/ To;f] ug{ ;lsG5 h; cGt/ut P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmddf dfgj
r]tgf u'h| ]sf] 5 .], ts{zf:q, k|fs[lts bz{g, dl:tissf] bz{g, cflbsf] P]ltxfl;s If]qdf tyf
dl:tissf] bz{gsf a]Unfa]Un} P]ltxfl;s cËx¿ M Oltxf;, oyfy{/ wd{sf] bz{g, bz{gsf] Oltxf;,
;f}Gbo{zf:q, cflbsf] a]Unfa]Un} k|sf/n] ;du| P]ltxfl;s If]qdf x]u]nn] y'k| } sfd u/]sf lyP . /, pgL
vfln l;h{gfTds k|ltef;DkGg dxfg\ k'?if dfq geP/ dxfg\ ljåfg klg lyP . ctM pgn] x/]s If]qdf
o'ufGtsf/L sfo{ u/]sf lyP . s] s'/f :jo+ k|i6 5 eg] pgn] cf gf] æbfz{lgs k|0ffnLÆsf
cfjZostfx¿sf] sf/0f k|fozM pgn] To:tf pkfox¿sf] afWotfaz ;xf/f lng'k/]sf] lyof], h;nfO{
lnP/ pgsf lj/f]wL jfdgx¿n] cBfjlw olt w]/} xNnf dRofpg] u/]sf] 5g\ . t/ pgsf] /rgfTds
sfo{sf tL pkfox¿sf] ;DaGw vfln 9f“rf / d~rl;t dfq 5 . s'g} JolQm olb Joy} {df tL s'/fx¿df
gclNemP/ pgn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ljzfn ejgleq k|j]z ub{5 eg] Toxf“ p;n] y'k| } To:tf /Tgsf] /fzL
kfp“5, h;sf] d"Nodf clxn] klg /lQe/ sd ePsf] 5}g . ;a} bfz{lgsx¿af/] s] s'/f ;xL xf] eg]
pgLx¿sf bz{gdf h'g s'/f gfzjfg x'G5, Tof] pgLx¿sf] æk|0ffnLÆ g} xf] . To;sf] sf/0f ;Lwf 5 .
x/]s k|0ffnLsf] pTklQ dfgjLo dl:tisdf slxNo} gfz gx'g] OR5fleqaf6 x'g] x'gfn] ;f/f c;Ëltx¿
x6fpg' To;sf] sf/0f xf] . t/ olb ;f/f c;Ëltx¿nfO{ Ps}rf]6L x6fpg ;lsof] eg] t xfdLx¿n]
tyfslyt k/+ ;To k|fKt ul/xfNb5f} + . clg, ljZjsf] Oltxf; ;dfKt x'g]5 . t/ Tof] t kl5 klg
rln/lx/xg' 5 — oBlk To;n] ug'{kg]
{ s]xL /x]sf] x'“b}g
. ctM Psbd} gof“ c;fWo c;Ëltsf] pTklQ
x'g k'Ub5 . bz{gsf] sfo{nfO{ To;¿kdf k|:t't ug'{sf]
cy{ h'g sfd ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltn] pQ/f]Q/
ljsf;qmdsf] dfWodaf6 k"/f ug{ ;Sb5, Tof] PSn} bfz{lgsn] k"/f ul/lbg] s'/fafx]s c¿ s]xL xf]Og
eg]/ h;} xfdLx¿n] a'‰g]5f} +, Tolta]nf xfdLx¿n] s] s'/f klg a'‰g]5f} + eg] h'g cy{df xfdLx¿n]
clxn];Dd bz{gnfO{ a'‰b}cfPsf 5f} +, Tof] cy{df bz{gsf] cGt x'g]5 . clg, olb ;du|¿kdf x]g] { xf] eg]
jf:tjdf clxn];Dd xfdLx¿nfO{ Tof] a'‰gsf nflu s;}n] klg d2t u/]sf] lyPg, hlt d2t :jo+
x]u]nn] u/]sf 5g\ . Tof] s'/f a'lem;s]kl5 dfG5]n] k/+ ;Tosf] vf]hL ug{ 5fl8lbG5 lsgeg] Tof] af6f]
uP/, s'g} Ps JolQm Tof] af6f] uP/ cyjf s'g} Ps JolQmåf/f dfq Tof] k|fKt ug{ ;lsGg . To;sf]
;f6f] dfG5]n] k'gM jf:tljs lj1fgsf] dfWodaf6 tyf tL lj1fgaf6 k|fKt x'g] kl/0ffdsf] åGåfTds
lrGtgsf] ;xfotfaf6 of]u lgsfn]/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;fk]If ;Tosf] vf]hL ug{ yfNg]5 . t/ x]u]n;“u},
bz{gsf] cGt x'g k'Ub5 lsgeg] Psflt/, pgsf] k|0ffnL cGt/ut bz{gsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljsf;sf]
;f/ttjnfO{ ;jf] {Qd¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] ] 5 eg] csf{lt/, cghfgd} ;xL, pgn] xfdLnfO{ bfz{lgs
k|0ffnLsf] e'ne'n}ofleqaf6 aflx/ lgsfn]/ ;G;f/sf] jf:tljs 1fg s;/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f
;d]t l;sfOlbPsf 5g\ .
hd{gLsf] bz{gdo jftfj/0fdf x]u]nsf] pQm k|0ffnLn] sltw]/} 7"nf] pyn–k'yn dRofPsf] 5 eGg]
s'/fsf] sNkgf /fd|/L ug{ ;lsG5 . Tof] Psk|sf/sf] ljhoofqf bzsf} +;Dd rln/x]sf] lyof] . x]u]nsf]
d[To'kZrft\ klg To;sf] cGt ePg . To;sf] ljk/Lt !*#) b]lv !*$) ;Dds} ;dodf æx]u]njfbÆsf]
cv08 /fHo lyof] . Tof]a]nfdf s]xLgs]xL dfqfdf To;n] cf gf lj/f]wLx¿;d]tnfO{ k|efljt u/]sf]
lyof] . Tolta]n} x]u]njfbL ljrf/ hfg–cghfgdf ;Dk"0f{ lj1fgsf] If]qdf Jofks¿kdf km}lnPsf] lyof] .
hxf“;Dd hg;flxTo / cf};t ælzlIft r]tgfÆn] cf gf] af}l4s v'/fs k|fKt ug] { b}lgs
kqklqsfx¿nfO{ ;d]t klg To;n] k|efljt u/]sf] lyof] . To;/L ;Dk"0f{ df]rf{df x]u]njfbL ljrf/sf]
ljho ePsf] lyof] . t/ Tof] ljho vfln cfGtl/s ;‹if{sf] Pp6f e"ldsf dfq lyof] .
xfdLx¿n] kfPem} + ;du|tfdf x]u]nLo l;4fGtdf ofjt\k|sf/sf Jojxfl/s kf6L{ut ljrf/x¿sf]
vf]hL ug] { k"/f k|oTg ePsf] 5 . /, To;a]nfsf] l;4fGtu|:t hd{gLdf b'O{j6f s'/fx¿ ;a}eGbf
Jojxfl/s lyP M wd{ / /fhgLlt . h;n] x]u]njfbL k|0ffnLnfO{ d'Vo dxŒj lbGYof], tL b'j} If]qdf

cToGt ¿9LjfbL aGg ;SbYof] eg] h;n] pgsf] åGåfTds k4ltnfO{ d'Vo rLh dfGbYof], pm /fhgLlt /
wd{ b'j} If]qdf a9LeGbf a9L pu|jfbL lj/f]wLx¿sf] klª\Qmdf ;fd]n x'g ;SbYof] . x]u]nsf s[ltx¿df
oBlk qmflGtsf/L /f]ifsf] kl/ro w]/} 7fp“df e]l6G5, tfklg ;du|¿kdf x]bf{v]l/ pgsf] em'sfj
¿9Ljfblt/ a9L ePsf] h:tf] nfUb5 . jf:tjdf cf gf] k4ltsf] ck]Iff cf gf] k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f
ubf{v]l/ pgn] æHofb} a9L lbdfu lvofpg'Æ k/]sf] lyof] . !( cf} + zbLsf] $ cf} + bzssf] cGt;Dd
k'Ubfgk'Ub} x]u]njfbL ;Dk|bfoleq k"m6 x'g]s'/f Psbd} k|i6 eO;s]sf] lyof] . wfld{s k'g?TyfgjfbL–
¿9LjfbLx¿ tyf ;fdGtL k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿“u n8\bfv]l/ jfdkGyL JolQmx¿n], tyfslyt gf}hjfg
x]u]njfbLx¿n] Tolta]nfsf HjnGt k|Zgx¿sf ;DaGwdf k'/fgf] cf gf] wfld{s lzi6tfk"0f{ ;+odnfO{
lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} 5fl8lbPsf lyP . To;sf] sf/0fn] clxn];Dd ;/sf/n] pgLx¿k|lt ;lxi0f'tf ckgfPsf]
lyof] / pgLx¿sf] lzIffnfO{ ;'/Iff;Dd k|bfg ub} {cfPsf] lyof] . clg, !*$) df k|m]8l/s ljlnod
rt'y{sf] ¿kdf ¿9LjfbL wfld{s k'g?Tyfgjfb / lg/Í'z ;fdGtL k|ltlqmofjfb ;Qf¿9 eof] . Tolta]nf
Psfkl§ v'n]/ cufl8 cfpg' ckl/xfo{ eof] . n8fO“ cem}klg bfz{lgs xltof/åf/f g} rnfpg] ul/GYof]
t/ p;sf] Wo]o xjfO{ bfz{lgs p2]Zo /xg uPsf] lyPg . pgsf] p2]Zo ;fgfltgf wd{ / tfTsfnLg
/fHo;Qfsf] cGt ug'{
/x]sf] lyof] . 8\o'; hx/ a'v]/ -Deustshe Jahrbucher_ df t Jojxfl/s
p2]ZonfO{ clxn] klg d'Vo¿kn] bfz{lgs k[i7e"lddf g} k|:t't ug] { ul/GYof] t/ !*$@ sf] /fOlg;
hfO6'ª -Rheinishe Zeitung_ df gjx]u]nkGyLx¿sf] ;Dk|bfo dxŒjfsf+IfL pu|jfbL k" “hLklt ju{sf]
bz{g af]s]/ cufl8 cfPsf] lyof] . bz{gsf] vf]nsf] pkof]u To;n] -;/sf/L k|x/L ljefusf] b[li6—
Sensorship_ 5Ngsf nflu ub{Yof] .
tfklg /fhgLltsf] If]q Tolta]nf Hofb} sf“8ft'No lyof] . ctM n8fO“sf] d'Vo lbzfn] wd{lj/f]wsf]
¿k lng k'u]sf] lyof] . ck|ToIf¿kaf6 Tof] n8fO“ ljz]if u/]/ !*$) kl5 /fhg}lts n8fO“ klg eof] .
!*#% df :6«f;åf/f lnlvt lo;'sf] hLjgL k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . To;af6 Tof] n8fO“sf] klxnf]
dfgl;s k| ]/0ff ldn]sf] lyof] . To;df b}jL syfx¿sf] lgdf{0faf/] h'g l;4fGt :yfkgf ul/Psf] ] lyof],
To;sf] v08g kl5 a| 'gf] afo/n] u/]sf lyP . pgn] s] s'/fsf] k|df0f k|:t't u/]sf lyP eg] y'k| } O;fO{
wd{;DaGwL sxfgLx¿df :jo+ ltgsf n]vx¿sf] /rgf u/]sf lyP . pgLx¿aLr h'g 5nkmn rn]sf]
lyof], To;nfO{ æcfTdr]tgfÆ / d'Voj:t'aLrsf] n8fO“sf] bfz{lgs cfj/0fn] 5f]k]/ rnfOPsf] lyof] .
lbJo k':tsx¿df lbOPsf] rdTsf/k"0f{ syf]ksygx¿sf] pTklQ ;d'bfosf sxfgL /Rg]x¿sf] cjr]tg
k/Dk/fx¿sf] ue{af6 ePsf] lyof] jf tL O;fO{ wd{ k|rf/sx¿ :jo+n] ltgsf] /rgf u/]sf lyP < pQm
ljifonfO{ a9fO{–r9fO{ u/]/ s'g k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg] k|oTg ul/Psf] ] lyof] eg] ljZjOltxf;df s;sf]
zlQm — æd'Vo j:t'Æsf] jf æcfTdr]tgfÆsf] zlQm — lg0ff{os x'G5 < cGtdf :6g{/sf] k|fb'ef{j eof] .
:6g{/ jt{dfg c/fhstfjfbsf u'? lyP . jfs'lggn] pgLaf6 w]/} s'/f l;s]sf 5g\ . :6g{/n] ;j{
;Qfwf/L æcfTdr]tgfÆnfO{ kqm]/ To;sf] lz/dfly cf gf] zlQmzfnL cx 149 sf] d's'6 nufOlbPsf lyP
.
x]u]nkGyL ;Dk|bfosf] x|f;sf] k|lqmofsf] of] kIfaf/] d cem a9L hf“ra'em ug{kl§ nflUbg . To;n]
eGbf lgDg s'/fx¿n] w]/} dxŒj /fVb5g\ M ;f+;fl/s wd{ lj?4sf] n8fO“sf Jojxfl/s cfjZostfx¿n]
;a}eGbf kfsf gf}hjfg x]u]njfbLx¿sf] d'Vo efunfO{ k'gM cfª\n–k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbsf] kmf“hdf
x'¥ofOof] . To;sf] sf/0fn] pgLx¿ / pgLx¿sf] x]u]nLo bfz{lgs k|0ffnLaLr 6s/fj pTkGg u¥of] .
ef}ltsjfbn] k|s[ltnfO{ g} Psdfq jf:tljstf dfGb5 t/ x]u]njfbL k|0ffnLleq k|s[ltnfO{ k/+ ljrf/sf]
k/sLos/0f -Alienation_, cyf{t\ Psk|sf/n] To;sf] ktg 7flgG5 . x]u]nLo bfz{lgs k|0ffnLdf
lrGtg / lrGtg k4lt — ljrf/ — nfO{ g} d"n tTj dflgG5, k|s[ltnfO{ To;af6 pTkGg rLh — vfln
ljrf/sf] s[kfsf] sf/0fn] dfq cl:tTjdf /x]sf] rLh dflgG5 . To;k|sf/sf] c;Ëltsf] bnbndf 7Ls–
a]7Ls To;af6 h:tf] aGof], To:t} 8'Ag] / t}l/g] ub} { /x\of] .
clg To;kl5 dfq kmfo/afvsf] /rgf æO;fO{ wd{sf] ;f/tTj -Essence Of
Christianity_Æ 149 lg:Sof] . Pp6} k|xf/af6 To;n] Tof] c;ËltnfO{ rsgfr"/ kfl/lbof] — s'g}
lxrlsrfx6ljgf To;n] ef}ltsjfbnfO{ k'g:yf{lkt u¥of] . To;sf] egfO s] lyof] eg] k|s[ltsf] ;Qf

;f/f bz{gx¿af6 :jtGq x'G5 . k|s[lt g} Tof] cfwf/ xf], h'g k|s[ltsf xfdL dfgj hflt :jo+ pkh xf} +
/ h;dfly xfdL a9]sf 5f} + . k|s[lt / dflg;eGbf 5'§ s'g} rLhsf] cl:tTj 5}g . xfd|f wfld{s
sNkgfx¿n] ;[li6 u/]sf w]/} pRr:t/Lo hLjgx¿ xfd|f cf g} ;f/tTjsf sfNklgs k|ltljDa x'g\ .
x]u]nLo k|0ffnLsf] hfb";/L c;/ vtd eof], Tof] k|0ffnL rsgfr"/ x'gk'Uof] / To;nfO{ Psflt/
of“lsof] . c;Ëltaf/] Tof] vfln xfd|f] sfNklgs rLh dfq ePsf] k|dfl0ft eof] / x6\of] . Tof]
k':tssf] s:tf] k| ]/0ffbfoL k|efj k¥of] < Tof] p;}n] hfGof], h;n] To;sf] cg'ej u/]sf] lyof] . rf/}lt/
pT;fxsf] nx/ km}lnof] . xfdL t'?Gt kmfo/afvjfbL algxfNof} + . dfS;{n] pQm gof“ wf/0ffsf] slt
pT;fxsf ;fy clegGbg ug'{
ePsf] lyof] / To;sf ;f/f cfnf]rgfTds ;ÍL0f{tfsf afjh"b To;af6
pxf“ sltw]/} k|efljt x'g'ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f ækljq kl/jf/Æ gfds pxf“sf] u|Gydf kfpg ;lsg]5 .
slt;Dd eg] kmfo/afvsf] k':tsdf h]–hlt sdhf]/lx¿ lyP, pxf“n] klg ltgsf] tfTsflns
k|efj a9fpgsf nflu d2t k'¥ofpg' eof] . To;sf] ;flxlTos z}nLsf] sf/0faf6 To;sf kf7sx¿sf]
;ª\Vof w]/} a9\of] . Tof] sxL+–sxL+ t w]/} cf8Da/k"0f{ klg lyof] . h]xf];\, x]u]nLo bz{gsf] ghflgg] /
ga'lemg] uNnLdf jiff} { +;Dd rSs/ sfl6/x]kl5 To;df xfdL ;a}nfO{ cg's"n jftfj/0f ldNof] . Hofb}
clt/l~ht9Ëaf6 pgn] :ju{af/] u/]sf] k|z+;fsf ;DaGwdf klg ToxL s'/f ;To lyof] . To; s'/fsf] s'g}
cf}lrTo g/x]sf] eP tfklg æz'4 ljj]sÆ c;x\o aGg k'Uof] . ;j{zlQmdfg zf;gkl5 To;sf] cGt
ckl/xfo{ ePsf] lyof] . t/ xfdLx¿n] e'Ng gx'g] s'/f s] xf] eg] jf:tjdf kmfo/afvsf tL b'O{y/L
sdhf]/Lx¿ g} lyP, h;nfO{ æ;Rrf ;dfhjfbÆn] c“ufn]/ cf gf] cfwf/ agfof] . !*$$ kl5 lzlIft
hd{gLdf æ;Rrf ;dfhjfbÆ dxfdf/L em} + km}ln“b}uPsf] lyof] . j}1flgs 1fgsf] :yfgdf ca To;n]
;flxlTos jfSof+z /fVg ;'? u¥of] . pŒkfbgsf] cfly{s ¿kfGt/ u/]/ ;j{xf/f ju{n] cf gf] d'lQm k|fKt
u/f];\ eGg'sf] ;f6f] æk| ]dÆsf] dfWodaf6 hfltsf] d'lQm xfl;n ug] { s'/f ;'? ul/lbof] . ;ª\If]kdf gL/;
/rgfx¿ / k| ]dsf] v';LofnLsf] To; ;G;f/df Tof] ljnfof] . To;sf k|ltlglw sfn{ u| 'g lyP .
xfdLx¿n] e'Ng gx'g] s'/f csf] { 5 . Tof] s] xf] eg] x]u]nLo ;Dk|bfo t lj3l6t x'gk'u]sf] lyof]
eg] x]u]njfbL bz{gnfO{ cfnf]rgfåf/f k/flht ug{ ;lsGgYof] . :6«f; / jfo/ b'j}dWo] x/]sn] To;sf]
Pp6f–Pp6f kIfnfO{ kqm]sf lyP tyf k'gM To;sf cfwf/df pgLx¿n] Pscsf{sf lj?4 zf:qfy{ ub{y] .
kmfo/jfvn] pgLx¿sf] k|0ffnLnfO{ rsgfr"/ kf/]/ Psflt/ of“lslPsf lyP . t/ s'g} klg bz{gnfO{
vfln Tof] unt 5 eg]/ dfq vtd ug{ ;lsGg . /, x]u]nLo bz{gh:tf] /fi6«sf] af}l4s ljsf;df Tolt
hf]8bf/ k|efj kf/]sf], Tolt zlQmzfnL rLhnfO{ vfln pk]Iff u/]/ dfq vtd ug{ Psbd} ;lsGgYof] .
To;nfO{ t vfln ;a}9Ëaf6 dfq æ/2 ug{Æ ;lsG5, cyf{t\ vfln cfnf]rgf u/]/ To;sf ¿kx¿
x6fOlbg] t/ To;sf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt gof“ j:t' -ljrf/tTj_nfO{ hf]ufOlbg] ugf{n] dfq} klg To;nfO{
k/flht ug{ ;lsGYof] . Tof] sfd s;/L ;DkGg ul/Psf] ] lyof] eGg] s'/f xfdL tn b]Vg]5f} + . t/
To;}aLr !*$* sf] qmflGtn] s'g} lzi6frf/ljgf ;f/fsf ;f/f bz{gnfO{ g} Psflt/, h;/L kmfo/afvn]
x]u]nLo k4ltnfO{ x'¥of{OlbPsf lyP, To;/L g} x'¥of{OlbPsf] lyof],. clg, To; k|lqmofdf :jo+
kmfo/afvnfO{ g} wSsf nufP/ k5fl8 kfl/Psf] lyof] .
— @ —
;f/f bz{g, ljz]if u/]/ xfnsf] bz{gsf] dxfg\ cfwf/e"t k|Zg lrgtgl;t ;Qfsf] ;DaGwsf] k|Zg
xf] . w]/} k'/fgf] sfnb]lv, hlta]nf pgLx¿n] cf gf] z/L/ /rgfaf/] Psbd} s]xL klg hfGb}gy],
Tolta]nfb]lv ;kgfdf b]lvg] ¿kx¿ 150 -dfgj ¿kx¿sf_ sf/0fn] dflg;x¿n] s] ljZjf; ub} {cfPsf
5g\ eg] lrGtg / ;+j]bgfsf lqmofx¿ pgLx¿sf cf g} z/L/sf lqmofx¿ geP/ z/L/df /xg] /
dflg;sf] d[To' x'“bf
To;nfO{ 5f]8]/ hfg]h:tf ljlzi6 cfTdfsf lqmofx¿ x'g\ . olta]nf dflg;x¿n]
cf gf / afx\o ;G;f/sf aLrsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf ljifodf ;f] +Rb} / ljrf/ ub} {cfPsf 5g\ eg]
To;sf] nflu c¿ s'g} d[To'sf] cfljisf/ ug'{kg]
{ cfjzostf 5}g . cd/tfsf] wf/0ffsf] pTklQ To;/L
g} ePsf] lyof] . ljsf;sf] Tof] cj:yfdf To; wf/0ffaf6 s'g} ;fGTjgf ldNb}gYof], pN6} Tof] efUosf]
/]vfh:tf] nfUbYof], h;sf lj?4 xftv'§f rfNg' Joy{ lyof] . clg, w/}k6s t Tof] Pp6f lglZrt
ljklQsf ¿kdf g} cfp“Yof] . o"gfgLx¿n] To;nfO{ ljklQ g} 7fGby] . JolQmut cd/tfsf] lg/;
wf/0ffsf] pTklQ ;fGTjgfsf] wfld{s OR5f cGt/ut ePsf] geP/ To;sf] pTklQ rf}tkmL{ c1fgtfsf]

sf/0f ePsf] lyof] eg]/ cfTdfsf] ljifodf d[To'kl5 klg hLljt /lx/x]sf] 7fGg] ;d:ofsf] k[i7e"lddf g}
ePsf] lyof] . Tof] cfTdfnfO{ s] ug] { <
k|yd, To;/L k|fs[lts zlQmx¿df dfgjLo u'0f cf/f]lkt ug] { dfWodaf6 b]jtfx¿sf] ;d]t ;[li6
ePsf] lyof] . wd{sf] kl5sf] ljsf;qmddf tL b]jtfx¿n] a9LeGbf a9L cnf}lss ¿k u|x0f ub} { uP .
cGtdf cd"tL{s/0fsf] lqmofåf/f, d eGb5', lg/k]IfLs/0fsf] lqmofåf/f y'k| } ;fgf–ltgf ;Lldt /
Pscsf] {nfO{ ;Lldt agfpg] b]jtfx¿af6 dflg;x¿sf] dl:tisdf Ps]Zj/jfbL wd{sf] Pp6f PsflGts
b]jtfsf] ljrf/ pTkGg x'g k'Uof] . :jefjtM cd"tL{s/0fsf] ;f] lqmof dflg;sf] af}l4s ljsf;sf] qmddf
g} ePsf] lyof] .
To;/L ;Qfl;tsf] lrGtgsf] ;DaGwsf] k|Zg, k|s[ltl;tsf] cfTdfsf] ;DaGwsf] k|Zgsf
h/fx¿;d]t — ;Dk"0f{ wd{sf h/fx¿;/x g} — hËnL dflg;x¿sf ;Í'lrt / c1fgtfk"0f{
wf/0ffx¿df g} kfOG5g\ . ;Qfl;tsf] lrGtgsf] k|Zg, k|s[ltl;tsf] cfTdfsf] ;DaGwsf] of] k|Zg —
l;ª\uf] bz{gsf] ;a}eGbf k|d'v k|Zg xf] . t/ Tof] k|ZgnfO{ To;sf ;a} kIfx¿l;t;lxt ;a}eGbfklxn]
s]jn Tolta]nf dfq ;f]Wg ;lsG5, p;n] cf gf] ;du| dxŒjnfO{ s]jn Tolta]nf dfq xfl;n ug{
;s]sf] lyof], hlta]nf O;fO{ wd{sf] dWoo'uLg nfdf] lgb|faf6 o"/f]ksf] dfgjtf hfu[t ePsf] lyof] .
;Qfl;tsf] lrGtgsf] ;DaGwsf] k|Zgn] — cfTdf jf k|s[lt s'g k|d'v xf] eGg] k|Zgn] — dWo o'usf]
ljBf8Da/jfbsf] a]nfdf ;d]t Pp6f 7"nf] e"ldsf cbf u/]sf] lyof] . O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹af/] O{Zj/n] g}
;G;f/sf] ;[li6 u/]sf] lyof] jf ;gftg sfnb]lv g} o:t} rNb}cfPsf] 5 eGg] k|Zgn] tLj| ¿k lnPsf]
lyof] .
bfz{lgsx¿n] pQm k|Zgsf] h:tf] pQ/ lbPsf lyP, To;sf cfwf/df pgLx¿ b'O{j6f 7"n–7"nf
bndf af“l8Psf lyP . cfTdf g} d"n xf] / k|s[lt uf}0f xf] eg]/ h;n] dfGby], tL cfbz{jfbsf] bndf
;fd]n x'g k'u]sf lyP . cGtdf ltgLx¿n] s'g}gs'g} ¿kdf ;G;f/sf] ;[li6 s;}n] u/sf] 7fGby] . clg,
bfz{lgs kmf“6df x]u]nLo k|0ffnLsf] kmf“6df em} + ;G;f/sf] ;[li6sf] Tof] wf/0ff / To;;DaGwL O;fO{
wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] wf/0ffeGbf klg emg\w]/} hl6n / b':;fWo aGg k'Ub5 . csf{y/L bfz{lgsx¿sf] egfO
k|s[lt g} d"n tTj xf] eGg] wf/0ff /x]sf] lyof] . pgLx¿ ef}ltsjfbsf a]Unfa]Un} ;Dk|bfodf ljeQm eP
.
cfbz{jfb / ef}ltsjfb oL b'j} zAbx¿sf] Tof]eGbf csf] { s'g} cy{ lyPg . oxf“ klg ltgsf] c¿
s'g} cy{df k|of]u ul/Psf] 5}g . tLleq s'g} csf] { cy{ vf]Hbfv]l/ h'g e|d pTkGg x'G5, Tof] s'/f
xfdLx¿n] tn kfpg]5f} + .
tfklg lrGtg / ;Qfsf] ;DaGwsf] k|Zgsf] Pp6f csf] { kIf klg 5 . rf}tkmL{¿kdf /x]sf] of]
;G;f/af/] xfd|f] h'g ljrf/ 5, :jo+ To;sf] of] ;G;f/l;t s] ;DaGw 5 t < s] xfd|f] lrGtgn]
jf:tljs ;G;f/sf] 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 < cf gf ljrf/ / wf/0ffx¿leq s] xfdLx¿n] jf:tljs
;G;f/l;t ;DalGwt oyfy{tfsf] ;xL k|ltljDa pTkGg ug{ ;Sb5f} + < bfz{lgs efiffdf of] k|ZgnfO{
lrGtg / ;Qfsf] cgGotf -Identity_ sf] k|Zg elgG5 . bfz{lgsx¿sf] Hofb} 7"nf] ax'dtn] pQm
k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;sf/fTds¿kdf lbG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu x]u]nLo bz{gdf t To;sf] cg'df]bg :jtM
:ki6 5 lsgeg] To;df atfOPsf] 5, jf:tljs ;G;f/df xfdLx¿n] 1fg xfl;n ug] { rLhsf] ljrf/
tTj g} xf] M h'g ljrf/ tTjn] k/+ ljrf/nfO{ ;f+;fl/s¿kdf lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} ;fsf/ agfp“b} hfG5 .
pQm k/+ ljrf/sf] ;Qf ;G;f/b]lv :jtGq / ;G;f/sf] ;[li6eGbf klxn]b]lv, zfZjt sfnb]lv g}
/x“b}cfPsf] 5 . t/ Tof] rLh c¿ s'g} k|df0fljgf g} ljrf/n] ;'?b]lv g} ljrf/tTjsf] ¿kdf
/xg]vfnsf tTjx¿nfO{ g} lrx\g ;Sb5 eGg] s'/f :jtM :ki6 5 . h'g s'/f oxf“ k|dfl0ft ug'{
5, Tof]
geg]s} ¿kdf pQm cfwf/ jfSodf klxn]b]lv g} ljBdfg 5 eGg] s'/f klg TolQs} :ki6 5 . tfklg
To;sf/0fn] x]u]nnfO{ s] lgisif{ lgsfNg ck7\of/f] kb} {g eg] pgn] lrGtg / ;Qfsf] cgGotf -
Identity_ sf] h'g k|df0f k|:t't u/]sf lyP, To;af6 pgsf] bz{g g} pgnfO{ ;xL nfUg] Ps dfq
bz{g xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . pgL s] eGb5g\ eg] lrGtg / ;Qfsf] cgGttfn] olb cf gf]
k|fdfl0fstf k'li6 ug{ vf]Hb5 eg] l;4fGtaf6 abn]/ pgsf] bzgnfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿k lbg / ;f/f

;G;f/nfO{ x]u]nLo l;4fGt cg';f/ ablnlbg x]t' p;n] dfgj hfltnfO{ tof/ u/f];\ . x]u]nsf] of]
To:t} e|d xf], h;af6 sl/a–sl/a ;a} bfz{lgsx¿ u|:t 5g\ .
To; cltl/Qm a]Unfa]Un} bfz{lgsx¿sf] csf] { a]Un} bn klg 5 . Tof] tL JolQmx¿sf] bn xf],
h;n] ;G;f/sf] s'g} klg 1fg jf slDtdf k"0f{ 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf zÍf k|s6 ub{5 .
To; >]0fLdf cTofw'lgs sfndf sfG6 / x\o"d;d]t kb{5g\ . bz{gsf] ljsf;df pgLx¿n] w]/} dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . Tof] b[li6sf]0fsf] v08gsf] l;nl;nfdf h'g rLh lg0ff{os x'G5, x]u]nåf/f —
slDtdf klg efjjfbL sf]0faf6 — Tof] klxn] g} atfOPsf] 5 . kmfo/afvn] To;df h'g ef}ltsjfbL
rLh yk]sf lyP, Tof] a7\ofO“k"0f{ x'g ;Sb5, tfklg To;df uxL¥ofO{ 5}g . c¿ ;Dk"0f{ bfz{lgs
kl/sNkgf em} + pQm kl/sNkgfsf] ;d]t ;a}eGbf k|efjzfnL v08g Jojxf/ :jo+ xf], cyf{t\ k|of]u /
k|oTg xf] . h'g;'s} k|fs[lts lqmofaf/] cf gf] wf/0ffsf] ;Totf olb xfdLx¿n] Tof] lqmofnfO{ :jo+
;[li6 u/]/ k|dfl0ft ul/lbG5f} +, To;sf kl/l:ylteGbf aflx/ lg:s]/ To;nfO{ :jo+ pTkGg ul/lbG5f} + /
3ftdf To;af6 cf gf] sfd ;d]t k6\ofp“5f} + eg] sfG6sf] cu|fx\o æc1]o j:t'Æsf] sfd ;DkGg x'g]5
. lj?jf / kz'x¿sf z/L/df pTkGg x'g] /f;folgs kbfy{ klg Tolta]nf;Dd To:t} g} æc1]o j:t'x¿Æ
agL /x]sf lyP, hlta]nf;Dd h}ljs /;fogzf:qn] pgLx¿nfO{ Pskl5 csf] { u/L :jo+ agfpg ;'?
u/]sf lyPgg\ . To;kl5 tL æc1]o j:t'x¿Æ xfd|f nflu j:t'x¿ aGg k'u]sf lyP . pbfx/0fsf nflu
dh]6fsf] /ª\u lbg] kbfy{ cnLh/LgnfO{ lnpm“ . To;nfO{ xfdLx¿n] clxn] v]tdf dhL7sf h/fx¿df
gpdf/]/ w]/};:tf] / ;/n t/Lsfåf/f cnsqaf6 tof/ ub{5f} + . #)) jif{;Dd sf]klg{s;sf] ;f}o{d08n
vfln sNkgf dfq lyof] . To;sf kIfdf !)), !))) jf !)))) s'/fx¿ 5f“6\g ;lsGYof] tyf
ljkIfdf vfln Tof] Pp6f sNkgf dfq lyof] . t/ nj]l/o/n] ;f}o{d08naf6 k|fKt tYox¿sf cfwf/df
vfln Pp6f c1ft u|xsf] cl:tTjsf] kQf dfq gnufP/ lx;faåf/f cfsfzdf Tof] 7fp“sf] ;d]t kQf]
nufP, hxf“ Tof] u|x 151 sf] cl:tTj x'g' :jfefljs lyof] . clg, k'gM u]lnlnof]n] pQm u|xnfO{ ;f+lRrs}
vf]h]/ b]vfP, To;kl5 sf]klg{s;sf] ;f}o{d08nsf] k'li6 ePsf] lyof] . To;sf afjh"b hd{gLdf
gjsfG6jfbLx¿n] olb pgLx¿n] sfG6jfbL nf;nfO{ k'ghL{ljt u/fpg] k|oTg ul//x]sf x'g\ /
OªNofG8df c1]ojfbL x\o"d -Toxf“ jf:tjdf p;sf] slxNo} d[To' ePsf] lyPg_sf] wf/0ffnfO{ k'ghL{ljt
ug] { k|oTg ul//x]sf x''g\
eg] To;sf] cy{ x'G5 — j}1flgs b[li6sf]0faf6 pgLx¿ kl5 xl6/x]sf 5g\ .
clg, Jojxfl/s b[li6sf]0faf6 To;sf] cy{ vfln s] dfq x'G5 eg] ;G;f/;dIf ef}ltsjfbnfO{ c:jLsf/
ubf{ub} { klg n'sL–l5kL pgLx¿n] lgn{Hh9Ëaf6 To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ub} { uO/x]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf sfG6 /
x\o"dsf wf/0ffx¿sf l;4fGt / Jojxf/ b'j} If]qdf klxn] g} v08g ul/Psf] ] 5 .
tfklg b]sft{b]lv x]u]n;Dd tyf xA;b]lv kmfo/afv;Ddsf] nfdf] ;dodf vfln ljz'4 ts{af6
dfq bfz{lgsx¿ k|ltli7t ePsf lyPgg\, oBlk pgLx¿n] To:t} ;f] +Rby] . s'/f To;sf] Psbd} pN6f]
lyof] . jf:tjdf ;a}eGbf w]/} h'g s'/fn] pgLx¿nfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] lyof], Tof] k|fs[lts lj1fg tyf
pBf]uwGwfsf] zlQmzfnL / lg/Gt/¿kdf eO/x]sf] k|ult xf] . hxf“;Dd ef}ltsjfbLx¿sf] s'/f lyof],
pgLx¿sf] ;DaGw dflyb]lv g} Psbd} :ki6 b]lvGYof], tfklg cfbz{jfbL bfz{lgs k|0ffnLx¿n] ;d]t
cfk"mleq ef}ltsjfbL tTj w]/}eGbfw]/} ;dfj]z ub}{uO/x]sf lyP . dl:tis / ef}lts kbfy{aLr h'g
cGt/lj/f]w x'G5, To;nfO{ ;j] {Zj/jfbL9Ëaf6 pgLx¿n] x6fpg] k|oTg ub{y] . To;}u/L cGttM x]u]nLo
k|0ffnLn] k4lt / cGt/j:t'sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cfbz{jfbL9ËeGbf pN6f] ¿kdf v8f ul/Psf] ] ef}ltsjfbs}
k|ltlglwTj ub{Yof] .
ctM Tof] rLhnfO{ s'g s'/fn] :ki6 ub{5 eg] hlta]nf :6fs{n] kmfo/afvsf] ljZn]if0f ub{5g\,
Tolta]nf lrGtg / ;Qf;DaGwL d"ne"t k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf g} ;a}eGbfklxn] pgsf] b[li6sf]0fsf] 5fgaLg
ug{ k'Ub5g\ . ;'?df pgn] Pp6f ;lª\IfKt e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ . Tof] e"ldsfdf klxn]sf bfz{lgsx¿, ljz]if
u/]/ sfG6kl5sf bfz{lgsx¿sf ljrf/x¿sf] cgfjZo¿kaf6 rsf{rsf{ bfz{lgs efiffdf j0f{g ub{5g\ .
To;df x]u]nnfO{ hlt dxŒj lbg'kb{Yof], Tof]eGbf Hofb} sd dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . To;sf] sf/0f s] xf]
eg] :6fs{n] vfln pgsf s[ltx¿df s]xL vf;–vf; c+zx/nfO{ Psbd} cf}krfl/s¿kdf dfq x]/]sf 5g\
. Tof] e"ldsfkZrft\ pgn] k'gM :jo+ kmfo/afvsf] æclwe"tjfbÆsf] ljsf;qmdsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lbPsf
5g\ . Tof] ljsf;qmdnfO{ h;/L To; ljifol;t ;DalGwt kmfo/afvsf s[ltx¿df qmda4¿kdf kfOG5,

pgn] klg 7Ls To;}u/L k]z u/]sf 5g\ . pQm ljj/0f d]xgt / :ki6tfsf ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] ] 5 .
To;df bf]if vfln slQ dfq 5 eg] ;Dk"0f{ k':tsem} + pQm ljj/0f klg bfz{lgs zAbfjnL clNemP/
af]em aGgk'u]sf] 5 . x/]s 7fp“df tL zAbfjnLaf6 a“Rg cK7\of/f] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f klg xf]Og .
To;af6 Tolta]nf emg\a9L x}/fgL pTkGg x'g k'Ub5, hlta]nf vfln s'g} Pp6} bfz{lgs ;Dk|bfosf]
cleJo~hgf z}nLsf], cyjf :jo+ kmfo/afvsf] cleJo~hgf z}nL;Ddsf] cg's/0f dfq gu/]/ pgn]
7fp–7fp“df Hofb} a]Unfa]Un} k|j[lQx¿sf zAbfjnLx¿, ljz]if u/]/ :jo+nfO{ bfz{lgs atfpg] clxn]
rf}tkmL{¿kdf hf]8bf/¿kn] km}ln/x]sf k|j[lQx¿sf zAbfjnLx¿ l5/fOlbG5g\
kmfo/afvsf] ljsf; x]u]njfbLaf6 ef}ltsjfbLdf ePsf] lyof], oBlk kmfo/afv slxNo} klg
Psbd} kSsf ¿9LjfbL x]u]njfbL lyPgg\ eGg] s'/f ;xL xf] . ljsf;sf] To; qmddf lglZrt cj:yfdf
k'u]/ cf gf k"j{jtL{ cfbz{jfbL k|0ffnL;“u k"0f{¿kn] ;DaGw ljR5]b ug'{
pgsf] nflu cfjZos
x'guPsf] lyof] . x6fpg]¿kaf6 cGttM kmfo/afv s] s'/f dfGg afWo ePsf lyP eg] k/+ ljrf/sf k"j{
;fG;fl/s x]u]njfbL cl:tTjsf] s'/f ;G;f/sf] cl:tTjjfg\ x'g'eGbfklxn] pgsf …tfls{s–dfgl;s
>]0fLx¿ -Logical Categories_ sf] k"j{ cl:tTjÚ /fVg] s'/f jf:tjdf Oxnf]ssf] ctLt ;|i6fsf]
cl:tTjdf ul/g] ljZjf;sf] clxn];Dd /x]sf] sfNklgs ;Demgfafx]s vfln Psdfq of] ;G;f/ ;To
xf] / xfdLx¿ :jo+ To;sf Ps cË xf} + + tyf xfd|f] r]tgf / lrGtg hlt;'s} ctLlGb|o nfu] klg
jf:tjdf tL ef}lts / zf/Ll/s cËx¿ dl:tissf pkhx¿ g} x'g\ . kbfy{ dl:tissf] pkh geP/
:jo+ dl:iskbfy{sf] ;jf] {Rr pkh xf], To;afx]s c¿ s]xL xf]Og . lg:;Gb]x Tof] ljz'4 ef}ltsjfb xf] .
t/ Tolt 6f9f k'lu;s]kl5 kmfo/afv /f]lsG5g\ . rL/–k|rlnt bfz{lgs k"jf{u|xaf6 ef}ltsjfbL
cGt/j:t'sf lj?4 geP/ ef}ltsjfbsf] gfdsf lj?4 km}lnPsf] k"jf{u|xaf6 pgL d'Qm x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
pgn] eGb5 M æd]/f] b[li6df ef}ltsjfb dfgjLo ;Qf / 1fgsf] dxnsf] cfwf/lznf xf] t/ d]/f] b[li6df
Tof] ToxL xf]Og, h'g s'g} z/L/lj1fgljbsf b[li6sf]0f / dtfg';f/ t of] -ef}ltsjfb_ :jo+ g} dxn xf] .
e"t sfnsf ;DaGwdf ef}ltsjfbLx¿l;t d k"0f{tM ;xdt 5' t/ eljiosf ;DaGwdf d pgLx¿l;t
;xdt 5}g .Æ
oxf“ kmfo/afvn] kbfy{ / dl:tissf] ;DaGwsf] lglZrt ;dembf/Ldf cfwfl/t ljZj;DaGwL cfd
b[li6sf]0f, ef}ltsjfbnfO{ To;sf] Tof] ljz]if ¿kl;t ldnfO{ lbG5g\ . To;df vf; P]ltxfl;s cj:yfdf,
cyf{t\ !* cf} + ztfAbLdf ljZjb[li6sf]0fsf] cleJo~hgf ePsf] lyof] . To;eGbf w]/} To;nfO{ To;sf]
yf]qf] / ljs[t ¿kl;t ldnfOlbG5, h;df k|s[ltjfbL / j}Bx¿ Pj+ 8fS6/x¿sf] dl:tisdf !* cf} +
zbLsf] ef}ltsjfb cfh klg hLljt 5 . Tof] p;sf] ToxL ¿k xf], h;sf] ut zbLsf] kf“rf} + bzsdf
a'vg/, ef]S6, df]n];sf6n] cf gf] ;dodf k|rf/ u/]sf lyP . t/ h;/L cfbz{jfb cf gf]
ljsf;qmddf s}of} + cj:yfx¿af6 u'h| ]sf] lyof], To;}u/L ef}ltsjfb klg s}of} + r/0fx¿ kf/ u/]/ cufl8
a9]sf] lyof] . k|s[lt lj1fg;Ddsf] If]qdf x'g] x/]s o'ufGtsf/L vf]h;“u} To;nfO{ cf gf] ¿kdf kl/jt{
ug'{k/]sf]
5 . clg, hlta]nf Oltxf;sf] ef}ltsjfbL JofVof ul/of], Tolta]nf of] If]qdf klg To;sf]
ljsf;sf nflu gof“ dfu{ v'n]sf] lyof] .
ut zbLsf] ef}ltsjfb d'VotM oflGqs lyof] lsgeg] Tolta]nf;Dd ;f/f k|fs[lts 1fgsf] If]qdf
vfln oGqlj1fg — /, Tof] klg jf:tjdf 7f]; lk08x¿sf] oGqlj1fgsf] ;ª\If]kdf u'?Tjfsif{0fsf]
oGqlj1fgsf] lglZrt cj:yf;Dd ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . /;fogzf:q Tolta]nf;Dd vfln lzz' cj:yf
k|fbflxs cj:yfdf g} lyof] . hLjlj1fg klg Tolta]nf;Dd jfd] ;g] { ;fgf] lzz' lyof] . lj?jf /
kz'x¿sf z/L/sf] vfln df]6fdf]6L¿kdf g} clxn];Dd 5fgaLg ul/Psf] ] lyof] . ltgsf] JofVof vfln
oflGqs sf/0fx¿sf] cfwf/df dfq ul/GYof] . !* cf} + zbLsf ef}ltsjfbLx¿sf] b[li6df dflg;sf] ToxL
:yfg lyof], h'g b]sft] {sf] b[li6sf]0fdf kz'sf] x'GYof], cyf{t\ Tof] Pp6f d];Lg lyof] . /f;folgs tyf
h}ljs :j¿k x'g] k|lqmofx¿nfO{ vfln oGqlj1fgsf] gfkf]af6 x]g] { sf]lzz ug'{
k|frLg k|mfl;G;L
ef}ltsjfbsf] klxnf] ljz]if t/ To;a]nfsf] :jfefljs sdhf]/L lyof] . lg:;Gb]x /f;folgs h}ljs
k|lqmofx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t oGqlj1fgsf] lgod nfu" x'G5 t/ tL lgodx¿nfO{ csf] { w]/} pRr
lgodn] k5fl8 ws]lnlbG5 . pQm ef}ltsjfbsf] csf] { ljlzi6 sdhf]/L s] lyof] eg] To;n] ljZjnfO{
Pp6f k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf, kbfy{sf] cgj/t P]ltxfl;s ljsf;sf] ¿kdf a'‰g ;Sb}gYof] . k|s[lt lj1fgsf]

Tof]a]nf h'g :t/ lyof] / To;l;t bfz{lgs lrgtgsf] h'g clwe"tjfbL, cyft\ åGåjfblj/f]wL k4lt
;DalGwt lyof], To;}af6 Tof] sdhf]/L k}bf x'GYof] . slt s'/f cjZo yfx lyof] eg] k|s[lt zfZjt
ultsf] cj:yfdf /xG5 . t/ tfTsfnLg wf/0ffg';f/ Tof] ult zfZjt¿kdf Ps rqmdf g} x'GYof] /
To;sf/0f Tof] cf gf] :yfgaf6 slxNo} cufl8 a9\b}gYof] . af/Daf/ To;af6 Pp6} lgisif{ lgSnGYof] .
Tof] wf/0ff x'g' Tolta]nf :jfefljs lyof] . ;f}o{d08nsf] pTklQaf/] sfG6sf] l;4fGt dfq ev{/} cufl8
cfPsf] lyof] . To;nfO{ cem};Dd klg vfln sf}t'xnsf] ljifo dfq 7flgGYof] . k[YjLsf] ljsf;sf]
Oltxf;, cyf{t\ e"ue{zf:q cem}klg Psbd} c1ft lyof] . clg, cfhsf ;hLj k|fs[lts k|f0fLx¿
;/naf6 hl6n -;+ +lZni6_lt/ ljsl;t x'g] nfdf] >[ª\vnfsf kl/0ffd x'g\ eGg] ljrf/ j}1flgs¿kaf6
cem};Dd k]z x'g;s]sf] lyPg . ctM k|s[ltaf/] cg}ltxfl;s b[li6sf]0f x'g' ckl/xfo{ lyof] . t/ Tof]
s'/fnfO{ lnP/ !* cf} + zbLsf bfz{lgsx¿nfO{ xfdLx¿ lsg bf]ifL 7x¥ofpg ;Sb}gf} + eg] Tof] rLh
x]u]ndf ;d]t kfOGYof] . pgsf] sygfg';f/ k|s[lt vfln ljrf/sf] k/sLos/0f -Alienation_ xf] .
ctM sfnqmddf To;sf] s'g} ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . To;sf] ljsf; vfln cjsf;df dfq x'g ;Sb5 .
To;/L To;n] cf gf] ljljwtfsf] lj:tf/ s]jn To;}df dfq ug{ ;Sb5 . To;/L To;n] cf gf]
ljsf;sf] ;Dk"0f{ cj:yfnfO{ ;“u;“u} Pskl5csf] { k|blz{t ub{5 / zfZjt¿kaf6 tL k|lqmofx¿sf]
k'g/fj[lQ ub} { hfgsf nflu afWo x'G5 . ;dosf] ulteGbf a]Un} cjsf;df ljsf; ug] { Tof] asaf;
k|s[ltaf/] x]u]nn] Tof]a]nf u/]sf lyP, hlta]nf e"ue{zf:q, e| "0fzf:q, lj?jf / kz'x¿sf] z/L/ lj1fg /
h}ljs /;fogzf:qsf] lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] lyof] tyf gof“ lj1fgsf cfwf/df kl5 pTkGg x'g] ljsf;sf]
l;4fGt -Theory Of Evolution_ sf cf]hk"0f{ eljiojf0fLx¿ ul/Gy] . pbfx/0fsf nflu u]6] /
nfdfs{sf egfOnfO{ lng'xf];\_ .sfndf x'g] ljsf; ;f/f ljsf;sf] d"ne"t zt{ xf] t/ x]u]nn] Tof] s'/f
dfg]sf lyPgg\ . t/ pgsf] k|0ffnLsf nflu Tof] cfjZos;d]t lyof] . ctM bfz{lgs k|0ffnLsf lglDt
pgsf] k4lt :jo+ cfk"mk|lt e"m6 aGg'k/]sf] lyof] .
P]ltxfl;s If]qdf klg cg}ltxfl;s wf/0ff km}lnPsf] lyof] . To; If]qdf dWoo'uLg cjz]ifx¿sf
lj?4 x'g] ;‹if{sf] sf/0fn] b[li6sf]0f wldnf] eO/x]sf] lyof] . dWoo'unfO{ Oltxf;sf] s]jn qmdeË dfq
dflgGYof] M dWo o'usf xhf/ jif{nfO{ ;fj{ef}lds aa{/tfsf jif{ dflgGYof] . dWo o'udf h'g hf]8bf/
k|ult ePsf] lyof], cyf{t\ o"/f]k]nL ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] h'g lj:tf/ ePsf] lyof], ljsf;sf] Ifdtf ePsf
h'g 7"n–7"nf /fi6«x¿ Pscsf{sf] 5]p“–5fp“df hfu[t ePsf lyP tyf cGtdf !$ cf} + / !% cf} +
zbLx¿df h'g dxfg\ k|fljlws k|ult ePsf] lyof], tL ;Dk"0f{ rLhk|lt cf“vf lrlDnPsf] lyof] . To;/L
h'g dxfg\ P]ltxfl;s kf/:kl/s ;DaGwx¿ sfod eO/x]sf lyP, tLaf/] a'l4;Ët9Ëaf6 ljrf/ ug'{
c;Dej agfOlbPsf] lyof] / Oltxf;nfO{ pbfx/0fx¿ / b[i6fGtx¿sf] k|of]u bfz{lgsx¿n] cf gf]
sfdsf] nflu ug{ ;Sg] ;+u|x agfOlbPsf] lyof] .
ut zbLsf] kf“rf} + bzsdf hd{gLleq ef}ltsjfbsf] abgfd ug] { h'g t'R5 k|rf/sx¿n] To;af/]
rf;f] /fVby], ltgLx¿n] klg cf gf lzIfsx¿sf] pQm sdhf]/LnfO{ s'g} k|sf/n] klg x6fpg ;Sb}gy]
. To;aLr k|s[lt lj1fgsf] If]qdf h'g Hofb} k|ult ePsf] lyof], To;n] pgLx¿sf nflu ;G;f/sf
;|i6fsf] cl:tTjsf lj?4 vfln gof“ k|df0fx¿sf] dfq sfd lbGy] . Tof] l;4fGtsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu
pgLx¿n] jf:tjdf slQ klg k|oTg u/]sf lyPgg\ . cfbz{jfb cf gf] ljgfzsf] df]8df k'u]sf] lyof] .
!*$* sf] qmflGtn] To;dfly 3fts k|xf/ u/]sf] lyof] . t/ Tof]a]nf;Dd slDtdf ef}ltsjfb emg\ tn
em/]sf] b]v]/ p;nfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g ;SbYof] . Tof] ef}ltsjfbsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ kmfo/afvn] ha
c:jLsf/ u/]sf lyP, Tolta]nf pgn] h] ug'{x'“b}g
Yof], Tof] s] lyof] eg] pgn] 3'dGt] k|rf/sx¿sf
l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfd ef}ltsjfb 7fGg' x'GgYof] .
t/ To;af/] b'O{j6f s'/fx¿ 5g\ . ltgsf] pNn]v ug'{
cfjZos 5 . k|yd, kmfo/afvsf]
hLjgsfndf ;d]t k|fs[lts lj1fgsf] If]qdf pu|¿kdf pyn–k'yn ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] s]xL :ki6 /
;fk]lIfs ¿k–/]vf ljut !% jif{df g} b]lvgyfn]sf] lyof] . gof“–gof“ k|fs[lts j}1flgs tYox¿
tLj|tfsf ;fy / hf]8bf/¿kn] cufl8 cfO/x]sf lyP t/ pgLx¿aLr kf/:kl/s ;DaGw :yflkt ug] {
sfd, /, To;/L Pskl5 csf] { cg';Gwfgaf6 pTkgg x'g] cJoj:yfaLr Joj:yf sfod ug] { sfd s]jn
clxn] ev{/} dfq ;Dej x'g ;s]sf] 5 . s] s'/f ;To xf] eg] sf]lzsf, phf{sf] ¿kfGt/ tyf 8f/jLgsf]

gfdl;t ;Da4 ljsf;sf] l;4fGtl;t ;DalGwt tLgy/L lg0ff{os vf]hx¿ kmfo/afvsf] hLjgsfndf
g} x'gk'u]sf lyP . u|fdL0f PsfGtdf /xg] tL Pshgf bfz{lgsn] ;f/f j}1flgs k|ultx¿nfO{ /fd|/L
a'‰g' s;/L ;Dej lyof] / < tL vf]hx¿sf] ;du| dxŒjnfO{ To;a]nf yfx kfOGYof], hlta]nf k|s[lt
lj1fgj]Qf :jo+ ls t tL rLhx¿;DaGwL 5nkmndf clNemPsf x'Gy] ls t pgLx¿n] tL rLhx¿sf]
kof{Kt pkof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f hfGb}gy] . To;sf] ;Dk"0f{ bf]if hd{gLsf] tfTsfnLg
b'ef{Uok"0f{ kl/l:yltnfO{ lyof] . tL kl/l:yltx¿sf] kmn:j¿k bz{gsf] s';L{df c“–c“ ug] { ;f/;Ë|xjfbL
lkp;f dfg] { s'/fsf] asjf; ug] { JolQmx¿n] sAhf u/]sf lyP / pgLx¿ ;a}eGbf w]/} 7"nf kmfo/afvn]
lgisfl;t cj:yfdf Pp6f ;fgf] ufp“df a:g afWo x'g'k/]sf] lyof] . ctM olb Tof] k|s[lt;DaGwL
P]ltxfl;s wf/0ffnfO{ kmfo/afvn] XboËd ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\, h;nfO{ clxn] XboËd ug'{
;Dej
ePsf] lyof] tyf To;af6 k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbsf] ;Dk"0f{ PskIfLokg x6\bYof] eg] To;df pgsf] bf]if
lyPg .
csf] { s'/f kmfo/afvsf] s] egfO Psbd} ;xL xf] eg] vfln k|fs[lts j}1flgs ef}ltsjfb dfq
jf:tjdf ædfgjLo 1fgsf] dxnsf] cfwf/–lznf xf] t/ Tof] :jo+ dxn eg] xf]Og .Æ xfdLx¿ vfln
k|s[ltsf aLrdf dfq /xGgf} +, dfgj ;dfhleq klg /xG5f} + . /, k|s[ltem} + of] dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf]
klg cf gf] Pp6f Oltxf; 5 / o;sf] klg cf g} lj1fg 5 . ctM ;fdflhs lj1fg, cyf{t\
tyfslyt P]ltxfl;s / bfz{lgs lj1fgsf] s'n of]usf] To;sf] ef}lts cfwf/lznfl;t ;dGjo sfod
ul/lbg' /, To;sf cfwf/df km]l/ To;sf] k'glg{df{0f ug'{
cfjZos lyof] . t/ Tof] sfd k"/f ug'{
kmfo/afvsf] lgoltdf lyPg .Æ pgL To; If]qdf æcfwf/lznfÆ x'g'sf afjh"b ¿9Lut cfbz{jfbL
aGwgx¿af6 g} hsl8Psf lyP . Tof] s'/f pgn] oL zAbdf :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ M æe"tsfnsf] ;DaGwdf
ef}ltsjfbLx¿l;t d k"0f{tM ;xdt 5' t/ eljioaf/] pgLx¿l;t ;xdt 5}g .Æ tfklg jf:tjdf
;fdflhs If]qdf æcufl8lt/Æ a9\g g;s]sf kmfo/afv g} lyP . !*$) jf !*$$ sf] cf gf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 pgL cufl8 a9\g ;s]gg\ . To;sf] d'Vo sf/0f pgsf] ToxL PsfGtaf; lyof] .
dflg;x¿l;t e]63f6 ug] { k|j[lQ kmfo/afvdf c¿ bfz{lgsx¿df eGbf a9L lyof] . tfklg pgsf]
PsfGtkgn] pgnfO{ s] s'/fsf nflu afWo agfPsf] lyof] eg] pgn] cf g} txsf c¿ JolQmx¿;“u
d}qLk"0f{ jf lj/f]wL 5nkmnsf l;nl;nfdf cf gf bfz{lgs ljrf/x¿ :yflkt ug'{sf]
;f6f] vfln
cf g} dfq PSnf] dl:tisleqaf6 To;sf] :yfkgf u/] of] If]qdf pgL slt w]/} cfbz{jfbL ag]sf]
lyP eGg] s'/f kl5 xfdLx¿ ;lj:tf/ b]Vg]5f} + .
oxf“ ca vfln kmfo/afvsf] cfbz{jfbsf] vf]hL :6fs{n] unt 7fp“df ub{5g\ eGg] s'/fdf dfq
a9L hf]8 lbg'kg] { cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
ækmfo/afv cfbz{jfbL x'g\ . pgn] dfgj hfltsf] k|ultdf cf:yf /fVb5g\ .Æ 152 To;sf afjh"b
pgsf] ;Dk"0f{ b[li6sf]0fsf] cfwf/lznf, cyf{t\ hu cfbz{jfb g} alg/x]sf] 5 . æd cf gf cfbz{jfbL
k|j[lQx¿sf] cg'z/0f ub} { /xG5' . To;l:yltdf d]/f nflu oyfy{jfb ljrngaf6 a“Rg] Pp6f c:qeGbf
a9L c¿ s]xL xf]Og . bof, k| ]d ;To tyf Gofosf nflu pT;fx, s] oL cfbz{ zlQmx¿ xf]Ogg\

låtLo, dflg;nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg] x/]s rLhnfO{ xfdL c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}gf} + . To;f] ug{sf
nflu To;n] pgLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] dl:tisåf/f lqmofzLn agfp“5 . vfgkLgsf] ;DaGwdf To:t} x'G5 .
vfgkLg lqmofsf] yfngL ef]s–Kof;sf] ;+j]bgfsf] kmn:j¿k x'G5 . Tof] ;+j]bgf dl:tisåf/f k| ]lift x'G5
. To;sf] cGt ;Gt'li6sf] ;+j]bgfaf6 x'G5 . afx\o hutsf] h'g k|efj dfG5]dfly kb{5, Tof] p;sf]
dl:tisdf k|s6 x'G5 . To;leq tL efjgfx¿, ljrf/x¿, cfj]ux¿ / ;ÍNkx¿, ;ª\If]kdf ædfgl;s
k|j[lQx¿Æsf] ¿kdf k|ltljlDat x'G5g\ / To; ¿kdf tL ædfgl;s zlQmx¿Æ aGg k'Ub5g\ . k'gM olb
dfG5]nfO{ lsg efjjfbL dflgG5 eg] o;n] ædfgl;s k|j[lQx¿Æsf] cg'z/0f ub{5 tyf ædfgl;s
zlQmx¿Æn] p;nfO{ k|efljt ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ ub{5 eg] x/]s :jfefljs JolQm hGdhft
cfbz{jfbL sxlng]5 . clg t sf]xL klg ef}ltsjfbL sxf“ x'g ;Sb5 t <
t[tLo, pQm ljZjf;sf] ef}ltsjfb / cfbz{jfbsf] kf/:kl/s lj/f]wl;t slQ klg ;DaGw x'“b}g
.
xfn dfgjtf df]6fdf]6L¿kdf k|ultzLn lbzfdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . To; s'/fdf k|mflG;;L
ef}ltsjfbLx¿sf] cf:yf O{Zj/jfbL ef]N6fo/ / ¿;f]eGbf s'g} lsl;dn] sd lyPg . jf:tjdf pgsf]
Tof] cf:yfn] nueu wdf{Gwtfsf] ¿k lnPsf] lyof] . To;sf] nflu pgLx¿n] k|foM w]/}eGbfw]/} JolQmut
Tofu ug'{k/]sf]
lyof] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu olb cf gf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjgnfO{ g} æ;To / Gofosf] k|lti7fsf]
nflu — oL zAbx¿sf] pkof]u d /fd|f] cy{df ul//x]sf]5' — clk{t ug] { JolQm slxNo} sf]xL lyP eg]
pgL lbb]/f] lyP ctM :6fs{n] olb tL ;a}nfO{ cfbz{jfb 3f]lift ul/G5 eg] To;af6 vfln
ef}ltsjfb zAbsf] / b'j} k|j[lQx¿aLrsf] ;Dk"0f{ lj/f]wsf] To;sf lglDt s'g} cy{ x'g]5}g eGg] l;4 x'G5
.
;f“rf] s'/f s] xf] eg] ef}ltsjfb zAbsf lj?4 ¿9LjfbLx¿sf] cNk1fgL lj/f]wsf] h'g efjgf
km}ln/x]sf] 5, To;;dIf To;f] eg]/ :6fs{n] cIfDo¿kaf6 cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf 5g\, oBlk pgn]
;DejtM Tof] s'/f ga'emLsg g} ul//x]sf x'g ;Sb5g\ . ef}ltsjfbsf lj?4sf] Tof] k"jf{u|xL efjgfsf]
sf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd kfb/Lx¿n] af/Daf/ To;sf] abgfd ug'{
xf] . c1fgL JolQmsf] b[li6df
ef}ltsjfb eg]sf] v“r'jf, e" “8], /S;Lafh, cf“vf;Gsfpg], j]Zofj[lQ, cx+sf/, nfn;f, nf]n'ktf,
nf]eLkg, gfkmfvf]/L tyf ;f}bfjfhL, rf]/L–rsf/L, a]OdfgL — ;ª\If]kdf p;sf] b[li6df To;sf] cy{
;f/fsf ;f/f v/fa rLh x'G5g\ . To;df n'sL–l5kL pm :jo+ ;xefuL x'G5 . clg, cfbz{jfb zAb
p;sf] b[li6df /fd|f] s'/f, ;fj{hlgs k/f]ksf/sf] efjgf tyf cfd¿kaf6 æPp6f w]/} /fd|f] ;G;f/Æ x'G5
. Tof] æw]/} /fd|f] ;G;f/Æaf/] p;n] c¿x¿sf cufl8 7"n–7"nf ukm ub{5 t/ To;kl§ :jo+ p;sf]
?emfg vfln Tolta]nf dfq x'G5, hlta]nf pm ;Í6df km“:g k'Ub5 cyjf hlta]nf cfd æef}ltsjfbLÆ
clt;o /Ë]nLsf] sf/0f p;sf] 6f6 klN6G5 / p;sf ljkt\sf lbgx¿n] p;nfO{ 3]b{5g\ . cf gf] Tof]
k/+ lk|o /fu p;n] vfln ToxLa]nf dfq cnfKg yfNb5 dfG5] s] xf] < cfwf kz', cfwf b]jtf
c¿ xf]xNnf ug] { JolQmx¿nfO{ hd{gLdf cfhef]ln bfz{lgs elgG5, ltgsf] k|xf/af6 :6fs{n]
kl/>dsf ;fy kmfo/afvsf] /Iff ub{5g\ . h'g JolQmx¿nfO{ hd{g bz{gsf] Tof] kIfdf rf;f] 5,
ltgLx¿sf nflu lg:;Gb]x of] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ x'g ;Snf, ;DejtM :jo+ :6fs{nfO{ ;d]t klg Tof] s'/f
cfjZos nfu]sf] x'g ;Sb5 tfklg d}n] Joy} {df kf7sx¿dfly Tof] s'/f nfb\g rfxGg“ .
— # —
kmfo/afvsf] jf:tljs cfbz{jfb Tolta]nf b]vf kb{5, hlta]nf wd{ / cfrf/ ;+lxtfaf/] pgsf]
bz{gdfly xfdLx¿n] ljrf/ ub{5f} + . kmfo/afvn] wd{nfO{ lgd" {n kfg{ rfxGgg\ . To;nfO{ pgn] kl/is[t
u/]/ bf]ifd'Qm kfg{ vf]Hb5g\ . :jo+ bz{gnfO{ wd{df ;lDdlnt ug'{kb{5
eGg] pgsf] egfO lyof] .
ævfln wfld{s kl/jt{gx¿af6 dfq dfgjLo o'usf] ljlzi6tfsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . h'g;'s} P]ltxfl;s
cfGbf]ng klg Tolta]nfdfq ckl/xfo{ aGg k'Ub5, hlta]nf p;sf h/fx¿ dflg;sf dl:tisdf x'G5g\ .
dg wd{sf] s'g} klg ¿k xf]Og . ctM wd{sf] :yfg klg dgleq} x'g'kb{5, dg g} wd{sf] d"n j:t' xf] .Æ-
:6fs{åf/f p4[t_
kmfo/afv cg';f/ wd{ k| ]ddfly cfwfl/t dflg;x¿sf aLrsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw xf] / Tof]
pgLx¿sf] cfTdfdf cfwfl/t ;DaGw xf] . clxn];Dd Tof] ;DaGwn] cf gf] ToxL s'/f jf:tljstfsf]
sNkgfzLn cfbz{sf] k|ltljDasf] ¿kdf vf]Hb}cfPsf] 5 . p;n] Ps jf cg]s b]jtfx¿, cyf{t\ dfgjLo

u'0fx¿sf sfNklgs cfbz{sf -P]gfsf_ k|ltljDax¿sf] dfWodaf6 vf]Hb}cfPsf] 5 t/ clxn] p;n] Tof]
;Lw} / s;}sf] dfWodljgf ædÆ / æt“Æsf aLrsf] k| ]dleq kfPsf] 5 . To;/L cGtdf of}gk| ]d
kmfo/afvsf] gof“ wd{sf] cfrf/ / Jojxf/sf] olb ;jf] {Rr ¿k xf]Og eg] klg Pp6f ;jf] {Rr ¿k t
cjZo aGg k'Ub5 .
k| ]d–cg'/fudfly cfwfl/t ;DaGw dfgj hfltaLr / ljz]if u/]/ :qL–k'?ifaLr dfgj hfltsf]
pTklQ sfnb]lv g} rNb}cfPsf]5 . ljz]if u/]/ of}gk| ]dsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 / lat]sf *)) jif{df To;n]
Tof] 7fp“ lnPsf] 5 . To;/L Tof] o;sfnsf ;f/f sfJox¿sf] ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 s]Gb|ljGb' aGgk'u]sf] 5 .
/fHoåf/f lgwf{l/t of}gk| ]d, cyf{t\ lax]af/Lsf sfg"gx¿nfO{ emg\w]/} wfld{s ;dy{g lbg] sfo{;Dd g}
ljBdfg wd{x¿n] :jo+nfO{ ;Lldt u/]sf 5g\ . t/ olb tL ;f/f wd{x¿ ef]ln d]l6P eg] klg k| ]d /
ldqtfsf] cfrf/–Jojxf/df ltgsf sf/0fn] clnslt klg km/s kg] {5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu !&(# —
(* aLr k|mfG;df O;fO{ wd{ jf:tjdf To;/L g} nf]k ePsf] lyof] tfklg g]kf]lnog;Ddn] lglj{/f]w /
7"nf] sl7gfO{ljgf To;nfO{ k'gM k|ltli7t ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg . clg, dWodsfndf kmfo/afvsf] cy{df
s'g} klg vfnsf] wd{sf] cfjZostf;Dd dx;"; ul/Psf] ] lyPg
kmfo/afvsf] cfbz{jfb oxf“ lgDg s'/fx¿df cleJoQm x'G5 M of}gk| ]d, ldqtf, bof, cfTdf]T;u{,
cflbn] dfgj hfltsf kf/:kl/s cfsif{0fdfly cfwfl/t ;DaGwx¿sf] ¿kdf, cyf{t\ s'g} ljz]if wd{ljgf
— Tof] pgLx¿sf] b[li6df klg ljlt;s]sf] rLh xf], ltgsf] ;DaGw :yflkt u/], tL h:tf 5g\,
To:t}¿kdf pgn] :jLsf/ ub} {gg\ . To;sf] ;f6f] pgn] eGb5g\ — tL ;DaGwx¿n] cf gf] k"0f{tf vfln
Tolta]nf dfq k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\, hlta]nf wd{sf] gfdaf6 ltgnfO{ kljqLs/0f ul/g]5 . d'Vo s'/f
pgsf nflu tL s'/fx¿ ljz'4¿kaf6 dfgjLo ;DaGwx¿ x'g\ eGg] geP/ d'Vo s'/f ltgnfO{ Pp6f
gof“ ;Rrf wd{sf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/lbg' xf] . tLdfly hlta]nf wfld{s 5fk nufOg]5, Tolta]nf ltgn]
cf gf] k"0f{ ul/df xfl;n ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . wd{ zAbsf] pTklQ /]lnu]o/ -Religare_af6 ePsf] xf] .
pQm zAbsf] ef}uf]lns cy{ x'GYof] — aGwg . ctM b'O{ JolQmaLrsf] x/]s aGwg -k|lta4tf_ Pp6f wd{
xf] zAb lj1fg;DaGwL To;vfnsf] hfnem]n g} cfbz{jfbL bz{gsf] clGtd ;xf/f x'g k'Ub5 .
jf:tljs k|of]usf] cfwf/df ePsf] To;sf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; cg';f/ To;sf] nflu zAbsf] cy{ s] xf]
eGg] s'/fsf] dxŒj x'“b}g
. To;sf] nflu h'g s'/fsf] dxŒj 5, Tof] xf] M pQm zAbsf] pTklQ cg';f/sf]
cy{ s] x'g'kb{5 . /, To;sf/0f of}gk| ]d / :qL–k'?ifsf] ;Def]udf b]jTj cf/f]lkt u/]/ tL s'/fx¿nfO{
wd{sf] ¿k lbPsf 5g\ . /, To;/L h'g zAb pgLx¿sf] cfbz{jfbL b[li6sf]0fdf Tolt lk|o 5, Tof] zAb
sf]ifaf6 nf]k gxf];\ k]l/;sf n'O{ AnfÍLjfbL ;'wf/s;d]tn] ut ztfAbLsf] rf}yf] bzsdf
ToxLk|sf/sf] s'/f ub{y] . wd{ gdfGg] JolQm /fIf;} x'g ;Sb5 eGg] pgsf] ;d]t ljrf/ lyof] . pgn]
eGg] ub{y], æ/fd|f] s'/f t gfl:tstf g} ltd|f] wd{ xf] -Donc I'atheisme c'est Votre religion_
Æ kmfo/afvn] olb k|s[ltsf] d"ntM ef}ltsjfbL wf/0ffsf] cfwf/df jf:tljs wd{sf] :yfkgf ug{
rfxG5g\ eg] Tof] s'/f cfw'lgs /;fogzf:qnfO{ s;}n] d"lt{sf/L 7fgf];\ olb wd{ O{Zj/ljgf klg
/xg ;Sb5 eg] d"lt{sf/ klg cf gf] kf/; kTy/ljgf /xg ;Sb5 . k|;Ëaz s] klg elgxfnf} + eg]
wd{ / d"lt{sf/LaLr Hofb} 3lgi6 ;DaGw 5 . kf/; kTy/df y'k| } O{Zj/Lo u'0fx¿ x'G5g\ eg] klxn]sf
b'O{j6f zbLx¿sf ld;| ]nL–o"gfgL d"lt{sf/x¿sf] O;fO{ wd{sf l;4fGtx¿sf] ljsf;df 7"nf] xft lyof] .
sf]k / jy{nf]6n] k|:t't u/]sf tYox¿af6 ToxL rLh k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
kmfo/afvsf] ævfln wfld{s kl/jt{gx¿af6 dfq} dfgjLo o'usf] ljlzi6tfsf] lgdf{0f x'G5Æ eGg]
egfO lglZrt¿kaf6 unt xf] . clxn];Dd hlt wd{ ePsf 5g\, tLdWo] vfln tLgj6f ljZj wd{x¿
— af}4, O;fO{ / O:nfd wd{x¿ — sf] ljifodf dfq dxfg\ P]ltxfl;s df]8x¿sf ;fy;fy} wfld{s
kl/jt{g klg ePsf x'g\ eGg ;lsG5 . :jo+ pTkGg ePsf k'/fgf slanfx¿ / /fli6«o wd{x¿n] wd{–
kl/jt{g ug] { sfd ub{y] . hlta]nf ;DalGwt slanf jf ;Dk|bfosf] :jtGqtf gi6 x'GYof], Tolta]nf
pgLx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf;d]t gi6 x'GYof] . To;af/] hd{gx¿sf nflu ktgf]Gd'v /f]dsf]
;fd|fHo tyf To;åf/f :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ] gof“ O;fO{ ljZj wd{l;tsf] p;sf] ;fdfGo ;Dks{ g} kof{Kt
lyof] . pQm gof“ O;fO{ wd{ /f]d ;fd|fHosf cfly{s, /fhg}lts / ljrf/wf/fTds kl/l:yltx¿df Psbd}
pko'Qm xf] . s]xLgs]xL dfqfdf s[lqd¿kaf6 pTkGg tL ljZj wd{x¿ — ljz]if u/]/ O;fO{ / O:nfd

wd{x¿ — sf] ;Gbe{df vfln s] s'/f dfq ;xL xf] eg] tL P]ltxfl;s cfd cfGbf]ngx¿ wfld{s vf]n
cf]9]/ k|s6 ePsf] xfdL b]Vb5f} + . t/ O;fO{ wd{df klg jf:tljs ;fj{ef}lds dxŒjsf qmflGtx¿ wfld{s
vf]n cf]9]/ k|s6 ePkl5 k" “hLklt ju{sf] d'lQm–;‹if{sf] s]jn klxnf] cj:yfdf dfq — t]x|f} + zbLb]lv
;qf} + zbL;Dd — ;Lldt 5 . clg, To;sf] sf/0f kmfo/afvn] ;f] +r]em} + dflg;sf] dg / pgLx¿sf
wfld{s cfjZostfx¿ geP/ To;sf] sf/0f dwoo'usf] Tof] ;Dk"0f{ k'/fgf] Oltxf; lyof] . Tof] wd{ /
O{Zj/Lo 1fgsf ljrf/wf/fx¿afx]s c¿ s'g} k|sf/sf] ljrf/wf/fl;t kl/lrt lyPg . t/ !* cf} +
zbLsf] k" “hLklt ju{ cf gf] juL{o b[li6sf]0f cg'¿k :jo+ cf gf] ljrf/wf/f /fVg slt ;kmn ePsf]
lyof] eg] To;n] cf gf] dxfg\ / lg0f{ofTds qmflGt, k|mfl;G;L qmflGt ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . pQm
qmflGtsf] a]nf p;n] s]jn Gofozf:qLo / /fhg}lts ljrf/wf/fsf] gfddf g} ckLn u/]sf] lyof] eg]
wd{sf ;DaGwdf vfln p;sf] dfu{df afws x'g] ;Ldf;Dd dfq p;n] lrGtf u/]sf] lyof] . k'/fgf]
wd{sf] :yfgdf gof“ wd{ :yfkgf ug] { s'/fdf p;n] slxNo} Wofg lbPsf] lyPg . ;a}nfO{ s] yfx 5 eg]
/f]A;lko/n] hlta]nf To;f] ug{ k|oTg u/]sf lyP, Tolta]nf pgL s]xL sf/0fn] c;kmn /x]sf lyP . 154
juL{o cGt/lj/f]w / juL{o zf;gdf cfwfl/t h'g ;dfhdf xfdL /x]sf 5f} +, To;n] vfln dfgjLo
efjgfsf cfwf/df c¿ dflg;x¿;“u ;DaGw :yflkt ug] { ;Defjgf clxn] Hofb} sd /flvlbPsf] 5 .
wd{sf] pRr cf;gdf /fv]/ tL efjgfx¿nfO{ cem emg\w]/} sd agfpg'kg] { s'g} sf/0f 5}g . To;}u/L
jt{dfg Pltxf; n]vg k4ltn] ljz]if u/]/ hd{gLdf dxfg\ P]ltxfl;s ju{–;‹if{sf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ vfln
wfld{s Oltxf;sf] k'R5/ dfq agfP/ To;;DaGwL 1fg k|fKt ug] { ;DefjgfnfO{ c;Dej agfOlbg' kb{5
. kmfo/afveGbf xfdLx¿ slt k/ k'lu;s]sf 5f} + eGg] s'/f oxf“ Psbd} :ki6 5 . k| ]dsf] gof“ wd{sf]
k|z+;fdf pNn]v ul/Psf] ] pgsf] æ;jf] {Qd c+zÆ ;d]t cfh Psbd} k9\g' gkg] { rLh eO;s]sf] 5 .
kmfo/afvn] uDeL/tfsf ;fy 5fgaLg u/]sf] Ps dfq wd{ O;fO{ wd{ xf] . klZrdsf] Tof] ljZj
wd{ xf] . Tof] Ps]Zj/jfbdf cfwfl/t 5 . To;n] s] k'li6 ul/lbPsf] 5 eg] eg] O;fO{ wd{sf] O{Zj/
dflg;s} sfNklgs k|ltljDa — P]gfsf] k|ltljDa — xf] . tfklg Tof] O{Zj/ :jo+ cd"tL{s/0fsf] Pp6f
ysfpg] lqmofsf] pkh xf] . klxn]sf slanfsf / hftLo O{Zj/sf] Tof] 3gLe"t ;f/tTj xf] . /, To;/L
O{Zj/sf] k|LtljDa dflgg] dflg;;d]t jf:tljs dfG5] geP/ ToxL cgluGtL vf; dg'iosf] ;f/tTj xf]
/ cd"t{ dflg; xf] . To;sf/0f Tof] :jo+ klg dfgl;s k|ltljDa xf] . kmfo/afvn] cf gf] u|Gysf] x/]s
k[i7df OlGb|ohGo 1fg / k|ToIf 1fg xfl;n ug] { tyf jf:tljstfl;t 3'nldn x'g] pkb]z lbG5g\ . t/
dfgj hfltaLrsf] of}g;DaGwafx]s c¿ h'g;'s} ;DaGwsf] s'/f yfn] klg Tof] s'/f yfNg]lalQs} pgL
Psbd} lg/k]If x'g k'Ub5g\ .
tL ;DaGwx¿sf] vfln Pp6f kIf dfq pgnfO{ /fd|f] nfUb5 . Tof] xf] M g}ltstfsf] kIf . clg,
oxf“ x]u]nsf] t'ngfdf kmfo/afvsf] bfz{lgs bl/b|tfnfO{ b]v]/ xfdLx¿ bª kb{5f} + . x]u]nsf] cfrf/
;+lxtf jf g}lts cfr/0fsf] l;4fGt Goflos bz{g xf] . To;leq M -!_ lg/k]If ;To, -@_ g}ltstf /, -#_
;fdflhs cfrf/ ;+lxtf -Sittlichkeht_ ;dfj]z 5g\ . clg, ;fdflhs g}lts cfrf/ ;+lxtfcGt/ut
k'gM kl/jf/ ;Eo ;dfh / /fHo;Qf kb{5g\ . oxf“ cGt/j:t' TolQs} w]/} oyfy{jfbL x'G5, hlQsf] ¿k
cfbz{jfbL x'G5 . g}ltstfafx]s sfg"g, cy{zf:q / /fhgLltsf] l;Ëf] If]q ;d]t To; cGt/ut kb{5 .
kmfo/afvdf To;sf] Psbd} pN6f] 5 . ¿k kIfdf pgL oyfy{jfbL 5g\ lsgeg] pgn] cf gf] bz{gsf]
yfngL dflg;af6 ub{5g\ t/ dflg; /x]sf] ;G;f/sf] To;df Psbd} pNn]v 5}g . ctM Tof] dfG5] ;w} +
wd{–bz{gleq /x]sf] lg/fsf/ dfG5] aGg k'Ub5 . Tof] dfG5] cfdfsf] ue{af6 hGd]sf] xf]Og . s'g}
hLjf0f'af6 dflg;sf] hGd ePh:t} Tof] dfG5] klg Ps]Zj/jfbL wd{sf] O{Zj/leqaf6 lg:s]sf] xf] . ctM
Tof] s'g} jf:tljs ;G;f/df /x“b}g, h'g P]ltxfl;s ¿kaf6 hGd]sf] xf] / h;sf] ¿k/]vf P]ltxfl;s
qmddf ag]sf] xf] . c¿ dflg;x¿l;t p;sf] ;DaGw x'g]s'/f ;xL xf] t/ pm :jo+ hlt lg/fsf/ 5, tL
dfG5]x¿;d]t klg plQs} lg/fsf/ 5g\ . pgsf] wfld{s bz{gdf t :qL / k'?if klg lyP t/ pgsf]
cfrf/ ;+lxtfdf eg] Tof] clGtd leGgtf;d]t klg d]l6G5 lgZro g} w]/} k/, aLraLrdf
kmfo/afvn] s] s'/f klg eGb5g\ eg] — æejg / em'k|f–emf]k8Lx¿df /xg] dfG5]x¿n] a]Unfa]Un} k|sf/n]
;f] +Rb5g\ .Æ æef]s / b'Mvsi6sf] sf/0f ltd|f] z/L/df s'g} k|f0f /xGg eg] ltd|f] lz/df, ltd|f] dl:tis
jf dgdf g}ltstfsf] nflu;d]t s'g} 7fp“ /xg ;Sb}g .Æ æ/fhgLlt g} xfd|f] wd{ aGg'kb{5Æ cflb .

t/ tL gLlt jfSoaf6 s]xL rLh lgsfNg] clnslt klg Ifdtf kmfo/afvdf 5}g . ctM tL zAb–
hfn dfq aGg k'Ub5g\ . :6fs{;Ddn] s] s'/f :jLsf/ ug'{k/]sf]
5 eg] /fhg}lts If]qdf To;sf]
;Ldfleq kmfo/afvn] slxNo} klg k|j]z ug{ ;s]gg\ tyf æ;dfh lj1fg, ;dfhzf:qsf] If]q pgsf]
nflu Psbd} ckl/lrt If]q /x]sf] lyof] .Æ
/fd|f] g/fd|f] s'/fsf] lj/f]wsf] JofVof ubf{v]l/ klg kmfo/afv x]u]nsf] t'ngfdf TolQs} t'R5
7xl/G5g\ .
x]u]nn] n]v]sf 5g\, æs;}n] …dflg; :jefj}n] c;n x'G5Ú eGb5 eg] p;n] s'g} 7"nf] s'/f eg]sf]
7fGb5 . t/ s;}n] …dflg; :jefj}n] v/fa x'G5Ú eGb5 eg] p;n] cfk"mn] eGbf klg emg\ 7"nf] s'/f
u/]sf] 5 eg]sf] s'/f e'Ng k'Ub5 .Æ
x]u]nLo bz{gdf v/fa kIf Tof] ¿k xf], h;leq P]ltxfl;s ljsf;sf] k| ]/s zlQm;dIf p;n]
:jo+nfO{ k|:t't ub{5 . To;df bf]xf]/f] cy{ 5 M k|yd, gof“ k|ult ePsf] 7flgg] j:t'x¿sf lj?4 Tof]
ckl/xfo{ klfk;/x nfUb5 eg] k'/fgf] / d/0ff;Gg t/ /Lltl/jfhåf/f k|lt:yflkt kl/l:yltx¿sf lj?4
Tof] Pp6f ljb|f]x;/x k|tLt x'G5 . låtLo, juL{o cGt/lj/f]wsf] pTklQkl5 P]ltxfl;s ljsf;sf
pQf]nsx¿sf h'g rLhx¿n] sfd u/]sf 5g\, tL dfG5]sf nf]ex¿ x'G5g\ — tL p;sf] nf]e / ;Qfsf]
nflu p;sf] nf]n'ktf x'g\ . Tof] ;fdGtjfb / k" “hLjfbsf] Oltxf;n] bL3{sfnLg¿kn] / nuftf/ k|dfl0ft
ub} {cfPsf] jf:tljstf xf] . t/ g}lts v/faLx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s e"ldsfsf] 5fgaLg ug] { s'/fsf] Vofn;Dd
klg kmfo/afvnfO{ lyPg . Oltxf; pgsf] nflu To:tf] eoÍ/ k|j]z lyof], h; cGt/ut k|j]z ug'{
pgnfO{ /fd|f] nfUb}gYof] . æ;'?–;'?df k|s[ltleqaf6 dflg; lg:s“bfv]l/ Tof] dflg; geP/ k|fs[lts
k|f0fL dfq lyof] . pgsf nlfu dflg; …dfgj ;+:s[lt / Oltxf;sf] pkh xf]Ú eGg] cf g} egfO Psbd}
c8 ag]sf] lyof] .
ctM g}lts cfrf/–Jojxf/sf ;DaGwdf kmfo/afvn] xfdLnfO{ h] atfpg ;Sb5g\, Tof] Psbd}
gu0o x'G5 . ;'v–k|flKtsf] OR5f dflg;sf] cGt/fTdfsf] s'/f x'G5 . ctM ;d:t g}ltstfsf] cfwf/
ToxL x'g'kb{5 . t/ ;'v–k|flKtsf] sfdgf b'O{k|sf/n] kl/is[t x'G5 . klxnf] s'/f t xfd|f] sfo{sf]
:jfefljs kl/0ffd To;nfO{ kl/is[t ug] { x'G5 M ljifo ef]ukl5 ljiffbk"0f{ cGof]nkg cfp“5 / nuftf/
cltubf{ /f]u k}bf x'G5 . csf] { s'/f xfd|f sfo{x¿sf] ;fdflhs kl/0ffdaf6 Tof] kl/is[t x'G5, olb ;'v
k|fKt ug] { c¿ JolQmx¿sf] To:t} sfdgfsf] xfdLx¿n] ;Ddfg ub} {gf} + eg] pgLx¿ :jo+n] g} cf gf]
/Iff ug] {5g\ tyf To;/L xfd|f] cf gf] ;'vk|flKtsf] sfdgfsf] dfu{df afwf k'¥ofp“5g\ . h]xf];\,
xfdLx¿n] cf gf] OR5fk"lt{sf] nflu cf gf cfr/0fx¿sf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ ;xL k|sf/n] a'‰g]xf] eg]
c¿x¿n] ;'v k|fKt ug] { clwsf/nfO{ cf g} clwsf/ a/fa/ 7fGg'kb{5 . cf gf] ;DaGwdf a'l4;Ët
cfTd;+od ug'{
tyf c¿x¿l;t Jojxf/df k| ]dsf] — af/Daf/ k| ]dsf] — k|of]u ug'{
kmfo/afvsf]
g}ltstfsf] cfwfe"t lgod xf] . pgsf ;f/fsf ;f/f lgodx¿ To;}df kb{5g\ . t/ tL gu0o
k|:yfkgfx¿sf] lgs[i6tf / t'R5tfnfO{ g t kmfo/afvsf hf]l;nfeGbf hf]l;nf egfOn] l5kfpg
;Sb5g\ g :6fs{sf 7"n–7"nf :t'ltx¿n] g}
h'g;'s} JolQmn] klg :jo+ cfTdlge{/ /x]/ Hofb} c;fwf/0f kl/l:yltx¿df g} ;'vk|flKtsf]
cf gf] O/fbf k"/f ug{ ;Sb5 . To;af6 pm / c¿ JolQmx¿ s;}nfO{ klg kmfObf x'g ;Sb}g . To;sf]
ljk/Lt dflg;n] olb ;'v k|fKt ug{ rfxG5 eg] cf gf] OR5f k"lt{sf nflu pm aflx/L ;G;f/df lge{/
x'g'kb{5, h;n] p;sf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ul/lbG5g\, cyf{t\ p;nfO{ ef]hg, ljk/Lt lnËL JolQm,
k':tsx¿, s'/fsfgLx¿, 5nkmn, aflx/L sfd, pkof]u tyf sfdsf ;f/f rLhx¿, cflbdf ?rL
lng'kb{5 . kmfo/afvsf] gLltzf:qn] ls t ;Gt'li6sf tL ;fwgx¿ / kbfy{ :jfefljs¿kaf6 g} x/]s
JolQmn] kfp“b5 eGg] dfGb5 cyjf To;n] vfln To:t} lzIff lbG5, h'g nfu" ug{ ;lsGg . /, To;/L
tL ;fwgx¿ gx'g]x¿sf nflu To;sf] sf}8Le/ dxŒj x'“b}g
. kmfo/afv :jo+n] ToxL s'/f :ki6¿kn]
eGb5g\, ædxn / em'k|f–emf]k8Lx¿df /xg] dflg;n] a]Unfa]Un}9Ën] ;f] +Rb5g\Æ, æef]s / b'Mvsf sf/0f
olb tkfO{ +sf] z/L/df t/fg 5}g eg] tkfO{ +sf] lz/df, tkfO{ +sf] lbdfu jf dgdf g}ltstfsf nflu ;d]t
7fp“ /xg ;Sb}gÆ, /fhgLlt g} xfd|f] wd{ aGg'kb{5Æ, cflb .

;'vk|lKtsf] cf gf] O/fbf k"/f ug] {af/] c¿sf ;dfg clwsf/sf] ljifodf s'g l:ylt Tof] eGbf
pko'Qm x'G5 < kmfo/afvn] ;a}sf] ;dfg clwsf/sf] s'/fnfO{ lg/k]If atfPsf 5g\ . pgn] s] eg]sf
5g\ eg] Tof] s'/f ;a} sfn / ;a} kl/l:yltsf nflu ;xL xf] . t/ Tof] s'/f slxn]b]lv ;xL xf] t <
k|frLgsfndf bf;x¿ / pgLx¿sf dflnsx¿aLr cyjf dWoo'udf c4{–bf;x¿ / pgLx¿sf ;fdGtL
dflnsx¿aLr s] slxNo} ;'v k|fKt ug{sf nflu OR5f k"lt{ ug] { ;dfg clwsf/sf] s'/f x'GYof] <
pTkLl8t ju{x¿sf] ;'v k|fKt ug] { OR5fnfO{ lgd{dtfsf ;fy / sfg"gL clwsf/åf/fÆ s] zf;s ju{sf]
;'v k|fKt ug] { OR5fsf] alnj]bLdf hah{h:tL xf]ldPsf] lyPg < xf], lgZro g} Tof] sfd cg}lts lyof] .
t/ clxn] ;dfg clwsf/sf] s'/f :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ] 5 . ;fdGtjfblj/f]wL ;‹if{sf l;nl;nfdf tyf
k" “hLjfbL pŒkfbg k4ltsf] ljsf;qmddf h'ga]nf k" “hLklt ju{nfO{ /fHox¿sf ljz]ifflwsf/, cyf{t\
JolQmut ljz]ifflwsf/nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{sf nflu tyf sfg"gsf b[li6df, klxn] lghL sfg"gsf If]qdf /
k'gM qmdzM ;fj{hlgs sfg"gsf If]qdf ;d]t ;d:t JolQmx¿sf] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt :yfkgf ug{sf
nflu afWo x'g'k/]sf] lyof], Toltv]/}b]lv / ToxL dfqfdf Tof] ;dfg clwsf/sf] cfwf/df ;'v k|fKt ug] {
OR5fsf] k"lt{ gfd dfqs} x'G5 . ;a}eGbfw]/} dfqfdf To;sf] k"lt{ ef}lts ;fwgx¿s} cfwf/df x'G5 . t/
k" “hLjfbL pŒkfbg k4ltn] Tof] s'/fsf] k"/f Joj:yf s;/L ul/lbG5 eg] ;dfg clwsf/x¿sf dflns —
ljzfn ax'ª\Vos hg;d'bfonfO{ tL ef}lts ;fwgx¿ vfln TolQ dfq ldNg ;s]sf 5g\, hlt
pgLx¿sf] xf8–5fnf sfod /fVgsf nflu cfjZos x'G5 . ctM ax'ª\Vos hg;d'bfosf] ;'v k|fKt ug] {
OR5fsf] k"lt{ ;dfg clwsf/k|lt bf;tf jf c4{–bf;tfsf] Joj:yfeGbf w]/} ;Ddfgk"0f{ efj k" “hLjfbL
pŒkfbg k4ltaf6 sbflk x'g ;Sb}g . clg, ;'vsf dfgl;s ;fwgx¿af/] tyf z}lIfs ;fwgx¿af/]
xfd|f] l:ylt s] /fd|f] 5 t < s] æ;fbf]jf 155 sf] :s"n df:6/Æ Pshgf sfNklgs JolQm dfq xf]Og t <
clg emg\ g}ltstfsf] kmfo/afvsf] l;4fGt, g}ltstfsf] ;jf] {Rr dlGb/ dflg;n] ;w} + ;§fk§f g}
ub{5 eg] em} + ;§f ahf/ xf] . ;'v;DaGwL d]/f] sfdgfn] olb dnfO{ ;§f ahf/df k'¥ofp“5 / cf gf
clwsf/x¿sf] 7Ls–7Ls cg'dfg nufP/ d}n] ;'vb kl/0ffd lgSng] u/L sfd ub{5' tyf d}n] s'g} klg
x}/fgL ef]Ug'kb} {g, cyf{t\ olb d}n] ;§fk§f ubf{ ;w} + lhTb5' eg] kmfo/afvsfg';f/ d]/f] cfr/0f k"0f{¿kn]
g}lts 7xg] {5 . To;afx]s To;f] u/]/ d}n] s'g} csf] { dfG5]åf/f ul/g] ;'vsf] sfdgfsf] p;sf] clwsf/
pkof]u ug] { dfu{df ;d]t s'g} klg k|sf/sf] afwf xflNbg . Tof] csf] { dfG5] klg d;/x g} ;§fahf/df
k'u]sf] lyof] tyf dl;t ;§fk§f ubf{ d;/x g} p;n] ;'v k|fKt ug] { OR5fsf] k"lt{ ug{sf nflu ;§fk§f
ug] { sfd u/]sf] lyof] . olb p;nfO{ gf]S;fg x'G5 -p;n] cf gf] /sd u'dfp“5_ eg] p;sf] sfd
cg}lts lyof] eGg] s'/f :jtM x'g] eof] lsgeg] p;n] unt cg'dfg nufPsf] lyof] / pm ;hfosf]
efuL ePsf] tyf p;nfO{ d}n] ;hfo lbPsf] x'gfn] d}n] cf gf] ;kmntfsf] lglDt cfw'lgs
/f8fd]Gy; 156 ;/x uj{ ug{sf nflu cf gf] kL7df wfk dfg{ ;Sb5' . olb xfdLx¿n] s]jn efj'stfk"0f{
cfnÍfl/s9Ëaf6 dfq ;f] +Rb}gf} + eg] ;§fahf/df k| ]dsf] ;d]t klg zf;g x'G5 . To;sf] sf/0f s] xf]
eg] ;§fahf/df x/]s JolQmnfO{ c¿x¿af6 ;'v k|fKt x'G5 . k| ]ddf klg To:t} x'g'kb{5 . /, Joxf/df
To:t} x'G5 klg . olb cf gf] sfdsf] kmn k|flKtsf ;DaGwdf d}n] 7Ls–7Ls cg'dfg u/]/ h'jf
v]Nb5' / lhTb5' eg] vfln kmfo/afvjfbL g}ltstfsf ;f/f s8feGbf s8f cfb]zx/nfO{ kfng u/]sf]
x'g] dfq} geP/ ;fy;fy} ;DkGg JolQm;d]t aGb5' . csf] { zAbdf kmfo/afvsf] g}ltstf cfw'lgs
k" “hLjfbL ;dfhsf] nflu k]ZsL 7xg] {5, oBlk g t kmfo/afvsf] To:tf] OR5f lyof] xf]nf g t pgn]
To:tf] sNkgf g} ul/x]sf xf]nfg\ .
t/ k| ]d lg xf], kmfo/afvsf] bz{gdf x/]s ;dodf / x/]s 7fp“df k|]dsf] ;fd|fHo 5 . k| ]d
Jojxfl/s hLjgdf ;f/fsf ;f/f sl7gfO{x¿dfly kf/ kfpg d2t ug] { pgsf] cb\e"t b]jtf xf] — cem
emg\ Tof] klg Pscsf{sf] Psbd} lj/f]wL lxt ePsf ju{x¿df ljeQm ;dfhdf . oxf“ cfOk'Ubf pgsf]
bz{gsf] qmflGtsf/L ¿ksf] clGtd cjz]if;d]t klg vtd x'G5 . s]jn pxL k'/fgf] yf]qf] asjf; dfq
af“ls /xG5 M Pscsf] {nfO{ k| ]d u/ — lnË / x}l;otaf/] ljrf/ gu/Lsg Pscsf] {nfO{ cfln‹g u/ —
x]nd]nsf] pT;j ;j{q dgfpm
;ª\If]kdf g}ltstfsf] kmfo/afvjfbL l;4fGtsf] klg ToxL ult x'g]5, h'g ult pgLeGbf klxn]sf
To;vfn] l;4fGtx¿sf] ePsf] 5 . tL l;4fGtx¿sf] /rgf ;f/fsf ;f/f ;do, ;f/fsf ;f/f

kl/l:yltx¿ / ;f/fsf ;f/f ;Dk|bfox¿df x'g]u/]sf] 5 / Psbd} ToxL sf/0fn] To;n] sxL+st} /
slxNo} klg sfd lb+b}g . hxf“;Dd jf:tljs ;G;f/sf] ;DaGwsf] k|Zg 5, h;/L sfG6sf] ljj]ssf]
cfb]z a]sf/ l;4 ePsf] lyof], To;}u/L Tof] klg a]sf/ l;4 x'g]5 . jf:tjdf x/]s ju{ / x/]s k]zfsf]
;d]t cf g}vfnsf] g}ltstf x'G5 . /, s'g} x}/fgLdf gk/Lsg} h]–hlta]nf p;n] g}ltstfsf] pNn‹g
klg ub{5, Tof] s'g} cfgsfgL gu/Lsg} ub{5 . clg, ;a}nfO{ ldNg'kg] { k| ]dsf] sfd o'4df, d'2f–
dfldnfdf, 3/]n" em}–emu8fdf / ;DaGw–ljR5]bsf ¿kdf k|s6 x'G5 . To;sf] lgx" “df x/k|sf/n] Psn]
csf] {nfO{ zf]if0f ub{5 .
cflv/ / s;/L kmfo/afvn] u/]sf] Tolt 7"nf] sfdsf] kl/0ffd nfe gx'g]vfnsf] eof] t <
To;sf] sf/0f Psbd} ;Lwf 5 . To;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] kmfo/afv cf gf] dgdf Tolt 7"nf] 3[0ff
/x]sf] xjfO{ sNkgfsf] ;G;f/af6 jf:tljs ;hLj ;G;f/df pqg] slxNo} sf]lzz u/]gg\ . cf gf]
;Dk"0f{ as{tn] pgn] k|s[lt / dfgj hfltsf] gfddf dfnf hlk/xG5g\ tfklg t rLhx¿ pgsf nflu
vfln zAb dfq ag]/ /xg hfG5g\ . jf:tljs hut / jf:tljs dflg;sf ;DaGwdf vf; s'/f atfpg]
Ifdtf pgdf 5“b}5}g . kmfo/afvsf] cd"t{ dfgjaf6 jf:tljs ;hLj dflg;;Dd k'Ug Toltv]/ ;lsG5,
hltv]/ pgLx¿nfO{ Oltxf;sf lgdf{tfsf] ¿kdf x]l/G5 eg] kmfo/afvn] ToxL rLh ug{ Psbd}
c:jLsf/ ub{y] . To;}sf/0fn] !*$* nfO{ pgn] Psbd} a'‰g ;s]sf lyPgg\ . ToxL jif{sf] kmn:j¿k
jf:tljs ;+;f/af6 pgsf] ;DaGw laR5]b x'gk'u]sf] lyof], pgL PsfGt ;+;f/df k'u]sf lyP . ToxL
s'/fsf] lhDd]jf/L d'VotM tfTsfnLg hd{gLsf] kl/l:yltdfly lyof] . tL kl/l:yltx¿n] g} p;nfO{
PsfGt b'MvL hLjg lhpg afWo kl/lbPsf] lyof] .
t/ kmfo/afvn] grfn]sf] sbd rfNg'kg] { cfjZostf lyof] . kmfo/afvn] gof“wd{sf] d"n lg/k]If
-cd"t{_ dfgjsf] khf u/]sf lyP . To;sf] 7fp“df jf:tljs dflg; / To;sf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;sf]
lj1fgnfO{ :yflkt ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf lyof] . kmfo/afvsf] bz{geGbf cufl8 a9]/, dfS;{n] Tof] sfdsf]
k|f/De !*$% df cf gf] kljq kl/jf/ gfds u|Gydf ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
— $ —
:6«f;, a]o/, :6g{/, kmfo/afv, cflb ;a}n] x]u]nLo bfz{lgs zfvfx¿s} k|ltlglwTj ub{y] lsgeg]
bfz{lgs If]qnfO{ pgLx¿n] 5f8]sf lyPgg\ . oL;'sf] hLjgL / l;4fGtzf:q n]v]kl5 bfz{lgs If]qdf
/]gfg;/x :6«f;n] ;flxlTos s[ltx¿ / wfld{s Oltxf;l;t ;DalGwt rLhx¿sf] /rgf ub{y] . a]o/n]
O;fO{ wd{sf] pTklQsf] P]ltxfl;s If]qdf dfq vfln s]xL ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf lyP tfklg pgn]
To;If]qdf h]–hlt sfd u/]sf lyP, Tof] dxŒjk"0f{ lyof] . afs'lggn] :6g{/nfO{ k| 'wf] +l;t hf]l8lbPsf lyP
/ pgLx¿sf] d]naf6 tof/ ePsf] rLhdf …c/fhstfjfbÚsf] 5fk nufOlbPsf lyP t/ To;kl5 klg
:6g{/ pT;'stfsf rLh /lx/x] . bfz{lgs ¿kdf vfln Psn} kmfo/afvsf] dxŒj lyof] . t/ bz{gnfO{
;Dk"0f{ ljz]if lj1fgeGbfdflysf] dfq geP/ lj1fgx¿nfO{ Ps;"qdf hf]8\g] lj1fgx¿sf] lj1fg elgG5
. Tof] pgsf nflu cnª\£Ø leQf] tyf ce]B kljq j:t' alg/x\Øf] . TolQ dfq xf]Og, Pshgf
bfz{lgssf] x}l;otaf6 ;d]t pgLx¿ cGwsf/df el8\sO/x] . tn pgL Pshgf ef}ltsjfbL lyP eg]
dfly cfbz{jfbL cfnf]rgf u/]/ x]u]nsf] v08g ug] { Ifdtf pgdf lyPg . ctM To;nfO{ pgn] lg/y{s
atfP/ Psflt/ of“ls lbP . hxf“;Dd :jo+ pgsf] ;DaGw 5, x]u]nLo bfz{lgs k|0ffnLsf] 1fgsf]
;fu/sf] t'ngfdf pgn] vf;} 7"nf] rLh kfpg ;s]sf lyPgg\ . pgsf] Pp6} dfq pknlAw lyof] M
k| ]dsf] cf8Da/ wd{ tyf If'b| Pj+ gk'+;s
g}ltstf .
tfklg x]u]nLo ljrf/sf] lj36gleqaf6 Pp6f cs} { k|j[lQ pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . To;cGt/ut
ljsl;t ToxL Ps k|j[lQ lyof] . To;af6 jf:tljs kmn lgSn]sf] 5 . Tof] k|j[lQ d"ntM dfS;{sf]
gfdl;t ;DalGwt 5 . 157 oxf“ klg ef}ltsjfbL b[li6sf]0f ckgfP/ g} x]u]njfbL bz{gl;t ;DaGw–
ljR5]b ul/Psf] ] lyof] . To;sf] cy{ xf] M of] bfz{lgs k|j[lQn] s] s'/fsf] ;ÍNk u/]sf] lyof] eg]
jf:tljs hut — k|s[lt / Oltxf; — nfO{ k"j{slNkt cfbz{jfbL wf/0ffx¿af6 d'Qm eP/ x]g] { JolQmn]
h'g¿kdf a'‰b5, 7Ls ToxL¿kdf o;n] a'‰g]5 . s] s'/f to ul/Psf] ] lyof] eg] o;n] h'g tYo;Ët
x'“b}g
— s'g} sfNklgs geP/ pgLx¿sf cf gf jf:tljs cGt/;DaGwx¿ cGt/ut tYo;Ët x'“b}g
—
Tof] x/]s cfbz{jfbL sNkgfnfO{ lgd{dtfsf ;fy 7'So|fOg]5 . clg, ef}ltsjfb Tof]afx]s c¿ s]xL klg

xf]Og . t/ oxf“ klxnf]rf]6L ef}ltsjfbL ljZjb[li6sf]0fnfO{ jf:tjdf uDeL/tfsf ;fy :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ]
lyof] . clg, km]l/ To;nfO{ slDtdf Toxf“sf ;f/f d"ne"t ljz]iftfx¿df — ;';Ët¿kaf6 1fgsf ;f/f
If]qx¿df — nfu" ul/Psf] ] lyof] .
x]u]nnfO{ Psbd} unxTofOPsf] lyPg . To;sf] ljk/Lt dfly pNn]lvt pgsf qmflGtsf/L
kIfaf6, cyf{t\ pgsf] åGåfTds k4ltaf6 k|f/De ul/Psf] ] lyof] . t/ x]u]njfbL :j¿kdf Tof] k4ltsf]
pkof]u pko'Qm lyPg . x]u]nsfg';f/ åGåjfb ljrf/sf] cfTd ljsf; xf] . k/+ ljrf/ vfln zfZjt
sfnaf6 dfq ljBdfg lyPg —sxf“ of] c1ft 5 /

;Dk"0f{ 1fgk|flKtsf] s'g}gs'g} ;Ldf cjZo x'G5 tyf To;nfO{ xfl;n ug] { kl/l:yltx¿åf/f Tof] k|efljt
x'G5 . csf] {lt/, k'gM dflg;n] ;To / e"m6, /fd|f] / v/fa, ;+nUgtf / c;+nUgtf, cfjZostf /
cfsl:dstfaLrsf cGt/lj/f]wsf s'/fx¿af6 cfk"mnfO{ cftlÍt x'g lbPg . h'g clxn] klg k|rlnt 5,
Tof] k'/fgf] clwe"tjfbsf] nflu tL lj/f]wx¿ ck¿kdf/ lyP . t/ ca dflg;n] s] s'/f a'lem;s]sf] 5
eg] tL ljk/Lt tTjx¿sf] ;Totf vfln ;fk]If dfq x'G5 . olta]nf ;To dflgg] Pstfsf] rLhsf
k5fl8 l5k]sf] k"m6sf] csf] { Pp6f kIf;d]t x'G5, h;sf] sf/0f To;nfO{ ;To 7fGg] ul/GYof], Tof] kl5
:jo+ To;/L g} k|s6 x'g]5, h;/L cfh s'g} rLhnfO{ e'm6f] dflgG5, s'g}a]nf To;sf] klg Pp6f kIf
;To lyof] / To;sf] sf/0fn] To;nfO{ ;To 7flgGYof] . s]jn cfsl:ds 36gfx¿af6 dfq cfjZos
dflgg] rLhsf] lgdf{0f x'g]u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f dflg;n] a'‰b5 eg] tyfslyt cfsl:dstf Tof] ¿ksf]
gfd xf], h;sf] cf8df cfjZostfn] cfk"mnfO{ l5kfO{ /fVb5, cflb .
x]u]nn] …clwe"tjfbL k4ltÚ eg]/ atfPsf] hf“ra'em / lrGtgsf] Tof] pxL k'/fgf] k4ltsf]
cl:tTjsf] p; hdfgfdf Hofb} w]/} P]ltxfl;s cf}lrTo lyof] . Tof] k4ltn] j:t'x¿nfO{ klxn]b]lv g}
lgwf{l/t, l:y/ / :yfoL j:t'x¿sf] ¿kdf a'‰g vf]HbYof] . To; k4ltsf cjz]ifx¿ cBfjlw
dflg;x¿sf dgdl:tisdf bx|f];“u hd]/ /x]sf 5g\ . k|lqmofx¿sf] 5fgaLg ;Dej x'g ;sf];\ eGg]
x]t'n] ;j{k|yd j:t'x¿sf] hf“ra'em ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf lyof] . s'g} j:t'df s] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 <
Tof] s'/f a'‰gsf nflu Tof] ljz]if j:t' s] xf] eGg] s'/f a'‰g'kg] { cfjZostf lyof] . k|s[lt lj1fgsf]
;Gbe{df klg ToxL s'/f x'GYof] . k'/fgf] clwe"tjfbn] rLhx¿nfO{ tDtof/¿kdf b]VbYof] tyf To;sf]
hGd To:tf] k|s[lt lj1fgsf] ue{af6 ePsf] lyof], h;n] ;hLj / d[t rLhnfO{ k"0f{tM tof/ rLhx¿sf]
¿kdf a'‰g] ub{Yof] . t/ hlta]nf hf“ra'emsf] Tof] sfd slt w]/} cufl8 a9\b}uof] eg] :jo+
k|s[ltcGt/ut tL j:t'x¿df lglxt kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt9Ëaf6 hf“ra'em ug{sf nflu lg0ff{os
sbddf xft xfNg' ;Dej x'“bf
bz{gsf] If]qdf klg k'/fgf] clwe"tjfbsf] d[To'sf] 306L aHg yfNof] .
clg, jf:tjdf ut zbLsf] cGt;Dd k|s[lt lj1fg d'VotM Pp6f ;ª\u|x ug] { lj1fg lyof], k"0f{tM tof/
rLhx¿sf] lj1fg lyof] t/ o; ztfAbLdf of] d"ntM Jojl:yt ug] { lj1fg aGgk'u]sf] 5 — k|lqmofx¿,
ltgLx¿sf] pTklQ / ljsf; tyf k|fs[lts k|lqmofx¿nfO{ ;"qa4 u/]/ dxfg\ PsfO{sf] /rgf ug] {
cGt/;DaGwx¿sf] lj1fg aGgk'u]sf] 5 . lj?jfx¿ / kz'x¿sf z/L/df 36\g] k|lqmofx¿sf] hf“ra'em
ug] { zf/Ll/slj1fg, hLjf0f'sf] cj:yfaf6 kl/kSjtfsf] cj:yf;Dd x/]s z/L/sf] ljsf;–k|lqmofsf]
hf“ra'em ug] { e| "0f;DaGwL lj1fg tyf k[YjLsf] ;txsf] qmdzM lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] hf“ra'em ug] {
e"ue{lj1fg, cflb ;a}sf] pTklQ oxL ztfAbLd} ePsf] xf] .
t/ k|fs[lts k|lqmofx¿sf] cGt/;DaGw ljifos xfd|f] 1fg Hofb} tLj|¿kdf a9fpgsf nflu
;a}eGbf w]/} d2t k'¥ofpg] vf]hx¿ pQm tLg dxfg\ vf]hx¿ x'g\ . tLdWo] klxnf] vf]h sf]lzsf;DaGwL
vf]h xf] . ToxL PsfO{sf] u'0fg / ljefhg lqmofsf cfwf/df lj?jf / kz'sf] ;Dk"0f{ z/L/ ljsl;t x'G5
. To;af6 s]jn ;f/f pRr:t/Lo k|f0fLx¿sf] ljsf; / k|:k'm6g Pp6} ;fdfGo lgodfg';f/ x'G5 eGg]
s'/f dfq k|i6 x'“b}g,
clkt' sf]lzsf kl/jlt{t x'g] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df rn]/ k|f0fLn] cf gf] hflt
kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] / To;/L JolQmut ljsf;sf] cj:yfaf6 ;d]t cufl8 a9\g ;Sg] dfu{;d]t v'Ng]
s'/f k|i6 x'G5 .
bf];|f] vf]h zlQm ¿kfGt/sf] l;4fGt xf] . To;n] s] k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 eg] ;jeGbfklxn]
lghL{j k|s[ltdf ;lqmo b]lvg] ;Dk"0f{ tyfslyt zlQmx¿ — cyf{t\ oflGqszlQm / To;sf] ;Dk"/s
tyfslyt lIflth phf{, tfk, ljls/0f -k|sfz / ljls/0f tfk_, ljB't, r'DasTj / /f;folgs phf{,
cflb — ;a} zlQmx¿ Pp6} ;fj{ef}lds ultsf cleJolQmsf gfgfy/L ¿kx¿ x'g\ . tL lglZrt
cg'kftdf Psaf6 csf] {df kl/jlt{t eO/xG5g\ . To;af6 Pp6f lglZrt dfqf nf]k ePsf] rLhaf6
csf] { rLhsf] lglZrt dfqf pTkGg x'G5 /, k|s[ltsf] ;Dk"0f{ ultn] Ps¿kaf6 csf] {df ¿kfGt/sf] ;tt
lqmofsf] ¿k lnG5 . === clGtd vf]h ;a}eGbfklxn] ;';Da4¿kdf 8f/lagn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf lyP . To;
rLhsf] k|df0f s] lyof] eg] rf/}lt/ dfgj;lxt k[YjLsf ;hLj pTklQx¿sf] h'g e08f/ b]lvG5, Tof]
;'?df s]xL Ps sf]zLo sL6f0f'x¿af6 ;a}sf] k|:k"m6g ePsf] ljsf;sf] nfdf] k|lqmofsf] kl/0ffd xf] . /,

tL sL6f0f'x¿ :jo+ /f;folgs lqmofåf/f pTkGg ePsf hLjg–/; -Protoplasm_ jf c08sNk -
Albumen_af6 pTkGg ePsf x'g\ .
pQm tLg dxfg\ cfljisf/x¿sf] d2taf6 k|fs[lts lj1fgsf] If]qdf ePsf] k|ultsf] sf/0fn] ca
xfdL s:tf] 7fp“df k'u]sf 5f} + eg] s]jn ljlzi6 If]qdf k|fs[lts k|lqmofx¿aLr kf/:kl/s ;DaGw 5
eGg] b]vfpg' dfq geP/ ;f/f ljlzi6 If]q klg k"0f{tM k/:k/df Ps;"qdf af“lwPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f xfdL
l;4 ug{ ;Sb5f} + . To;/L :jo+ cg'ejl;4 k|fs[lts lj1fgn] h'g tYox¿ k|:t't u/]sf] 5, ltgs}
;xfotfn] To;n] k|s[ltdf kfOg] cGt/;DaGwx¿sf] k"0f{ rLq nueu Pp6f Jojl:yt¿kdf xfdLx¿sf
cufl8 k|:t't ub{5 . Tof] ;j{tf]d'vL rLq k|:t't ug] { sfd klxn] tyfslyt k|fs[lts bz{gsf] sfd
dflgGYof] . jf:tljs t/ clxn];Dd c1ft cGt/;DaGwx¿sf] :yfgdf cfbz{ / sfNklgs
cGt;{DaGwx¿nfO{ /fv]/ tyf ck|fKt tYox¿sf] 7fp“df dgu9Gt] rLhx¿ k]z u/]/ tyf
jf:tljs¿kaf6 l/Qm:yfgnfO{ vfln lbdfuL¿kdf dfq k"lt{ u/]/ g} Tof] sfo{ ;DkGg ub{Yof] . pQm
sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf To;n] y'k| } vf]hx¿sf] k"j{ ;Í]t lbPsf] lyof], t/ To;sf ;fy} To;n] kof{Kt sf]/f
asjf;k"0f{ rLhx¿;d]t k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . clg, jf:tjdf To;afx]s c¿ s]xL x'g klg ;Sb}gYof] .
clxn] cf gf] ;dosf] pko'Qm æk|s[ltsf] >[ª\vnfa4 1fgÆ k|fKt ug{sf nflu vfln s] s'/f dfq
cfjZos x'guPsf] 5 eg] k|fs[lts lj1fgsf hf“ra'emsf kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ åGåfTds¿kaf6, cyf{t\
ltgLx¿sf cGt/;DaGwx¿ h:tf 5g\, To:t}¿kdf ul/g'kb{5, hlta]nf of] cGt/lj/f]wsf] åGåfTds
:j¿k k|fs[lts j}1flgsx¿sf] clwe"tjfbL9Ëaf6 lzlIft lbdfuleq ;d]t klg pgLx¿sf]
OR5fljk/Lt 3':b}uO/x]sf] 5 eg] k|fs[lts bz{gsf] Tof] nLnf ca k"0f{tM ;dfKt eof] eGg] a'‰g'kb{5
To;nfO{ k'ghL{ljt ug] { k|Zg vfln lg/y{s dfq geP/ k|ltufdL sbd;d]t x'g]5 .
t/ h'g s'/f k|s[ltsf ;DaGwdf ;To x'G5 — h'g oxf“ ljsf;sf] Pp6f k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/
ul/Psf] ] 5 — ToxL s'/f p;sf ;f/f zfvfx¿;lxt ;fdflhs Oltxf;sf] ;DaGwdf klg ;To x'G5 tyf
dfgjLo -/, b}jL_ j:t'x¿l;tsf] ;DaGw ePsf ;f/fsf ;f/f j}1flgs ;DaGwx¿df klg ;To x'G5 .
o; If]qdf klg Oltxf;, Gofozf:q, wd{, cflbsf] bz{gx¿sf] lgdf{0fsf 36gfx¿åf/f :ki6 x'g ;Sg]
jf:tljs cGt/;DaGwx¿sf] 7fp“df bfz{lgs dgdl:tisdf /lrPsf sfNklgs cGt/;DaGwx¿nfO{
/fv]/ ul/Psf] ] 5 . To;sf] ;du|tf / To;sf 5'§f5'§} cËx¿df ;d]t Oltxf;nfO{ ljrf/x¿sf] qmdzM
x'“b}hfg]
k|ToIfLs/0fsf ¿kdf a'lemPsf] 5 . /, To;nfO{ :jo+ bfz{lgsx¿sf] cf gf] dg k/]sf] qmdzM
x'“b}hfg]
k|ToIfLs/0fsf] ¿kdf g} x]g] { / a'‰g] ul/g' :jfefljsh:t} xf] . Tof] l;4fGt cg';f/
cr]tg¿kaf6 t/ ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 Oltxf; klxn]b]lv g} lgwf{l/t cfbz{ nIolt/ cfPsf] 5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu x]u]nLo bz{gdf To;n] pgsf] k/+ ljrf/sf] k|ToIfLs/0fsf] lbzfdf k|ult ub} {cfPsf] 5
— /, k/+ ljrf/sf] lbzfdf x'g] Tof] ckl/jt{gLo k|j[lQ g} P]ltxfl;s 36gfx¿sf] cfGtl/s
cGt/;DaGwx¿sf] cfwf/ /xg]u/]sf] 5 To;/L jf:tljs Tolta]nf;Dd c1ft cGt/;DaGwx¿sf]
:yfgdf cjr]tg jf qmdzM ;r]t x'“b}hfg]
gof“ /x:ok"0f{ ljwftfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] ] lyof] . ctM
k|s[ltsf] If]qdf h;/L ul/Psf] lyof], To;/L g} oxf“ klg jf:tljs cGt/;DaGwx¿ kQf nufP/ tL
dgu9Gt] / s[lqd cGt/;DaGwx¿nfO{ ;dfKt ul/lbg'kg] { cfjZostf x'gcfPsf] 5 . clGtd¿kaf6
To;f] ug'{
eg]sf] cy{ xf] — dfgj ;dfhsf] Oltxf;df cf gf lgb] {zs lgodx¿sf ¿kdf k|s6 x'g]
ultsf cfd lgodx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{
xf] .
t/ Pp6f s'/fdf ;dfh ljsf;sf] Oltxf; k|s[ltsf] ljsf;sf] Oltxf;eGbf d"ntM leGg l;4
ePsf] 5 . k|s[ltdf dflg;sf] 3ft–k|lt3ftsf] s'/f 5fl8lbg] xf] eg] vfln To;df cGwf / cjr]tg
zlQmx¿n] Pscsf] {k|lt 3ft–k|lt3ft ul//xG5g\ tyf cfd lgodn] tL k/:k/ lqmofsf] dfWodaf6 sfd
ub{5 . Toxf“ x'g] ;f/f rLhx¿dWo] s'g} rLh klg ;r]t9Ëaf6 OlR5t nIosf] ¿kdf x'“b}g
— g tL
;txL¿kdf b]lvg] cgluGtL cfsl:ds 36gfx¿sf] If]qdf g cfsl:ds 36gfx¿df cGt/lglxt
lgoldttfsf] k'li6 ug] { tL clGtd kl/0ffdsf] If]qdf x'G5g\ . To;sf] ljk/Lt ;fdflhs Oltxf;sf]
If]qdf ;f/f stf{x¿ ;r]t x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ ;ÍNk / uf9f clenf;fsf ;fy sfd ug] { dflg;x¿ x'g\ .
pgLx¿n] lglZrt nIosf] lbzfdf sfd ub{5g\ . s'g} ;r]t p2]Zoljgf, s'g} lglb{i6 nIoljgf s]xL
x'“b}g
. oBlk of] cGt/ P]ltxfl;s 5fgaLgsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5, ljz]if u/]/ a]Unfa]Un} cË /

36sx¿sf] hf“ra'emsf nflu — Oltxf;sf] qmd s'g} cfGtl/s cfd lgodx¿åf/f lgb] {lzt x'G5 t/ tL
lgodx¿nfO{ p;n] abNg ;Sb}g . lsgeg] oxL+ klg ;du|¿kdf, ;f/f JolQmx¿sf] clei6 nIo x'g'sf
afjh"b ;+of]u -cfsl:dstf_s} /fHo km}lnPsf] b]lvG5 . h'g rLhsf] rfxgf ul/G5, Tof] d'ZsLn}n]
k'Ub5 . k|foM ;f] w]/} clei6 nIon] Pscsf] {nfO{ sfl6lbG5g\ jf k/k/df 6s/fp“5g\, ;'?b]lv g} tL
nIox¿ c;fWo x'G5g\ jf tL k|fKt ug] { ;fwgx¿ ckof{Kt x'G5g\ . To;/L c;ª\Vo j}olQms sfo{x¿sf
;‹if{n] Oltxf;sf] If]qdf s:tf] l:ylt pTkGg ul/lbG5g\ eg] cr]tg¿kdf k|fs[lts If]qdf kfOg]
l:yltsf k"0f{tM ;dfg x'G5g\ . sfo{sf nIo t clei6 x'G5g\ t/ tL sfo{x¿sf] kmn:j¿k h'g
jf:tljs kl/0ffd lglSnG5 Tof] clei6 x'“b}g,
cyjf hlta]nf Tof] clei6 nIo cg'¿ksf] k|tLt x'G5,
Tolta]nf lglSng] clGtd kl/0ffd klg clei6 rfxgfeGbf Psbd} a]Un} x'G5 . To;/L ;du|¿kdf
x]bf{v]l/ P]ltxfl;s 36gfx¿ klg ;+of]u g} lglb{i6 k|tLt x'G5g\ . t/ hxf“ ;txdf ;+of]u -cfsl:ds
36gfx¿_sf] cflwkTo x'G5, Toxf“ klg jf:tjdf l5k]sf lgodx¿af6 g} Tof] lgb] {lzt x'G5 . k|Zg vfln
tL lgodx¿sf] vf]hL ug] { s'/fsf] dfq xf] .
kl/0ffd h];'s} ePklg hg;d'bfon] cf gf] Oltxf; cfk}m lgdf{0f ub{5g\ . x/]s JolQmn] cf gf]
clei6 nIo xfl;n ug] { ;r]t¿kaf6 r]i6f ub{5 . a]Unfa]Un} lbzfx¿df sfd ug] { To:tf y'k| } OR5fx¿
tyf afx\Ø hutdf kg] { ltgsf gfgfy/Lsf k|efjx¿sf] ;+o'Qm kl/0ffd g} Oltxf; xf] . To;/L
dfG5]x¿n] s'g rLhsf] OR5f /fVb5g\ eGg] s'/f klg dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . uf9f clenf;f jf ;f] +rljrf/af6
;'lglZrt x'g] OR5fx¿ gfgfy/L x'G5g\ . cf+lzs¿kaf6 afx\Øj:t'x¿ To:tf pQf]ns aGg ;Sb5g\,
cf+lzs¿kaf6 cfbz{jfbL k| ]/0ffx¿, dxŒjfsf+Iffx¿, ;To / Gofosf] nflu pT;fx, JolQmut 3[0ffsf]
efjgf cyjf y/L–y/Lsf JolQmut ;gsx¿;Ddn] tL pQf]nssf] sfd ug{ ;Sb5g\ . t/ Psflt/,
xfdLx¿n] s] b]lv;s]sf 5f} + eg] Oltxf;sf] If]qdf ;lqmo y'k| } JolQmut OR5fx¿sf] kmn:j¿k k|fozM
To;vfnsf kl/0ffdx¿ lgl:sG5g\, h'g clei6 kl/0ffdeGbf a]Un} x'G5g\ /, w]/}h;f] t tL clei6
kl/0ffdx¿sf Psbd} pN6f x'G5g\ . t;y{ ;Dk"0f{ kl/0ffdsf] ;Gbe{df JolQmx¿sf OR5f–cfsf+Iffx¿n]
klg vfln uf}0f dxŒj dfq /fVb5g\ . csf] {lt/, s] k|Zg klg p7\b5 eg] tL cfsf+Iffx¿sf k5fl8 s'g
rfns zlQmx¿n] sfd ub{5g\ t < stf{x¿sf dl:tisdf tL k| ]/0ffx¿sf] ¿k lng] s'g P]ltxfl;s
sf/0fx¿ x'g\ t <
k'/fgf] ef}ltsjfbn] cfk"ml;t Tof] k|Zg slxNo} ;f]w]sf] lyPg . ctM Oltxf;;DaGwL p;sf] s'g}
wf/0ff eP klg, Tof] d"ntM pkof]lutfjfbL 5 . x/]s rLhsf] lg0f{o To;n] ub{5, h;n] k|of]hg -
k| ]/0ff_sf cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub{5 . Oltxf;sf] /Ëd~rdf sfd ug] { dfG5]x¿nfO{ To;n] pQd -
;Rrl/qjfg\_ / t'R5 -b'Zrl/qjfg\_sf] >]0fLdf af“l8lbG5 . /, k'gM cfd¿kdf pQdvfn] dflg;x¿
7luPsf] t'R5vfn] dflg;x¿n] lht]sf] b]lvG5 . k'/fgf] ef}ltsjfbn] s] 7fGb5 eg] Oltxf;sf]
cWoogaf6 s'g} w]/} 1fga4{s j:t' k|fKt ug{ ;lsGg / Oltxf;sf] If]qdf k'u]/ k'/fgf] ef}ltsjfb :jo+
cfk"mk|lt cg'Q/bfoL aGgk'u]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . lsgeg] pQm If]qdf sfd ug] { cfbz{ k| ]/s zlQmx¿ -
cfbz{jfbL k|of]hgx¿_sf k5fl8 s] 5, To; s'/fsf] 5fgaLg ug'{sf]
;f6f] tL cfbz{ k| ]/s zlQmx¿nfO{
- cfbz{jfbL p2]Zox¿sf nflu_ g} clGtd sf/0f dfGg] cfbz{ k| ]/s zlQmx¿sf] rfns zlQm s] xf] <
cfbz{ k| ]/s zlQmx¿ - jf cfbz{jfbL k|of]hgx¿_sf] ;Qf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ] s'/fdf c;Ëlt geP/ tL
cfbz{ k| ]/s zlQmx¿ -cfbz{jfbL k|of]hgx¿_sf k5fl8 s'g sf/0fx¿n] sfd ul//x]sf lyP eGg] s'/f
kQf nufpgsf nflu hf“ra'emsf] sfd cufl8 a9fO“b}gYof] . csf] {lt/, Oltxf;sf] bz{g, vf; u/]/
x]u]nsf] bz{gn] s] s'/f :jLsf/ ub{5 eg] Oltxf;sf] /Ëd~rdf sfd ug] { dflg;x¿sf k|ToIf /
jf:tljs k| ]/0ffx¿;d]t klg P]ltxfl;s 36gfx¿ clgtd sf/0f sbflk x'“b}gg\
. tL k] |/0ffx¿sf k5fl8
/x]sf c¿ k| ]/s zlQmx¿sf] vf]haLg ul/g'kb{5 . t/ Tof] bz{gn] tL zlQmx¿nfO{ :jo+ Oltxf;leq
gvf]h]/ aflx/ bfz{lgs ljrf/wf/fsf] If]qaf6 Oltxf;sf] If]qdf ptfb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu k|frLg
o"gfgL Oltxf;sf] JofVof :jo+ to;leqs} cfGtl/s cGt/;DaGwx¿sf] cfwf/df ug'{sf]
;f6f] x]u]nn]
vfln s] eGb5g\ eg] Tof] æ;f}Gbo{efj j}olQms :j¿kx¿Æsf] k|:k'm6g xf] / Pp6f æsnfs[ltÆsf]
k|ToIfLs/0f xf] — To;afx]s c¿ s]xL xf]Og k|frLg o"gfgLx¿sf] ljifodf x]u]nn] y'k| } To:tf pbfQ
/ uDeL/ s'/fx¿ n]v]sf 5g\ t/ To;k|sf/sf] zAb–hfnsf] JofVofaf6 xfdL ;Gt'i6 x'g ;Sb}gf} + .

ctM ha k|Zg s] p7\b5 eg] tL k| ]/s zlQmx¿sf] 5fgaLg ul/of];\ — ;r]tg jf cr]tg¿kaf6
tyf jf:tjdf k|fozM cr]tg¿kaf6 g} — Oltxf;sf] /Ëd~rdf sfd ug] { dflg;x¿sf k| ]/0ffx¿sf]
k5fl8 h;n] sfd ub{5 clg, cGttM h;n] jf:tljs P]ltxfl;s k| ]/s zlQmx¿sf] sfd ub{5, ta
pgLx¿ hltw]/} 7"nf JolQmx¿ ePklg tL Psfw JolQmx¿sf] k| ]/0ffsf] hf“ra'em ug'{kg]
{ k|Zg geP/ tL
k| ]/0ff s'g x'g\ eg]/ hf“ra'em ul/of];\, h;n] ljzfn hg;d'bfonfO{ — ;Dk"0f{ ;Dk|bfonfO{ / x/]s
;dk|bfo cGt/utsf ;f/fsf ;f/f ju{nfO{ — cfGbf]lnt / ultzLn agfOlbG5 — / tL klg s]jn
l5ge/sf] nflu dfq xf]Og, Tof] vfln t'?Gt lgEg] k/fnsf] cfuf];/x klg xf]Og, a? To:tf] :yfoL
sd{7tfsf] nflu xf], h;n] dxfg\ P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{g pTkgg ub{5 . tL k| ]/s zlQmx¿sf] sf/0f kQf
nufP/ g} tL sfo{/t hg;d'bfox¿ tyf æ7"nf dfG5]Æ sxlng] ltgsf g]tfx¿sf lbdfudf :ki6 jf
c:ki6¿kaf6, ;Lwfl;bL jf ;}4flGts, uf}/jflGjt¿kaf6 ;d]t ;r]t k| ]/0ffsf] ¿kdf k|ltljlDat
x'G5g\ . xfdLx¿n] ;Dk"0f{ Oltxf;sf] If]qdf tyf vf; ;do / vf; b]zdf zf;g ug] { lgodx¿ kQf
nufpg ;Sb5f} + . dflg;nfO{ ultzLn agfpg] x/]s rLh lbdfuleqaf6 u'h|g'kg] { x'G5 tfklg
dl:tisleq To;n] s'g ¿k wf/0f ub{5 eGg] s'/f Tolta]nfsf] kl/l:yltdf lge{/ ub{5 . dhb"/x¿n]
!*$* df /fOgsf] lsgf/df h;/L d];Lgsf 6'qmf–6'qmf kfl/lbPsf lyP, To;/L ca pgLx¿n] tL
tf]8\b}gy] tfklg To;sf] cy{ ca pgLx¿n] k" “hLjfbL d];Lg pBf]u;“u ;dGjo sfod u/]sf 5g\ eGg]
xf]Og .
t/ ljt]sf] w]/} nfdf];dodf Oltxf;sf k| ]/s sf/0fx¿sf] hf“ra'em ug'{
nueu c;Dej lyof] —
lsgeg] tL / ltgsf kl/0ffdx¿sf kf/:kl/s ;DaGwx¿ hl6n / l5k]sf x'G5g\ — eg] of] jt{dfg
o'udf tL kf/:kl/s ;DaGwx¿nfO{ Tof] kx]nL xn ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;'af]w agfOlbPsf] 5 . 7"nf] dfqfdf
pBf]uwGwfsf] :yfkgfkl5, cyf{t\ slDtdf !*!% sf] o"/f]k]nL zflGt ;lGwkl5 Oª\NofG8sf x/]s
JolQmsf cufl8 s] s'/f l5k]sf] 5}g eg] Toxf“ h'g ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts ;‹if{x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\, ltgsf]
cfwf/ xf] — pQm emu8f b'O{ ju{x¿, cyf{t\ clehft hdLgbf/ ju{ / k" “hLklt ju{-dWod ju{_x¿dWo]
s'g ju{sf] k|e'Tj x'g] eGg] s'/fsf emu8f x'g\ . af]a{gx¿ kmls{Pkl5 ToxL s'/f k|mfG;df b]vf k/]sf] 5 .
k'g:yf{kgf sfnsf yfo/Lb]lv lnP/ luhf], ldug] / yfo;{;Ddsf Oltxf;sf/x¿n] ;d]t ;j{q s]
eGb5g\ eg] dWoo'ukl5sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|mflG;;L Oltxf; a'‰g] s'/fsf] s'~hL klg ToxL g} xf] . clg, !*#)
kl5 dhb"/ ju{ — ;j{xf/f ju{ — nfO{ tL b'j} d'n'sdf ;Qfsf] t];|f] k|ltåGåL -k|lt:kwL{_sf] ¿kdf
:jLsf/ ul/Psf] ] 5 . kl/l:ylt jf:tjdf slt :ki6 ePsf] lyof] eg] cfw'lgs Oltxf;sf k| ]/s zlQmx¿
— slDtdf b'O{ 7"nf ;d'Ggt b]zx¿leq — pQm tLg 7"nf ju{x¿sf] kf/:kl/s ;‹if{ / pgLx¿sf
:jfy{x¿sf] ;‹if{ xf] eGg] s'/f hfgLa'emL dfG5]n] cf gf cf“vf 5f]Kg'kb{5 .
t/ tL ju{x¿ s;/L pTkGg ePsf lyP t < klxn]sf] ljzfn ;fdGtL ;DklQsf] pTklQsf]
ljifodf klxn} k6s b]Vbfv]l/ — slDtdf ;'?df — /fhg}lts sf/0faf6 k}bf ePsf] lyof], To;nfO{
hah{:tL x8\k]/ lnOPsf] lyof] eGg' ;Dej lyof] t/ klg k" “hLklt ju{ / ;j{xf/f ju{sf] cl:tTjsf]
ljifodf t slDtdf klg To;f] eGg ;lsGgYof] . pQm ljifodf k|ToIf / :ki6¿kaf6 s] b]Vg ;lsG5
eg] tL b'O{ 7"nf ju{x¿sf] hGd / ljsf; ljz'4 cfly{s sf/0faf6 ePsf] lyof] . clg, s] s'/f klg
plQs} :ki6 5 eg] h;/L hdLgbf/ ju{ / k" “hLklt ju{aLrsf] ;‹if{sf] sf/0f ;j{k|yd / ;jf] {kl/
cfly{s :jfy{ lyof], 7Ls To;}u/L] k" “hLklt ju{ / ;j{xf/f ju{aLrsf] ;‹if{sf] sf/0f klg ToxL cfly{s
:jfy{ g} lyof] eg] /fhg}lts ;Qfsf] rfxgf t vfln tL lxtx¿ k"/f ug] { ;fwgsf ¿kdf ul/GYof] .
k" “hLklt ju{ / ;j{xf/f ju{ b'j}sf] pbo cfly{s kl/l:yltdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ePsf]
lyof], cem lglZrt¿kdf eGg] xf] eg] pTkfbg k4ltdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ePsf] lyof]
. tL b'j} ju{x¿sf] ljsf; Tof] ;ª\qmd0fsf] sf/0fn] ePsf] lyof], h'g pŒkfbgsf] If]qdf klxn]
b:tsf/x¿sf] ;‹ -Guild_ af6 sfvf{gfsf] x:t lgdf{0fdf / k'gM sfvf{gfsf] x:t lgdf{0faf6 jfkm /
oflGqszlQmaf6 rNg] 7"nf dfqfsf pBf]uwGwfx¿df ePsf] lyof] . vf; cj:yfdf k'u]/ k" “hLklt
ju{åf/f kl/rflnt ul/Psf gof“ pŒkfbs zlQmx¿ — h; cGt/ut >dljefhgsf] Joj:yf sfod
ul/Psf] ] lyof] / a]Unfa]Un} sfd ug] { y'k| } >ldsx¿n] ldn]/ sfd ug] { ;femf lgdf{0fzfnf -sf/vfgf_ df
k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] — aLr tyf tL pŒkfbs zlQmx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ljsl;t x'g] ljlgdosf kl/l:yltx¿

cfjZostfx¿aLr Oltxf;åf/f ;'lDkPsf tyf sfg"gåf/f kljq agfOPsf pŒkfbgsf ljBdfg
cj:yfx¿aLr cGt/lj/f]w pTkGg eof], cyf{t\ pgLx¿ / >lds ;‹sf ljz]ifflwsf/x¿aLr -h'g
ljz]ifflwsf/ gePsf k|zf;lgs PsfO{x¿sf nflu aGwg ag]sf lyP_ cGt/lj/f]w pTkGg x'g k'Uof] .
k" “hLklt ju{n] k|ltlglwTj ug] { pŒkfbs zlQmx¿n] ;fdGtL hdLgbf/ ju{ / >lds ;‹sf dflnsx¿n]
k|ltlglwTj ug] { pŒkfbg k|0ffnLsf lj?4 ;‹if{ 5] +8] . yfx} 5, To;sf] kmn:j¿k ;fdGtL l;qmLx¿
rsgfr"/ kfl/Psf lyP . Oª\NofG8df Tof] sfd lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} ePsf] lyof] eg] k|mfG;df Pp6} k|xf/df
Tof] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] ] lyof] . hd{gLdf Tof] sfd clxn];Dd k"/f ePsf] 5}g . t/ h;/L ljsf;sf]
vf; r/0fdf k'u]/ sfvf{gfdf x'g] x:tlgdf{0fsf] ;fdGtL pŒkfbg k4lt;“u 6Ss/ x'gyfn]sf] lyof],
To;}u/L 7"nf] dfqfdf x'g] pBf]uwGwfx¿sf] k" “hLjfbL pŒkfbg k|0ffnL;“u clxn] ;‹if{ rNgyfn]sf] 5,
h;sf] :yfkgf ;fdGtL Joj:yfsf] 7fp“df ul/Psf] lyof] . To; k|0ffnLaf6 pŒkfbgsf k" “hLjfbL
tf}/t/Lsfx¿ ;Í'lrt 3]/fleq hsl8Psf lyP eg] pBf]uwGwfx¿n] Psflt/, hg;d'bfosf] 7"nf]
;ª\VofnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L dfqfdf ;fwgxLg ;j{xf/f ju{ agfp“b} uO/x]sf lyP eg] csf{lt/, ltgn]
laqmL x'g g;Sg]u/L pŒkfbgsf a9LeGbf a9L vft y'kfl//x]sf lyP . To;sf] kmn:j¿k ljlrqsf]
cGt/lj/f]w pTkGg x'gk'u]sf] 5 — Psflt/, clt pŒkfbg 5 eg] csf{lt/, cfd hg;d'bfosf]
a9\b}uO/x]sf] b'Mv / bb{ 5 . tL b'j} Pscsf{sf sf/stTjx¿ x'g\ . Tof] cGt/lj/f]wsf] ckl/xfo{ dfu s]
xf] eg] pŒkfbg k4lt abn]/ pŒkfbs zlQmx¿nfO{ k'gM d'Qm ul/lbg' .
h] eP klg cfw'lgs Oltxf;df slDtdf s] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 eg] ;a} /fhg}lts ;‹if{x¿
ju{–;‹if{ x'G5g\ tyf d'lQmsf] nflu ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ ju{–;‹if{x¿sf] clGtd nIo tL /fhg}lts ;‹if{
x'g'sf afjh"b — lsgeg] x/]s ;‹if{ /fhg}lts ;‹if{ x'G5 — cfly{s d'lQm xfl;n ug'{
x'G5 . To;sf/0f
oxf“ /fHo;Qf — /fhg}lts k|0ffnL — slDtdf uf}0f -jf cwLg:y x'G5_ eg] gful/s ;dfh -cfly{s
;DaGwx¿sf] If]q_ g} lg0ff{os tTj x'G5 . k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffsf k|ltlglw x]u]n;d]tn] klg /fHo;Qf
lg0ff{os x'G5 eg] gful/s ;dfh To;åf/f lgwf{l/t x'G5 eGg] s'/f cleJoQm u/]sf lyP .
;txL¿kaf6 To:t} nfUb5 . s'g} 5'§} JolQmsf sfo{x¿l;t ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ k| ]/s zlQmx¿ p;sf]
dl:tisleqaf6 h;/L u'lh|g' / To;nfO{ ;lqmo agfpgsf nflu :jo+ p;sf] OR5fsf] k| ]/s zlQmsf]
¿k lng' ckl/xfo{ x'G5, To;}u/L s] s'/f klg ckl/xfo{ x'G5 eg] gful/s ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{
cfjZostfx¿n] — Tolta]nf s'g ju{sf] xftdf zf;g;Qf 5 eGg] s'/faf6 s]xL km/s kb} {g —
sfg"gtM ;j{;fwf/0fsf] dfGotf k|fKt ug{sf nflu /fHo;Qfsf] OR5fsf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfpg' ckl/xfo{
x'G5, . of] k|Zgsf] afx\Ø kIf xf], :jo+ :ki6 kIf xf] . t/ k|Zg s] p7\b5 eg] JolQm / /fHo;Qf b'j}sf]
Tof] aflx/L OR5f zlQmsf] ;f/tTj s] xf] / Tof] ;f/tTj sxf“af6 cfPsf] xf] < OR5f vfln To;} rlhsf]
dfq lsg ul/G5 / csf] { s'g} rLhnfO{ lsg ul/Gg < olb xfdLx¿n] pko'{Qm
k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hof} +
eg] xfdLx¿n] a'‰b5f} + — ;du|¿kdf ln+bfv]l/ cfw'lgs Oltxf;df /fHo;Qfsf] OR5f gful/s ;dfhsf
kl/jlt{t eO/xg] cfjZostfx¿ of] jf Tof] ju{sf] k|e'Tj / cGttM pŒkfbs zlQmx¿ / ljlgdosf
;DaGwx¿sf] ljsf;qmdaf6 lgwf{l/t x'G5 .
t/ pŒkfbg / ;+rf/sf olty'k| } ;fwg df}h"b /x]sf] of] cfw'lgs o'udf ;d]t /fHo;Qf
:jtGq¿kaf6 ljsf; x'g] ;Qf geP/ cl:tTj / ljsf;sf] JofVof cGttM ;fdflhs hLjgsf cfly{s
kl/l:yltx¿sf] cfwf/df g} ug{ ;lsg] ;Qf x'G5 eg] klxn]sf ;f/fsf ;f/f hdfgfsf] af/]df t Tof]
s'/f emg\a9L ;To lyof] xf]nf, h;df dflg;sf] hLljsfsf ef}lts cfjZostfx¿sf] pŒkfbg sfo{
k|r'/ ;xfos ;fwgx¿sf] ;xfotfaf6 pŒkfbg ug{ ;lsGgYof] . /, ctM To;df To;vfnsf] pŒkfbgsf
cfjZostfx¿sf] cem w]/} k|e'Tj dflg;dfly /x]sf] lyof] xf]nf . ;du|¿kdf x]bf{v]l/ 7"nf pBf]ux¿ /
/]nsf] o'udf clxn] klg /fHo;Qfsf] pŒkfbgdfly lgoGq0f ug] { ju{sf cfly{s cfjZostfx¿ g} —
;+s]lGb|t¿kdf — k|ltljDa x'G5g\ eg] p; o'udf t /fHo;Qf Tof] ju{sf] k|ltljDa emg\ w]/} lyof]
xf]nf, h;n] pŒkfbgdfly lgoGq0f ub{Yof], h;dfly x/]s lk9L+n] cf gf df}lns cfjZostfx¿sf]
k"lt{sf nflu cf gf] hLjgsfnsf] cf};t 7"nf] efu nufpg'kb{Yof] /, To;/L clxn] xfdL hlt tL
ef}lts cfjZostfx¿dfly cfl>t 5f} +, To;eGbf emg\a9L plta]nf tLdfly pgLx¿ cfl>t x'g'kb{Yof] .

lat]sf] sfnsf] Oltxf;sf] 5fgaLg hlt a9L uDeL/tfk"j{s o; b[li6sf]0faf6 ul/G5, Tolt w]/} ¿kdf
pQm s'/f k'li6 x'gk'Ub5 . t/ To;af/] oxf“ ljrf/ ug{ ;lsGg .
/fHo;Qf / ;fj{hlgs ljlwljwfgsf] lgwf{/0f olb cfly{s ;DaGwx¿af6 x'G5 eg] lg:;Gb]x lghL
cfr/0f / Jojxf/sf] lgwf{/0f klg To;}af6 x'G5 . jf:tjdf Tof] lghL cfrf/Jojxf/sf] sfd d"ntM
JolQmx¿aLr df}h"b tL cfly{s ;DaGwx¿nfO{ ;xL ¿k lbg'x'G5, h'g tfTsfnLg kl/l:yltdf :jfefljs
7xl/G5g\ . t/ Tof] sfo{ h'g¿kdf x'G5, To;sf a]Unfa]Un} ¿kx¿ x'g ;Sb5g\ . Oª\NofG8dfem} + ;Dk"0f{
/fli6«o ljsf; cg'¿k k'/fgf ;fdGtL sfg"gx¿ -ljlwljwfgx¿_df k" “hLjfbL tTjsf] k|f0f k|lti7f u/]/
d'VotM ltgnfO{ g} sfod /fVg ;lsG5 . ;fdGtL vf]nleq To;/L ;Lw} k" “hLjfbL cy{ 3';fpg ;lsG5 .
t/ k=o"/f]kdf ePh:t} x'g ;Sb5 . Toxf“ /f]dsf] ljlwljwfgnfO{ cfwf/lznfsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ]
lyof] . /f]dsf] ljlwljwfg dfn pŒkfbs ;dfhsf] ;G;f/d} klxnf] ljlwljwfg lyof] . To;df ;Lw}
dfnsf dflnsx¿ -lsGg] / a]Rg], C0f lng] / C0f lbg], 7]Ssfk§f ug] { / s/f/df lng], cflb_ sf] ;Dk"0f{
d"n sfg"gL ;DaGwx¿sf] cToGt ;lj:tf/ / ce"tk"j{9Ën] ljj/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] ] lyof] . pQm /f]dsf]
sfg"gnfO{ olb cfwf/lznfsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/G5 eg] lgDg–k" “hLjfbL jf c4{–;fdGtL ;dfhsf] nflu
ls t ;Lw} cbfntL Jojxf/ -;fdfGo sfg"g_åf/f To;nfO{ ;DalGwt ;dfhsf] :t/;Dd tn k'¥ofpg
;lsG5 ls k'gM tyfslyt ljåfg / Gofoj]Qfx¿sf] d2taf6 pQm ;fdflhs :t/ cg'¿k To;nfO{
sfg"gsf] ljz]ifvfnsf] ;+lxtfdf 9fNg ;lsG5 . oL kl/l:yltx¿ cGt/ut To;k|sf/sf] ;+lxtf sfg"gL
b[li6sf]0faf6 klg /2L 7xg] {5 . -pbfx/0fsf nflu k|lzofoL NofG8/]VtnfO{ x]g'{xf];\_
t/ s] s'/f klg
;Dej x'G5 eg] s'g} dxfg\ k" “hLjfbL qmflGtkl5 /f]dsf] ljlwljwfgsf] cfwf/df k" “hLjfbL ;dfhsf]
k|mflG;;L gful/s ;+lxtfem} + Pp6f zf:qLo ->]i7_ sfg"g ;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f ul/of];\ . ctM k" “hLjfbL
lgod sfg"gn] olb vfln ;dfhsf cfly{s hLjg z}nLnfO{ dfq} sfg"gL¿kdf k|s6 ub{5g\ eg]
kl/l:ylt cg';f/ Tof] sfd pgLx¿n] /fd|f] t/Lsfn] ug{ klg ;Sb5g\ / g/fd|f] t/Lsfn] ug{ klg
;Sb5g\ .
dflg;pk/ ljrf/wf/fTds ;Qfsf] ¿kdf xfdL;dIf cfPsf] klxnf] rLh /fHo;Qf xf] . cfGtl/s
/ aflx/L xdnfaf6 cf gf ;fd"lxs lxtx¿sf] /Iffsf] nflu ;dfhn] Pp6f ;fwg -c:q_ tof/ ub{5 .
Tof] ;fwg -c:q_ /fHo;Qf xf] . Tof] ;fwgn] pTkGg x'g]lalQs} } cfk"mnfO{ :jtGq agfpg] ub{5 /
jf:tjdf Tof] hltw]/} ljz]if ju{sf] cf}hf/ aGg k'Ub5, TolQs} w]/}dfqfdf To;n] ju{L{o cflwkTo nfu"
ub{5 . zf;s ju{sf lj?4 pTkLl8t ju{sf] ;‹if{ :jefjtM /fhg}lts k|e'Tjsf lj?4sf] /fhg}lts
;‹if{ aGgk'Ub5 . ;j{k|yd Tof] pxL ju{sf lj?4sf] /fhg}lts ;‹if{ aGgk'Ub5 . Tof] /fhg}lts ;‹if{ /
To;sf] cfwf/sf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf] r]tgf dGb x'gk'Ub5 / Tof] Psbd} d]l6g ;Sg] s'/f klg ;Dej
x'G5, oBlk ;‹if{df efu lng]x¿df Tof] ;DaGwsf] r]tgf k"0f{tM vtd x'“b}g
t/ Oltxf;sf/x¿leq eg]
Tof] nueu ;w} + g} nf]k x'gk'Ub5 . /f]dsf] k|hftGqleq h'g ;‹if{ePsf lyP, ltgLx¿sf ;DaGwdf
kfOg] k|frLg ;|f]tx¿dWo] s]jn PkLPgn] g} :ki6 / lglZrt¿kn] tL ;‹if{x¿sf] txdf d"n rLh
e";DklQ lyof eg] ]/ atfp“5 .
t/ ;dfhaf6 Pp6f ;Qf :jtGq aGg]lalQs} /fHo;Qfn] csf] { ljrf/wf/f lgsfNb5 . jf:tjdf
cfly{s cfwf/;“u} Tof] ;DaGwnfO{ ;a}eGbfa9L k];]j/ /fhgLlt1x¿, ;fj{hlgs sfg"gsf
l;4fGtsf/x¿ tyf JolQmut sfg"g -cfrf/ ;+lxtf_sf Gofozf:qLx¿aLr e'nfOlbG5 . sfg"gL dfGotf
kfpgsf nflu x/]s ljlzi6 dfldnfdf s] cfjZos x'G5 eg] To;l;t ;DalGwt cfly{s tYo,
Gofozf:qLo k|of]hgx¿ -jf k| ]/0ffx¿_sf ¿kdf cufl8 cfpg] x'gfn] tyf ltgnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf
lbg]a]nf To;a]nfsf ;Dk"0f{ sfg"gL k|0ffnLx¿;d]tsf] klg Wofg lbg'kg] { cfjZostf x'g] x'gfn]
Gofozf:qLo ¿k g} ;a}yf]s aGgk'Ub5 tyf cfly{s cGt/j:t'sf] s'g} dxŒj /x“b}g . ;fj{hlgs sfg"g
/ JolQmut sfg"gnfO{ k'gM Psbd} :jtGq If]qsf] ¿kdf x]g{ yflnG5 . tLdWo] x/]ssf] :jo+ cf g}
:jtGq P]ltxfl;s ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 eg] tLdWo] x/]snfO{ To;sf ;f/fsf ;f/f cfGtl/s
cGt/lj/f]wx¿nfO{ b[9tfk"j{s vtd u/]/ Jojl:yt9Ëaf6 k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 / jf:tjdf ToxL rLhsf]
cfjZostf 5 . cem emg\w]/} pRrljrf/wf/fx¿, cyf{t\ cfly{s cfwf/eGbf emg\w]/} 6f9f /x]sf
ljrf/wf/fx¿n] bz{g / wd{sf] ¿k lnG5g\ . pQm If]qdf wf/0ffx¿ / ltgsf] cl:tTjsf ef}lts

kl/l:yltx¿sf] cGt/;DaGw a9LeGbf a9L c:ki6 x'gk'Ub5 . t/ Tof] cGt/lj/f]w xf] . h;/L !% cf} +
zbLsf] cfwfcfwLkl5 cfPsf] gjhfu/0f -/]g];f_sf] l;Ëf]sfnel/ zx/x¿ / zx/jf;Lx¿-au{/x¿_ sf]
pTklQ x'g' ckl/xfo{ lyof], To;}u/L kl5sf] gjf]lbt bz{g klg To;}sf] pkh lyof] . ;f/¿kdf To;sf]
cGt/j:t' s]jn ;fgf / dWodvfnsf zxl/of Joj;foLx¿ 7"nf k" “hLklt ju{df ljsl;t x'g] s'/fsf
nflu ;xfos lyP eGg] ljrf/x¿sf dfq bfz{lgs cleJolQmx¿ lyP . Tof] s'/f ljut zbLsf
cË| ]hx¿ / k|mflG;;Lx¿dWo] k|fozM hltw]/} bfz{lgs x'Gy], pltw]/} /fhg}lts cy{zf:qLx¿ klg ePsf]
:ki6¿kn] b]Vg ;lsGYof] /, x]u]nLo bfz{lgs k|0ffnLsf ;DaGwdf Tof] s'/f d}n] dfly k|dfl0ft
ul/;s]sf] 5' .
clxn] ;ª\If]kdf s]jn wd{sf ljifodf dfq xfdLx¿n] yk s'/f ug] {5f} + lsgeg] wd{ ef}lts
hLjgaf6 ;a}eGbfw]/} 6f9f x'G5 / ef}lts hLjgl;t To;sf] /lQe/ klg ;DaGw 5}gh:tf] nfUb5 .
wd{sf] pboclt cflbd sfndf ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] cfwf/ dflg;sf zflGtk"0f{ tyf tLcflbd
wf/0ffx¿ lyP, h'g wf/0ffx¿ pgLx¿n] :jo+ cf gf :j¿kx¿ / pgLx¿nfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]g] { afx\o
k|s[ltsf ;DaGwdf /fVby] . t/ Psk6s pTkGg ePkl5 x/]s ljrf/wf/fn] ;DalGwt ljrf/ ;fdu|Lsf
;Gbe{df g} ljsf; ub{5 tyf tL ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;d]t ljsf; ub} { cufl8 hfG5 . olb To:tf] x'GgYof]
eg] Tof] ljrf/wf/f g} /xg hfGgYof], cyf{t\ :jtGq¿kaf6 / vfln cf g} lgodx¿cGt/ut ljsf;
ug] { :jtGq ;Qfl;t ;DaGw x'g] rLh g} /xGgYof] . h'g dflg;x¿sf dgdl:tisdf pQm lrGtg lqmof
rNb5, jf:tjdf ltgsf] hLjgsf ef}lts kl/l:yltx¿n] g} cGttM To;lqmofsf] qmdnfO{ lgwf{l/t
ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f cjZod]j pgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L x'Gg, a? ;f/f ljrf/wf/fs} cGt x'gk'Ub5 . ctM
d"ntM ;uf]qLo u0fx¿df x/]s bndf Ps}gfzh:t} x'g] d"n wfld{s cjwf/0ffx¿ bn ljeflht x'“bfv]l/
x/]s hfltleq hLjgsf h'g kl/l:yltx¿df To;n] /xg'kb{5, ToxL cg';f/ To;sf] ljsf;
cf g}9Ëaf6 x'G5 . u0fx¿sf s}of} + bnx¿leq / ljz]if u/]/ cfo{x¿ -tyfslyt ef/f]k]nLx¿_leq Tof]
k|lqmof s:tf] lyof] eGg] s'/f t'ngfTds¿kn] kf}/fl0fszf:qdf ;lj:tf/ j0f{g ul/Psf] ] 5 . x/]s
u0fleq To;/L h'g b]jtfsf] ;"qkft x'GYof], tL /fli6«o b]jtf x'Gy] . ltgsf] zf;g If]q Tof] /fli6«o
If]qeGbf cufl8 hfGgYof], h;sf] /Iff ug] { pQ/bfloTj pgLdfly x'GYof], pgsf] ;LdfeGbf cufl8 csf] {
b]jtfsf] Ps5q /fHo x'GYof] . sfNklgs hutdf hlxn];Dd /fi6« /xGYof], Tolta]nf;Dd pgL /lx/xGy] .
To;sf] ktg;“u} pgsf] ;d]t ktg x'GYof] . /f]dsf] ljZj ;fd|fHosf] pbosf cfly{s kl/l:yltx¿sf]
5fgaLg ug'{kg]
{ xfdLx¿nfO{ cfjZostf 5}g, h;n] k'/fgf /fi6«x¿nfO{ vtd kfl/lbPsf] lyof] .
kmn:j¿k k'/fgf /fli6«o b]jtfx¿, /f]dsf b]jtfx¿;Ddsf] klg x|f; ePsf] lyof] lsgeg] tL ;a} vfln
/f]d zx¿sf] ] ;Í'lrt ;Ldfsf dfq cfjZostfx¿sf cg'¿k ag]sf lyP . ljZj ;fd|fHosf] k"lt{ Pp6f
ljZjwd{åf/f ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf lyof] — Tof] rLh tL k|oTgx¿af6 :ki6 x'GYof], h'g /f]ddf :jb]zL
b]jtfx¿sf] ;“u;“u} s]xLgs]xL ;Ddflgt /x]sf ljb]zL b]jtfx¿sf nflu ;d]t dfGotf lbOof];\ /
pgLx¿sf nflu k"hf ug] { j]bLsf] Joj:yf ldnfOof];\ eGg] s'/fsf nflu ul/Psf lyP . t/ gof“
ljZjwd{sf] lgdf{0f To;k|sf/sf] zfxL 3f]if0ffåf/f x'“b}gYof]
. gof“ ljZjwd{ — O;fO{ wd{ — To;}aLr
u'kr"k pTkGg eO;s]sf] lyof] . To;sf] pTklQ k"jL{o, ljz]if¿kn] ox'bL wd{zf:qsf cfd l;4fGtx¿
tyf o"gfgL ufp“n], ljz]if¿kn] :6f]Os -ljifo j}/fuL_ bz{gsf] d]nn] ePsf] lyof] . d"ntM Tof] s:tf]
lyof] eGg] s'/f w]/} d]xgt u/]/ kQf nufpg'kg] { cfjZostf 5 lsgeg] xfdLnfO{ k|fKt To;sf]
cflwsfl/s :j¿k s]jn p;sf] Tof] :j¿k xf], h;df To;nfO{ /fh wd{ agfOPsf] lyof] . To;
p2]Zosf nflu lgsfOofsf] kl/ifbn] p;nfO{ Tof] ¿k lbPsf] lyof] .
@%) jif{leq} Tof] /fhsLo wd{ ag]sf] tYo g} Tof] pltv]/sf] kl/l:yltsf] cg'¿ksf] wd{ lyof]
eGg] s'/f :ki6 ug{ oy]i6 x'G5 . dWoo'udf h'g dfqfdf ;fdGtjfbsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof], To;sf]
wfld{s k|lt¿ksf] x}l;otaf6 O;fO{ wd{sf] klg ljsf; x'“b}uPsf]
lyof] eg] To;leq ToxL cg'¿k
;fdGtL ;Gt–dxGtx¿, pr–gLr ju{x¿;d]t klg aGb}uPsf lyP . clg, hlta]nf au{/x¿ -gu/sf
Joj;foLx¿_ ;d[4 x'gyfn]sf lyP, Tolta]nf ;fdGtL Sofyf]lnskGysf lj?4 k|f]6]:6\ofG6jfbL wfld{s
;‹if{ a9\g yfn]sf] lyof] . ;a}eGbfklxn] To;sf] pbo k|mfG;df clNah]G;x¿ 159 aLr Toxf“sf] gu/
ljsf;sf] ;jf] {Rr lzv/df k'u]sf] a]nf ePsf] lyof] .

dWoo'udf wd{zf:q;“u} ljrf/wf/fsf c¿ ;a} ¿kx¿ — bz{g, /fhgLlt, Gofozf:q — nfO{
;d]t klg ylkPsf] lyof] / ltgnfO{ wd{zf:qsf pkljefux¿sf] ¿k lbOPsf] lyof] . To;/L x/]s
;fdflhs / /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngnfO{ wd{zf:qsf] ¿kdf cufl8 cfpg afWo agfOPsf] lyof] .
hg;d'bfoaLr c¿ ;a}yf]s x6fP/ vfln wfld{s efjgfx¿ dfq g;f–g;fdf eg] { sfd ul/Psf] ] lyof] .
ctM cfGbf]ng lbuf] agfpgsf nflu pgLx¿sf lxtx¿nfO{ wfld{s kl/j]zdf k|:t't u/]/ ltgsf] v08g
ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf a9]sf] lyof] . clg, h;/L ;'?b]lv au{/x¿ -gu/sf Joj;foLx¿_n] cfk"m;“u;“u}
;DklQljxLg zxl/of ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf, lbp;sf] sfd ug] { >lds ju{ tyf dfGotf k|fKt s'g} klg
;fdflhs ju{l;t c;DalGwt Pj+ efjL ;j{xf/f ju{ klxn]sf x/]svfnsf gf]s/x¿sf ;d'bfo k}bf
u/]sf lyP, To;}u/L wd{sf lj?4 rNg] ljb|f]x klg l56} ju{/x¿ -gu/sf Joj;foLx¿_sf g/dvfn]
wfld{s ljb|f]x / ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] qmflGtsf/L wfld{s ljb|f]xdf ljeflht ePsf] lyof] . ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtfsf qmflGtsf/L wfld{s ljb|f]xx¿ :jo+ au{/ wfld{s ljb|f]xLx¿sf cf“vfsf s;]/ aGgk'u]sf lyP .
k|f]6]:6\ofG6 wfld{s ljb|f]xsf] cg'dLng x'g]lalQs} } Tof], au{/ k" “hLklt ju{sf] ck/fh]otfl;t
;DalGwt x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . ha tL zxl/of k" “hLkltx¿ w]/} zlQmzfnL aGgk'u], Tolta]nf ;fdGtL
clehft ju{sf lj?4sf] clxn];Dd d'VotM :yfoL¿kdf lyof], To;sf] /fli6«o :t/df lj:tf/ x'g ;'?
ePsf] lyof] . klxnf] dxfg\ lj:kmf]6 hd{gLdf ePsf] lyof] — slyt wd{;'wf/ cfGbf]ngsf]¿kdf . au{/ -
zxl/of k" “hLklt ju{_ g t clxn];Dd TolQw]/} zlQmzfnL eO;s]sf lyP g Toltw]/} ljsl;t g}
eO;s]sf lyP . /, ltgLx¿n] ;j{;fwf/0f gu/af;Lx¿, clehft ju{sf tNnf]:t/sf JolQmx¿ /
v]tdf sfd ug] { ls;fgx¿nfO{ cf gf] em08fd'lg ;Ël7t ug{ ;s"g\ . ;'?df ;fdGtL ;/bf/x¿
k/flht eP . ls;fgx¿n] ljb|f]x u/] . Tof] ljb|f]x l;Ëf] qmflGtsf/L ;‹if{sf] r/df]Tsif{sf] kl/0ffd lyof]
. tfklg zxl/ofx¿n] ls;fgx¿sf] ;fy 5f]l8lbP / To;/L qmflGt cwfld{s /fhfx¿sf ;]gfaf6
k/flht x'gk'Uof] / qmflGtaf6 ldNg] ;Dk"0f{ kmfObF tL /fhfx¿nfO{ eof] . To;kl5 tLg zbL;Dd hd{gL
Oltxf;df ;lqmo¿kn] :jtGq e"ldsf cbf ul//x]sf b]zx¿sf] ] klª\Qmdf cfpg ;s]g . tfklg hd{g
n'y/sf] ;“u;“u} k|mflG;;L sfnljg klg k}bfePsf lyof] . ljz]if u/]/ cf gf] k|mfl;G;L tLj|tfl;t pgn]
wfld{s ;'wf/sf] k" “hLjfbL :j¿knfO{ Psbd} cufl8 NofOk'¥ofP . pgn] rr{ -O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹_nfO{
u0ftflGqs / nf]stGqjfbL agfOlbP . hd{gLdf n'y/jfbL wfld{s ;'wf/ cfGbf]ng kltt eO;s]sf]
lyof] / To;n] To; b]znfO{ ljgfzsf] ljGb'df k'¥ofOlbPsf] lyof] t/ sfnjLgjfbL wfld{s ;'wf/
cfGbf]ng h]g]ef, xNofG8 / :s6NofG8sf k|hftGqjfbLx¿sf] em08f aGgk'Uof] . To;n] xNofG8nfO{
:k]lg; / hd{g ;fd|fHoaf6 d'Qm kfl/lbof] tyf Tolta]nf Oª\NofG8df rln/x]sf] k" “hLjfbL qmflGtsf]
bf];|f] ;+:s/0fn] ;}4flGts cfj/0f k|:t't ul/lbof] . sfnljgjfbn] Toltv]/ wfld{s e]ifdf k" “hLklt
ju{sf] kIfkf]if0f u/]sf] lyof] /, To;/L !^*( df ;fdGtL clehft ju{sf] Pp6f efu / k" “hLklt
ju{aLr ;Demf}tf x'“bf
tyf qmflGt ;dfKt x'“bf
To;nfO{ k"/f dfGotf ldNg ;s]g . Oª\NofG8sf] /fhsLo
O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf] k'g:yf{kgf x'gk'Uof] . ca kf]ksf] :yfgdf afbzfx x'g] k'/fgf] Sofyf]lnsjfbsf]
:j¿k /x]sf] lyPg . a? To;sf] ljk/Lt To;sf] sfnljgLs/0f x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . k'/fgf] /fhsLo O;fO{
wfld{s ;+3n] cfOtaf/nfO{ Sofyf]lns9Ëaf6 v"a} cfgGbk"j{s dgfpg] ub{Yof] . To;n] cfgGbljxLg
sfnljgjfbL cfOtaf/sf lj?4 ;‹if{ u¥of] . gof“ / k'/fgf] O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3n] k'gM pxL sfnljgjfbL
cfOtaf/ rnfof] . Oª\NofG8df clxn] klg ToxL rNb5 .
!**% df k|mfG;df sfnljgjfbL cNkdtnfO{ bafOPsf] lyof] . To;nfO{ Sofyf]lns dtfjnDaL
agfOPsf] lyof] jf b]z–lgsfnf ul/Psf] ] lyof] . t/ To;af6 kmfObf s] eof] < Tolta]nf klg gfl:ts
lko/] afon cf gf ultljlwsf sf/0fn] ubf{ zLif{ :yfgdf lyP tyf !^($ df ef]N6fo/ hGd]sf lyP .
n'O{ !$ cf} +n] hah{:tL h'g sfg"g agfPsf] lyof], To;n] k|mflG;;L k" “hLklt ju{sf nflu s] s'/f ;lhnf]
agfOlbPsf] lyof] eg] p;n] ;d'Ggt k" “hLklt ju{sf] cg's"n /x]sf] cf gf] qmflGtnfO{ pxL PsflGts,
cwfld{s / s]jn /fhg}lts¿kdf dfq ;DkGg u/f];\ . /fli6«o kl/ifbdf k|f]6]:6\ofG6sf] 7fp“df :jtGq
lrGts -gfl:ts_x¿ /xg yfn]sf lyP . To;sf] ;“u;“u} O;fO{ wd{n] cf gf] clGtd r/0fdf k|j]z
u/]sf] lyof] . eljiodf s'g} k|ultzLn ju{sf OR5f–cfsf+Iffx¿sf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu Pp6f
ljrf/wf/fTds vf]nsf] sfd lbg;Sg]vfnsf] l:ylt ca To;sf] /x]sf] lyPg . w]/}eGbfw]/} dfqfdf Tof]

vfln zf;s ju{sf] ;DklQ dfq aGgk'u]sf] lyof] . tL ju{x¿n] lgDg ju{nfO{ ;Ldfd'lg /fVgsf nflu
;/sf/sf] Pp6f z:qsf] ¿kdf To;sf] pkof]u ub{y] . To;afx]s x/]s ju{n] a]Unfa]Un}¿kdf —
hdLgbf/sf] clehft ju{n] Sofyf]lns h];'OTjjfb -dSsf/L_, k|f]6]:6\ofG6n] s§/kGy, pbf/ jf
pu|ljrf/ x'g] k" “hLklt ju{n] o'lQmjfbnfO{ — cf–cf gf] pko'Qm wd{sf] pkof]u ub{5 eg] tL ;a}
;Hhgx¿n] :jo+ cf–cf gf] wd{df ljZjf; ub{y] jf ub} {gy] eGg] s'/fn] s]xL km/s kb} {g .
ctM xfdLx¿n] s] kfp“5f} + eg] Psk6s To;sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 h;/L ;a} ljrf/wf/fTds
If]qx¿df k/Dk/fn] cToGt k'/f0fkGyL -¿9LjfbL_ zlQmsf] sfd ub{5, To;/L g} wd{leq ;w} + k/Dk/fut
tTj df}h"b /xG5 . t/ pkfbfgdf x'g] kl/jt{g juL{o ;DaGwaf6 pTkGg x'G5, cyf{t\ kl/jt{g ;DkGg
ug] { JolQmx¿sf cfly{s ;DaGwx¿af6 k}bf x'G5 . clg, oxf“ Tolt dfq} klg kof{Kt x'g]5 .
oxf“ vfln Oltxf;sf] dfS;{jfbL wf/0ffsf] dfd"nL ¿k/]vf dfq lbg ;lsGYof] — s]xL pbfx/0fx¿
lbP/ To;nfO{ s]xLgs]xL a9L :ki6 ug] { r]i6f dfq ug{ ;lsGYof] . pQm cjwf/0ffsf] ;Totfsf] k|df0f
:jo+ Oltxf;af6 g} k|fKt ul/g'kb{5 . To;;DaGwdf d}n] ljgd|tfk"j{s vfln slQdfq eGg;Sb5' eg]
Tof] sfo{ c¿ /rgfx¿df kof{Kt dfqfdf ul/Psf] ] 5 . t/ Tof] wf/0ffn] P]ltxfl;s If]qdf bz{gsf]
e"ldsfnfO{ ;dfKt ul/lbg]5, h;/L k|s[ltsf] åGåjfbL wf/0ffn] ;f/fsf ;f/f k|fs[lts bz{gnfO{
cgfjZos / c;Dej agfOlbG5 . To;kl5 s'g} klg rLhsf cGt/;DaGwx¿nfO{ cf gf]
dgdl:tisaf6 lgofNg'kg]{ cfjZostf /xGg, vfln jf:tljstfaf6 To;nfO{ vf]h]/ lgsfNg'kg] { x'G5 .
k|s[lt / Oltxf;sf If]qx¿af6 alxis[t bz{gsf nflu ca vfln ljz'4 lrGtg — hlt a“r]sf] 5, Tof]
— dfq /xG5 M ca To;sf] nflu lrGtg lqmofsf lgodx¿sf] l;4fGt — ts{zf:q / åGåjfb dfq
af“ls /x]sf 5g\ .
* * *
!*$* sf] qmflGtkl5 …lzlIftÚ hd{gLn] l;4fGtnfO{ ltnf~hnL lbof] / Jojxfl/s ;G;f/df
cf]Nof] { . xftsf] >ddf cfwfl/t ;fgf] dfqfsf] pŒkfbg / sfvf{gfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] :yfg jf:tljs
7"nf] dfqfsf pBf]uwGwfx¿n] lng k'u] . ljZj ahf/df hd{gLn] km]l/ kfOnf 6]Sof] . gof“ ;fgf]ltgf]
hd{g ;fd|fHo 160 n] ;–;fgf /fHoJoj:yf, ;fdGtL cjz]if tyf gf]s/zfxL k|0ffnL, cflb slDtdf klg
To; ljsf; dfu{df afws alg/x]sf ;a}eGbf lgs[i6 / v/fa rLhx¿sf] cGt ul/lbof] . tfklg ;§f
ahf/n] cf gf] b]jn :yfkgf ug{sf nflu bfz{lgs cWoog sIfnfO{ h'gxb;Dd ltnf~hnL lbPsf]
lyof], ToxLxb;Dd lzlIft hd{gLn] 3f]/eGbf3f]/ /fhg}lts ckdfgsf lbgx¿df ;d]t hd{gLsf]
uf}/asf] ¿kdf /x]sf] dxfg\ ;}4flGts Ifdtf u'dfpg k'Uof] . p;sf] Tof] Ifdtfsf] ;DaGw ljz'4
1fg;DaGwL vf]hl;t lyof] . To;af6 lg:s]sf] kl/0ffd Jojxfl/s¿kaf6 pkof]uL x'g ;Sg]5 jf 5}g,
To;af6 k|x/L clws[tx¿ a]v';L x'G5g\ jf x'Ggg\ eGg] s'/fsf] lkmqmL ul/+b}gYof] . s] s'/f ;To xf] eg]
cflwsfl/s hd{g k|s[lt lj1fgn] ljz]if¿kaf6 ljlzi6 cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf cf gf] :yfg cu|klª\Qmdf
agfO/fv]sf] lyof] . t/ cd]l/sL klqsf lj1fg;Ddn] s] n]v]sf] 5 eg] — To;n] h] n]v]sf] 5, Tof] ;xL
g} n]v]sf] 5 — ljlzi6 tYox¿aLr k"0f{¿kaf6 ;x–;DaGw :yflkt ug] { / ltgnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f u/]/
ltgnfO{ lgodx¿sf] ¿k lbg] sfo{sf] If]qdf lg0ff{os k|ult hd{gLsf] ;f6f] ca Oª\NofG8df w]/}a9L
eO/x]sf] 5 . /, bz{g;d]t ;f/fsf ;f/f P]ltxfl;s lj1fgsf] If]qdf l;4fGtsf nflu klxn] lgM;Gb]x
h'g pT;fx x'GYof], ca Tof] zf:qLo bz{gsf] ;fy;fy} Psbd} vtd eO;s]sf] 5 . To;sf] :yfg
;f/;ªu|xjfb -lg:;f/ e|djfb_n] tyf kbnf]n'ktf / gfkmf k|flKtsf] hf]8bf/ lrGtfn] lnPsf] 5 tyf
Tof] lrGtf gf]s/Lsf] vf]hL ug] { lgs[i6 :t/;Dd k'u]sf] 5 . Tof] lj1fgsf] cflwsfl/s k|ltlglw k" “hLklt
ju{ / df}h"bf /fHo;Qfsf lgnHh l;4fGtsf/ aGgk'u]sf] 5 . To;n] Tolta]nf Tof] sfd ul//x]sf] 5,
hlta]nf k" “hLklt ju{ / p;sf] /fHo;Qf b'j} g} dhb"/ ju{sf v'nf lj/f]wLsf ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf 5g\
.
l;4fGtk|lt hd{gx¿sf] cle¿rL c6'6¿kdf ca vfln dhb"/ ju{df dfq /x]sf] 5 . oxf“
To;nfO{ vtd kfg{ ;lsGg . oxf“ kbsf] lrGtf 5}g g gfkmf sdfpg] jf dflysf] s[kfk"0f{ cfzLjf{b
k|fKt ug] { lrGtf 5 . To;sf] ljk/Lt lj1fg hlt lgd{dtf / lgM:jfy{ efjgfsf ;fy cufl8 a9\b5,
TolQs} w]/} dfqfdf p;n] dhb"/x¿sf lxtx¿ tyf OR5f / cfsf+Iffx¿aLr k"0f{ Ps¿ktf /x]sf] kfp“5

. gof“ ljrf/wf/fn] s] dfg]/ rn]sf] lyof] eg] ;dfhsf] ;f/fsf ;f/f Oltxf;nfO{ a'‰g] s'~hL >dsf]
ljsf;sf] Oltxf;df lglxt 5 . ;'?b]lv g} p;n] hf“ra'em u/]/ cf gf s'/fx¿ dhb"/ ju{;“u eg]sf]
5 / To;aLr p;nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] ;dy{gnfO{ ;/sf/L ta/af6 dfGotf k|fKt lj1fgaf6 k|fKt ug{ g
t p;n] sf]lzz u/]sf] lyof] g t Toxf“af6 p;nfO{ k|fKt x'g] cfzf g} /fv]sf] lyof], hd{g dhb"/
cfGbf]ng g} hd{g zf:qLo bz{gsf] pQ/flwsf/L xf] .
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
Gofozf:qLo ;dfhjfb
dWoo'usf] ljZjb[li6sf]0f d"ntM wd{ zf:qLo lyof] . o"/fk]nL hutdf jf:tjdf s'g} cfGtl/s
Pstf lyPg tfklg aflx/L¿kaf6 ;femf zq' ;/f;]gx¿ -cfqmfds c/ax¿_ sf lj?4 O;fO{ wd{n]
:jo+nfO{ Pstfa4 agfPsf] lyof] .
k=o"/f]k]nL hutnfO{ Sofyf]lnsjfbn] Ps ;"qdf af“lwlbPsf] lyof] . k=o"/f]k]nL hutdf To:tf
/fi6«x¿sf] lj:t[t ;d"x lyof], h;n] k/:k/df lg/Gt/ cfbfg–k|bfg ub} { pGglt ul//x]sf lyP .
pgLx¿sf] Tof] wfld{s Pstf s]jn ljrf/;Dd dfq ;Lldt lyPg . To;sf] jf:tljs cl:tTj lyof] —
/, Tof] klg s]jn kf]ksf] /fhsLo s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf dfq geP/ ;a}eGbf a9L O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf] ¿kdf
;fdfGtL / ju{o'Qm ;Ë7g lyof] . x/]s b]zsf] nueu PsltxfO{ efu e"ldsf] :jfdL O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3
lyof] . To;sf/0f ;fdGtL ;Ë7gleq p;sf] bx|f] zlQm lyof] . ;fdGtL e":jfldTjdfly cfwfl/t Tof]
O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3 g} a]Unfa]Un} b]zx¿aLrsf] jf:tljs s8L lyof] . O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf] ;fdGtL
;Ë7gn] ;fG;fl/s ;fdGtL /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ wfld{s¿kaf6 kljq agfOlbGYof] . To;afx]s kfb/Lx¿sf]
ju{ g} Psdfq lzlIft ju{ lyof] . ctM O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf] cGwdt g} ;Dk"0f{ lrGtgsf] ;|f]t / cfwf/
x'g' :jfefljs lyof] . Gofozf:q, k|fs[lts lj1fg, bz{g, x/]s rLhnfO{ To;sf] ljifoj:t' O;fO{ wfld{s
;+3sf l;4fGtx¿l;t ldNg] jf gldNg] s'/fsf] Pp6} s;f}6Ldf hf“lrGYof] .
t/ ;fDojfbsf] ue{df k" “hLklt ju{sf] zlQm a9\b}uO/x]sf] lyof] . 7"n–7"nf hdLgbf/ ju{sf]
ck]Iff Pp6f gof“ ju{ pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . pŒkfbgsf] ;fdGtL k4ltsf] d"n cfwf/ s] lyof] eg]
pkhnfO{ Pp6f ;Lldt 3]/fleq, s]xL pŒkfbsx¿åf/f Pj+ s]xL ;fdGtL :jfdLx¿åf/f pkof]u ul/GYof] .
t/ zx/sf sf/f]af/] -au{/_x¿ d'VotM dfnsf pŒkfbs / Jofkf/L x'Gy] . pgLx¿n] s]jn ToxL dfq
sfd ub{y] . Sofyf]lnsjfbL ljZjb[li6sf]0fsf] lgdf{0f ;fdGtjfbsf] cfwf/df ePsf] lyof] . Tof] ;a} s'/f
ToxL gof“ ju{ tyf pŒkfbg / ljlgdosf To;sf kl/l:yltsf nflu ckof{Kt x'Gy] . To;sf afjh"b
w]/}lbg;Dd Tof] gof“ ju{ ;j{zlQmdfg wd{zf:qsf l;qmLx¿df hsl8O/x]sf] lyof] . !# cf} + b]lv !& cf} +
zbL;Dd hlt klg wfld{s ;'wf/ cfGbf]ngx¿ ePsf 5g\ tyf tLl;t ;DalGwt wfld{s gf/f cGt/ut
hlt klg ;+3if{x¿ rnfOPsf 5g\, tL ;f/fsf ;f/f ;}4flGts¿kaf6 zxsf k" “hLkltx¿, ;fwf/0f
hg;d'bfo / tL b'j}sf] ;Dks{af6 ljb|f]xL eP/ p7\g] ls;fgx¿åf/f af/Daf/ ul/g] k|oTgx¿afx]s s]xL
lyPgg\ . tLåf/f k'/fgf wd{zf:qLo ljZjb[li6sf]0fnfO{ pgLx¿n] kl/jlt{t cfly{s kl/l:yltx¿ / gof“
ju{sf] hLjg cg's"n agfOlbg rfxGy] . t/ To;f] ug{ ;lsPsf] lyPg . Oª\NofG8df wd{sf] em08f
clGtdk6s !& cf} + zbLdf kmx/fOPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 d'ZsLn]n] %) jif{ ljt]sf] lyof] xf]nf, k|mfG;df
Tof] gof“ ljZjb[li6sf]0fsf] k|ToIf¿kdf pbo x'g k'Uof] . Tof] k" “hklt ju{sf] zf:qLo -cfbz{_ b[li6sf]0f
lyof] . Tof] Gofozf:qLo ljZjb[li6sf]0f lyof] .
Tof] jf:tjdf wd{zf:qLo b[li6sf]0fsf] u}/–wfld{sLs/0f -cnf}sLs/0f_ lyof] . cGwelQm / b}jL
clwsf/sf] :yfg dfgjLo clwsf/n] lnPsf] lyof] . O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf] 7fp“ /fHo;Qfn] lnof] . cfly{s
/ ;fdflhs kl/l:yltnfO{ klxn] lsg O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3 tyf To;sf wfld{s l;4fGtx¿åf/f /lrPsf]
dflgGYof] eg] ltgnfO{ O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3n] dfGotf lbPsf] lyof] . ltgnfO{ ca /fHo;Qfåf/f /lrPsf /
clwsf/df cfwfl/t 7fGg yflnPsf] lyof] . dfnsf] ljlgdo ;fdflhs :t/df x'g yfNgfn] ljz]if u/]/
k]ZsL / C0fsf] dfWodaf6 Tof] Joj:yf k"0f{¿kaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] x'gfn] ;fdfGo¿kaf6 nfu" x'g];Sg]
lgod agfOg'kg] { dfu x'G5 lsgeg] To;af6 hl6n kf/:kl/s Jofkfl/s cg'aGwgsf ;DaGwx¿ pTkGg
x'G5g\ . clg, To; vfnsf lgodx¿ — cyf{t clwsf/;DaGwL /fHoaf6 lgwf{l/t ul/Psf dfkb08x¿
— sf] :yfkgf s]jn ;d'bfon] dfq ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] clwsf/;DaGwL tL dfkb08x¿sf] pTklQ cfly{s

jf:tljstfsf] ue{af6 ePsf] geP/ /fHo ;QFn] cf}krfl/s9Ëaf6 ul/lbPsf] 5 /, sfg"gsf cufl8
;a}sf] ;dfgtfsf] gf/f k" “hLklt ju{sf] ;+3if{sf] d'Vo gf/f aGgk'Uof] lsgeg] dfnsf :jtGq
pŒkfbsx¿sf] sf/f]af/sf] d"ne"t :j¿k — k|lt:kwf{ — ;a}nfO{ a/fa/ ug] { ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tTj xf] .
ctM ;fdGtL :jfdLx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug] { lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf lj?4 Tof] gof“ dxŒjfsf+IfL ju{sf]
;+3if{ x/]s ju{–;+3if{em} + /fHo;Qf sAhf ug] { ;+3if{, /fhg}lts ;+3if{ g} x'g ;Sg] x'gfn] tyf Tof] Goflos
dfux¿sf cfwf/df g} n8\g ;lsg] x'gfn] ;d]t klg Gofozf:qLo b[li6sf]0fnfO{ an ldn]sf] lyof] .
t/ k" “hLklt ju{n] cf gf] lj/f]wL k|ltd"lt{ pTkGg u/]sf] 5, p;n] ju{nfO{ hGd lbPsf] 5 .
To;sf sf/0fn] k" “hLklt ju{n] /fHo;Qfdfly cf gf] k"0f{ ;kmntf xfl;n ug'{eGbf
klxn] g} gof“
ju{;+3if{ ;'? eO;s]sf] lyof] . h;/L ;fdGtL clehftsf lj?4 n8fO“ ug] {a]nf, k/Dk/fsf] k|efjjz
s]xLa]/;Dd k" “hklt ju{l;t n8\gsf nflu p;}leq c:qx¿sf] vf]lhu/]sf] lyof] . ;j{xf/f ju{sf] kf6L{ /
To;sf ;}4flGts k|ltlglwx¿sf k|f/lDes dfGotfx¿ k"0f{tM æclwsf/sfÆ Gofozf:qLo
æcfwf/lznfÆdfly cjl:yt lyP — km/s slt dfq lyof] eg] pgLx¿n] cf gf] nflu agfPsf]
æclwsf/Æsf] cfwf/ k" “hLklt ju{sf] clwsf/sf] cfwf/eGbf a]Un} lyof] . Psflt/, ;dfgtfsf] dfu
cufl8 a9fp“b} pgLx¿n] s] eg]sf lyP eg] clwsf/;DaGwL ;dfgtf k"0f{tM Tolta]nf dfq sfod
x'g;Sb5, hlta]nf ;fdflhs ;dfgtf :yflkt ul/G5, csf{lt/, P8d l:dysf] ;d:t wg–;Dkbfsf]
;|f]t >d t xf] t/ >dsf] k}bfjf/df hdLgbf/ / k" “hLklt ju{nfO{ klg efu ldNg'kb{5 eGg] :yfkgfsf
cfwf/df pgLx¿n] Tof] efuj08f cGofok"0f{ ePsf] 5 /, To;nfO{ ls t Psbd} vtd ul/lbg'kb{5 ls
dhb"/ ju{sf] kIfdf ablnlbg'kb{5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf lyP . t/ Tof] k|ZgnfO{ s]jn …clwsf/sf]Æ
dfq Gofozf:qLo …cfwf/lznfÆsf] ;xf/fdf 5f]l8lb+bf tL k" “hLklt ju{sf] k" “hLjfbL pŒkfbg k4ltn],
cyf{t\ 7"nf] :t/sf pBf]uwGwfdfly cfwfl/t pŒkfbg k4ltn] pTkGg u/]sf] clxtsf/ kl/l:ylt d]6\gsf
nflu slQ klg k|s/fsf] ;xof]u ldnb}gYof] . Tof] s'/fsf] cg'e"ltsf] sf/0f g} ;a}eGbf k|ltefzfnL
k|f/lDes ;dfhjfbLx¿, cyf{t\ ;]G6 ;fOdg, km'l/o] / /f]a6{ cf]j]gn] Gofozf:qLo /fhg}lts IF]qnfO{
k"0f{tM kl/Tofu ul/lbPsf lyP tyf ;a}k|sf/sf /fhg}lts ;+3if{x¿ lg/y{s x'g\ eg]/ 3f]lift u/]sf lyP
.
cfly{s kl/l:yltn] dhb"/ ju{leq huflbPsf] d'lQmsf] efjgfnfO{ /fd|/L JoQm ug] { / k"0f{¿kaf6
c“ufNg] b[li6sf]0faf6 tL b'j}y/L b[li6sf]0f ;dfg¿kn] ;Gtf]ifk|b lyPgg\ . >dsf ;Dk"0f{ pkh /
;dfgtfsf] dfunfO{ hlta]nf Goflos9Ëaf6 ;lj:tf/ k|:t't ul/Psf] ] lyof], Tolta]n} c;fWo
cGt/lj/f]wx¿sf] e'd/Ldf pgLx¿ ljnfP / d"n ;d:of — pŒkfbg k4ltnfO{ abNg] ;d:of — nueu
c5"tf] g} /lx/x\of] . dxfg\ sNkgfjfbLx¿åf/f /fhg}lts ;+3if{nfO{ ;d]t ltnf~hnL lbg' eg]sf] To;sf]
-/fhgLltsf]_ ;“u;“u} ju{–;+3if{nfO{ ;d]t, cyf{t\ cfkm"n] k|ltlglwTj ug] { ju{sf lxtx¿nfO{ ;d]t
ltnf~hnL lbg' lyof] . b'j}b[li6sf]0fx¿n] pgLx¿ pTklQ ePsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldk|lt cf“vf lrlDnGy] .
b'j}n] g} efjgfx¿nfO{ — s]xL Gofosf] efjgf / c¿ s]xL dfgjtfsf] efjgf b'j}nfO{ — ckLn ub{y] .
b'j}n] cf–cf gf dfux¿nfO{ slt kljq sfdgfx¿sf] ¿kdf k|:t't ub{y] eg] !))) jif{klxn] jf
!))) jif{kl5 k"/f ug'{sf]
;f6f] tTsfn k"/f ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf k/]sf] lsg lyof] eg]/ pgLx¿sf
ljifodf eGg ;lsGgYof] .
;fdGtL pŒkfbg k|0ffnL k" “hLjfbL pŒkfbg k|0ffnLdf ablng'sf] sf/0fn] dhb"/ pŒkfbgsf
;fwgx¿sf] :jfldTjaf6 Psbd} al~rt xg'k''u]sf]
5 . k" “hLjfbL pŒkfbg k4ltsf] hf“tf]df lkl;P/ pm
lg/Gt/ / w]/}eGbf w]/} dfqfdf ;Gtfg–b/;Gtfg ;DklQljxLg cj:yfdf k'Ub}uO/x]sf] 5 . dhb"/ ju{sf]
hLjgsf jf:tljs kl/l:yltx¿nfO{ k" “hLklt ju{sf] Goflos kmGbfleqaf6 k"0f{tM slxNo} JoQm ug{
;lsGg . hLjgsf tL kl/l:yltx¿nfO{ :jo+ p;n] ;d]t klg k"0f{tM Tolta]nf dfq a'em\b5, hlta]nf
p;n] sfg"gL d;Laf6 /lËPsf rZdfljgf rLhx¿nfO{ h:tfsf] To:t} — jf:tljs — ¿kdf x]b{5 . t/
dfS;{n] Oltxf;sf] cf gf] ef}ltsjfbL cjwf/0ffåf/f p;nfO{ To:t} ug{ d2t ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . s'g
s'/fsf] k|df0f k|:t't u/]/ pxf“n] To;f] ug'{ePsf]
lyof] eg] pxf“n] cGttM Goflos, /fhg}lts, bfz{lgs
wfld{s / dflg;sf c¿ wf/0ffx¿ p;sf] hLjgsf cfly{s kl/l:yltx¿af6, pŒkfbg / ljlgodsf]
t/Lsfaf6 pTkGg x'G5g\ . To;}u/L pxf“n] To:tf] ljZjb[li6sf] k|:t't ug'{ ;j{xf/f ju{sf hLjg /

;+3if{sf kl/l:yltx¿sf] cg'¿k lyof] . dhb"/x¿sf] dgdl:tisdf e|d gx'g' pm ;DklQljxLg x'g]
s'/fsf] Psbd} cg'¿k lyof] . /, of] ;j{xf/f ljZjb[li6sf]0f ca ;f/f ;G;f/df km}ln+b}5 .
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
AnfsnfO{ n]lvPsf] PË]N;sf] kq
nG8g @!
;]K6]Da/ @, !*()
lk|o dxf]bo,
tkfO{ +sf] # tf=sf] kq d}n] kmf]s:6f]gdf kfPsf] lyP“ t/ Toxf“ d;“u Tof] k':ts gePsf] x'gfn]
d}n] pQ/ lbg ;s]sf] lyOg . !@ tf=sf lbg d 3/ kmls{ +bf d]/f] lglDt slt w]/} cTofjZos sfd /x]sf]
lyof] eg] cfheGbf klxn] tkfO{ +nfO{ s]xL klª\Qm n]Vg klg d}n] km';{t kfpg ;s]sf] lyOg . s[kof, d]/f]
of] afWotf :jLsf/ ug'{xf];\
/ l9nf]u/]/ kq n] ]v]sf]df Ifdf lbg'xf];\
!= ;jeGbfklxn] æpTklQÆsf] k[i7 !( af6 tkfO{ +n] s] lgisif{ lgsfNg'ePsf] 5 eg] k'gn'cf
kl/jf/sf] ljsf;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ clt dGb ultn] sfd u/]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5, To;af6 xjfO{df Toxf“sf]
/fhkl/jf/leq bfg'efOx¿ / -pxL cfdfaf6 hlGdPsf_ lbbL–alxgLx¿aLr oxL ztfAbL;Dd klg
laxfjf/L x'g]u/]sf] h:tf] nfUb5 . bfh'efO / lbbLalxgLaLr x'g] ljjfxsf pbfx/0f k"/} k|frLg sfndf
xfdL kfp“5f} + . pbfx/0fsf nflu 6f]nldof“x¿ -ld>sf o"gfgL ;d|f6x¿_ sxf“ To:t} x'GYof] . t/ csf] {
s'/f s] xf] eg] pxL cfdfaf6 hlGdPsf bfh'efO / lbbLalxgL tyf pxL afa'af6 hlGdPsf bfh'efO /
lbbLalxgLsf aLrdf km/s ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf 5 . bfh'efO, lbbLalxgL zAbx¿sf] pTklQ ue{ zAbaf6
ePsf] 5 . /, To;sf/0f df}lns¿kaf6 pgLx¿sf] ;DaGw s]jn cfdftkm{sf bfh'efO / lbbLalxgL;t
x'G5 . dft[;Qfsf] ;dob]lv g} afa' a]Unfa]Un} lsg gxf]pmg\, pxL cfdfsf ;Gtfgx¿n] Pp6} afa' t/
a]Unfa]Un} cfdfsf ;Gtfgx¿eGbf w]/} ghLssf] ;DaGw /fVb5g\ eGg] efjgf w]/} lbg;Dd /lx/x]sf] 5 .
kl/jf/sf] k'gn'jf ¿kn] vfln pxL cfdfsf ;Gtfgx¿aLrsf] ljjfxnfO{ alh{t ub{5 eg] Pp6} afa'sf
t/ a]Unfa]Un} cfdfx¿af6 hlGdPsf ;Gtfgx¿aLrsf] ljjfxnfO{ slxNo} klg /f]Sb}g . Tof] wf/0ffg';f/
t To:tf ;Gtfgx¿nfO{ gftf;DaGwL klg dflg+b}g -lsgls dft[;QfTds clwsf/sf] af]njfnf 5_ .
hxf“;Dd dnfO{ yfx 5, o"gfgsf] k|frLg Oltxf;df bfh'efO / bfh'alxgLx¿aLr x'g] ljjfxsf
pbfx/0fx¿ xfdL kfp“5f} + . tL ltgL JolQmx¿;Dd ;Lldt 5, h;sf cfdfx¿ a]Unfa]Un} 5g\ jf k'gM
To:tf JolQmx¿sf ljjfxsf pbfx/0f e]l6G5g\, h;sf af/df] tL a]Unfa]Un} cfdfsf ;Gtfg lyP eGg]
s'/f kQf nufOPsf] lyPg . To:tf] l:yltdf pgLx¿ cfdfx¿ 5'§f5'§} lyP eGg' c;Dej 5 . ctM
To;k|sf/sf] ljxfjf/L kg'n'cfO{ /Llt l/jfhsf] lj?4 Psbd} 5}g . tkfO{ +n] s'g tYok|lt Wofg lbg' ePg
eg] k'gn'cf tyf o"gfgsf] Ps kTgL k|yfaLr ;dfhn] dft[;QfTds -dft[k|wfg_ k|yfaf6 5nfª df/]/
lkt[;QfTds -lkt[k|wfg_ k|yf k'u]sf] lyof] . To;sf] sf/0faf6 kl/l:ylt Hofb} ablngk'u]sf] lyof] .
jfv:d'ysf] Hellenische Alterthumer sfg';f/ jL//; k|wfg o"gfgL sfndf æljjfx ug] {
JolQmx¿aLr dftflktf / s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] ;DaGwnfO{ 5f]8]/ cGo s'g} klg vfnsf] ghLssf]
gftf;DaGwsf ljifodf s'g} 6G6f e]l6Gg .Æ -qmL6fdf k"/} lbbLalxgLl;t ljx] ug'{
cg'lrt dflgGYof]
.ÆcGtdf v08 !) sf], :6« \ofjx¿sf] s'/f u/f} + . To;a]nf d}n] Tof] c+z kfPsf] lyOg . lsgls To;
k':tsnfO{ cWofox¿df ljeQm ul/Psf] 5}g t/ hlta]nf;Dd To;s'/fsf] ljk/Lt s'g} k|df0f e]l6Gg,
Tolta]nf;Dd d}n] k"/} lbbLalxgL eg]sf] afa'sf] gftfaf6 x'g] lbbLalxgL g} 7fGb5' .
-@_ tkfO{ +n] eGbfklxn] d}n] d'Vo egfOnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;+zf]lwt ug{ rfxG5' M
Oltxf;sf] ef}ltsjfbL wf/0ffg';f/ jf:tljs hLjgsf] pŒkfbg / k'g?Tkfbg g} cGttM Oltxf;sf]
lg0ff{os tTj x'G5 . To;eGbf a9L g t dfS;{n] g d}n] g} slxNo} eg]sf 5f} + . ctM olb s;}n] To;nfO{
tf]8df]8 u/]/ PSnf] cfly{s tTj g} lg0f{os x'G5 eg]/ eGb5 eg] pQm k|:yfkgfnfO{ p;n] cy{xLg /
xjfO{ asjf;df ablnlbG5 . cfly{s kl/l:ylt cfwf/ x'G5 t/ pk/L 9f“rfsf ljleGg tTjx¿n] klg
P]ltxfl;s ;+3if{sf] qmddf k|efj kfb{5g\, s}of} +k6s t ltgn] To;sf] :j¿knfO{ lglZrt ug{sf nflu
k|d'v e"ldsf ;d]t v]Nb5g\ . tL tTj x'g\ M ju{– ;+3if{sf /fhg}lts :j¿kx¿ / ltgsf kl/0ffdx¿,
cyf{t\ ;kmn n8fO“, cflb kl5 ljhoL ju{åf/f :yflkt ul/Psf ljwfg / Goflos -sfg"gL_ ¿k .

slt;dd eg] tL ;f/f jf:tljs ;+3if{df efu efu lng] dgdl:tisx¿df tL ;+3if{sf k|ltljDax¿
tyf /fhg}lts, Gofozf:qLo Pj+ bfz{lgs l;4fGt, wfld{s ljrf/ tyf cGwljZjf;sf ¿kdf ePsf]
pgLx¿sf] ljsf;n] klg P]ltxfl;s ;+3if{sf] qmddf cf gf] k|efj kfb{5g\ tyf Tof] :j¿knfO{ lglZrt
ug{ w]/} k6s k|d'v e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ . oL ;f/f ttjx¿sf] Pscsf] {dfly lqmof–k|ltlqmof eO/xG5 .
To;df b'3{6gfx¿sf] ckf/ eL8aLr -cyf{t\ h;sf] cfGtl/s kf/:kl/s ;DaGw k|dfl0ft ug{ c;Dej
x'g]u/L k/} /x]sf] x'G5, cyjf xfdL h;nfO{ cl:tTjxLg, gu0o;Dd 7fGg k'Ub5f} + To:tf rLhx¿ /
36gfx¿sf] eL8aLr_ cGtdf cfly{s lqmof ckl/xfo{¿kdf cufl8 cfp“5 . xf], of] l;4fGtnfO{
Oltxf;sf] s'g}klg sfndf nfu" ug'{
Pp6f 3ftsf] s'g} ;/n ;dLs/0fnfO{ xn ug'{eGbf
klg a9L
;lhnf] x'g]5 .
xfdL cf gf] Oltxf; :jo+ lgdf{0f ub{5f} + . t/ ;j{k|yd xfdL cToGt lglZrt dfGotfx¿ /
kl/l:ylt cGt/ut ub{5f} + . To;df cfly{s dfGotfx¿ / kl/l:yltx¿ cGttM lg0ff{os x'G5g\ . t/
/fhg}lts dfGotfx¿ / wf/0ffx¿ cflb tyf jf:tjdf dflg;sf] dl:tisdf hd]/ /x]sf k/Dk/fx¿
;d]tn] To;df e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ — oBlk ltgsf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os x'“b}g
. k|lzofoL /fHosf] pbo /
ljsf; klg P]ltxfl;s, cGttM cfly{s sf/0faf6 ePsf] lyof] . t/ yf]qf] ljBf8Da/sf] ;xf/f glnO{sg
s] s'/f d'ZsLn}n] eGg ;lsG5 eg] c¿ tTjx¿nfO{ 5f]8]/ -vf;¿kaf6 k|zfsf] :jfldTjsf] sf/0f
kf]NofG8;“u To;sf] pNemg / To;sf] sf/0fn] cli6«ofoL /fhj+zsf] :yfkgfdf lg0f{os e"ldsf v]Ng]
cGt//fli6«o /fhg}lts ;DaGwx¿l;tsf] To;sf] pNemgnfO{ 5f]8]/_ vfln cfly{s clgjfo{tfn] s] s'/f
to u/]sf] lyof] eg] pQ/ / blIf0faLrsf] cfly{s, efiff;DaGwL / — wd{;'wf/ cfGbf]ngkl5 — h'g
wfld{s leGgtf pTkGg ePsf] lyof], ltgnfO{ cf gf] cGt/ut ;dfj]z u/]/ p=hd{gLsf y'k} | ;–;fgf
/fHox¿dWo], ljz]if u/]/ a| ]G8g ju{sf] /fHo Toxf“ dxfg\ zlQm agf];\ . cfkm"nfO{ xf:of:kb gagfO{sg
cy{zf:qsf] dfWoaf6 hd{gLsf] k'/fgf] / jt{dfg k|To]s ;fgf] /fHo lsg cl:tTjdf cfPsf] lyof] eGg]
s'/f atfpg' d'ZsLn x'g]5 . To;}u/L To;sf] dfWodaf6 s] atfpg' klg d'ZsLn x'g]5 eg] pRr hd{g
efiffsf ultzLn kl/jt{gx¿sf] pTklQ s;/L ePsf] lyof], h;n] ef}uf]lns ljefhgnfO{ km/flsnf]
agfOlbPsf] lyof] tyf h'g ;'6Lo kj{tdfnfb]lv lnP/ 6fg;;Dd km}lnPsf hd{gLsf] Pp6f 5]p“b]lv
csf] { 5]p“;Dd lglZrt¿kn] kmf6f] k} bf ug] { kj{tx¿sf] sf/0f klxn]b]lv df}h"b lyof] <
låtLo, clGtd kl/0ffd lgl:sg] Oltxf;sf] lgdf{0f s;/L x'G5 < Tof] xd]zf y'k} | j}olQms
OR5fx¿sf] ;+3if{sf] kmn x'G5 / To;dWo] x/]s OR5f :jo+ klg s]xLgs]xL x'G5, Tof] hLjgsf gfgf
k|sf/sf ljlzi6 kl/l:yltx¿sf] sf/0f g} x'G5 . To;/L Ps csf] {nfO{ sf6\g] cgluGtL zlQmx¿ x'G5g\ .
zlQmx¿sf] ;dfgfGt/ rt'e{hsf cgGt >[ª\vnfx¿ x'G5g\ tyf P]ltxfl;s 36gf elgg] kl/0ffd
tLleqaf6 lgSnG5 . :jo+ To;nfO{ klg cr]tg¿kaf6 / s'g} OR5f zlQmljgf sfd ug] { zlQmsf] ¿kdf
b]Vg ;lsG5 . x/]s j}olQms OR5fsf] dfu{df x/]s csf] { JolQmn] ca/f]w k}bf ub{5 tyf h'g rLh
cGtdf cufl8 cfp“5, Tof] To:tf] rLh x'G5, h;sf] s;}n] klg OR5f u/]sf] lyPg . To;}u/L clxn];Dd
Oltxf; k|fs[lts k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf rNb}cfPsf] 5 / d"ntM Tof] k|fs[lts k|lqmofsf] ultsf lgodx¿s}
cwLg:y g} /x]sf] 5 . t/ JolQmx¿sf OR5fx¿dWo] x/]s JolQmn] ToxL rfxG5, h;nfO{ rfxgf ug{sf
nflu p;sf] ef}lts z/L/–/rgf / afx\o / cGttM cfly{s kl/l:yltx¿ -jf pm :jo+sf lghL
kl/l:yltx¿ jf cfd ;dfhsf kl/l:yltx¿_ n] p;nfO{ afWo agfp“5g\ — h'g j:t'nfO{ rfxG5g\ 7Ls
ToxL j:t' kfpg ;Sb}gg\ a? pgLx¿ ;+o'Qm cf};t s'/fdf cfd ;+o'Qm kl/0ffddf ljnLg x'g k'Ub5g\ —
tL OR5fx¿ z"Go a/fa/ x'g\ eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNg'x'“b}g
. To;sf] ljk/Lt clGtd kl/0ffddf tLdWo]
x/]ssf] of]ubfg x'G5 tyf Tof] xb;Dd pm Tof] kl/0ffddf ;fd]n x'G5 .
d tkfO{ +x¿;dIf s] cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' eg] Tof] l;4fGtsf] cWoog tkfO{ + To;sf d"n ;|f]tx¿sf]
cfwf/df ug'{xf];\,
t/ otfptfsf c¿x¿af6 k|fKt ;fwgx¿sf] cfwf/df gug'{xf];\
. To;f] ug'{ jf:tjdf
w]/} ;lhnf] x'G5 . dfS;{n] zfob} To;vfnsf] s'g} rLh n]Vg'ePsf] xf]nf, h;df of] l;4fGtsf] s'/f
g/x]sf] xf];\ t/ To;sf] k|of]usf] Ps cToGt pTs[i6 pbfx/0f n'O{ af]gfkf6{sf] !* cf} + a| 'd]/df vf; u/]/
b]Vg kfOG5 . /, k" “hLdf ;d]t y'k} | 7fp“df pNn]v ePsf] 5 . cGtdf tkfO{ +sf] Wofg d}n] cf gf
/rgfx¿ M lj1fgdf >L o'h]g 8\o'x\l/ªsf] qmflGt, n'8lju kmfo/jfv / zf:qLo hd{g bz{gsf] cGtkl§

cfslif{t ug{ rfxG5' . ltgdf d}n] P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf] ljj/0f cToGt lj:t[t¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5'
. hxf“;Dd dnfO{ yfx 5, To;eGbf a9L lj:t[t ljj/0f cGoq sxL+ kfOGg .
gof“ JolQmx¿n] slxn]sfxL+ o; l;4fGtsf] cfly{s kIfdfly cfjZostfeGbf a9L hf]8 lbg] u/]sf]
s'/fsf nflu cf+lz¿kaf6 dfS;{ / d :jo+ lhDd]jf/ 5f} + . o; s'/fnfO{ Psbd} c:jLsf/ ug] { cf gf
lj/f]wLx¿sf] v08g ug{sf nflu d'Vo l;4fGtdfly xfdLx¿n] w]/} hf]8 lbg'k/]sf] lyof] . /, cGof]Go
lqmofdf /xg] c¿ tTjx¿sf] JofVof ug{ / ltgnfO{ ;d'lrt :yfg lbgsf nflu g t xfdLx¿;“u ;do
lyof], g 7fp“ / df}sf lyof] . t/ hlxn] klg Oltxf;sf] s'g} c+z k|:t't ug] { cyf{t\, o; l;4fGtnfO{
Jojxfl/s¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug] { k|Zg p7\bYof], Tolta]nfb]lv cs} { s'/f x'GYof] tyf To;df s'g},k|sf/sf]
uNtL ug{ ;lsGgYof] . tfklg b'ef{Uojz, w]/}h;f] cj;/ s:tf] kfOG5 eg] dflg;n] h;} s'g} gof“
l;4fGtsf d'Vo cjwf/0ffx¿ a'em\b5g\ — / Tof] klg w;} + Psbd} ;xL–;xL9Ën] xf]Og — pltv]/}
pgLx¿ s] ;f] +Rg yfNb5g\, Tolta]nf To;nfO{ cfkm"n] k"0f{tM cfTd;ft u/]sf] / s'g} sl7gfO{ljgf
To;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;s]sf] ;f] +Rg yfNb5g\ Tof] bf]ifaf6 d clxn]sf y'k} | ædfS;{jfbLx¿ÆnfO{ ;d]t
d'Qm ug{ ;lSbg lsgeg] To;af/] pgLx¿n] klg Hofb} cgf}7fvfnsf l3;]lk6] s'/fx¿ n]v]sf 5g\ .
lxhf] -oxf“ d}n] @@ ;]K6]Da/nfO{ n]lv/x]sf] 5' _ ;'d]gsf] k':ts Griechische Alterthumer
df d}n] Pp6f Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ c+z e]6fP“ . d}n] dfly k|:t't u/]sf] JofVofnfO{ To;n] k"0f{tM k'li6 ub{5 .
Tof] c+z o;k|sf/ 5 M æt/ s] s'/f yfx 5 eg] k|frLg o"gfgdf a]Unfa]Un} cfdfx¿sf ;Gtfgx¿ —
;f}t]nf bfh'efO / ;f}t]nf lbbLalxgLx¿aLr x'g] ljjfxnfO{ ;uf]qL ljjfx jf xf8gftf–;Def]u
dflgb}gYof] .Æ
d}n] s] cfzf ub{5' eg] ;ª\If]kdf s'/f ug] { p2]Zoaf6 aLraLrdf h]–hlt rLhx¿ d}n] yk]sf] 5',
To;sf] sf/0fn] tkfO{ +nfO{ w]/} x}/fgL x'g]5}g
ejbLo
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
k|m8l/s PË]N;
>L l:dtnfO{ PË]N;sf] kq
nG8g
c:6f]a/ @&, !*()
d}n] s]xL km';{t kfpg]lalQs} tkfO{ +sf] pQ/ lbg a;]sf] 5' . Ho"/Lrsf] gf]s/L tkfO{ +n] cjZo
:jLsf/ ug'{kb{5
. Toxf“ cy{zf:qsf] ;DaGwdf ;w} + tkfO{ +n] w/} s'/f l;Sg ;Sg'x'g]5, ljz]if u/]/ tkfO{ +n]
s'g s'/fsf] Vofn /fVg'g] {5 eg] Ho"/Lr d'b|f / ;§fk§f ug] { s'/f cflv/ t];|f] >]0fLsf] g} Jofkf/ xf] .
To;sf] sf/0fn] Toxf“ kg] { c;/ bf];|f] jf t];|f] >]0fLsf] x'g'sf] sf/0f sdhf]/ x'G5, cyjf k'gM hfgL a'emL
ljs[t kfl/G5 . t/ tkfO{+nfO{ To; k|lqmofsf] Jojxfl/s 1fg k|fKt x'g]5 tyf nG8g, Go"of]s{, k]l/;,
aln{g / leogfaf6 cfpg] ;§fahf/;DaGwL d"n k|ltj]bgsf] cg's/0f ug{sf nflu tkfO{ + afWo x'g'x'g]5,
To;}u/L d'b|f / ;]o/ ahf/sf] k|jt{ssf] ¿kdf ljZj ahf/sf] lrqklg tkfO{ +;dIf :ki6 x'g]5 . cfly{s,
/fhg}lts tyf cGo k|sf/sf k|ltljDax¿sf] ¿k To:t} x'g]5, h:tf] ¿k dflg;sf cf“vfdf aGg]
k|ltljDasf] x'G5 M tL ;3g n]G;leqaf6 u'lh|g'kb{5 /, To;/L tL pN6f] cyf{t\ cf gf] 6fpsfsf] andf
v8f ePsf b]lvG5g\ . tlGqsf tGqsf] sdhf]/L x'G5, Tof] xfd|f cufl8 ltgnfO{ pgLx¿sf v'§fdf k'gM
;Lwf v8f ug] { sdhf]/L x'G5 . d'b|f ahf/sf] JolQmnfO{ pBf]uwGwf tyf ljZjahf/sf] ult d'b|f /
;]o/ahf/sf] s]jn pN6f] k|ltljDadf dfq b]lvG5 /, To;sf/0f sfo{ To;sf] sf/0f aGg k'Ub5 . Tof]
rLh w]/}klxn] kf“rf} + bzsdf g} dfgr]:6/df d}n] cg'ej u/]sf] lyof] . pBf]uwGwfsf lqmofsnfk /
To;sf cfjlws clwstd / Go"gtd ljGb'x¿nfO{ a'em\g] b[li6sf]0faf6 nG8gsf] ;]o/ahf/af6 cfpg]
l/kf]6{ Psbd} a]sf/ x'GYof] lsgeg] To;nfO{ k7fpg] ;Hhgn] x/]s rLhnfO{ s]jn d'b|f ahf/sf
;+s6x¿dfly yf]kg{ sf]lzz ub{y] . pgLx¿n] s] a'em\b}gy] eg] d'b|f ahf/sf tL ;+s6x¿ :jo+
cfd¿kaf6 vfln cs} { rLhsf nIf0f dfq lyP . Tolta]nf d'Vo sfd s'g rLhnfO{ unt ;fljt ug'{
lyof] eg] cf}Bf]lus ;ª\s6sf] sf/0f c:yfoL clt–pŒkfbg x'G5 . To;sf] sf/0fn] tf]8df]8 ug]{
sfdnfO{ hf]8 lbg] s'/fsf] k|j[lQ ;fWg] kIf klg x'GYof] . clxn] To; sfdsf] — slDtdf xfd|f] nflu —

;w} +sf nflu dxŒj vtd x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . To;afx]s d'b|f ahf/sf:jo+ cf g} ;+s6 klg x'g ;Sb5g\
eGg] s'/f jf:tjdf ;xL xf] . tL ;+s6x¿df pBf]uwGwfsf k|ToIf u8a8Lsf] s]jn uf}0f e"ldsf dfq
x'G5, cyjf s'g} klg e"ldsf x'“b}g
. To; If]qdf ljz]if u/]/ ljut @) jif{sf] Oltxf;sf] l;nl;nfdf
clxn];Dd w]/} k|dfl0ft ug'{
/ hf“ra'em ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf 5 .
hxf“ ;fdflhs:t/df >dljefhg x'G5, Toxf“ >dsf a]Unfa]Un} lqmofx¿ Ps csf] {af6 :jtGq x'g
k'Ub5g\ . cGttM lg0ff{os tTj pŒkfbg g} x'G5 t/ pTkflbt dfnsf] Jofkf/ hlta]nf pŒkfbgaf6
:jtGq x'G5, Tolta]nf Tof] :jo+ cf gf] a]Un} dfu{df rNg yfNb5 . To;sf] Tof] ult oBlk b]Vbfv]l/
cem} klg k"0f{tM pŒkfbgsf] ultaf6 lgolGqt x'G5 tfklg vf;–vf; s'/fx¿df /, To; cfTdlge{/tf
cGt/ut /x]/ Tof] gof“ tTjn] :jo+ cf gf] k|s[ltdf cGt/lglxt lgodx¿sf] cg'z/0f ub{5 . Tof]
ultsf :jo+ cf g} cj:yfx¿ x'G5g\ / Tof] :jo+n] klg pŒkfbgsf] ultnfO{ k|efljt ub{5 .
cd]l/sfsf] vf]hL ;"gsf] t[i0ffsf] sf/0f ePsf] lyof] . To;eGbfklxn] ToxL t[i0ffn]
k't{ufnLx¿nfO{ clk|msf hfg afWo kfl/lbPsf] lyof] . 161 To;sf] sf/0f s] lyof] eg] !$ cf} + / !% cf} +
ztfAbLx¿df o"/fksf pBf]uwGwf tyf To; cg'¿k Jofkf/sf] h'g hf]8bf/¿kdf lj:tf/} ePsf lyof],
To;sf] nflu ljlgdosf cem a9L ;fwgx¿sf] cfjZostf k}bf x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . hd{gL !$%) b]lv
!%%) ;Dd rf“bLsf] dxfg\ b]z lyof], ca To;n] cfjZostfsf] klg k"lt{ ug{ ;Sb}g . !%)) / !*))
sf] aLr k't{ufnLx¿, 8rx¿ / c+u| ]hx¿n] ef/tdfly h'g ljho u/]sf lyP, To;sf k5fl8 cfoft
k|fKt ug] { nIo lyof] — Toxf“ s'g} rLhsf] lgof{t ug] { s'/f ;kgfdf klg s;}n] ;f] +r]sf] lyPg . To;sf
afjh"b s]jn Jofkfl/s :jfy{x¿sf sf/0fn] ul/Psf tL vf]hx¿ / ;kmntfx¿sf] pBf]uwGwfdfly slt
7"nf] k|efj k/]sf] lyof] < cfw'lgs 7"nf :t/sf pBf]uwGwfx¿sf] ;[hgf / ljsf; tL b]zx¿n] lgof{t
ug'[kg]
{ cfjZostfnfO{ lnP/ g} ePsf] lyof]
d'b|f ahf/sf] ;DaGwdf klg 7Ls ToxL s'/f xf] . d'b|fdf x'g] Jofkf/ h;} dfnsf] Jofkf/af6 cnu
x'G5, Toltv]/} — pŒkfbg / dfnsf] Jofkf/åf/f lgwf{l/t kl/l:yltx¿cGt/ut tyf tL ;Ldfx¿leq —
:jo+ To;sf] ljsf; x'g yfNb5, Tof] k|s[lt tyf a]Unfa]Un} cj:yfx¿åf/f lgwf{l/t ul/Psf To;sf
ljz]if lgodx¿n] :jo+ sfd ug{ yfNb5g\ . kl5 ljsl;t eP/ d'b|f Jofkf/n] cfkm"leq C0f kqsf]
sf/f]af/ klg ;d]6\b5 / tL C0f kqdf vfln ;/sf/L kq dfq geP/ cf}BF]lus / oftfoftsf] e08f/
klg /xG5 eGg] s'/f To;df olb ylklbg] xf] eg] — /, k'gM To;sf sf/0fn] d'b|f Jofkf/n] Tof]
pŒkfbgsf] Pp6f c+zdf ;d]t cf gf] k|ToIf lgoGq0f sfod ub{5, k"0f{tM ljrf/ ubf{v]l/ To;af6
:jo+ lgolGqt x'G5 eg] pŒkfbgdfly d'b|f Jofkf/sf] k|efj cem a9L hl6n x'g k'u]sf] xfdL kfp“5f} .
d'b|f Jofkf/Lx¿ /]n, vfgL, kmnfdsf] sfvf{gf, cflbsf dflns x'G5g\ . pŒkfbgsf tL ;fwgx¿sf b'O{
¿k x'G5g\ M slxn]sfxL+ ltgLx¿sf] sfd k|ToIf pŒkfbgdf d2t k'¥ofpg' x'G5 eg] slxn]sfxL+ d'b|f
Jofkf/L ;]o/ xf]N8/x¿sf cfjZostfg';f/ ;d]t klg sfd ug'{kb{5
. To; s'/fsf] ;a}eGbf HjnGt
pbfx/0f p=cd]l/sfsf /]nx¿df b]Vg kfOG5 . tL /]nx¿sf] sfd k"0f{tM s'g} h] u'N8 jf s'g}
jfG8/ljN6 cflb ;§fahf/l;t ;DalGwt b}lgs sf/f]af/x¿df lge{/ ub{5 . ltgLx¿sf] pQm /]n /
oftfoftsf ;fwgsf ¿kdf pgLx¿sf lxtl;t ;/f]sf/ x'“b}g
. /, oxf“ Oª\NofG8df klg a]Unfa]Un} /]n
sDklgx¿aLr ;Ldf If]qnfO{ lnP/ bzsf] +;Dd n8fO“ rn]sf] xfdL b]Vb5f} + . tL n8fO“x¿ cgluGtL wg
— pŒkfbg / ;+jfxgsf] lxtdf geP/ vfln Tof] c+zsf dflns d'b|f Jofk/Lx¿aLr k/:k/df emu8f
ePsf] x'gfn] dfq ajf{b ul/Psf] ] lyof] . cfd¿kdf Tof] emu8fsf] Psdfq p2]Zo tL c+zsf wgLx¿sf]
;§f Jofk/df d2t k'¥ofpg' lyof] .
pŒkfbgsf dfnsf] Jofkf/l;t tyf tL b'j}sf] d'b|f Jofkf/l;tsf] ;DaGwsf ljifodf cf gf]
wf/0ffaf/] tL sltko ;+s]tx¿åf/f P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf ljifodf tkfO{ +sf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ d"ntM
d}n] lbO;s]sf] 5' . Tof] rLhnfO{ >dljefhgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;a}eGbf ;lhn}l;t a'em\g ;lsG5 .
;dfhleq sltko ;fdfGo sfd pTkGg x'G5g\ . tLljgf To;sf] lgsf;sf] af6f] x'g ;Sb}g . tL sfdsf]
nflu h'g JolQmx¿nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/G5, tLaf6 ;dfhleq} >dljefhgsf] gof“ zfvf sfod x'g k'Ub5 .
To;af6 pgLx¿sf sltko vf; :jfy{x¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ . tL pgLx¿sf lxtx¿eGbf a]Un} vfnsf x'G5\
. ltgn] pgLx¿nfO{ tL sfdsf] ;Qf ;'lDklbPsf lyP . tL pgLx¿af6 :jtGq x'g k'Ub5g\ /

fHo;Qfsf] hGd x'G5 clg, ca rLhx¿ 7Ls9Ën] rNg yfNb5g\, h'g9Ën] tL dfnsf] Jofkf/ /
kl5 d'b|fsf] Jofkf/sf If]qdf rNb5g\ . d'Vo¿kn] pTkfbgsf] ultsf] cg'z/0f ug{sf nflu afWo x'“bfx'“b}
klg cf gf] cGtlg{lxt ;fk]If :jtGqtfsf] sf/0fn] — cyf{t\ Psk6s To;nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ] /
lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} w]/} ljsl;t x'gk'u]sf] ;fk]lIfs :jtGqtfsf] sf/0fn] — Tof] gof“;Qfn] cfkm} klg
pŒkfbgsf kl/l:yltx¿ / pTkfgsf] qmddfly klg k|efj kfb{5 . Tof] cGof]Go -kf/:kl/s_ lqmof b'O{
c;dfg zlQmx¿aLrsf] kf/:kl/s lqmof x'G5 M Psflt/, cfly{s ult x'G5 eg] csf] {lt/, Tof] gof“;Qfn]
a9eGbf a9L :jtGqtf k|fKt ug] { k|oTg ub{5 / To;df Psk6s :yflkt eO;s]kl5 :jo+ cf g} ult
pTkGg x'G5 . k"0f{¿kdf x]g] { xf] eg] cGttM cfly{s ults} ljho x'G5 t/ Tof] klg :jo+ p;n] ;[hgf
u/]sf] /fhg}lts kl/l:yltaf6 k|efljt x'g'kg] { x'G5, h;nfO{ p;n] Psflt/ /fHo;Qfsf] ultaf6 /
csf] { {lt/, To;sf] ;“u;“u} k}bf x'g] p;sf] lj/f]waf6 ;fk]lIFs :jtGqtf ;'Dk]sf] lyof] . h;/L d'VotM
dfly atfOPsf] aGb]hcGt/ut cf}Bf]lus ahf/sf] ult d'b|f ahf/df k|ltljlDat — /, jf:tjdf
pN6f]¿kdf k|ltljlDat x''G5
— t/ To;}u/L pN6}¿kdf — k|ToIf¿kdf dfq geP/ ck|ToIf¿kdf, ju{–
;+3if{sf] ¿kdf geP/ /fhg}lts l;4fGtx¿sf] nflu ul/g] ;+3if{sf] ¿kdf k|ltljlDat x'G5 . jf:tjdf
Tof] slt ljs[t¿kdf k|ltlalDat x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ a'em\g xfdLnfO{ xhf/f} + jif{ nfu]sf] 5
cfly{s ljsf;df /fhsLo zlQmsf] k|efj tLgy/Lsf] x'g ;Sb5 M To;n] cfly{s ljsf;sf]
lbzfdf g} sfd ug{ ;Sb5 . To;f]x'“bf
ljsf;sf] ult cem w]/} tLj| x'G5 . To;n] ljsf;sf] lj/f]w ug{
;Sb5 /, cfh ef]lnsf] kl/l:yltdf x/]s ljzfn b]zdf cGttM 6'6km'6 eP/ l5GgleGg x'G5, cyjf k'gM
cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ s'g} vf; lbzfdf lgwf{l/t ug{ ;Sb5 . cGtdf To;sf] cg'dfg klg dflysf b'O{
cg'dfgx¿dWo]af6 s'g} Ps >]0fL cGt/ut cfOk'Ug]5 . t/ s] s'/f :ki6 5 eg] bf];|f] / t];|f] l:yltdf
/fhg}lts ;Qfn] cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ w]/} wSsf k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 tyf zlQm / ;fwgx¿sf] 7"nf] ajf{bLsf]
sf/0f aGg ;Sb5 .
k'gM ljho / cfly{s ;fwgx¿sf] kfzljs ljgfzsf] sf08 klg x'G5 . s'g} hdfgfdf s'g} ljz]if
kl/l:ylt cGt/ut To;åf/f ;Dk"0f{ :yfgLo cyjf /fli6«o cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ gi6 kfl/lbg ;lsGYof] .
cfhef]ln cfd¿kaf6 7"nf b]zx¿df To:tf] rLhsf] pN6} c;/ kb{5 M cGttM ljh]tfsf] ck]Iff ljlht
;Dk|bfo cfly{s, /fhg}lts / g}lts¿kaf6 k|fozM cem a9L ;'b[9 x'g k'Ub5 .
ToxL s'/f sfg"gsf] ;DaGwdf klg ;To xf] . hlta]nf k];]j/ jlsn pTkGg ug] { >dsf] gof“
ljefhg cfjZos x'G5, Tolta]nf csf] { gof“ / :jtGq If]q pTkGg x'g k'Ub5 . pŒkfbg / Jofkf/dfly
To;sf] ;f/f lge{/tfsf] afjh"b To; If]qdf c¿ If]qx¿nfO{ k|efljt ug] { ljz]if Ifdtf x'G5 . cfw'lgs
/fHodf sfg"gsf] nflu Tof] s]jn dfd"nL cfly{s kl/l:ylt cg'¿k xf];\ / cleJolQm ug'{
dfq
cfjZos geP/ Tof] cleJolQm p;sf] ¿kaf6 ;';+Ël7t xf];\ / To;af6 cf gf] cfGtl/s c;Ëltsf
sf/0fn] pm lg/y{s gxf];\ . clg, ToxL rLhnfO{ ;Dej agfpg] k|lqmofdf p;leq cfly{s
kl/l:yltx¿sf] ;xL–;xL k|ltljDa a9LeGbf a9L ifL0f x'“b}
hfG5 . Tof] cem w]/} klg lsg x'G5 eg]
sfg"gL lgod s'g} ju{sf clwkTosf Psbd v'nf, ljz'4 / k"0f{¿kdf d'ZsLn}n] slxNo} cleJoQm ub{5g\
. lsgeg] olb pgLx¿n] To;f] u/] eg] æGofosf] cjwf/0ffÆnfO{ rf]6 k'Ug]5 . g]kf]lngsf] Gofo;+lxtf -
Code of Napoleon_ df klg qmflGtsf/L k" “hLklt ju{sf] !&(@–(^ sf] Goflos, o'4, ;';+Ët wf/0ff
cg]sf} + ¿kdf b'lift x'gk'u]sf] 5 /, h'g xb;Dd Tof] p;df df}h"b 5, To;df klg ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
a9\b}uO/x]sf] zlQmsf] sf/0f /ftlbg gfgfk|sf/sf kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . ltgaf6 Tof] wf/0ff emg\ w]/} IfL0f
x'“b}
hfG5 . t/ To;sf] sf/0faf6 g]kf]lnogsf] Gofo;+lxtf ljwfgsf] Pp6f k':ts aGbf s'g} km/s kb} {g
. To;n] ;G;f/sf] x/]s s'gfdf Toxf“sf] x/]s gof“ Gofo ;+lxtfsf] nflu d"n cfwf/sf] cfd lbG5 .
To;/L w]/} xb;Dd æGofosf] ljsf;Æ qmdsf] cy{ s] x'G5 eg] —
k|yd, To;sf] dfWodaf6 Goflos l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf cfly{s ;DaGw k|ToIf¿kn] ¿kfGt/ x'g'sf]
sf/0f h]–hlt c;Ëltx¿ pTkGg x'“b}
hfG5g\, ltgnfO{ vtd ug] { / sfg"gsf] ;dGjofTds Joj:yf
sfod ug] { sf]lzz ul/G5 / k'gM tL wf“hfx¿ k'g] { sf]lzz ul/G5, h'g cufl8sf tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf]
k|efj / bafjsf sf/0f To; Joj:yfdf af/Daf/ k}bf x'G5g\ Pj+ To; Joj:yfnfO{ cem w]/} c;Ëltsf]
ef;df km“;fO/xG5g\ . -olta]nf oxf“ d}n] s]jn lbjfgL sfg"gsf] dfq s'/f ul//x]sf] 5' ._

sfg"gL l;4fGtsf ¿kdf cfly{s ;DaGwx¿sf] k|ltljDa klg ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 pn6f]–kfN6f] x'G5 M
Tof] sfof{Gjog ug] { JolQmnfO{ To; k|ltljDasf] s'g} r]tgf x'“b}g
. Gofozf:qLn] s] ;f] +Rb5 eg] h'g
k|:yfkgfx¿sf] cfwf/df p;n] sfd ul//x]sf] 5, tL klxn] l;4 ePsf s'/f x'G5g\, jf:tjdf tL vfln
cfly{s k|ltjt{ dfq x'G5g\ . To;}u/L x/]s rLh pN6f] b]lvG5 . /, of] ckjt{g -pN6f]kg_ af/] ha;Dd
hfgsf/L x'“b}gYof],
Tolta]nf;Dd /xl/xG5, ltgnfO{ ljrf/wf/fTds b[li6sf]0f elgG5, km]l/ :jo+ klg
cfly{s cfwf/nfO{ k|efljt ub{5, s'g}xb;dd To;nfO{ abln klg lbG5 eGg] s'/fdf d :ki6 5' .
pQ/flwsf/ k|fKt ug] { clwsf/sf] cfwf/ cfly{s xf] — oxf“ xfdL s] dfGb5f} + eg] kl/jf/sf] ljsf;qmdsf
cj:yf Ps}gfz 5g\ . To;sf afjh"b pbfx/0fsf nflu Oª\NofG8 z]ifkl5sf] clwsf/ xfl;n ug] {x¿nfO{
k|fKt cIf'00f :jtGqtf / k|mfG;df k|To]s ;–;fgf s'/fsf ;DaGwdf To;dfly nfu]sf s8f k|ltaGwsf]
sf/0f s]jn cfly{s dfq xf] eGg] l;4 ug'{
d'ZsLn x'g]5 . tfklg tL b'j} Joj:yfx¿n] cfly{s If]qnfO{
w]/}dfqfdf k|efljt ub{5g\ lsgeg] ltgn] ;DklQ ljt/0fnfO{ k|efljt ub{5g\ .
hxf“;Dd ljrf/wf/fsf tL ljifox¿sf] ;DaGw 5, tL xjfdf cem dfly klg p8\b5g\ — wd{,
bz{g, OToflbsf] — ltgLx¿;“u To:tf rLhx¿sf] Ps k|fu\–P]ltxfl;s e08f/ df}h"b 5 . To;nfO{
xfdLx¿n] sf]/f asjf; dfq eGg ;Sb5f} + . Tof] e08f/ klxn]b]lv g} df}h"b lyof] . P]ltxfl;s sfnn]
To;nfO{ c“ufn]sf] lyof] . k|s[lt, :jo+ dflg;sf] cf gf] ;Qf, e"t–k| ]t / hfb"sf zlQmx¿, cflb–cflbsf
af/]df a]Unfa]Un}vfnsf h'g unt wf/0ffx¿ 5g\, ltgsf] cfwf/ k|foM Pp6f gsf/fTds cfly{s tTj
x'G5 . k|fs\–\P]ltxfl;s sfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] h'g lgDg:t/ lyof], To;sf] sdL k|s[lt;DaGwL oL
unt b[li6sf]0fx¿n] k"/f ub{y] . cf+lzs¿kaf6 tL unt wf/0ffx¿ p;a]nfsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf]
lgDg:t/n] pTkGg ub{Yof] . tL To;sf sf/0f klg x'Gy] . clg, oBlk k|s[ltsf] pQ/f]Q/ 1fg a9\b}uPsf]
5, To;sf] k5fl8 klg d'Vo k| ]/s zlQm cfly{s cfjZostf lyof] — /, ca To;sf] e"ldsf cem emg\
w]/} a9\gk'u]sf] 5 — tfklg tL ;f/f cflbdsfnLg asjf;sf k5fl8 s'g} cfly{s sf/0fx¿ vf]H'g /
kfpg] k|oTg ug'{
vfln z]vL 5f“6\g' x'g]5 . Tof] asaf;nfO{ qmdzM vtd ug] { jf o;f] egf} + To;sf]
7fp“df gof“ t/ ;w} + Tof]eGbf s]xL sd lg/y{s asjf;nfO{ :yflkt ug] { lqmofsf] Oltxf; g} lj1fgsf]
Oltxf; xf] . h;n] Tof] sfd ug] { eGb5g\, pgLx¿sf] ;DaGw k'gM >d ljefhgsf] ljz]if If]ql;t x'g
k'Ub5 / pgLx¿nfO{ s] nfUb5 eg] pgLx¿n] Pp6f :jtGq If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . clg, >dsf]
;fdflhs ljefhgsf] Joj:yfcGt/ut h'g xb;Dd Pp6f :jtGq bnsf] ¿kdf pgLx¿n] sfd ub{5g\,
ToxL xb;Dd pgLx¿sf uNtLx¿ ;d]tsf lqmofsnfkx¿n] ;dfhsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljsf;dfly, To;sf]
cfly{s ljsf;dfly k|efj kfb{5 . t/ tL ;a}sf afjh"b pgLx¿ :jo+ klg cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|an
k|efjsf] cwLg:y x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu k" “hLjfbLsfnsf ;DaGwdf bz{gsf] If]qdf Tof] rLh w]/}
;lhn};“u k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsG5 .
xA; klxnf] cfw'lgs ef}ltsjfbL lyP . -!* cf} + zbLsf] ;dembf/Lsf] cy{df_ t/ ;Dk"0f{ o"/f]kel/
lg/+s'z /fhtGqfTds Joj:yf k"/fk"/ pTsif{df /x]sf] a]nf tyf Oª\NofG8df To;n] v'n+v'Nnf hgtfsf
lj?4 sfd ug{ ;'? u/]sf] a]nf pgL lg/+s'ztGqjfbL lyP ns wd{ / /fhgLlt b'j} If]qdf !^** sf]
juL{o ;Demf}tfsf ;Gtfg lyP . c+u| ]h O{Zj/jfbL / pgsf y'k} | ;';Ët s[ltsf ;fws — cyf{t\ k|mflG;;L
ef}ltsjfbLx¿ eg] k" “hLklt ju{sf akmfbf/ bfz{lgs lyP . k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbLx¿ k" “hLjfbL qmflGt
;DkGg x'g]a]nf;Dd ;Rrf bfz{lgs lyP . sfG6b]lv lnP/ x]u]n;Dd hd{g bz{gdf lg/Gt/ hd{g
ckl/kSjtf kfOG5 . slxn] Tof] ;sf/fTds¿kaf6 To;df df}h"b /xG5 eg] slxn] gsf/fTds¿kaf6 .
t/ To; ljefhgsf] lglRrt If]qsf] ¿kdf x/]s o'usf] bz{gsf] cfwf/ lglZrt lrGtg ;fdu|L x'G5 .
Tof] p;sf k"j{hx¿n] p;sf lglDt 5f]8]/ uPsf x'G5g\ . p;sf] k|f/De ToxL+af6 x'G5 . /, ToxL sf/0f
xf] — cfly{s¿kaf6 k5fl8 k/]sf] b]z bfz{lgs kmf“6df clxn] klg cl3–cl3 /xg ;Sb5 M !* cf} +
zbLsf] Oª\NofG8sf] ck]Iff — To;sf] bz{gnfO{ k|mflG;;Lx¿n] cf gf] cfwf/ agfPsf lyP — k|mfG;
cufl8 lyof] . clg, kl5 hd{gL tL b'j}eGbf cufl8 a9]sf] lyof] .
t/ k|mfG; / hd{gL b'j}df Tolta]nf ePsf] bz{g / ;flxTosf] cfd k|:km'6g cufl8 al9/x]sf]
cfly{s ljsf;s} kl/0ffd lyof] . cGttM cfly{s ljsf;s} k|fwfGotf x'G5 . Tof] s'/f o; l;nl;nfdf
klg d}n] ;xL 7fGb5' . t/ To;sf] k|efj Tof] ljz]if If]qåf/f :jo+ lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] ] ;Ldfleq g} kb{5 .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu bz{gsf] kmf“6df To;sf] k|fwfGotf k"j{hx¿åf/f 5fl8Psf] Tof] bfz{lgs ;fdu|Ldfly
cfly{s k|efj -/, tL :jo+n] klg cfd¿kaf6 /fhg}lts / cGo 5b\d ¿kx¿df sfd ub{5g\ _ sf]
lqmofTds dfWodaf6 k|s6 x'G5, h'g klxn]b]lv g} ljBdfg 5 . oxf“ cy{Joj:yfn] s'g} rLhnfO{ gof“
l;/faf6 ;[li6 ub} {g, t/ To;n] Tof] k4lt lgwf{l/t ub{5, h;sf] dfWoodaf6 ljBdfg lrGtg
;fdu|LnfO{ abNg / kl5 ljsl;t ug{ ;lsG5 . Tof] sfd klg k|foMh;f] p;n] k|ToIF¿kaf6 ub{5 .
lsgls bz{gaf/] ;a}eGbf w]/} k|ToIf k|efj /fhg}lts, sfg"gL / g}lts k|ltjt{sf] kb{5 .
wd{sf ;DaGwdf h]–hlt cToGt cfjZos lyof], Tof] d}n] kmfo/jfvsf] clGtd efudf elg;s]sf]
5' .
ctM jfy{n] olb cfd ultk|lt cfly{s ultsf /fhg}lts / cGo k|ltjt{x¿sf] x/]s k|ltlqmofnfO{
xfdL dfGb}gf} + eGg] eg] pgn] s]jn xjfdf nf7L ahfl//x]sf 5g\ . Tof] a'‰gsf nflu pgn] dfS;{sf]
/rgf !* cf} + a| 'd]/af/] vfln b[li6 lbg'kg] { cfjZostf dfq x'G5 . To;df Pst/xaf6 /fhg}lts
;+3if{x¿ / 36gfx¿åf/f v]lng] e"ldsfaf/] g} ljrf/ ul/Psf] ] 5 . lg:;Gb]x Tof] e"ldsf ltgn] cfly{s
kl/l:yltdfly cfd lge{/tfsf] kl/lwdf /x]/ g} lgjf{x ub{5g\, cyjf k" “hL 162 sf] pbfx/0fsf] nflu,
sfdsf] lbgl;t ;DalGwt Tof] efu x]g'{xf];\
. To;df sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ lgZro g} Pp6f /fhg}lts
sfo{ xf], To;sf] cfd ultdf slt tLvf] k|efj kb{5 eGg] b]vfOPsf] 5, cyjf k" “hLklt ju{sf]
Oltxf;l;t ;DalGwt efu x]g'{xf];\
163 cyjf pgn] s] s'/fdf ljrf/ u¿g\ eg] /fhg}lts ;Qf
cfly{s¿kaf6 olb Tolt zlQmxLg 5 eg] ;j{xf/f ju{sf] /fhg}lts clwgfosTjsf] nflu xfdL lsg
n8\b5f} + t < zlQm -cyf{t\ /fHo–zlQm_ klg cfly{s ;Qf xf]
t/ k':tssf] cfnf]rgf ug] { ;do d;“u 5}g . klxn] d}n] t];|f] v08 k|sflzt ug'{
5 . To;afx]s
d]/f] s] ljrf/ 5 eg] Tof] pbfx/0fsf nflu sfd jg{l:6gn] /fd|/L k"/f ug{ ;Sby] .
tL ;f/f enfb\dLx¿df h'g s'/fsf] sdL 5, Tof] åGåjfb xf] . pgLx¿ slxn] vfln sfo{nfO{
x]b{5g\ t slxn] sf/0fnfO{, ;w} + Ps kIf x]b{5g\ . jf:tljs hut\df To;k|sf/sf cflwef}lts
w| 'jLo¿kaf6 Psbd} lj/f]wL j:t'x¿ s]jn ;+s6sfndf g} b]lvG5g\ / af“sL ;do To;sf] ;Dk"0f{ lj/f6
k|lqmof cGof]Golqmofsf] ¿kdf g} rln/xG5, oBlk h'g zlQmx¿aLr Tof] cGof]Golqmof rln/xG5, tL
cToGt c;dfg x'G5g\ . cfly{s lqmof ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL, ;a}eGbf cflbsflns tyf ;a}eGbf lg0ff{os
x'G5 . oxf“ x/]s j:t' ;fk]If 5, lg/k]If s'g} rLh 5}g . Tof] pgLx¿n] slxNo} b]Vg ;Sb}gg\ . hxf“;Dd
pgLx¿sf] ;DaGw 5, dfgf} + x]u]n slxNo} klg 5“b} } lyPgg\ . ====
***
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
;dfhjfb M sfNklgs / j}1flgssf] cË| ]hL ;+:s/0fsf] e"ldsf
of] ;fgf] k'l:tsf d"ntM w]/} ljzfn u|Gysf] cË xf] . !*&% lt/ jln{g ljZj ljBfnosf
cj}tlgs ;xfos k|fWofks 8f= o'Hh]g 8\Ø"l/ªn] PSsf;L w]/} hf]8bf/¿kdf cfk"m ;dfhjfbsf kIfw/
ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . hd{g hgtf;dIf pgn] s]jn …lj:t[t ;dfhjfbL l;4fGtÚ dfq k]z gu/]/
;dfhsf] k'gu{7gsf] l;Ëf] Jojxfl/s of]hgf;d]t k|:t't ug{k'u] . :jefjtM pgn] cfk"meGbfklxn]sf
clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ kfgL lkp“bf–lkp“b} b'Tsf/] eg] cf gf] ;f/f vf/ dfS;{dfly kf]v]/ gsf/fTds¿kdf
pxf“sf] ;Ddfg a9fpg] sfd u/] . Tof] pgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gsf/fTds of]ubfg lyof] .
hlta]nf hd{g ;dfhjfbL kf6L{sf b'O{j6f zfvfx¿ — cfOh]g]vjfbLx¿ / nf;fnjfbLx¿ —
ev{/} Psh"6 ePsf lyP /, To;/L pgLx¿n] cf gf] zlQm w]/} a9fPsf lyP, nueu Tolta]n} pQm
s'/f ePsf] lyof] . TolQ dfq xf]Og, pgn] Tof] ;Dk"0f{ zlQmnfO{ cfd zq'x¿sf lj?4 nufpg] zlQm
klg k|fKt u/]sf lyP . hd{gLsf] ;dfhjfbL kf6L{ tLj| ultdf Pp6f zlQm aGb}uO/x]sf] lyof] . t/ olb
p;n] Pp6f zlQm aGg' lyof] eg] To;sf] klxnf] zt{ lyof] — xfn} pgLx¿n] u/]sf] Pstf vt/fdf
gk/f];\ . t/ 8f= o'Hh]g 8\Ø"l/ªn] cf gf] jl/kl/ Pp6f u'6 agfpg yfn]sf lyP . To; u'6df
eljiodf Pp6f a]Un} kf6L{ agfpg] s'/fsf] aLpm l5k]sf] lyof] . ctM h'g r'gf}tL xfdLx¿nfO{ lbOPsf]

lyof], Tof] :jLsf/ ug'{
+ tyf xfd|f] OR5f xf];\ jf gxf];\, xfdLx¿n] ;‹if{ ;'? ug'{
cfjZos eO;s]sf]
lyof]
hlt;'s} d'ZsLn lsg gxf];\, Tof] sfd ug} {kb{Yof] . t/ Tof] bL3{sfnLg / hl6n cjZo lyof] .
;a}nfO{ yfx 5, xfdL hd{gx¿ uDeL/tfsf ;fy 7f]; sfd ub{5f} + . To;nfO{ tkfO{ +x¿n] pu|
lrGtgzLntf eGg'xf];\ jf lrGtgzLn pu|jflbtf eGg'xf];\ . /, ha xfdLx¿dWo] s;}n] olb cf gf]
b[li6df gjLg l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ub{5 eg] Tolta]nf ;a}eGbfklxn] p;n] To;nfO{ ;fj{ef}lds k|0ffnLsf]
¿kdf lj:tf/ ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf 7fGb5 . To;sf] nflu p;n] l;4 ug'{kg]
{ x'G5, cgGtsfnaf6
rNb}cfO/x]sf] k|f/lDes ts{zf:qLo l;4fGt / ;[li6sf d"n lgodx¿sf] kl/0flt cGttM gof“ cfljisf/
ul/Psf] ] pTsif{df lsg cfO/x]sf] 5 < /, To; cy{df s'g} lsl;dn] klg hftLo gfkf]eGbf pgL sd
lyPgg\ . dfgl;s, g}lts, k|fs[lts / P]ltxfl;s tyf bfz{lgs æ;Dk"0f{ k|0ffnLx¿Æ tyf cGtdf
æcy{zf:qsf] cfnf]rgfTds Oltxf; — s]xL gePklg tL cf7k[i7sf] cfsf/sf], leqeGbf klg aflx/ w]/}
;hwh ul/Psf rLhx¿ — sf tLgj6f df]6fdf]6f u|Gyx¿ lyP . dfgf}= tL ;a} k'/fgf bfz{lgsx¿,
cy{zf:qLx¿ / ljz]if u/]/ dfS;{sf lj?4 ts{sf tLgj6f ;}Gobnsf] ¿kdf v8f ul/Psf lyP .
jf:tjdf ælj1fgdf ;du| qmflGtÆ Nofpg ul/Psf] ] sf]lzz lyof] Tof] clg, d}n] tL ;a} s'/fx¿l;t
h'‰g' lyof] . b]z–sfnsf wf/0ffx¿b]lv lnP/ låwft'jfb;Dd, e"t-b|Jo_ / ultsf] lgTotfb]lv lnP/
g}lts ljrf/x¿sf] clgTotf;Dd, 8f/jLgsf] k|fs[lts ljsf;jfbL l;4fGtb]lv lnP/ efjL ;dfhdf
o'jfx¿sf] lzIff;Dd x/]s ;Dej ljifosf] d}n] ljj]rgf ug'{kg]
{ ePsf] lyof] . h];'s} ePklg d]/f
k|ltåGåLsf] Jojl:yt Jofkstfn] ubf{ To;sf lj?4 ;f/fsf ;f/f ljifox¿af/] d}n] dfS;{ / cf gf
ljrf/x¿nfO{ klxn]eGbf a9L ;';d[4¿kdf ljsl;t ug{ ;Sg] ;'cj;/ kfPsf] lyP“ . ToxL d'Vo sf/0f
lyof] — d}n] of] sfddf xft xfn] + gqeg] of] sfd Psbd} kmfObf gx'g]vfnsf] x'GYof] .
d]/f] pQ/ klxn] ;dfhjfbL kf6L{sf] d'vkq lnklhusf] …ej{6;\Údf n]vdfnfsf] ¿kdf tyf kl5
>L o'Hh]g 8\Ø"l/ªåf/f ælj1fgdf k|jlt{t qmflGtÆsf] gfdaf6 k|sflzt ePsf] k':tsdf k|sflzt ePsf]
lyof] . pQm k':tssf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f h"l/raf6 !**^ df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
o; k':tssf tLgj6f cWofonfO{ d}n] cf gf , cfhef]ln k|mflG;;L k|ltlglw ;efdf nLnLsf
k|ltlglw, ldq kfn nkmfu{sf] cg'/f]wdf k'l:tsfsf] ¿k lbPsf] lyP“ . pxf“n] pQm k'l:tsfsf] cg'jfb
u/]/ æ;dfhjfb M sfNklgs / j}1fgsÆ gfdaf6 !**) df k|sflzt ul/lbg' ePsf] ] lyof] . ToxL
k|mflG;;L kf7af6 kf]ln; / :k]lg; efiffx¿sf ;+:s/0fx¿ tof/ kfl/Psf lyP . !**# df xfd|f hd{g
;fyLx¿n] Tof] k'l:tsfnfO{ d"n efiff -cyf{t\ hd{g efiff_df k|sflzt u/]sf lyP . To;kl5 ToxL hd{g
kf7sf cfwf/df O6lnog, ¿;L, 8]lg;, 8r / ¿dflgofnL efiffdf To;sf cg'jfbx¿ k|sflzt ePsf
5g\ . To;/L jt{dfg cË| ]hL ;+:s/0f;d]t of] k'l:tsf olta]nf;Dd bz efiffx¿df k|sflzt eO;s]sf]
5 . dnfO{ yfx eP;Dd, c¿ s'g} ;dfhjfbL k':ts, !*$* sf] xfd|f] æsDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkqÆ
jf dfS;{sf] s[lt æk" “hLÆ;d]tsf klg oltw]/} cg'jfb ePsf 5}gg\ . hd{gLdf o;sf rf/j6f ;+:s/0f
lglSn;s]sf 5g\, ltgdf hDdfhDdL @)))) k|ltx¿ 5flkPsf 5g\ .
k':tssf kl/lzi6 ædfs{Æ 164 hd{g ;dfhjfbL kf6L{leq hd{gLdf e";DklQsf] Oltxf; /
ljsf;sf] s]xL k|f/lDes 1fg a9fpg] p2]Zon] n]lvsf] lyof] . h'ga]nf of] kf6L{df zxl/of >dhLjL
hg;d'bfonfO{ ;dfj]z ug] { sfd sl/a–sl/a ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg] v]tLx/ dhb"/ / ls;fgx¿nfO{
;fy lng'df lyof], Tolta]nf Tof] sfd ug'{
emg\w]/} cfjZos dx;"; ul/Psf] ] lyof] . cg'jfb;“u} Tof]
kl/lzi6 klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ] 5 . lsgeg] e"ld;DaGwL clwsf/x¿sf tL d"n ¿kx¿ ;a} 6o'6flgs
hfltx¿df ;dfg¿kdf kfOGy] / To;sf] ktgsf] Oltxf; hd{gLdf eGbf OªNofG8df sd yfx lyof] .
Tof] kl/lzi6sf] d"n¿knfO{ d}n] cIf'00f /fv]sf] 5' eg] xfn DoflS;d sf]jfnf]E:sLn] h'g kl/sNkgf
cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\, To;k|lt eg] ;Í]t u/]sf] 5}g . pQm kl/sNkgfg';f/ s[lifof]Uo e"ld / uf}r/0f
dfs{sf ;b:ox¿aLr efua08f x'g'eGbfklxn] ltgdf ljzfn lkt[;QfTds s'6'Da ;d"xåf/f
;lDdlnt¿kdf v]tL ul/GYof] . Tof] k|0ffnL s}of} + lk9L+;Dd rNb}cfPsf] lyof] . -b=:nfe …hfb| 'ufÚsf]
¿kdf clxn] klg Tof] rLh b]Vg ;lsG5 ._ kl5 Tof] ;d'bfo sltw]/} ljzfn x'gk'Uof] eg] Tof] ;+o'Qm

Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg]vfnsf] /x]g, To;kl5 hdLgsf] efua08f ul/of] . sf]jfnf]E:sLsf] s'/f ;DejtM
;xL 5 tfklg Tof] ljifo clxn] klg ljrf/fwLg 5 .
hxf“;Dd cy{zf:qLo gof“ kfl/eflifs zAbx¿sf] k|Zg 5, o; k':tsdf k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿n]
dfS;{sf] k" “hLsf] cª\u| ]hL ;+:s/0fdf k|of]u ePsf zAbx¿l;t d]n vfG5g\ . ædfnsf] pŒkfbgÆ eGg'sf]
tfTko{ Tof] cfly{s l;nl;nf xf], h;df j:t'x¿sf] pŒkfbg pŒkfbsx¿sf Jojxf/sf nflu dfq geP/
ljlgdosf nflu ;d]t x'G5, cyf{t\ tL j:t'x¿sf] pŒkfbg dfnsf] ¿kdf x'G5, pkof]u d"Nosf] ¿kdf
dfq geP/ ljlgdo d"Nosf] ¿kdf;d]t x'G5 . hlxn]b]lv pŒkfbg ljlgdosf nflu ;'? ePsf] lyof],
Toltv]/b]lv clxn];Dd ToxL l;nl;nf rln/x]sf] 5 . t/ To;sf] k"0f{ ljsf; k" “hLjfbL pŒkfbg k|0ffnL
cGt/ut g} x'G5, cyf{t\ h;df pŒkfbgsf ;fwgx¿sf] dflns k" “hLklt ju{n] dhb"/ ju{nfO{ dhb"/L
lbP/, cyf{t\ cf gf] >dzlQmafx]s pŒkfbgsf ;a} ;fwgx¿af6 al~rt JolQmx¿nfO{ sfddf
shfp“5 . clg, To;nfO{ a]r]/ pTkfbgsf] nfuteGbf hlta9L p;n] sdfp“5, Tof] ;a} x8k ub{5 .
cf}Bf]lus pŒkfbgsf] dWoo'ub]lvsf] clxn];Ddsf] Oltxf;nfO{ xfdL tLg r/0fdf af“8\g ;Sb5f} + M -!_
b:tfsf/Lsf] r/0fdf ;fgf sf/Lu/–dflns, Go"g sf/Lu/–dhb"/x¿ / gf}l;sf¿x¿n] ;fydf sfd
ub{5g\ . To; r/0fdf x/]s dhb"/n] l;Ëf] rLh tof/ ub{5 . -@_ sfvf{gfdf pŒkfbgsf] r/0fdf x/]s
dhb"/n] pŒkfbgsf] s'g} Pp6f cf+lzs lqmof k"/f ub{5 . hlta]nf dhb"/x¿sf] Hofb} 7"nf] ;+Vofn] 7"nf
sfvf{gfdf hDdf eP/ >dljefhgsf] cfwf/df l;Ëf] dfn pŒkfbg ub{5g\, ctM s'g} j:t'sf] pŒkfbg
Tolta]nf dfq k"/f x'G5, Tof] Pskl5 csf] { u/L ;a}sf xftdf k'Ub5 . -#_ cfw'lgs pBf]usf] r/0fdf
zlQmåf/f rNg] d];Lgx¿af6 pŒkfbg x'G5 . To;df dhb"/ ju{sf] sfd vfln oflGqs ;fwg jf
d];Lgsf] sfdsf] /]vb]v ug] { / To;nfO{ b'?:t /fVg] s'/f;Dd dfq /xg k'Ub5 .
d}n] pko'{Qm
k':tssf] ljifoj:t'af/] a]nfotL kf7sx¿sf] Hofb} 7"nf] efunfO{ cfklQ x'G5 eGg]
ofjt\ s'/fx¿ /fd|/L a'‰b5' . olb xfdL o"/f]k]nLx¿n] a]nfotL æ;De|fGtÆ JolQmx¿sf] k"jf{u|xsf]
clnslt klg Vofn u/]sf] eP, h'g xfntdf xfdL 5f} +, To;eGbf klg emg\w]/} uP–u'h| ]sf] xfntdf x'GYof} +
. xfdLx¿n] h'g l;4fGtnfO{ æP]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbÆ eGb5f} +, pQm k':tsdf To;}sf] kIf lnOPsf] 5 .
/, a]nfotL kf7sx¿dWo] w]/}h;f] eg] æef}ltsjfbÆsf] gfdl;t} lrl9gk'Ub5g\ . æc1]ojfbÆ 165 nfO{ ;xg
;Sb5g\ t/ ef}ltsjfbnfO{ Psbd} :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] s'/f x'Gg .
k'gZr, !& cf} + zbLb]lv lnP/ cfh;Ddsf ;a}vfn] cfw'lgs ef}ltsjfbsf] hGde"ld Oª\NofG8
/x]sf] 5 .
ef}ltsjfb Oª\NofG8sf] j}w ;Gtfg xf] . a]nfotL sf]jflnl:6s 8+:sf]6\:n] klxn] g} k|Zg
ul/;s]sf 5g\, æs] e"t–b|Joaf/] ljrf/ ug'{
c;Dej 5

æef}ltsjfbsf klxnf] hGdbftf a]sgsf] bz{gdf ef}ltsjfbsf] ax'd'vL ljsf;sf] aLpm ca?4 g}
lyof] . To;df Psflt/, e"tsf rf/}lt/ OlGb|o;DaGwL sfJofTds cnÍsf/ 5 / To;n] dgdf]xs¿kn]
dflg;sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;QfnfO{ cfk"mlt/ tfg]h:t} ub{5 eg] csf{lt/, ;"qsf ¿kdf k|ltkflbt pgsf]
l;4fGtdf kfOnf–kfOnfdf c;Ëltx¿ lg:sG5g\ . tL c;Ëltx¿ pgsf] bz{gdf wd{sf] If]qaf6 cfPsf
x'g\ .
ef}ltsjfbsf] cemw]/} cufl8 ljsf; x'“bfv]l/
Tof] PskIfLo x'gk'Uof] . a]sgsf] ef}ltsjfbnfO{
Jojl:yt ¿k lbg] xA; x'g\ . OlGb|ohGo 1fgsf] sfJofTds ;f}/e gi6 x'gk'Ub5 / Tof] ul0ftzf:qLsf]
lg/fsf/ cg'ejdf ablnG5 . /]vful0ftnfO{ ;j{>]i7 lj1fg 3f]lift ul/G5 . ef}ltsjfb dfgjlj/f]wL
aGg k'Ub5 . olb To;n] cf gf] zq', dfgjb|f]xL u}/–zf/Ll/s cWofTdjfbnfO{ p;}sf] 3/df k/flht
ug'{
5 eg] ef}ltsjfbn] b'Mv ef]Ug'kb{5 / TofuL aGg'kb{5 . To;/L To;n] OlGb|o ¿ksf 7fp“df af}l4s
¿k u|x0f ub{5 . clg, To;df ;';Ëlt / ;'Joj:yf ;d]t cfp“5 . To;sf] kl/0ffd h];'s} xf];\ tfklg
Tof] a'l4sf] ljz]iftf x'G5 .
æa]sgsf] sfdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] xA;n] o:tf] ts{ ub{y] M olb ;f/f dfgj–1fg OlGb|ohGo x'G5
eg] xfd|f cjwf/0ffx¿ / xfd|f ljrf/ klg jf:tljs hutsf] cfef;–OlGb|ouDo ¿keGbf a]Un} — dfq
x'G5g\ . bz{gn] Tof] cfef;nfO{ gfdfs/0f ug{ ;Sb5 . PseGbfa9L cfef;sf] nflu Pp6} gfdn] rNg
;Sb5 . gfdsf klg gfd x'g ;Sb5g\ . olb Psflt/, xfdLx¿n] ;a} ljrf/x¿sf] pTklQ ;+j]bgfsf]
hutdf x'G5 eGb5f} + eg] csf{lt/, zAb zAbeGbf a9L s]xL xf]Og klg eGb5f} +, cyjf h'g k|f0fLnfO{
xfdL cf gf] OlGb|oåf/f hfGb5f} + jf Joli6 / ;dli6 x/xfntdf JolQm xf] eGb5f}+ — tLafx]s klg
sltko To:tf k|f0fLx¿ x'G5g\, h;sf] cl:tTj JolQmut geP/ cfd -jf ;j{JofkL_ 5 eg] Tof] :jo+
k/:k/lj/f]wL j:t' x'G5 . h;/L u}/–hLj z/L/ eGg' a]OdfgL xf], To;}u/L z/L/ gePsf] j:t' eGg' klg
lg/y{s xf] . z/L/, ;Qf, j:t', cflb Pp6} jf:tljstfsf a]Unfa]Un} gfd x'g\ . lrGtg ug] { e"t–b|Joaf6
lrGtgnfO{ cnUofpg' c;Dej 5 . ;G;f/df hlt kl/jt{gsf] eO/xg\5g\, ltgsf] d"ncfwf/ e"t–b|Jo
g} x'G5 . olb xfd|f] dl:tisdf yKb}hfg] cgGt ;fdYo{ x'G5 eg]/ g7fGg] xf] eg] …c;LdÚ zAb lg/y{s
x'G5 . ef}lts kbfy{ g} af]wuDo x'G5 x'g] x'gfn] O{Zj/sf] cl:tTjaf/] xfdL s]xL hfGg ;Sb}gf} + . PSnf]
d]/f] cl:tTj lglZrt 5 . x/]s dfgjLo cfj]u To:tf] oflGqs ult xf], h;sf] cflb / cGt x'G5 . xfd|f]
cfj]usf] ljifosf] rLhnfO{ xfdL /fd|f] eGb5f} + . dflg; :jo+ klg ToxL lgodsf] cwLg:y x'G5, h'g
lgodsf] cwLg:y k|s[lt x'G5 . zlQm / :jtGqtf cleGg x'G5g\ .
æxA;n] a]sgsf] bz{gnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿k t lbPsf lyP t/ ;d:t dfgjLo 1fgsf] pTklQ
;+j]bgfhut -OlGb|ohut_af6 x'G5 eGg] a]sgsf] d"ne"t l;4fGtnfO{ pgn] k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ .
To;sf] k|df0f nsn] cf gf] u|Gy — dfgjLo 1fgsf] ;DaGw —lgaGwdf lbPsf lyP .
æxA;n] a]sgsf] ef}ltsjfbsf] O{Zj/jfbL k"jf{u|xnfO{ rsgfr"/ kfl/lbPsf lyP . To;/L cjlzi6
wfld{s aGwgx¿n] nssf] ;+j]bgfnfO{ cem};Dd hsl8 /fv]sf] lyof] . tL sf]lnª\;, 8f]8a]n, sfa8{,
xf6{n], k|L:6n]n] tf]8]sf lyP . h];'s} xf];\, Jojxfl/s ef}ltsjfbLx¿sf nflu O{Zg/jfb -cfl:tstfjfb_,
wd{af6 5'6sf/f kfpg] vfln Pp6} dfq pkfo xf] .Æ 168
a]nfotdf ePsf] cfw'lgs ef}ltsjfbsf] pTklQaf/] sfn{ dfS;{n] To;/L g} pNn]v ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . dfS;{n] cf gf k"j{jtL{ bfz{lgsx¿nfO{ lbg'ePsf] ;Ddfgn] cfhef]ln olb cª\u| ]hx¿sf]
dgf]efjnfO{ 7Lsl;t klqmGg eg] Tof] emg\w]/} v]bsf] s'/f x'G5 . tfklg s] s'/f c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsGg
eg] a]sg, xA; / ns g} k|mfG;sf] pHHjn ef}ltsjfbL dtsf hGdbftf lyP . hn / :yndf ePsf
;f/f n8fO“x¿df k|mflG;;Lx¿dfly hd{gx¿ / cª\u| ]hx¿n] ljho kfpg'sf afjh"b pgLx¿n] !* cf} +
zbLnfO{ d'VotM k|mflG;;L ztfAbL agfOlbPsf lyP . /, Tof] s'/f k|mflG;;L pTsif{k"0f{ qmflGteGbf klxn]
g} ePsf] lyof] . aflx/L d'n's Oª\NofG8 / hd{gLsf xfdLx¿ To;sf kl/0ffdaf6 cEo:t x'g clxn]
klg k|oTg ul//x]sf 5f} + .
s] s'/f c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsGg eg] o; zbLsf] cfwfcfwLdf Oª\NofG8df cfP/ a;]sf] x/]s lzlIft
/ ;';+:s[t ljb]zLnfO{ a]nfotL ;e|fGt dWod ju{sf] Tof] rLh Hofb} vl8\sGYof] . To;nfO{ wdf{Gwtf /
d"v{tfafx]s c¿ s]xL p;n] eGg ;Sb}gYof] . Tolta]nf xfdL ;a} ef}ltsjfbL lyof} + jf slDtdf, Hofb}

:jtGq ljrf/sf JolQm lyof} + / s] s'/f Psbd} a'‰g ;lsGgYof] eg] k|fozM ;a} a]nfotL lzlIft
JolQmx¿ gfgf t/xsf c;Dej / cnf}lss s'/fx¿df s;/L ljZjf; ub{5g\ tyf aSNofG8 /
DofG6nh:tf e"ue{zf:qLx¿;d]tn] ;[li6;DaGwL afOansf] skf]nslNkt s'/fsf] vf;} lj/f]wdf
gePsf]h:tf] nfUg]u/L cf gf j}1flgs tYonfO{ tf]8df]8 ug{ s;/L ;Sb5g\ . clg, olb tkfO{ +
Tolta]nf ljlzi6 ljifodf cf gf] ljåtf pkof]u ug{ rfxg] JolQmnfO{ e]6\g rfxg'x'GYof] eg] tkfO{ +
clzlIft, kfv] / …e'mq]emfd| ]Ú JolQmx¿ -Tolta]nf pgLx¿nfO{ To;} elgGYof]_aLr — >dhLjL
hg;d'bfo / vf; u/]/ cf]j]gkGyL ;dfhjfbLx¿aLr — hfg'kb{Yof] .
t/ To;kl5 eg] a]nfot æ;EoÆ eO;s]sf] 5 . !*%! sf] k|bz{gLn] Oª\NofG8sf] dxflåkLo
s'kd08'stfsf] cGt ePsf] 3f]if0ff ul/lbPsf] lyof] . Oª\NofG8n] vfgkfg, rfn–9fn / ljrf/x¿df
lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} cGt//fli6«o ¿k u|x0f ul/;s]sf] lyof] — olb hlt c¿ o"/f]k]nL cfrf/–ljrf/ Toxf“
km}lnPsf 5g\, sltko a]nfotL tf}/–t/Lsf / /Llt–l/jfhx¿ o"/f]kdf ;d]t plQs} km}lnGy] eg] slt
/fd|f] x'“bf]
xf] < Tof] s'/f hfGg] d]/f] OR5f x'GYof] . h] ePklg Oª\NofG8df h}t'gsf] /fd|f] t]nsf] lj:tf/
x'g'sf] ;fy;fy} vf; wfld{s dfldnfdf dxflåkLo z+;ojfb -!*%! eGbfklxn] Tof] clehft ju{;Dd
dfq ;Lldt lyof] ._sf] 3fts¿kaf6 k|rf/–k|;f/ eP/ k}mlng k'Uof] . /, oBlk clxn];Dd Oª\NofG8sf]
rr{hlQs} c1]ojfb cfd¿kdf oxf“sf] vf; wd{ aGg eg] kfO;s]sf] 5}g tfklg l:ylt s:tf];Dd x'g
k'Uof] eg] Tof] ;Defljt ljifo sl/a–sl/a alK6Hdsf] ¿kdf k'u]sf] 5 / O;fO{ d'lQm ;]gfeGbf t
:ki6tM dflyNnf] :t/df ulgg yfn]sf] 5 . To;k|sf/sf] l:yltdf gfl:tstfsf] of] k|ultaf6 jf:tjdf
h'g JolQmx¿ b'MvL 5g\ / h;n] o;sf] lgGbf ub{5g\, ltgLx¿nfO{ s] s'/fsf] ;fGTjgf ldNg]5 eg] tL
ægof“ / cgf}7fvfn] ljrf/x¿Æ sxL+st} aflx/af6 ylkPsf xf]Ogg\, b}lgs pkof]usf c¿ w]/}
rLhx¿h:t} hd{gLdf ag]sf klg xf]Ogg\, lg:;Gb]x tL ljz'4 a]nfotL rLhx¿ x'g\ . jf:tjdf b'O{;o
jif{klxn]sf tL ljrf/x¿sf hGdbftf cªu| ]hx¿ pgLx¿sf clxn]sf j+zx¿eGbf w]/} cf“l6nf / cufl8
a9]sf lyP .
clg, jf:tjdf olb nÍfzfo/sf] ;fy{s efiffdf ænHhfn'Æ ef}ltsjfbafx]s c1]ojfb c¿ s] xf]
eg]/ ;f]Wg] xf] eg] k|s[ltsf ljifodf c1]ojfbL wf/0ff k"0f{tM ef}ltsjfbL x'gk'Ub5 . ;f/f k|fs[lts
hut lgoda4¿kdf rNb5 / To;df aflx/L x:tIf]ksf] k|Zg} p7\b}g . t/ To;df c¿ slt rLh
ylkG5 eg] 1fthuteGbf k/ s'g} k/+ a|x\dsf] ;Qf 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f k'li6 ug] { ;fwg xfdL;“u 5}g
. nfKnf;l;t g]kf]lnogn] Tof] dxfg\ Hof]ltifzf:qLsf] k':ts ævuf]nLo ul0ft lj1fgÆdf >i6fsf]
pNn]v;Dd gul/Psf] ] lsg xf] eg]/ ;f]Wbfv]l/ pgn] ;uj{ s] pQ/ lbPsf lyP eg] To;} x'gfn] t
dnfO{ pQm kl/sNkgfsf] cfjZostf lyPg l70 eGg ;lsGYof] . t/ clxn] ljZj;DaGwL xfd|f]
ljsf;jfbL wf/0ffleq g t s'g} >i6fsf] nflu 7fp“ 5 g s'g} zf;ssf] nflu . of] ljBdfg ;Dk"0f{
a|x\df08eGbf aflx/sf] s'g} k/+ a|x\dsf] s'/f ug'{
lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ 5 . dnfO{ t To;f] ug'{
wfld{s
hg;d'bfosf efjgfx¿sf] Joy} {df ckdfg ug'{
xf] eGg] nfUb5 .
k'gZr, tL c1]ojfbLx¿n] s] s'/f;d]t dfGb5g\ eg] xfdLx¿n] cf gf OlGb|ox¿åf/f k|fKt ug] {
;"rgfdfly xfd|f] ;f/f 1fg cfwfl/t x'G5 . t/ To;n] k|Zg ub{5, xfdLx¿n] cf gf OlGb|ox¿åf/f
k|fKt ug] { pknlAwx¿sf] xfd|f OlGb|ox¿n] Psbd} ;xL lrq lbG5g\ eGg] s'/f s;/L hfGg] < clg,
To;kl5 p;n] xfdLnfO{ s] atfp“5 eg] j:t'x¿ / ltgLx¿sf u'0fx¿sf] s'/f ubf{v]l/ p;sf] ;/f]sf/
jf:tjdf tL rLhx¿ / u'0fx¿l;t x'“b}g
lsgeg] ltgLx¿sf af/]df lglZrt¿kaf6 s]xL klg hfGg pm
c;dy{ 5 . p;sf] ;/f]sf/ tL j:t'x¿ / ltgsf OlGb|ox¿dfly kg] { k|efjx¿l;t dfq x'G5 . clxn]
of] ts{sf] pQ/ vfln ts{af6 dfq lbg' cjZo sl7g x'G5 . t/ ts{eGbfklxn] Jojxf/ lyof] . k|f/Dedf
Jojxf/s} cl:tTj lyof] — Im ansfang war die That 171 — /, dfgjLo ts{zlQmåf/f To;af/]
lgisif{ lgsflng'eGbf klxn] g} dfgjLo Jojxf/n] To;nfO{ xn ul/;s]sf] lyof] . h'g;'s} j:t'sf]
cl:tTjsf] k|df0f x'G5 — jf:tljstf . xn'jfsf] k|df0f xfdLnfO{ xn'jfvfgfn] k|fKt x'G5 . tL
j:t'x¿df kfOg] u'0fx¿ cg';f/ hlta]nf ltgnfO{ xfdLx¿n] pkof]u ug{ ;'? ub{5f} +, Tolta]nf
xfdLx¿n] cf gf] OlGb|ohGo 1fgnfO{ slxNo} unt x'g g;Sg] s;Ldf hf“Rb5f} + . olb Tof] OlGb|ohGo
1fg e"m6f] x'G5 eg] To; j:t'af6 sfd lng] xfd|f] cfzf klg e"m6} l;4 x'g]5 / xfd|f] k|oTg lgZkmn

x'g]5 . t/ olb cf gf] nIo k|fKt ug{ xfdL ;kmn x'G5f} + eg] / olb s'g} j:t';DaGwL xfd|f] wf/0ffn]
To;l;t d]n vfG5 / xfdLx¿n] lng vf]h]sf] sfd To;af6 k"/f x'G5 eg] Tof] xb;Dd Tof] j:t' /
To;sf u'0fx¿;DaGwL xfd|f] 1fg aflx/L jf:tljstfsf] cg's"n 5 eGg] kfsf] k|df0f xf] eg]/ xfdLx¿n]
a'‰b5f} + . clg, xfdLx¿n] xfl;n u/]sf] 1fgsf cfwf/df xfdLx¿n] u/]sf] sfd cw'/f] / ;txLvfn] lyof]
jf c¿ 1fgsf kl/0ffdx¿;“u 7Lsl;t ldnfOPsf] lyPg — cyf{t\ xfdLx¿n] k|fozM eGg] u/]em} +
ts{k4lt bf]ifk"0f{ lyof] eGg] xfdL a'‰b5f} + . xfdLx¿n] cf gf OlGb|ox¿nfO{ cg'zfl;t /fVg] / ltgsf]
k|of]u ug] { s'/fdf ;ts{tf ckgfp“bf;Dd tyf cf gf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;d'lrt¿kaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] ] /
k|o'Qm ul/Psf] ] OlGb|ohGo 1fgåf/f lgwf{l/t ;Ldfleq /fVbf;Dd xfd|f] k|of]usf] kmnm:j¿k pQm s'/f
l;4 x'G5, xfd|f] OlGb|ohGo 1fg OlGb|oåf/f pknAw ul/Psf] ] jf:tljs k|s[ltsf] cg's"n x'G5 .
j}1flgs¿kaf6 lgolGqt xfd|f] OlGb|ohGo 1fgn] afx\Ø hutaf/] xfd|f] dgdf pTkGg ug] { ljrf/x¿
:jefjtM jf:tljstfsf k|lts"n 5g\ jf afx\Øhutaf/] xfd|f] OlGb|ohGo 1fgdf s'g} :jfefljs c;Ëlt
5 eGg] lgisif{df k'Ugsf nflu xfdLn] Pp6} dfq klg pbfx/0f kfPgf} + .
t/ k'gM gjsfG6jfbL c1]ojfbLx¿ cfp“5g\ / ltgLx¿n] s] eGb5g\ eg] s'g} j:t'sf u'0fx¿sf]
;f“rf] 1fg x'g ;Sb5 t/ æc1]o j:t'ÆnfO{ s'g} klg OlGb|o;DaGwL / dfgl;s k|lqmofsf] dfWodaf6
xfdLx¿n] a'‰g ;Sb}gf} + . pQm æc1]o j:t'Æ -j:t' lgh ¿kdf_ xfd|f] 1fgeGbf aflx/ 5 . x]u]nn]
w]/}klxn] g} To;sf] pQ/ lbPsf lyP . pgn] eg]sf lyP M æolb tkfO{ +n] s'g} j:t'sf ;a} u'0fx¿
hfGg'x'G5 eg] Tof] j:t' :jo+nfO{ klg hfGg'x'G5 . clg, km]l/ To;afx]s c¿ s'g} j:t' xfdLeGbf aflx/
5 eGg] s'/f x'G5 t < cf gf OlGb|ox¿åf/f sfG6sf] ;'k|l;4 æc1]o j:t'Æ -Ding an sich_nfO{
a'‰g'eof] eg] To;sf af“ls efux¿;d]t u|x0f ug'{eof]
. sfG6sf] ;dodf k|fs[lts j:t'x¿sf] af/]df
xfd|f] 1fg slt 6'qmf6fqmL / cf+lzs lyof] eg] tL j:t'x¿dWo] x/]ssf af/]df xfd|f] 1fg hlt ;"Id 5,
To;eGbfaflx/ /x:odo s'g} æc1]o j:t'Æ -j:t' lgh ¿k_sf] cl:tTj 5 eGg] zÍf ug'{
:jfefljs xf]
eGg] s'/fdf cema9L hf]8 lbg ;lsG5 . t/ lj1fgsf] dxfg\ k|ultsf] sf/0f Pskl5 csf] { tL æc1]o
j:t'Æ 1]o aGb}uO/x]sf 5g\, ltgsf] ljZn]if0f eO/x]sf] 5 /, TolQ dfq xf]Og, ltgsf] k'g?Tkfbg;d]t
ul/Psf] ] 5 . clg, h'g j:t'sf] xfdL pŒkfbg ub{5f} +, To;nfO{ c1]o t ljns'n} dfGg ;lsGg . o;
zbLsf] k"jf{4{;Dd /;fog lj1fgsf] nflu sfj{lgs kbfy{ To;/L g} /x:ok"0f{ lyof] t/ clxn] sfj{lgs
k|lqmofx¿sf] ;xfotfljgf g} Pskl5 csf] { sfj{lgs kbfy{nfO{ xfdL ltgsf /f;folgs tTjx¿af6
t}of/ ug{ yfn]sf 5f} + . cfw'lgs /;fogzf:qLx¿ eGb5g\ — xfdLx¿n] h'g;'s} lk08 - Tof] h];'s} lsg
gxf];\_sf] /f;folgs agfj6 kQf nufp“5f} + eg] To;sf tTjx¿af6 To;nfO{ tof/ ug{ ;Sb5f} + .
;j{>]i7 sfj{lgs kbfy{, cyf{t\ cNAo"ldg;DaGwL lk08x¿sf] /f;folgs agfj6 kQf nufpg] s'/faf6
xfdL w]/} k/ 5f} +, t/ zbLof} + lsg gnfuf];\, xfdLx¿n] To;;DaGwL 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gf} + eg]/ ;f] +Rg'kg] {
s'g} sf/0f 5}g . To;af6 n}; eP/ s[lqd cNAo"ldg lgsfNg ;lsg]5 . t/ hlta]nf xfdLx¿n] Tof]
sfd ;DkGg ug] {5f} +, Tolta]nf xfdLx¿n] sfj{lgs kbfy{ pTkGg ug] {5f} + lsgeg] lgDgtd¿kaf6
pRrtd ¿k;Dd hLjg cNAo"ldgLo lk08x¿sf] cl:tTjs} cfd ¿k xf] .
t/ tL cf}krfl/s dfgl;s k|ltaGw nufOPkl5 g} c1]ojfbLx¿sf s'/f / sfdsf] ;Dk"0f{ /j}of
k|v/ ef}ltsjfbL;/x x'g k'Ug]5 /, jf:tjdf xf] klg To:t} . p;n] eGg ;Sb5 M xfdLx¿n] e"t–b|Jo
/ ultsf] 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5f} + eg], cyjf cr]n xfdLx¿n] zlQmnfO{ g t pTkGg ug{ ;lsG5 g t
gi6 ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f ub{5f} + eg] tL slxNo} pTkGg ul/sf lyPgg\ eGg] k|df0f klg t xfdLx¿n]
lbg ;Sb}gf} + . olb p;sf] Tof] :jLsf/f]lQmnfO{ tkfO{ +n] vf; k|Zgdf p;sf lj?4 pkof]u ug'{
eof] eg]
tkfO{ +sf] bfjfnfO{ p;n] t'?Gt x6fOlbg]5 . efjgfdf -In abstracto_ cWofTdjfbsf] ;DefjgfnfO{
dfGg ;Snf t/ oyfy{tfdf -In concreeto_ p;n] To;nfO{ cf gf] ghLs;Dd k'Ug lbg]5}g .
hxf“;Dd xfdLx¿nfO{ yfx 5, yfx x'g ;Sb5, p;n] tkfO{ +nfO{ of] ljZjsf] g t ;[li6stf{ sf]xL 5 g
t zf;s sf]xL 5 eGg] atfpg]5 . hxf“;Dd xfd|f] k|Zg 5, xfd|f] wf/0ff :ki6 5 M e"t–b|Jo / zlQmnfO{
g t pTkGg ug{ ;lsG5 g t ljgi6 ug{ g} . xfd|f lglDt dg zlQmsf] Pp6f ¿k xf] / dl:tissf]
sfo{ xf] . of] ef}lts lgodaf6 rNb5 eGg] s'/f dfq xfdL hfGb5f} + . To;/L h'g xb;Dd p;n] s]xL

a'‰b5, j}1flgs 5, Tof] xb;Dd pm ef}ltsjfbL x'G5 t/ p;n] cf gf] c1fgtfnfO{ cf gf] 1fgeGbf
aflx/ p;n] ghfg]sf If]qx¿df /x:ok"0f{ agfOlbG5 tyf To;nfO{ c1]ojfb gfdfs/0f ub{5 .
tfklg Pp6f s'/f :ki6¿kn] yfx x'G5 . olb d c1]ojfbL x'Gy] + eg] klg of] ;fgf] k'l:tsfdf d}n]
Oltxf;sf] h'g b[li6sf]0fsf] lrq0f u/]sf] 5', To;nfO{ d}n] æP]ltxfl;s c1]ojfbÆ eGg ;lSbgy] + eGg]
s'/f :ki6} 5 . d}n] To;f] ubf{v]l/ wd{df ljZjf; ug] {x¿n] lv;L ub{y] eg] c1]ojfbLx¿ cfqmf]l;t
eP/ ;f]Wg] lyP — s] d}n] pgLx¿sf] dhfs p8fpg vf]lh/x]sf] x" “ < ctM d}n] pQm wf/0ffnfO{ cª\u| ]hL
/ To;sf] ;fy;fy} c¿ w]/}h;f] efiffx¿df ;d]t olb d}n] æP]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbÆ gfdfs/0f u/] + eg]
a]nfotL …;De|fGtÚ ju{nfO{ ;d]t w]/}a9L l/; gp7\nf eGg] d]/f] cfzf 5 . Oltxf;sf] ultsf] pQm
wf/0ffg';f/ ;a} dxŒjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s 36gfx¿sf] dxfg\ k| ]/s zlQm / ltgsf] clGtd sf/0f ;dfhsf]
cfly{s ljsf;, pŒkfbg / ljlgdo k|0ffnLdf x'g] kl/jt{g / To;sf] kmn:j¿k ljleGg ;fdflhs
ju{x¿df ljefhg tyf Ps csf{sf lj?4 tL ju{x¿sf] ;‹if{ x'G5 .
olb d}n] P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb a]nfotL ;De|fGt ju{x¿sf] nflu klg lxts/ x'G5 eGg] b]vfpg
;s] + eg] ddfly Tolt cg'u|x ug'{
cË| ]hx¿sf nflu ;DejtM cem a9L ;lhnf] x'g]5 . cfheGbf
$)÷%) jif{klxn] Oª\NofG8df cfP/ a:g] x/]s ;';+:s[t ljb]zLsf] b[li6df a]nfotL dWod–;De|fGt
juL{o wdf{Gwtf / d"v{tf — To;kl5 pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ wdf{Gwtf / d"v{tf eGg ;Sby] — g/fd|/L
vl8\sGYof] . ca d}n] pQm hdfgfsf] a]nfotL dWod–;De|fGt ju{ xf]l;of/ ljb]zLx¿nfO{ nfu]h:tf] a'4'
lyPg . p;sf wfld{s k|j[lQx¿sf] sf/0f a'‰g ;lsG5 .
o"/f]kn] dWoo'u kf/ ubf{v]l/ Toxf“sf] qmflGtsf/L tTj pbLodfg zxl/of dWod ju{ lyof] .
To;n] dWoo'uLg ;fdGtL ;Ë7gleq cf gf lglDt :yfg agfPsf] lyof] tfklg pQm :yfg p;sf]
ljsf;zLn zlQmsf nflu w]/} ;Í'lrt x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . ;fdGtL Joj:yf /x“bf/x“b} dWod ju{ —
k" “hLklt ju{sf] ljsf; c;Dej x'g] x'gfn] ;fdGtL Joj:yfsf] ktg cjZoDefjL lyof] .
t/ ;fdGtjfbsf] ljzfn zlQmzfnL cGt//fli6«o s]Gb|, /f]dsf] Sofyf]lns rr{ -O;fO{ wfld{s
;‹_ lyof] . ;f/f cfGtl/s n8fO“sf afjh"b ;Dk"0f{ ;fdGtjfbL k= o"/f]knfO{ To;n] /fhg}lts k|0ffnL
cGt/ut Pstfa4 u/]sf] lyof] . ljv08sf/L o"gfgLx¿af6 ;d]t pQm k|0ffnLsf] lj/f]w TolQs} x'GYof],
hlQ d';ndfg d'n'sx¿af6 x'GYof] . ;fdGtL ;+:yfx¿sf] jl/kl/ To;n] O{Zj/Lo kljqtfsf] k|efd08n
km}nfPsf] lyof] . ;fdGtL gd"gfdf kbx¿sf] :jo+ cf gf] qmda4 Joj:yf p;n] :yflkt u/]sf] lyof] .
cGttM Sofyf]lns hutsf] PsltxfO{ e"efusf] dflns x'gfn] pm :jo+ ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL ;fdGtL
hdLgbf/ lyof] . pQm cJojxfl/s ;fdGtjfbdfly x/]s b]zdf x/]s s'/fnfO{ lnP/ cfqmd0f
ug'{eGbfklxn]
To;sf] Tof] kljq s]Gb|Lo ;Ë7gnfO{ gi6 kfl/lbg'kg] { cfjZostf lyof] .
t/ dWod ju{sf] k|ultsf] ;“u;“u} lj1fgsf] ;zQm k'g?Tyfg x'“b}
lyof] — Hof]ltifzf:q,
oflGqszf:q, ef}ltslj1fg, z/L//rgfzf:q, b]xlj1fg cflb — ;a}sf] cWoog–dgg k'gM ;'? ePsf]
lyof] . /, k" “hLjfbL ju{nfO{ cf gf] cf}Bf]lus pŒkfbgsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ] To;n] k|fs[lts j:t'x¿sf
ef}lts u'0f / k|fs[lts zlQmx¿sf] k|lqmof atfpg ;Sg] lj1fgsf] cfjZostf lyof] . Tolta]nf;Dd
lj1fg c¿ s]xL xf]Og, rr{sf] vfln s[tbf; dfq lyof] . wd{åf/f lgwf{l/t ;Ldfx¿sf] pNn‹g ug{
p;n] kfp“b}gYof] /, To;/L jf:tjdf Tof] lj1fg g} lyPg . lj1fgn] rr{ -O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹_sf lj?4
ljb|f]x u¥of] eg] lj1fgljgf k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] sfd grNg] x'gfn] pm ljb|f]xdf ;lDdlnt x'g'k/]sf] lyof] .
h'g rLhnfO{ lnP/ pbLodfg dWod ju{sf] ;+:yflkt wd{;“u ;‹if{ x'g' :jfefljs lyof] . tLdWo]
vfln b'O{j6f rLhsf] dfq dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] ] 5 t/ /f]dsf] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf bfafx¿sf lj?4sf]
;‹if{ k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] ;a}eGbf w]/} k|ToIf rf;f] b]vfpgsf nflu TolQ g} kof{Kt lyof] eg] csf] { x/]s
;fdGtjfblj/f]wL ;‹if{nfO{ TolQa]nf Jojxfl/s ¿k lbgsf nflu ;aeGbfklxn] rr{sf lj?4 ;‹if{
ug'{kb{Yof]
. t/ ljZjljBfno / zxl/of Jofkf/Lx¿sf lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg' :jfefljs lyof] —
jf:tjdf To:t} ePsf] lyof] — /, p;nfO{ t'?Gt u|fdL0f cfd hg;d'bfo — ls;fg — sf]
hf]8bf/¿kn] ;dy{g ldNgyfNof] lsgeg] pgLx¿n] ;j{q cf gf] cl:tTjsf nflu cf gf ;fG;fl/s /
cfWoflTds ;fdGtL :jfdLx¿sf lj?4 ;‹if{ ug'{kb{Yof]
.

;fdGtjfbsf lj?4 k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] nfdf] ;‹if{sf] kl/0ffd tLgj6f eoÍ/ / lg0f{ofTds ;‹if{sf
¿kdf ePsf] lyof] .
klxnf] n8fO“ lyof] M hd{gLsf] k|f]6]:6\ØfG6 wd{–;'wf/ cfGbf]ng . n'y/ rr{lj/f]wL cfjfhsf]
k|To'Q/df b'O{y/L /fhg}lts k|sf/sf ljb|f]xx¿df z/Ls ePsf lyP M klxnf] k|mfGh kmfg l;lsª\ugsf]
g]t[Tjdf ePsf] ;fdGtx¿sf] ljb|f]x -!%@#_ lyof] / csf] { !%@% sf] dxfg\ ls;fg o'4 . b'j} n8fO“df
xf/ ePsf] lyof] . tL c;kmntfx¿sf] d'Vo sf/0f tL ljb|f]xx¿df ;a}eGbf rf;f] /fVg] bnx¿, cyf{t\
zxl/of k" “hLjfbLx¿sf] pbf;Lgtf lyof] . pgLx¿sf] Tof] låljwfsf] sf/0fsf] d}n] oxf“ rrf{ ug{
Eofp“lbg t/ To;a]nfb]lv Tof] ;‹if{ nIoljxLg eP/ To;n] :yfgLo /fhfx¿ / s]Gb|Lo ;QfaLrsf]
;‹if{sf] ¿k lnPsf] lyof] / To;sf] kl/0ffd s] eof] eg] To;kl5sf b'O{;o jif{sf nflu hd{gL o"/f]ksf]
/fhg}lts b[li6n] ;lqmo /fi6«x¿sf] >]0fLaf6 x6\gk'Uof] . n'y/sf] wd{–;'wf/ cfGbf]ngn] gof“ wd{nfO{
hGd lbof], Tof] wd{ lg/Í'z /fhtGqsf] Psbd} cg's"n lyof] . pQ/–k"jL{ hd{gLsf ls;fgx¿n]
n'y/jfbnfO{ cuf“Ng]lalQs} pgLx¿ :jtGq ls;fgaf6 c4{–bf; aGgk'u] .
t/ n'y/ c;kmn /x] eg] Sofnljgsf] ljho eof] . Sofnljgsf] dt tfTsfnLg ;a}eGbf ;fx;L
k" “hLjfbLx¿sf] pkof]uL lyof] . pgsf] lgoltjfbL l;4fGt k|lt:kwf{Tds Jofkfl/s hut\df ;kmntf jf
c;kmntf dflg;sf] sd{ / ;Lkdfdfly geP/ p;sf] azdf gePsf] kl/l:yltdfly lge{/ ub{5 eGg]
oyfy{ wfld{s cleJolQm lyof] . Tof] xf/ jf hLtsf] OR5f ug] { jf efubf}8 ug] { JolQmdfly geP/ c1ft
/ w]/} zlQmzfnL cfly{s zlQmx¿sf] cfzLjf{bdfly lge{/ ub{5 . Tof] s'/f cfly{s qmflGtsf] o'udf emg\
w]/} ;xL x'GYof] . To; o'udf ;a} k'/fgf Jofkfl/s dfu{x¿ / s]Gb|x¿sf] 7fp“df gof“ dfu{x¿ / s]Gb|x¿
:yflkt ePsf lyP . To; o'udf ;G;f/sf nflu ef/t / cd]l/sfsf dfu{x¿ v'n]sf lyP . /, To;
o'udf z:qf:ql;t ;DalGwt kljq ljZjf; — ;"g–rf“bLsf] d"No;Dd — 9nknfpg / 6'6\g yfn]sf]
lyof] . Sofnljgsf] rr{sf] ljwfg k"0f{tM hgjfbL / u0ftGqjfbL lyof] tyf Toxf“ O{Zj/sf]
/fHo;d]tnfO{ u0ftflGqs ¿k lbOPsf] lyof] . /, Toxf“ ;fG;fl/s /fHosf /fhfx¿ 7"nf kfb/Lx¿ /
;fdGtx¿sf cwLg:y s;/L /xg ;Sby] / < hd{g n'y/jfb :j]R5fn] /fhfx¿sf] xltof/ aGgk'Uof]
eg] Sofnljgjfbn] xNofG8, ljz]if u/]/ :s6NofG8df ;lqmo u0ftflGqs kf6L{x¿sf] :yfkgf ul/lbPsf] ]
lyof] .
csf] { dxfg\ k" “hLjfbL kl/jt{gsf nflu pynk'ynsf] ¿kdf klxn]b]lv g} tDtof/ l;4fGt ldNof] .
Tof] kl/jt{g Oª\nofG8df ePsf] lyof] . zxl/of dWod ju{n] To;sf] ;"qkft u/]sf] lyof] / k'gM ufp“n]
Onfsfx¿sf :jtGq b:tsf/x¿n] n8]/ Tof] ;DkGg u/]sf lyP . tL tLgj6} dxfg\ k" “hLjfbL ljb|f]xdf
n8\g] kmf}h ls;fgx¿af6 g} tof/ ePsf] lyof] tyf ls;fg ju{nfO{ ljho xfl;n ePg, cfly{s
kl/0ffdsf] sf/0f Tof] ljhosf] ;lGgkft x'gk'Ub5 . qmda]nsf] ;‹if{kl5 Oª\NofG8sf] :jtGq b:tsf/
ju{ sl/a–sl/a nf]k ePsf] lyof] . h] xf];\, :jtGq b:tsf/sf] Tof] ju{ gx'“bf]
xf] / zxl/of ;j{;fwf/0f
hg;d'bfo gx'“bf
x'g\ t k" “hLklt ju{ PSn}n] Tof] n8fO“ cGt;Dd n8\g ;Sb}gYof] g rfN;{ k|ydnfO{
p;n] slxNo} kmf“;L r9fpg ;SbYof] . k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] kl/l:ylt kl/kSj eO;s]sf] ljho xfl;n
ug{sf nflu !&(# df k|mfG;df / !*$* df hd{gLdf qmflGtnfO{ w]/} cufl8 a9fpg'kg] { cfjZostf
lyof] . jf:tjdf k" “hLjfbL ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] Tof] lgod yfx x'G5 .
v}/, w]/} qmflGtsf/L sf/afxLkl5 ckl/xfo{¿kdf To;sf] k|ltlqmof klg eof] tyf p;sf
tkm{af6 Tof] k|ltlqmof /f]lsg ;Sg] ljGb'df g/f]lsP/ Tof]eGbf cufl8 a9\g k'Uof] . To;/L w]/}k6s
cl3kl5 u/]kl5 cGttM u'?Tjsf] gof“ s]Gb| :yflkt eof] tyf To;af6 k'gM gof“ l;nl;nf ;'? eof] .
a]nfotL Oltxf;sf ;De|fGt juL{o JolQmx¿ …dxfg\ ljb|f]xÚ 7fGg] ;fgbf/ o'u / To;kl5sf ;‹if{x¿sf]
cGt pbf/kGyL Oltxf;sf/x¿n] æuf}/ak"0f{ qmflGtÆ atfpg] u/]sf] ck]Iffs[t ;fgf] 36gfaf6 ePsf]
lyof] .
gof“qmd ;'? ePsf] s]Gb| pbLodfg dWod ju{ / e"tk"j{ hdLgbf/ ju{aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf]
kl/0ffd lyof] . /, oBlk tL hdLgbf/x¿nfO{ clxn]em} + clehft juL{o dflg;x¿ elgGYof] tfklg
pgLx¿n] w]/} lbgb]lv Tof] dfu{ c“ufln;s]sf lyP, h'g dfu{ c“ufn]/ efjL k|mfG;sf] n'O{ lkmlnkem} +
pgLx¿ æ/fHosf klxnf k" “hLkltÆ aGgk'u]sf lyP .

7"n–7"nf k'/fgf ;fdGtx¿n] æu'nfjx¿sf] n8fO“Ædf Pscsf] {nfO{ k|xf/ u/]/ vtd ul/lbg'
Oª\NofG8sf] ;f}efUo lyof] . oBlk pgLx¿sf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿ w]/}h;f] k'/fgf kfl/jfl/s vfgbfg j+zsf
lyP tfklg tL kl/jf/x¿l;t pgLx¿sf] ;Lwf ;DaGw geP/ slt 6f9fsf] ;DaGw x'gk''u]sf]
lyof] eg]
pgLx¿sf vfgbfgsf JolQmx¿ geP/ tL Psbd} gof“k|sf/sf dflg; aGgk'u]sf lyP . pgLx¿sf
;+:sf/ / k|j[lQx¿ sd ;fdGtjfbL / a9L k" “hLjfbL lyP . pgx¿n] wgsf] d"No /fd|/L a'em]sf lyP
tyf ;fgf ls;fgx¿nfO{ nv]6]/ tyf pgLx¿sf 7fp“df e]8f r/g agfP/ oyfzL3| nufg a9fpg ;'?
u/]sf lyP . x]g/L * cf} +n] O;fO{ wfld{s ;ª\3åf/f ls;fgx¿sf] hdLg vf]:g'sf ;fy} s}of} + gof“
k" “hLjfbL vfnsf kmd{k|yf :yflkt u/]sf lyP . l;Ëf] !& cf} + zbLel/ y'k| } ls;fgx¿sf hUuf h t
ug] {, ev{/} dfnfdfn ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ k'gM k'/:s[t ug] { l;nl;nfsf] kl/0ffd klg ToxL ePsf] lyof] .
kmn:j¿k, x]g/L * cf} +sf] ;dob]lv g} æclehft ju{Æn] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] ljsf;df afwf k'¥ofpg'
t k/} 5, To;sf] pN6f] ck|ToIf¿kaf6 kmfObf lng] k|oTg u/]sf] lyof] tyf cfly{s / /fhg}lts
sf/0faf6 Jofkf/L / cf}Bf]lus k" “hLjfbL ju{sf g]tfx¿;“u ;xof]u ug] { s'/f k|:t't ul//xg] 7"n–7"nf
hdLgbf/ ju{sf] Pp6f efu ;w} + df}h"b /x]sf] lyof] . ctM !^*( sf] ;Demf}tf Psbd} ;lhn};“u ;DkGg
x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . ædfn / d;nÆsf] /fhgLlts n'6kf6 ug] { sfd 7"n–7"nf ;fdGtL kl/jf/x¿nfO{
5fl8Psf] lyof] — zt{ vfln Jofkf/Lx¿sf cfly{s lxtx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] oy]i6 Wofg lbg'kg] { dfq} lyof]
. /, Tolta]nf tL cfly{s lxtx¿ lyP eg] ltgn] /fi6«sf ;fdfGo gLltx¿ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sby] . ;–
;fgf rLhx¿df hlt;'s} emu8f ePklg ;du|¿kdf clehft juL{o cNk;ª\Vos zf;s u'6n] s] s'/f
a'‰bYof] eg] p;sf] cf g} ;d[l4 cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s dWod ju{sf] ;d[l4l;t ckl/xfo{¿kaf6
;DalGwt lyof] .
To;kl5 k" “hLjfbL ju{ Oª\NofG8sf] zf;s ju{sf] ljlgt t/ dflgPsf] efu aGg k'Uof] . d'n'ssf
dxfg\ >dhLjL hg;d'bfonfO{ cwLg:y agfO/fVg' c¿ ;a}sf] ;“u;“u} p;sf] ;d]t klg :jfy{ lyof] .
Jofkf/L / sfvf{gfsf dflnsx¿n] :jo+ cf gf lnlksx¿, sd{rf/Lx¿ / 3/]n' gf]s/x¿sf dflnssf]
x}l;ot /fVby] jf ev{/};Dd eGg] u/]em} + tL pgLx¿sf ;Ddflgt d'lvof x'Gy] . p;sf] :jfy{
pgLx¿nfO{ w]/}eGbf w]/} / /fd|f]eGbf /fd|f] sfd u/fpg ;Sg' tyf p;sf] s'/f dfGg] / p;sf] v6g–
k6gdf rNg] lzIff lbg' lyof] . pm :jo+ wfld{s lyof] / wd{n] g} p;nfO{ /fhf / ;fdGtsf lj?4
n8\gsf nflu em08f lbPsf] lyof] . p;n] s] s'/f a'‰g 9Lnf] u/]g eg] cfk"meGbf tnsf bLg–xLg
JolQmx¿sf] g};lu{s ljrf/x¿nfO{ k|efljt ug{ tL bLg–xLg JolQmx¿nfO{ O{Zj/sf] lgufxdf
dflnsx¿sf] cwLg:y /fVgsf nflu ;d]t ToxL wd{ w]/} ;xfos x'g ;SbYof] . ;ª\If]kdf a]nfotL
k" “hLjfbL ju{n] ca ælgDg–>]0fLÆsf /fi6«sf dxfg\ pTkfbs ;d'bfonfO{ pTkLl8t ug] { sfddf ;xefuL
x'g] tyf Tof] p2]Zo l;4 ug{sf nflu ;fwgx¿ pkof]udf Nofpg], cflb ;a} s'/fdf wd{sf] k|efj Ps
lyof] .
Pp6f csf] { s'/f s] lyof] eg] h;n] k" “hLjfbL ju{sf wfld{s k|j[lQx¿nfO{ dha"t agfpg d2t
u/]sf] lyof], Tof] lyof] — Oª\NofG8df ef}ltsjfbsf] pbo . Tof] gof“ l;4fGtn] vfln dWod ju{sf
kljq efjgfx¿nfO{ wSsf k'¥ofPsf] dfq geP/ To;n] s]jn ljåfgx¿ / ;';+:s[t JolQmx¿nfO{ dfq
pko'Qm x'g] bz{gsf] ¿kdf :jo+nfO{ 3f]lift ul/lbPsf] lyof] . To;sf] ljk/Lt wd{ lyof] . Tof] k" “hLjfbL
ju{;d]t ;lDdlnt clzlIft hg;d'bfosf nflu w]/} /fd|f] lyof] . xA;sf] xftaf6 Tof] /fhfx¿sf
ljz]ifflwsf/ / /fhfx¿sf] ;jf] {Rr zlQm;DkGgtfsf] /Iffsf] ¿kdf d}bfgdf pœof] . lg/Í'z /fhtGqnfO{
p;n] df]6f]3f6f] t/ b}To–k'q -Puer robustus sed dalitious_ — cyf{t\ hg;d'bfonfO{ bafO
/fVg cfx\jfg u/]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L xA;kl5sf af]ljªa|f]s, Zo 6:j/L, cflbsf] bz{gsf] ¿kdf d'Le/
JolQmx¿sf] ;Lldt l;4fGt g} alg/x\of] /, To;/L dWod ju{sf nflu — p;sf wd{lj/f]wL ljZjf;x¿
/ p;sf k" “hLjfblj/f]wL /fhg}lts ;DaGwx¿ b'j}sf] sf/0f — Tof] 3[l0ft rLh lyof] . ctM k|ultzLn
dWod ju{sf] d'Vo efu clxn] klg clehft juL{o ef}ltsjfb / O{Zj/jfbsf] lj/f]wdf k|f]6]:6\ØfG6
dtjfbL ;Dk|bfosf] cg'ufdL alg/x\of] . tL ;Dk|bfox¿n] :6'c6{ /fhfx¿sf lj?4sf] n8fO“sf nflu
em08f / n8fs"x¿ lbPsf lyP tyf cfh klg Oª\NofG8sf] ædxfg\ pbf/tfjfbL kf6L{Æsf] Tof] d]?b08
ag]sf] 5 .

To;}aLr ef}ltsjfb a]nfotaf6 k|mfG; k'Uof] . Toxf“ bfz{lgsx¿sf] Pp6f csf] { ef}ltsjfbL
ljrf/wf/f — sf6]l;ogjfbsf] Pp6f wf/fl;t 3'nldn eP/ Pstfa4 ePsf] lyof] . k|mfG;df klg ;'?–
;'?df Ps dfq clehft juL{o l;4fGt /x]sf] lyof] . . t/ To;sf] qmflGtsf/L k|j[lQ l56} cufl8 cfof]
. k|mflG;;L ef}ltsjfbLx¿n] cf gf] cfnf]rgfnfO{ wfld{s ljZjf;l;t ;DalGwt s'/f;Dd dfq ;Lldt
u/]gg\, pgLx¿n] ;a} pknAw j}1flgs k/Dk/fx¿ / /fhg}lts ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cf gf] cfnf]rgfsf]
3]/fleq kf/] tyf pgLx¿sf] l;4fGt ;j{JofkL 5 eGg] cf gf] bfaf k'li6 ug{sf nflu pgLx¿n]
;a}eGbf ;f]emf] af6f] clVtof/ u/] eg] cf gf] la/f6 u|Gy ljZjsf]ifnfO{ ;fx;sf ;fy 1fgsf] x/]s
ljifodf nfu" u/] . Tof] ljZjsf]ifsf] sf/0f pgLx¿sf] gfd ljZjsf]ifjfbL x'gk'Uof] . To;/L ef}ltsjfb
jf O{Zj/jfb b'O{dWo] s'g} Ps ¿kdf k|mfG;]nL lzlIft o'jfx¿sf] dt aGgk'u]sf] lyof] . Tof] s'/f s'g
xb;Dd a9\g k'u]sf] lyof] eg] k|mfG;df dxfg\ qmflGtsf] Hjfnf blGs+bf;Dd To; l;4fGtsf a]nfotL
/fhfjfbLx¿n] To;sf] k[i7kf]if0f u/]sf lyP . To;n] k|mflG;;L u0ftGqjfbLx¿ / cftÍjfbLx¿sf
xftdf Jofg/ lbg] sfd u/]sf] lyof] / ædfgj clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffÆsf nflu zAb klg k|:t't ul/lbPsf] ]
lyof] . k|mfG;sf] dxfg\ qmflGt k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] t];|f] ljb|f]x lyof] eg] wfld{s vf]n k"0f{tM x6fP/
v'n+v'Nnf /fhg}lts9Ëaf6 nl8Psf] Tof] klxnf] ljb|f]x lyof] . Tof] ljb|f]x Tolta]nf;Dd rln/x]sf] lyof],
hlta]nf;Dd b'O{y/L nl8/x]sf ju{x¿dWo] Ps, cyf{t\ clehft ju{nfO{ lgd"n{ kfl/Psf] lyPg, cyf{t\
k" “hLjfbL ju{ k"0f{tM ljhoL ePsf] lyPg . Oª\NofG8sf] qmflGtdf k"j{sf c¿ qmflGtx¿kl5sf
;+:yfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ qmd rn]sf] lyof] . hdLgbf/ ju{ / k" “hLklt ju{aLr Toxf“ ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] .
Tof] s] s'/fdf cleJoQm ePsf] lyof] eg] sfg"gsf ghL/x¿ rln/x]/} sfg"gsf ;fdGtL ¿kx¿nfO{
wfld{s ¿kx¿af6 cIf'00f agfO/flvPsf] lyof] . k|mfG;df qmflGt x'g' eg]sf] ctLtsf k/Dk/fx¿l;t
k"0f{–ljR5]b lyof] . Toxf“ To;n] ;fdGtjfbsf cjz]ifx¿nfO{ d]l6lbPsf] lyof] eg] lbjfgL d'2f -Civil
Code_sf ¿kdf, k|frLg /f]dsf sfg"gnfO{ — dfS;{n] dfnsf] pTkfbg eGg'ePsf] cfly{s r/0fsf
k|foM ;Dk"0f{¿kaf6 / lgbf] {if¿kaf6 cleJoQm sfg"gL ;DaGwx¿sf /f]dsf sfg"gx¿nfO{— cfw'lgs
k" “hLjfbL kl/l:ylt cg'¿k Hofb} xf]l;of/Lsf ;fy gof“ ;+zf]lwt ¿k lbOPsf] lyof] — Tof] slt
xf]l;of/Lsf ;fy lbOpsf] ;+zf]lwt ¿k lyof] eg] — clxn] klg k|mfG;sf] pQm qmflGtsf/L sfg"gn]
Oª\NofG8;lxt ;a} b]zx¿df :jfldTjsf] sfg"gdf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu Pp6f gd"gfsf] ¿kdf sfd lbG5
. tfklg xfdLx¿n] s] s'/f e'Ng'x'“b}g
eg] a]nfotL sfg"gn] clxn] klg k" “hLjfbL ;dfhsf cfly{s
;DaGwx¿nfO{ olb Pp6f To:tf] aa{/ ;fdGtL efiffdf cleJoQm ub{5 / cË| ]hL lxHh]n] cË| ]hL
pRrf/0fl;t d]n vfPem} + To;n] cleJoQm j:t'l;t d]n vfG5 — s'g} k|mflG;;Ln] eg]sf 5g\ M
ltdLx¿n] n]Vg t nG8g n]Vb5f} t/ …s':t'gt'lgof“ -vous prononcez constantinople_ af]Nb5f}
— eg] cË| ]hL sfg"g g} Ps dfq sfg"g xf], h;n] JolQmut :jtGqtf, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g /
cbfntafx]s c¿ x/]st/xsf] x:tIf]kaf6 lge{otf / d'lQmsf k|frLg hd{g clwsf/x¿sf] Tof] >]i7
efunfO{ ;'/lIft /fVb5 tyf cd]l/sf / pklgj]zx¿;Dd k'¥ofOlbPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f Pp6f jf:tljstf
xf] . Tof] lg/Í'z /fhtGqfTds o'udf o"/f]kdf nf]k eO;s]sf] 5 / clxn];Dd sxLklg k|fKt x'g ;s]sf]
5}g .
xfdL k'gM a]nfotL k" “hLklt ju{lt/ kmsf} { + . k|mflG;;L qmflGtn] s] s'/fsf] df}sf lbPsf] lyof] eg]
o"/f]k]nL /fhfx¿sf] ;xfotfaf6 k|mfG;sf] ;fd'lb|s Jofkf/nfO{ p;n] vtd kf/f];\, k|mflG;;L
pklgj]zx¿ sAhf u/f];\ tyf k|lt:kwf{;DaGwL k|mfG;sf clGtd bfafx¿nfO{ ;d]t klg rsgfr"/
kf/f];\ . pgn] k|mflG;;L qmflGtl;t nf]xf lng'sf] Pp6f sf/0f Tof] klg lyof] . To;sf] csf] { sf/0f s]
lyof] eg] pQm qmflGtsf] tf}/–t/Lsf p;sf] a7\ofO“eGbf Psbd} ljk/Lt lyof] . pQm qmflGtsf] s]jn
æ3[l0ft cftÍjfbÆ dfq xf]Og, k" “hLjfbL zf;gnfO{ k/fsfi7fdf k'¥ofpg] p;sf] sf]lzz;d]t klg p;n]
?rfpGgYof] . a]nfotL k" “hLjfbL ju{n] cf gf] clehft ju{ljgf p;n] s] s'/f g} ug{ ;SbYof] / <
p;n] a'em]sf] h'g;'s} thaLh / sfObf clehft ju{n] p;nfO{ l;sfPsf] lyof] . p;sf] nflu gof“–
gof“ klx/g p;n] g} lgsfn]sf] lyof] tyf p;n] g} Joj:yf sfod ug] { ;]gf tyf aflx/sf cf}klgj]lzs
d'n'sx¿ Pj+ gof“ ahf/ 3'Dg] hn ;]gfsf nflu clwsf/L h'6fPsf] lyof] . lg:;Gb]x k" “hLjfbL ju{sf]

Pp6f cNk;ª\Vos k|ultzLn efu klg lyof], h;sf lxtx¿k|lt clehft ju{l;t ul/Psf] ] ;Demf}tfdf
Tolt Wofg k'¥ofOPsf] lyPg . Tof] efudf dWod ju{sf ck]Iffs[t sd wgL JolQm lyP . ltgLx¿n]
qmflGtk|lt ;xfg'e"lt /fVby] t/ ;+;b\leq pgLx¿sf] zlQm lyPg .
To;/L ef}ltsjfb olb k|mflG;;L qmflGtsf] bz{g aGgk'u]sf] lyof] eg] wd{le¿ a]nfotL k" “hLjfbL
ju{ cf gf] wd{l;t emg\w]/} 6f“l:;Psf] lyof] . hgtfsf] wfld{s k|j[lQ gi6 x'“bf
kl/0ffd s] x'G5 < Tof]
k]l/;sf] /fHo cftÍn] b]vfOlbPsf] lyof] . ef}ltsjfb k|mfG;af6 hltw]/} l5d]sL d'n'sx¿df km}ln+b}uof]
/ To;/L ;}4flGts wf/fx¿l;t, ljz]if u/]/ hd{g bz{gl;t p;sf] hltw]/} hf]8an ldNb}uof] /
jf:tjdf hltw]/} dfqfdf ef}ltsjfb / :jtGq ljrf/ o"/f]kdf ;';+:s[t JolQmsf cfjZos u'0f aGb}uP,
TolQs} hf]8bf/¿kn] a]nfotL dWod ju{ wfld{s ljZjf;l;t cememg\w/} 6f“l:;+b}uof] . tL ljrf/x¿
Ps csf] {eGbf a]Un} x'g ;Sby] / tL :ki6¿kaf6 wfld{s / O;fO{ ljZjf; g} lyP .
k|mfG;df qmflGtn] k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] /fhg}lts ljho ;'lglZrt ul/lbPsf] lyof] tyf Oª\NofG8af6
cfs{/fO6, sf6{/fO6 / c¿x¿n] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] ;"qkft ul/lbPsf lyP . To;n] cfly{s zlQmsf]
u'?Tjfsif{s s]Gb|nfO{ k"0f{tM :yfgfGtl/t ul/lbPsf] lyof] . clehft hdLgbf/ ju{sf] ck]Iff k" “hLklt
ju{sf] wg / j}ej tLj|tfsf ;fy a9\gk'Uof] . :jo+ k"hLjfbL ju{leq klg sfvf{gfsf dflns clehft
ju{, AofÍkltx¿, cflb a9LeGbf a9L lsgf/fdf ws]ln+b} uP . !^*( sf] ;Demf}tfsf afjh"b lj:tf/}–
lj:tf/} To;df k" “hLjfbL ju{sf lxtx¿df kl/jt{g x'“b}uPsf]
lyof] . ca b'j} kIfsf] l:ylt ;fk]If l:ylt
cg'¿k /x]sf] lyPg . tL kIfx¿sf] :j¿k klg ablnPsf] lyof] . !*#) sf] k" “hLjfbL ju{ ut zbLsf]
k" “hLjfbL ju{eGbf Psbd} a]Un} lyof], To;n] /fhg}lts zlQm clehft ju{sf xftdf 5f]l8lbPsf] lyof] .
/, p;n] To;sf] pkof]u gof“ cf}Bf]lus k" “hLjfbL ju{sf bfafx¿sf] lj/f]w ug{sf nflu ub{Yof] . To;n]
ca gof“ cfly{s lxtx¿l;t d]n vf“b}gYof] . clehft ju{sf lj?4 gof“ ;ª\3if{ ug'{
{ cfjZostf lyof] /
To;sf] cGt gof“ cfly{s zlQmsf] ljhosf] ¿kdf g} x'g ;SbYof] .
;j{k|yd t !*#) sf] k|mflG;;L qmflGtsf] k| ]/0ffaf6 ;Dk"0f{ k|lt/f]wsf] afjh'b ;'wf/ sfg"g kf;
ePsf]lyof] . Tof] sfg"gn] ;+;b\df k" “hLjfbL ju{nfO{ zlQmzfnL / ;Ddflgt :yfg k|bfg u/sf] lyof] .
To;kl5 cgfhsf sfg'gx¿ 172 ;+zf]lwt ul/Psf lyP / ToxL sf/0fn] ;fdGtL clehft ju{dfly
k" “hLklt ju{sf], ljz]if¿kn] To;sf] ;lqmo efusf], cyf{t\ sfvf{gfsf dflnsx¿sf] ;w} +sf nflu k|e'Tj
sfod ePsf] lyof] . k" “hLklt ju{sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ljho ToxL lyof] . t/ Tof] s]jn p;sf] lxtdf
:yflkt ul/g] clGtd ljho dfq lyof] . kl5 p;n] h]–hlt ljho xfl;n u/]sf] lyof], Tof] gof“
;fdflhs zlQmsf ;fy af“8L–r'8L u/]/ pkof]u ug'{k/]sf]
lyof] . Tof] gof“ zlQm klxn] p;sf] ;fydf
lyof] eg] kl5 t'?Gt} p;sf] k|lt:kwL{ aGgk'u]sf] lyof] .
cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] 7"n–7"nf sfvf{gfsf dflns k" “hLkltx¿sf] Pp6f ju{nfO{ hGd lbPsf] lyof] .
t/ To;n] Pscsf] { ju{nfO{ klg hGd lbPsf] lyof] — Tof] ju{ lyof] M sfvf{gfdf sfd ug] { dhb"/ ju{ .
h'g cg'kftdf sfvf{gfsf] pTkfbgsf] Ps zfvfkl5 csf] { zfvfdf cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] c;/ k}mln+b}
uof], ToxL cg'kftdf Tof] ju{sf] ;ª\Vof klg qmdzM a9\b} uof] — /, ToxL cg'kftdf p;sf] zlQmdf
klg j[l4 x'“b}
uof] . cf gf] zlQmsf] k|df0f p;n] !*@$ df plta]n} lbPsf] lyof], hlta]nf dhb"/
ju{nfO{ ;Ëu7g ug{ lglif4 ul/Psf] sfg"gx¿ vf/]h ug{sf nflu p;n] ;+;b\nfO{ clgR5fk"j{s afWo
agfPsf] lyof] . ;'wf/ cfGbf]ngsf] sfndf dhb"/x¿n] ;'wf/jfbL kf6L{cGt/ut u/dbn;/x sfd ub{y]
. !*#@ sf] sfg"gdf pgLx¿nfO{ ef]6 lbg] clwsf/af6 al~rt ul/Psf] ] lyof] . ctM pgLx¿n] cf gf
dfux¿nfO{ hg;d'bfosf] Pp6f clwsf/kq -People's Charter_sf] ¿kdf ;"qa4 u/] / ljzfn
k" “hLjfbL kf6L{sf] t'ngfdf cfk"mnfO{ cgfh sfg"g;DaGwL :jtGq kf6L{sf] ¿kdf, cyf{t\ rfl6{:6 kf6L{sf]
¿kdf pgLx¿n] ;Ël7t u/] . cfw'lgs o'udf ToxL kf6L{ dhb"/x¿sf] klxnf] kf6L{ lyof] .
To;kl5 !*$* sf] km]a| 'c/L / dfr{df o"/f]k]nL qmflGt eof] . To;df >dhLjL hg;d'bfon] slt
cufl8 a9]/ efu lnP tyf slDtdf k]l/;df s:tf dfux¿ /fv] eg] tL k" “hLjfbL ;fdflhs
b[li6sf]0faf6 slxNo} ;Eo x'“b}gy]
. qmflGtkl5 rf/}lt/ hf]8bf/ k|ltlqmof eof] . klxn] clk|n !),
!*$* sf lbg rfl6{:6x¿sf] xf/ eof], ToxL jif{sf] h"gdf k]l/;sf] dhb"/–ljb|f]xnfO{ bafOof], k'gM
O6nL, xË]/L / b=hd{gLdf !*$( sf ljklQx¿ v8f eP / cGtdf l8;]Da/ @, !*%! df k]l/;df n'O{

af]gfkf6{sf] hLt eof] . slDtdf s]xL ;dosf] nflu dhb"/ ju{sf bfafsf xf}jfx¿ x6fOof] tfklg
To;sf] nflu sltw]/} d"No r'sfpg'k/]sf] lyof]
a]nfotL k" “hLklt ju{n] cfd hgtfsf] wfld{s efjgf sfod /fVg'kg] { cfjZostf ePsf] s'/f olb
klxn] g} a'em]sf] eP tL cfjZostfnfO{ slt uDeL/¿kn] a'em]sf] lyof] xf]nf t < cf gf o"/f]k]nL
bfh'efO–lbbLalxgLx¿sf] cfgGbk"0f{ xf“;f]sf] a]jf:tf ub} { jif] {gL lg/Gt/ p;n] lgDg ju{sf
hg;d'bfosf] wfld{s lzIffdf nfvf} +nfv kf}G8 vr{ ul//x\of] . p;nfO{ s]jn cf gf] b]zsf wfld{s
pks/0fx¿af6 dfq ;Gtf]if ePg g p;n] Jofkf/sf] ¿kdf wd{sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;Ë7g stf{ —
hf]gfyg efO 173 l;t d2tsf] nflu ckLn u¥of] tyf cd]l/sfaf6 k'g?Tyfgjfb 174 cfoft ul/of] Pj+
d"8L / ;GsL -Moody and Sankey_ 175 h:tf JolQmx¿nfO{ af]nfPsf] lyof] . /, cgtdf p;n]
O;fO{ wfld{s ;]gf 176 sf] vtgf{s …;xof]uÚnfO{ ;d]t :jLsf/ ug] { sa'n ul/Psf] ] lyof] — Tof] ;]gf lsg
vtgf{s lyof] eg] To;n] k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{sf l;4fGtx¿sf] k|rf/ u/]/ To;df k|f0f k|lti7f
el/lbGYof] . To;n] u/Lax¿nfO{ O{Zj/sf aGbL eGg] ub{5, k" “hLjfbsf lj?4 wfld{s t/Lsfx¿af6 ;‹if{
ub{5 / To;/L k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{sf juL{o cGt/lj/f]w;DaGwL tTjsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5 . Tof] ;]gfn] tL
wgLdfgL JolQmx¿nfO{ s'g} klg x}/fgLdf kfl/lbg ;Sb5 . To;n] clxn] p;sf nflu d'7\7L vf]n]/ gub
lbO/x]sf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s ljsf;sf] yfx ePs} lgod s] xf] eg] k" “hLjfbL ju{n] h'g;'s} o"/f]k]nL
d'n'snfO{ klg— slDtdf bL3{sfn;Dd — dWoo'uLg ;fdGtL clehft ju{n] ;/x PSn} cwLg:y /fVg
;Sb}g . ;fdGtjfbnfO{ Psbd} PSnf] kfl/Psf] k|mfG;df ;d]t klg k" “hLjfbL ju{n] zf;gdf cf gf] k"0f{
clwsf/ Hofb} sd ;do;Dd /fVg ;s]sf] xf] . !*#) b]lv !*$* ;Ddsf] n'O{ lkmlnksf] zf;gsfndf
k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] Hofb} ;fgf] cNk;+Vofn] zf;g u/]sf] lyof] . Tolta]nf ef]6 lbg] zt{ slt s8f lyof]
eg] pxL ju{sf] w]/}h;f] efu klg Tof] clwsf/af6 al~rt ePsf] lyof] . !*$* b]lv !*%! ;Ddsf]
bf];|f] u0ftGqfTds ;dodf ;Dk"0f{ k" “hLjfbL ju{n] cjZo zf;g u/]sf] lyof] t/ vfln tLgjif{ dfq .
p;sf] cIfdtfsf] sf/0f bf];|f] ;fd|fHosf] :yfkgf x'gk'u]sf] lyof] . clxn] cfP/ vfln t];|f]
u0ftGqfTds o'udf dfq ;Dk"0f{ k" “hLjfbL ju{n] @) jif{eGbfa9L ;do;Dd zf;gsf] afu8f]/ cf gf]
xftdf /fVg ;s]sf] 5 . t/ ca p;sf] ktgsf] nIf0f hf]8bf/¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . k" “hLjfbL ju{sf]
:yfoL zf;g s]jn cd]l/sfh:tf] b]zdf dfq ;Dej ePsf] 5, hxf“ ;fdGtjfbsf] gfd–lg;fg lyPg /
;'?b]lv g} k" “hLjfbL cfwf/df ;dfh rn]sf] lyof] . t/ k|mfG; / cd]l/sf;d]t klg k" “hLjfbL ju{sf
pQ/flwsf/L — >dhLjL hg;d'bfon] ca 9f]sf v6v6fpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
Oª\NofG8df k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] Psflwsf/ slxNo} klg /x]sf] 5}g . !*#@ sf] ljhokl5 klg 7"n–
7"nf ;/sf/L gf]s/L Psk|sf/n] PSn} clehft ju{sf] clwsf/df /x]sf] lyof] . Tof] s'/f wgL dWod
ju{n] ;lx/x\Øf] eGg] s'/f d]/f lglDt w]/} lbg;Dd /x:ofTds /lx/x\Øf] . Tof] /x:osf] pb\3f6g
Tolta]nf x'gk'Uof], hlta]nf Tof] pbf/jfbL sfvf{gfsf] dflns — >Lo'Q 8ANo"=P=km:6/n] ;fj{hlgs
;efdf af]Nb} Ao|fskmf]8{sf o'jfx¿;“u ckLn u/] — olb pgLx¿n] ;G;f/df ;kmntf k|fKt ug{
rfxG5g\ eg] k|mflG;;L efiff l;Sg'kb{5 . :jo+ cf gf] cg'ejaf/] rrf{ ub} { dlGqd08nsf] Pshgf
dGqLsf] x}l;otn] pgnfO{ k|mflG;;L efiffsf] cË| ]hLhlQs} 1fg x'g'kg] { ;dfhdf hfg'kbf{ s;/L Toxf“
pgn] d'v n'sfpg'k/]sf] lyof] / s;/L ;a}sf cufl8 xf“;sf] ayfgdf as'nf] em} + x'g'k/]sf] lyof] < Tof]
s'/f pgn] eg]sf lyP . jf:tjdf To;a]nfsf] dWod ju{ em6k6 wgL cjZo x'gk'u]sf] lyof] t/ pm
;fwf/0f clzlIft g} lyof] /, To;/L ;f/f ;/sf/L gf]s/L clehft ju{sf nflu 5f]l8lbg'afx]s pm;dIf
csf] { pkfo lyPg . lsgeg] Tof] gf]s/Lsf nflu p;sf] Jofkfl/s a'l4sf] ;“u;“u} hf]l8Psf] p;sf]
låkLo s'kd08'stf / låkLo cx+sf/sf] ;f6f] c¿ u'0fx¿ x'g'kg] { cfjZostf x'GYof] . 177 clxn] klg
dWod juL{o lzIffaf/] kqklqsfx¿df slxNo} g6'lËg] ax; rln/x]sf] 5 . To;af6 s] s'/f :ki6 x'G5
eg] clxn] klg dWod juL{o cË| ]hx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ ;j{>]i7 lzIffof]Uo 7fGb}gg\ / a9L ;fwf/0f lzIffs}
ck]Iff /fVb5g\ . To;/L cgfh sfg"g vf/]h ul/Pkl5 klg s'g rLhnfO{ :jfefljs 7flgof] eg]
sf]j8]g, a|fO6, kmf6/, cflb h'g k" “hLklt ju{sf nflu Tof] ljho xfl;n ePsf] lyof], pgLx¿nfO{
b]zsf] /fhsLo zf;gaf6 al~rt ul/g'kb{5 . /, @) jif{;Dd To;af6 pgLx¿ al~rt klg ul/P .

To;kl5 g} Pp6f ;'wf/ sfg"gn] pgLx¿sf nflu dlGqd08nsf] 9f]sf vf]lnlbPsf] lyof] . a]nfotL
k" “hLklt ju{df cf gf] ;fdflhs xLgtfaf]w sltw]/} uxL/]/L hd]sf] lyof] eg] ;a} /fhsLo cj;/x¿df
zf]egLo¿kaf6 /fi6«sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{sf nflu pgLx¿n] cf gf] / /fi6«sf] vr{dfly, csd{0o
JolQmx¿sf] l;Ëf] ;hwh ul/Psf] ] ;Dk|bfonfO{ sfod /fv]sf 5g\ / tLdWo] cflv/ pgLx¿n] g} lgdf{0f
u/]sf] s'g} klg ljlzi6 / ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DkGg ;dfhdf k|j]z kfpg ;Sg] 7flgG5 eg] pgLx¿n]
To;nfO{ cf gf] cxf] efUo 7fGb5g\ .
To;}u/L cf}Bf]lus / Jofkf/L dWod ju{n] cem};Dd hdLgbf/ clehft ju{nfO{ /fhg}lts
;Qfaf6 k"0f{tM Ro"t ug{ gkfp“b} p;sf] csf] { k|ltåGåL — dhb"/ ju{ — p;l;t 6Ss/ ug{cfPsf] xfdL
b]Vb5f} + . rfl6{:6 cfGbf]ng / o"/f]k]nL qmflGtkl5 x'g] k|ltlqmof / ;fy} !*$* / !*^^ aLr ePsf]
a]nfotL Jofkf/sf] ce"tk"j{ lj:tf/af6 -To;sf] sf/0f oflGqs¿kn] vfln v'nf Jofkf/nfO{ dfq
atfOG5 t/ jf:tjdf To;sf] sf/0f s}of} + a9L dfqfdf /]n, ;d'b|L hxfh / oftfofts f cGo
;fwgx¿sf] zlQmzfnL ljsf; x'g' lyof] ._ dhb"/ ju{nfO{ lnj/n kf6L{ -pbf/bn_sf] z/0fdf hfg
afWo x'g' k/]sf] lyof] . rfl6{:6 o'ueGbfklxn] em} + k'gM Tof] p; kf6L{sf] pu| kIf aGg k'u]sf] lyof] .
To;sf] afjh"b ef]6sf] clwsf/sf] pgLx¿sf] bfaf lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} b'lg{jf/ aGg k'Uof] . lnj/n kf6L{sf
lx\ju g]tf 8/fp“b} /x] . t/ l8h/fonLn] 6f]/L bnnfO{ cg's"n cj;/af6 nfe p7fO{ tyf ;+;b\sf
l;6x¿sf] k'glj{t/0f u/L zx/x¿df kfl/jfl/s lgjf{rg -household suffarage_ sf] clwsf/
nfu" ul/lbg] s'/fsf nflu tof/ u/]/ lx\ju g]tfx¿eGbf pm w]/} a9L xf]l;of/ ePsf] b]vfOPof] .
To;kl5 dtkqåf/f r'gfj x'g ;'? eof] . clg, k'gM !**$ df kfl/jfl/s lgjf{rgsf] clwsf/nfO{
sfpG6Lx¿df ;d]t nfu" ul/of] / l;6x¿sf] ljefhg gof“9Ën] ul/of] . To;af6 s]xLxb;Dd r'gfjIf]q
Pscsf{sf] a/fa/ x'g k'Uof] . tL ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] kmn:j¿k dhb"/ ju{sf] lgjf{rg zlQm w]/}
a9\gk'Uof] . slDtdf 8]9–b'O{;o r'gfj If]qx¿df clwsf|z dtbftf;d]t ToxL ju{sf 5g\ . t/ ;+;bLo
;/sf/ k/Dk/fk|lt cfb/ l;sfpg] Pp6f :s"n xf] . ctM olb dWod ju{n] 7§f7§}df hf]g Dofg;{n]
æxfd|f k'/fgf ;fdGtx¿Æ eGg] u/]sf pgLx¿nfO{ eo / cfb/sf] b[li6af6 x]b{5 eg] cfd >dhLjL
hg;d'bfon] æcfk"meGbf 7"nfÆ sxlng] JolQmx¿nfO{ cyf{t\ dWod ju{nfO{ emg\w]/} a9L cfb/ /
;Ddfgsf] b[li6n] x]b{5 . cfheGbf !% jif{klxn] cª\u| ]h dhb"/x¿ jf:tjdf cfbz{ dhb"/ lyP .
cf gf dflnssf] pgLx¿n] slt w]/} Vofn /fVby] / slt w]/} cfb/ ub{y] tyf cf gf] xs dfUg slt
w]/} ;Í'lrt lyP / pgLx¿ slt w]/} ljgozLn lyP < Tof] b]v]/ cf gf b]zsf dhb"/x¿sf] c6n
;fdojfbL / qmflGtsf/L k|j[lQx¿af6 ljIf'Aw Sofy]8/ — ;dfhjfbL dt — xfd|f hd{g
cy{zf:qLx¿nfO{ Hofb} ;'ljwf ldNbYof] .
t/ pQm Jojxf/s'zn a]nfotL dWod ju{ hd{g k|fWofksx¿eGbf w]/} b"/bzL{ lyof] . p;n]
cf gf] zlQm dhb"/ ju{sf ;fy af“8]/ pkof]u cjZo u/]sf] lyof] t/ clgR5fn] . p;n] rfl6{:6
cfGbf]ngsf] sfndf hgtfn] s] s] ug{ ;Sb5g\ -pur robustus sed malitious_ eGg] s'/f
a'lem;s]sf] lyof] . clg, To;kZrft\ afWo eP/ hgtfsf] clwsf/kqsf] clwsf+z efunfO{ p;n]
a]nfotL sfg"gsf] cË agfpg'k/]sf] lyof] . olb slxNo} hgtfnfO{ g}lts ;fwgx¿åf/f azdf /fVg'
lyof] eg] hgtfnfO{ k|efljt ug] { ;jf] {Qd g}lts ;fwg wd{ lyof] / clxn] klg ToxL xf] . /, ctM
xfdLx¿ s] b]Vb5f} + eg] :s"nx¿sf Joj:yfkg ;ldltx¿df w]/}h;f] kfb/Lx¿ 5g\ /, To;/L k" “hLjfbL
ju{ sd{sf08b]lv lnP/ d'lQm;]gf;Dd, x/]sk|sf/sf] k'g?TyfgjfbnfO{ k|>o lbgsf nflu :jo+
cfk}mdfly a9LeGbf a9L s/ nufp“b} hfG5 . /, ca a]nfotL ;Ddfgsf] ljho o"/f]k]nL k" “hLjfbL ju{sf
:jtGq ljrf/x¿ / p;sf] wfld{s lzlyntfdfly eof] . k|mflG;;L / hd{g dhb"/x¿ ljb|f]xL ag]sf
lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ ;dfhjfbsf] k|efj /fd|/L k/]sf] lyof] tyf cfk"mnfO{ dfly p7fpgsf nflu pgLx¿n]
h'g t/Lsf k|of]u ub{y], tL sfg"gL lyP jf u}/–sfg"gL < To;af/] pgLx¿nfO{ slQ klg lrGtf
/xg]u/]sf] lyPg . To;sf] vf; sf/0f klg lyof] . Tof] df]6f]3f6f] s]6f] lbgk|ltlbg Hofb} z}tfg -puer
robustus _ x'“b}uO/x]sf]
lyof] . k|mflG;;L / hd{g k" “hLjfbLx¿sf nflu cflv/L pkfo s] /x]sf] lyof]
eg] pgLx¿n] cf gf :jtGq ljrf/x¿nfO{ r"krfkl;t ltnf~hnL lbpmg\ — h'g s]6fn] hxfhdf

;fgl;t r'/f]6 tfGb} cfp“5 t/ hxfhn] 7Ss/ vf“bfv]l/ ha p;nfO{ pN6L cfpg yfNb5, Tolta]nf
t'?Gt cf gf] ;lNs/x]sf] r'/f]6 r"krfkl;t ;d'b|df of“lslbG5 . h;n] klxn] wd{sf] lvNnL p8fp“y],
ltgLx¿ clxn] Pskl5 csf] { aflx/L cfr/0fdf wd{k/fo0f aGgyfn], rr{af/], rr{sf] cGwljZjf; /
cfrf/–ljrf/x¿af/] clxn] pgLx¿n] >4fk"j{s s'/fx¿ ug{ yfn] tyf ;Dej eP;Dd cfr/0f klg
ToxL cg'¿k ug{yfn] . k|mflG;;L k" “hLklt ju{n] z'qmaf/sf lbg lg/fldif ef]hg ug{ yfNof] eg] hd{g
k" “hLklt ju{n] cfOtaf/sf lbg rr{sf a]~rdf a;]/ nfdf k|f]6]:6\ofG6 k|jrg ;'Gg yfNof] .
ef}ltsjfbsf] sf/0f pgLx¿ cK7\of/f]df km“:gk'u]sf lyP . hgtfsf] nflu wd{nfO{ hLljt /fVg'kg] {
cfjZostf 5 . -Die Religion muss dem Volk erthalten werden_ — ;dfhnfO{ ;Dk"0f{
ljgfzaf6 a“rfpgsf nflu ToxL Ps dfq / clGtd pkfo lyof] . pgLx¿sf] b'ef{Uo s] lyof] eg]
hlta]nf wd{nfO{ ;w} +sf nflu ;dfKt kfl/lbgsf nflu pgLx¿n] ;s];Dd ;a}yf]s ug{ tD;]sf lyP,
s]jn TolQa]nf dfq pgLx¿n] Tof] s'/f a'‰g ;s]sf lyP . clxn] a]nfotL k" “hLkltx¿sf] kfnf] lyof] .
lvTsf 5f8]/ lv;L ub} { pgLx¿n] pml;t eg], æa]js'kmx¿, clxn] aNn ltdLx¿n] ;D‰of} of] s'/f
d}n] ltdLx¿nfO{ cfheGbf b'O{;o jif{klxn] g} elg;s]sf] lyP“ .Æ To;sf] afjh"b d]/f] ljrf/ s] xf] eg]
g t cª\u| ]hx¿sf] wfld{s h8tf g o"/f]k]nL k" “hLjfbL 36gfkl5sf] -Post festum_ Xbo kl/jt{gn]
;j{xf/f ju{sf] pln{/x]sf] nx/nfO{ /f]Sg ;Sg]5 . k/Dk/f chËsf] afws zlQm xf], Tof] Oltxf;sf] h8
zlQm -vis incritiac_ xf] t/ s]jn Pp6f lgliqmo zlQm x'gfn] pm 6'6\g' cjZoDefjL 5 . /, To;/L
k" “hLjfbL ;dfhnfO{ a“rfpgsf nflu :yfoL¿kaf6 wd{ To;sf] 9fn aGg;Sb}g . sfg"g, bz{g /
wd{;DaGwL xfd|f ljrf/x¿ olb ;dfhdf k|rlnt cfly{s ;DaGwx¿af6 s]xLgs]xL ¿kdf
ck|ToIfk|sf/n] pTkGg ePsf x'g\ eg] cGttM To:tf ljrf/x¿ To;;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ kl/jt{gsf]
k|efjaf6 c5"t /xg ;Sb}gg\ / olb xfdLx¿n] lbJo 1fgdf ljZjf; ub} {gf} + eg] xfdLx¿n] dfGg}kb{5 —
s'g} 6'l6/x]sf] / rls{/x]sf] ;dfhnfO{ 6]sf] lbP/ arfpg] s'g} klg wfld{s ljZjf; 5}g .
/, jf:tjdf clxn] t Oª\NofG8df ;d]t klg >dhLjL hgtf cufl8 a9\gyfn]sf 5g\ . lg:;Gb]x
gfgfk|sf/sf k/Dk/fx¿af6 pgLx¿ h]lnPsf 5g\ . k" “hLjfbL k/Dk/fn] pgLx¿nfO{ hs8]sf] 5 . h:t}
pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ 5 M Oª\NofG8df sGhe] {l6e kf6L{ / lnj/n kf6L{ vfln b'O{j6f kf6L{ dfq x'g' ;Dej
5 / p;n], cyf{t\ dhb"/ ju{n] ljzfn lnj/n kf6L{åf/f g} cf gf] d'lQm xfl;n ug] { k|oTg ug'{kb{5
.
:jtGq¿kaf6 sfd ug{ klxn] lxrlsrfpg] lj/f;taf6 k|fKt dhb"/x¿sf] k/Dk/fn] klg o;nfO{
hs8]sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] a'emfO 5 — Jojl:yt¿kn] pDd]bjf/ /x]/ cf gf] lzIff k"/f gul/;s]sf
w]/}h;f] k'/fgf dhb"/ cfj]bsx¿nfO{ ;‹eGbfaflx/ /fVg'kb{5 . To;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] ;+3leq p;sf
cf g} x8tfn tf]8\g]x¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ . t/ tL ;a} s'/fsf] afjh"b k|f=j] +6fgf];d]tn] a8f] b'Mvsf ;fy
cf gf Sofy]8/–;dfhjfbL aGw'x¿nfO{ atfpg' k/]em} + cª\u| ]h dhb"/ ju{ cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .
Oª\NofG8df x/]s rLh cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . Oª\NofG8df x/]s rLh cufl8 a9\g] u/]em} + lj:tf/}–lj:tf/}
;DxflnP/ sbd rfNb} pm cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . slxn] pm blRsG5 t slxn] s]xLgs]xL dfqfdf c;kmn
/ k|of]ud"ns k|oTg ub{5 . slxn]sfxL+ t ;dfhjfb gfdl;t klg pm ;z;lÍt /xG5 t/ ;dfhjfbsf]
;f/tTjnfO{ lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} cfTd;ft ub} { hfG5 . clg, of] cfGbf]ng a9\b} hfG5, km}ln+b} hfG5 /
dhb"/x¿sf] Pp6f :t/kl5 csf] {:t/nfO{ k|efljt ub} {hfG5 . To;n] k"=nG8gsf cbIf dhb"/x¿nfO{
emsemsfP/ ca gL+baf6 Ao'“emfPsf]
5 eg] xfdLnfO{ To;sf] abnfdf tL gof“ zlQmx¿n] klg
cfGbf]ngnfO{ slt zlQm k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ clg, olb of] cfGbf]ngsf] / tf/ p208 JolQmx¿df
x'g'kg] { hltklg 5}g eg] a]nfotL rL/qsf ;j{>]i7 u'0fx¿nfO{ dhb"/ ju{n] g} hLljt /fVg]5 eGg] s'/f
e'Ng'x'“b}g
. clg, Oª\NofG8df Ps kfOnf] cufl8 ;fbf{v]l/ ;fwf/0ftM kl5 kls{ +b}g eGg] xf]Og . ctM olb
pko'{Qm
sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ k'/fgf rfl6{:6x¿sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ v/f plqPgg\ eg] t s] eof] < pgsf gflt–
gfltgLx¿ cf gf k"j{hx¿sf Psbd} of]Uo ag]/ lg:sg]5g\ .
t/ o"/f]k]nL dhb"/ ju{sf] ljho vfln Oª\NofG8df dfq lge{/ ub} {g . Tof] xfl;n ug{ slDtdf
Oª\NofG8, k|mfG; / hd{gLn] kf/:kl/s ;xof]u ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf 5 . k|mfG; / hd{gL b'j}df dhb"/
cfGbf]ng Oª\NofG8sf] eGbf w]/} cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . hd{gLdf Tof] ;kmntfsf] w]/} k/ klg 5}g . ljut

@% jif{df o;n] u/]sf] k|ult jf:tjdf ce"tk"j{ 5 . /, Tof] tLj|eGbf tLj| ultaf6 cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5
. hd{g dWod ju{df /fhg}lts Ifdtf, cg'zf;g, ;fx;, zlQm / nug cflb u'0fx¿sf] k|r'/ k|df0f
lbOPsf] rf/ jif{klxn] o"/f]k]nL dhb"/ ju{sf] klxnf] ljb|f]x hd{gLaf6 ;'? ePsf] lyof] . cfhsf] l:ylt
b]Vbfv]l/ s] o"/f]k]nL ;j{xf/f ju{sf] klxnf] dxfg\ ljhosf] /Ëe"ld hd{gL g} x'g] s'/f ;DefjgfeGbf k/
5 t <
clk|n @), !*(@
***
k|m]8l/s PË]N;
k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{sf] Oltxf;
— ! —
k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{sf] Oltxf;df y'k| } dxŒjk"0f{ rLhx¿ kfOG5g\ . tL cfw'lgs dhb"/ ju{sf]
cfGbf]ngdf klg kfOG5g\ . cfw'lgs dhb"/ ju{sf] cfGbf]ngem} + O;fO{ wd{ klg ;'?df pTkLl8t
dflg;x¿sf] cfGbf]ng lyof] . ;aeGbfklxn] bf;x¿ / bf;tfaf6 d'Qm ePsf bf;x¿, ;f/f
clwsf/x¿af6 al~rt u/Lax¿ tyf /f]dåf/f u'nfd agfOPsf jf ltt/–ljt/ kfl/Psf ;Dk|bfox¿sf]
wd{sf] ¿kdf Tof] cufl8 cfPsf] lyof] .
O;fO{ wd{ / dhb"/ ju{sf] ;dfhjfb b'j}n] bf;Tj / b'Mv–bb{af6 cf;Gg d'lQmsf] ;Gb]z lbG5g\ .
O;fO{ wd{n] eGb5 — Tof] d'lQm k'gh{Gddf, d[To'kl5 :ju{df k|fKt x'G5 . ;dfhjfbn] eGb5 — Tof]
d'lQm oxL ;G;f/df, ;dfhnfO{ abn]/ k|fKt x'G5 . b'j}dfly bdg / pTkL8g ul/G5 . b'j}sf
;dy{sx¿k|lt 3[0ff ul/G5 . /, ltgLx¿n] agfPsf vf; sfg"gsf] lzsf/ pgLx¿nfO{ agfOG5 . O;fO{
wd{sf ;dy{sx¿nfO{ dfgj hfltsf zq'sf] ¿kdf ;hfo“ lbOG5 eg] ;dfhjfbsf ;dy{sx¿nfO{
/fHo;Qfsf zq'x¿sf] ¿kdf tyf wd{, kl/jf/ / ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf zq'x¿sf] ¿kdf bl08t ul/G5
. /, tL ;f/f bdgsf afjh"b, s] eGg'kb{5 eg] To;af6 cem}w]/} k| ]/0ff lnP/ pgLx¿ ;kmntf xfl;n
ub} { a]/f]s6f]s cufl8 a9\b} hfG5g\ . O;fO{ wd{nfO{ p;sf] pbosf] #)) jif{kl5 /f]d ;fd|fHodf
/fhsLo wd{sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ] lyof] eg] ^) jif{ laTg gkfp“b} ;dfhjfbn] cf gf] ztk|ltzt
ljhosf] ;'lglZrt :yfg agfPsf] 5 .
ctM k|f]=PG6g DofGu/n] cf gf] s[lt æ>dsf] k"0f{ pkh k|fKt ug] { clwsf/Ædf /f]dsf ;d|f6sf]
hdLgsf] ljzfn s]Gb|Ls/0f x'g' / tfTsfnLg >dhLjL ju{ — h;df nueu ;a} bf;x¿ lyP — c;Ld
;Í6df x'g'sf afjh"b æ/f]d ;fd|fHosf] cGtkl5 klZrddf ;dfhjfbsf] :yfkgfÆ lsg ePsf] lyPg
eg]/ olb cfZro{ k|s6 ub{5g\ eg] To;sf] sf/0f vfln of] xf] — Tolta]nf ;Dej x'g]xb;Dd Toxf“
jf:tjdf O;fO{ wd{sf] ¿kdf ;dfhjfb ljBdfg lyof] . To;n] k|d'v :yfg;Dd k|fKt ul/;s]sf] lyof] .
km/s slQ dfq lyof] eg] pQm O;fO{ wd{, plta]nfsf] P]ltxfl;s kl/l:yltdf ckl/xfo{ ePh:t}
Oxnf]sdf xf]Og, k/nf]sdf — :ju{df, d[To'sf] kl5sf] zfZjt hLjgdf — l56} cfpg] æ:j0f{o'uÆdf -
O;fd;Lxsf] zf;gsfndf_ To;n] ;fdflhs kl/l:yltnfO{ abNg rfxGYof] .
tL b'O{ P]ltxfl;s 36gf–k|jfxx¿sf] ;dfgtf w]/}klxn] dWoo'ud} tfTsfnLg ls;fgx¿ /
ljz]if¿kaf6 zx/sf ;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfosf] klxnf] ljb|f]xsf] ¿kdf xfdL;dIf au{/x¿ cfp“5g\ .
dWoo'uLg ;Dk"0f{ hg–cfGbf]ng em} + Tof] o'4n] klg wd{sf] rf]nf lnP/ cufl8 cfpg' ckl/xfo{ lyof] .
rf/}lt/ km}lnPsf] cwf]ktg 178 af6 To;nfO{ arfP/ O;fO{ wd{sf] k'g:yf{kgf ul/lbg' pgLx¿sf] nIo
ePh:tf] nfUbYof] . t/ wfld{s pTsif{sf tL ;f/f s'/fx¿sf k5fl8 x/]sk6s s'g}gs'g} vf; ;fG;fl/s
:jfy{ l5k]sf] x'GYof] . ozZjL hfg lhhsf] g]t[Tjdf ag]sf] cSv8 -af]x]ldog, ;fdflhs aGwgx¿af6
d'Qm_ 6\ofjf]/fO6sf] ;Ë7gdf Tof] s'/f cToGt :ki6¿kn] b]Vg kfOG5 . hd{g ls;fgo'4kl5 Tof]
lj:tf/} }–lj:tf/} vtd ePsf] lyof] tfklg pQm ljz]iftf dWoo'udf JofKt /x]sf] lyof] . !*#) kl5
>dhLjL sDo'lg:6x¿sf] pbo;“u;“u} Tof] k'gM klg klGkg yfn]sf] lyof] . /]gfgn] eg]sf lyP, æO;fO{
wd{sf k|f/lDes ;d'bfox¿sf af/]df olb d}n] tkfO{ +nfO{ s]xL atfpg rfx] + eg] d}n] tkfO{ +l;t
…cGt//fli6«o >dhLjLx¿sf] ;‹sf] s'g} :yfgLo zfvfnfO{ x]g'{xf];\Ú
eGg]5' .Æ t/ k|mfG;sf sDo'lg:6x¿

ljz]if u/]/ jfO6ln+u / pgsf ;dy{sx¿n] Tof]eGbf w]/}klxn] g} k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{af/]
ToxLk|sf/sf] s'/f ub{y] .
tL k|mfG;]nL ljåfgn] afOansf] hd{g cfnf]rgfnfO{ s;/L sf6s"6 kf/]sf lyP eg] cfw'lgs
kqsfl/tfdf;d]t To:t}k|sf/sf] csf] { pbfx/0f kfOGg . k'gZr, pgn] To;sf] cfwf/df O;fO{ wfld{s
;‹sf] Oltxf;l;t ;DalGwt cf gf] pkGof;, æO;fO{ wd{sf] pTklQsf] ;|f]t -Origines du
Christianisme_ sf] /rgf u/]sf lyP,— h'g zAbx¿nfO{ klxn] dfly p4[t ul/Psf] ] 5, ltgdf
uxL/f] ;Totf lyof] eGg] s'/f :jo+ pgn] klg hfGb}gy] . k'/fgf] cGt//fli6«o -k|yd cGt//fli6«o
>dhLjLx¿sf] ;‹_sf] To:tf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ d}n] b]Vg rfxG5', h'g pbfx/0fsf nflu s'l/GyLx¿sf] gfd
kfnsf] tyfslyt låtLo wd{kqnfO{ s'g} k'/fgf 3fpx¿ljgf k'gM vf]tn]/ k9\g ;lsG5, h'g k9\bfv]l/
slDtdf Pp6f s'/faf/] cjZo p;sf] ;Demgf tfhf x'g k'Ub5 . * cf} + cWofokl5 Tof] l;Ëf] wd{kqdf
ToxL zfZjt / k|l;4 eO;s]sf] l;sfot k|ltWjlgt x'G5 M bfg cfO/x]sf] 5}g -les cotisations ne
rentrent pas_ & cf} + bzssf y'k| }hgf Hofb} pT;fxL k|rf/sx¿ lglSng]5g\ . ltgLx¿n] pQm
wd{kqsf] n]vs — pm hf];'s} lsg gxf];\ — sf] xft cf gf] xftdfly /fv]/ ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s lj:tf/}
p;l;t eGg]5g\ M æcxf] ltdLn] klg of] x}/fgLl;t h'Wg'k/]sf] lyof] Æ xfdLx¿ klg — xfdLx¿sf
;‹df s'l/GyLx¿ e/df/ lyP — bfg -rGbf_ gldn]sf] uLt ufpg ;Sb5f} + / s] eGg ;Sb5f} + eg] xfd| }
cf“vfsf cufl8af6 pgLx¿ 5n]/ ;f]em} xfd|f] xftaf6 k'mlTs+bfv]l/ xfdLx¿ slQ nf]leP/ /xGYof} +
k|lz4 cGt//fli6«osf æbzf} + nfvÆ ltgLx¿ g} lyP .
k|f/lDes O;fO{x¿sf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L xfl;n ug] { xfd|f] Pp6f ;jf] {Qd ;|f]t ;df];6fsf]
n'l;og xf] . To;nfO{ zf:qLo -k|ltli7t_ k|frLgsfnsf ef]N6fP/ elgG5 . x/]svfnsf] wfld{s
cGwljZjf;dfly pgn] Ps}gfzn] cljZjf; ub{y] /, To;/L O;fO{x¿nfO{ c¿ s'g}k|sf/sf] wfld{s
;d'bfosf] ¿kdf x]g] { pgLl;t g t s'g} k/wdL{ -k]ug_ — wfld{s cfwf/ lyof] g t s'g} /fhg}lts
cfwf/ . To;sf] ljk/Lt pgsf] cGwljZjf;sf nflu tL ;a}sf pgL pkxf; aGby] — pgn] klg b]j/fh
OGb| -Jupiter_ sf] k|fy{gf ub{y] tyf lo;'l;t bof dfUby] . pgsf pQfpnf tfls{s b[li6sf]0f cg';f/
Psvfnsf] cGwljZjf; plQs} d"v{tfk"0f{ lyof], hlt d"v{tfk"0f{ csf] {vfnsf] cGwljZjf; lyof] . Tof]
;fIfL hf];'s} / h];'s} eP tfklg lgZkIf 5 / To;n] c¿ rLhx¿sf] ;“u;“u} Pshgf ;fx;L k/b]zLsf]
gfd k|f]ldo; lyof] . hlta]nf pm hjfg g} lyof], Tolta]nf Pshgf k/b]zLn] cfd] {lgof“leq Jolerf/
u/]sf] lyof] . Toxf“sf] /Ëd~rdf p;n] To;}u/L ;a}eGbfklxn] k|j]z u/]sf] lyof] . pm ;k|df0f klqmPsf]
lyof] / To; b]zsf] k|rngfg';f/ p;nfO{ lhp“b} hnfOPsf] lyof] . k]l/oddf p;n] cf gf afa'sf]
3f“6L /]l6lbPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 pm Toxf“af6 efUg'k/]sf] lyof] .
æclg km]l/ s:tf] eof]

zx/x¿af6 p;sf] ;xfotf ug{, p;nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg / cbfntdf p;sf] kIfdf ;fIfL aSgsf nflu
cfpg yfn] . hlxn]–hlxn] ltgLx¿sf wfld{s ;Dk|bfosf] k|Zg p7\b5, ltgLx¿n] slt l56f] sfd
ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f ljZjf; ug{ klg ufx|f] x'G5 . k'gM g pgLx¿n] kl/>d ug{ cfgsfgL ub{5g\ g vr{
ug{ . /, To;/L k/b]zLnfO{ rf/}lt/af6 wgsf]jiff{ x'gnfUof] . To;af6 h]nhLjg p;sf] nflu
cfDbfgLsf] 7"nf] ;fwg aGgk'Uof] . u/Lax¿n] dgdg} s] ljZjf; ug{ yfn] eg] pgLx¿sf] z/L/ /
cfTdf cd/ 5 tyf pgLx¿ cgGtsfn;Dd hLljt /xg]5g\ . ToxL sf/0f xf] M pgLx¿n] d[To'nfO{ t'R5
rLh 7fGgyfn]sf lyP /, pgLx¿dWo] s}of} +hgfn] cf g} :j]R5fn] cfTdxTof;Dd ug{k'u]sf lyP . k'gM
pgLx¿sf] ;a}eGbf k|d'v ljlwlgdf{tfn] pgLx¿nfO{ s] ljZjf; lbnfPsf] lyof] eg] h;} pgLx¿n] wd{
kl/jt{g ug{ k'Ug]5g\, cyf{t\ o"gfgL b]jL–b]jtfnfO{ pgLx¿n] ltnf~hnL lbg k'Ug]5g\ tyf ;'nLdf 6f“u]/
dfl/Psf] ;'lkmofjfbLdfly cf gf] cf:yf lnP/ cfpg]5g\ tyf p;sf] cfb]zfg';f/ /xg yfNg]5g\,
Tolta]nf pgLx¿ ;a} Pscsf] {sf aGw'–afGwj aGg k'Ug]5g\ . pgLx¿n] s'g} e]befjljgf ;f/f ef}lts
kbfy{nfO{ lt/isf/sf] ¿kdf b]Vg]u/]sf / ;fd"lxs¿kdf pgLx¿ To;sf dflns aGg]u/]sf 5g\ . ToxL
sf/0f xf] M tL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] k"0f{ ljZjf;sf ;fy, s'g} :ki6Ls/0f jf k|df0fljgf :jLsf/
u/]sf 5g\ . clg hlta]nf s'g} af7f] 7u pgLx¿;“u k'Ub5 / p;n] a'l4dfgLk"0f{ t/Lsfn] s;/L
kl/l:yltnfO{ pkof]u ug] { xf] eGg] s'/f a'‰b5, Tolta]nf sd ;dod} pm el/k"0f{ x'G5 tyf d'v /;fp“b}
r"krfkl;t tL d"v{x¿sf] d"v{tfdf lvTsf 5f]8\b5 . c¿ s'/f, tfTsfnLg l;l/ofnL k|zf;sn]
k/b]zLnfO{ d'Qm ul/lbPsf] lyof] .Æ
k'gM clnslt ToxLvfnsf] cg'ejkl5 ælk|o dxf]bo -k]l/odl;t_æk'gM 3'dlkm/ ug{sf nflu
lg:s]sf lyP — pgsf] ofqfdf O;fO{x¿sf] kljq :jefjn] p;nfO{ wgsf] sdL cg'ej x'g lbPsf
lyPgg\ . x/]s 7fp“ pgLx¿n] p;sf cfjZostfx¿sf] k"lt{ u/]sf lyP tyf pgLx¿n] slxNo} klg
p;nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] si6 x'glbPsf lyPgg\ . s]xL ;do;Dd dflg;x¿n] p;nfO{ To;/L g} vfgkLg
u/fO/x] . t/ k'gM hlta]nf p;n] O;fO{ wd{sf lgodx¿sf] ;d]t pNn‹g u¥of] — d]/f] ljrf/df s'g}
lgif]lwt rLh vf“b}u/]sf] a]nf pm km]nf k/]sf] lyof] — Tolta]nf pgLx¿n] lghnfO{ cf gf] ;Dk|bfoaf6
x6fOlbPsf lyP .Æ
hlta]nf d}n] n'l;ogsf] pQm ljj/0f k9\b5', Tolta]nf o'jfj:yfsf s:tf–s:tf :d[ltx¿ d]/f
dgdf p7\b5g\ ;a}eGbfklxn] æk}uDa/ cNa|VtÆsf] dnfO{ ;Demgf eof] M sl/a !*$* lt/ s}of} +
jif{;Dd :jLh/Nof08sf ;fDojfbL jfO6lnª ;d'bfonfO{ p;n] oyfy{tfdf v"a} n'6]sf] lyof] . pm Pp6f
nfdf] — bx|f] dfG5] lyof] . p;n] nfdf] bfx|L kfNbYof] . ;f/f :jLh/NofG8df pm k}bn g} 3'DbYof] /
;G;f/sf] p4f/sf] nflu dflg;x¿nfO{ /x:ok"0f{¿kdf hDdf u/]/ gof“ O{Zj/Lo jf0fLsf] k|rf/ ub{Yof] .
t/ cflv/df pm lj£g} w"t{ lyof] . l56} pm d¥of] klg . To;kl5 k'gM p;sf] pQ/flwsf/L xf]lN:6gsf
æ8f=Æ hh{ s'xndfg cfof] . pm Tolt lj£g w"t{ lyPg . p;n] jfO6lnª h]ndf ePsf] a]nfsf] kmfObf
p7fP/ k|mflG;;L / :jLh/NofG8sf ;d'bfonfO{ :jo+ cf gf] O{Zj/Lo jf0fLsf] cg'ofoL agfOlbPsf]
lyof] . clg, 5f]6f] ;dod} pQm sfo{df p;n] sltw]/} ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] eg] cu:6
a]s/;d]tnfO{ klg p;n] cf gf] hfndf kf/]sf] lyof], h'g cf gf] ;Dk|bfosf dfG5]dWo] ;a}eGbfa9L
af7f] x'g'sf ;fy} pm ;a}eGbf 7"nf] klg lyof] . tL ;d'bfo;dIf s'x\ndfgn] efif0f lbPsf] lyof] . !*$%
df h]g]jfdf ægof“ ;G;f/ jf k[YjLdf cfTdfsf] /fHo 5Æ eGg] 3f]if0ff ===sf] zLif{saf6 Tof] efif0f
k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . To;sf ;dy{sx¿åf/f -;DejtM cu:6 a]s/åf/f_ n]lvPsf] To;sf] e"ldsfdf
xfdLx¿n] k9\g kfp“5f} + M
æcfjZostf To:tf] JolQmsf] lyof], h;sf] d'vaf6 xfd|f ;f/f b'Mv–si6x¿ tyf xfd|f ;f/f
cfzf–cfsf+Iffx¿, cyf{t\ xfd|f] o'unfO{ Hofb} uDeL/¿kn] k|efljt ug] { rLhx¿sf] cleJolQm x'g ;sf];\
===To:tf] xfd|f] o'un] k|tLIff ul//x]sf] JolQmsf] cjtf/ ePsf] 5, Tof] JolQm xf]lN:6gsf] 8f= hh{
s'x\ndfg xf] . p;n] cfk"m;“u gof“ ;G;f/sf] cyjf jf:tjdf cfTdfsf] /fHosf] ;Gb]z lnP/ cjtf/sf]
¿k lnPsf] 5 .Æ
s] s'/f atfpg'kg] { cfjZostf 5}g eg] gof“ ;G;f/sf] Tof] ;Gb]z afOansf] cfwf–rf}yfO{
efiffdf, n ndf]lgof“hsf] 9Ëaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] ] 7]6 u“jf/ / efjk"0f{ asjf;afx]s s]xL xf]Og .

To;nfO{ k}uDa/sf]h:tf] pT;fx dflg;x¿;dIf /flvGYof] . t/ To;af6 jfO6lnªsf vf;
jfl;Gbfx¿sf] Jojxf/df s'g} cGt/ cfPg tyf pgLx¿n] Tof] w"t{nfO{ To;}u/L sf“wdf r9fP/ rln/x],
h;/L Plzofsf O;fO{x¿n] k]l/u|Lg;nfO{ sf“wdf r9fP/ lx+8]sf lyP . tL JolQmx¿ — h'g cGoyf s§/
hgtGqjfbL tyf cltzo dfqfdf ;dfgtfjfbL lyP / h;sf] sf/0fn] p;n] pgLx¿sf] zf]if0f ub{Yof],
ltgLx¿n] :s"n df:6/, kqsf/ / xftn] sfd ug] { s'g} klg JolQm To:tf]vfnsf] æ1fgL JolQmÆ x'g]
s'/fdf eoÍ/ zÍf ub{y] — gf6sLo9Ëaf6 sfd ug] { To; s'x\ndfgsf] kmGbfdf km“:g k'u]sf lyP .
pgLx¿n] s] ljZjf; ug{ yfn]sf lyP eg] ægof“ ;G;f/Ædf pgLx¿dWo] pm ;a}eGbf a'l4dfg 5, cyf{t\
s'x\ndfgn] g} ;'v af“8Lr'“8L
ug] { Joj:yf ug] {5 . /, t;y{, plta]nfsf] k'/fgf] ;G;f/df klg
lziox¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf a'l4dfg ToxL JolQmsf] r/0fdf ;a} ;'vsf] y'k|f] nufOlbg'kb{Yof] tyf :jo+
cf gf c+zdf h]–hlt 6'qmf kb{5, To;df pgLx¿n] ;Gtf]if dfGg'kb{Yof] . To;/L k]l/u|Lg; s'x\ndfgn]
;d'bfosf] zf]if0f u/]/ v"a} 7f“6l;t cfgGbdo hLjg ljtfO/x]sf] lyof] — hlta]nf;Dd ;SbYof],
Tolta]nf;Dd . lg:;Gb]x Tof] l:ylt w]/} lbg;Dd /lx/x]g . zÍf ug] {x¿ / cljZjf; ug] {x¿sf] a9\bf]
ufO{ +u'O{ + tyf afbf]O{ ;/sf/sf] bdgsf] vt/fn] nf;fgdf æcfTdfsf] zf;gÆ cGt ul/lbof] — s'x\ndfg
nf]k eof] .
h'g JolQmnfO{ o"/f]ksf] dhb"/ cfGbf]ngsf k|f/lDes lbgx¿sf] cg'ejhGo 1fg 5, To;nfO{
To;k|sf/sf bh{gf} + pbfx/0fx¿sf] ;Demgf x'g]5 . cfhef]ln Tof] xb;Dd k'Ug] To;vfnsf sxfgLx¿
slDtdf 7"n–7"nf s]Gb|x¿df c;Dej ePsf 5g\ . t/ cem}klg cfGbf]ng gof“ g} ePsf ;'b"/sf
lhNnfx¿df To;vfnsf ;fgf–7"nf k]l/u|lg;nfO{ c:yfoL / ;Lldt ;kmntf ldNg ;Sb5 . clg, 6Lsf
nufpg] s'/fsf lj/f]wLx¿b]lv lnP/ a|x\dro{sf ;dy{s, zfsfxf/L, hLjxTofsf lj/f]wL, k|fs[lts
lrlsT;fåf/f /f]u lgsf] kfg] {x¿, ;d'bfo 6'6k"m6 eP/ l5GgleGg eO;s]sf :jtGq ;d'bfosf
k|rf/sx¿, ljZjsf] pTklQsf af/]df gof“ l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbsx¿, c;kmn jf cefuL cfljisf/sx¿,
gf]s/zfxL tTjx¿n] æPsbd} a]sfdsf lgDgk" “hLjfbL emf;e'm;Æ elgg] jf:tljs jf sfNklgs
cGofosf lzsf/ JolQmx¿, Odfgbf/ d"v{ / a]Odfg wf]s]jfh;Dd — cyf{t\ jt{dfg ;/sf/L If]qaf6
efjL rLhsf] s]xL cfzf gePsf JolQmx¿ jf cf gf] ;xgzLntfsf] k/fsfi7fdf k'lu;s]sf JolQmx¿
— h;/L ;f/f b]zx¿df dhb"/ ju{sf kf6L{x¿df 3':b5g\, 7Ls To;}u/L k|f/lDes O;fO{ ;d'bfodf
pgLx¿ 3':g k'u]sf lyP . k'/fgf] ;G;f/sf] lj36gaf6 :jtGq agfOPsf, cyf{t\ yft–gaf;
agfOlbPsf ;f/f tTjx¿ O;fO{ wd{sf] z/0fdf Pskl5 csf] { k'u]sf lyP, lsgeg] lj36gsf] Tof]
k|lqmofsf] lj/f]w ug] { ToxL dfq} Pp6f rLh lyof] . O;fO{ wd{n] Tof] k|lqmofsf] lj/f]w ub{Yof] lsgeg] pm
:jo+ ToxL k|lqmofsf] cfjZos pkh lyof] . /, To;sf/0f pm sfod /x]sf] lyof] / To;n] k|ult
ub} {uO/x]sf] lyof] eg] c¿ tTjx¿ If0feË'/ dfvfem} + nf]k x'gk'u]sf lyP . s'g} lsl;dsf] To:tf]
wdf] {Gdfb lyPg, s'g} lsl;dsf] To:tf] d"v{tf lyPg, s'g} lsl;dsf] To:tf] w"t{ lts8d lyPg, h'gvfn]
JolQmx¿ gof“ O;fO{ ;d'bfoleq 3';]sf lyP / ltgLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf s'/f ;'Gg] / v';L–/fhL
pgLx¿dfly ljZjf; ug] { dflg;x¿ gldNg] 5'§f5'§} 7fp“df 5fl8Psf] lyof] . clg, xfd|f] k|yd
cGt//fli6«o sDo'lg:6 dhb"/ ;‹h:t} O;fO{ ;Dk|bfon] klg k|f/lDes lbgx¿df c;fdfGo caf]w9Ën]
pgLx¿sf] nIo cg'¿ksf ;a} s'/fx¿dfly ljZjf; ub{Yof] — ctM O;fO{ wd{sf nflu k]l/u|Lg;n] h'g
y'k| } u|Gyx¿ n]v]sf] lyof], To;sf] s]xL c+z gof“ afOandf ;dfj]z gePsf] xf]nf eg]/ xfdL
kl/kSj9Ën] eGg ;Sb}gf} + .
— @ —
afOansf] hd{g cfnf]rgf g} clxn];Dd k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{sf] Oltxf;af/] xfd|f] 1fgsf] Psdfq
j}1flgs cfwf/ xf] . To; cfnf]rgfdf b'O{ wf/x¿ kfOG5g\ M
To;sf] klxnf] wf/sf] ;DaGw 6'ljGh]g ;Dk|bfo -Tobingen School_ l;t lyof] . Jofks
cy{df l8=P;=:6«f;;d]tnfO{ klg ToxL ;Dk|bfodf ;fd]n ug'{kb{5
. cfnf]rgfTds 5fgaLgsf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 klg wfld{s ;Dk|bfo hlt 6f9f;Dd k'Ug ;Sb5, Tolt 6f9f;Dd Tof] wf/ k'Ub5 . To;n]
s] s'/f :jLsf/ ub{5 eg] O;fO{ wd{;DaGwL rf/j6} k':tsx¿cf“v}n] b]v]sf ljj/0fx¿dfly cfwfl/t
geP/ tL x/fPsf s[ltx¿sf cfwf/df kl5 tof/ kfl/Psf lyP / wd{kqsf ;Gb]zafxs kfn

atfOg]x¿dWo] rf/eGbf a9L k|fdfl0fs 5}gg\, OToflb P]ltxfl;s ljj/0fx¿dWo] rdTsf/ / c;Ëltsf
;f/f rLhx¿nfO{ To;n] tL dfGo 5}g eg]/ cnUofOlbG5 . t/ k'gM h]–hltaf“ls /xG5, To;dWo]
æh]hltnfO{ hf]ufpg ;lsG5, ToltnfO{ hf]ufpg]Æ r]i6f To;n] ub{5 tyf To;sf] jf:tljs ¿k,
wfld{s ;Dk|bfosf] :j¿k Psbd} :ki6 x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ToxL sf/0faf6 -hd{g cfnf]rgfsf]_
Tof] k4ltnfO{ pkof]u ub} { /]gfg — h;n] cf gf] w]/} cfwf/ ToxL wf/fnfO{ dfGb5 — cem} a9LnfO{
æhf]ufpgÆ ;dy{ ePsf] lyof] . To;afx]s gof“ afOansf s}of+ Hofb} ;lGbUw ljj/0fx¿nfO{
P]ltxfl;s¿f6 k|fdfl0fs tYox¿sf] ¿kdf p;n] xfdLdfly yf]kg] { sfd u/]sf] 5 . zxLbx¿af/] c¿
s}of} + kf}/fl0fs syfx¿;d]t klg p;n] ylklbPsf] 5 . tfklg 6'ljGh]g ;Dk|bfo -Tobingen
School_n] h'g rLhx¿nfO{ cg}ltxfl;s / ck|dfl0fs 7x¥ofP/ alxisf/ ug] { u/]sf rLhx¿nfO{ t
lj1fgsf] b[li6n] clGtd¿kaf6 vtd ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
csf] { wf/fsf] vfln Pp6} dfq k|ltlglw a| 'gf] afo/ x'g\ . pgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] of]ubfg s] xf] eg]
pgn] vfln afOan / lbJo ;Gb]zafxsx¿sf wd{kqx¿sf] lgd{d cfnf]rgf k|:t't u/]sf dfq geP/
pgn] ox'bL / o"gfgL cNofsh]lG8«ofnL tTjx¿sf ;fy;fy} ljz'4¿kaf6 o"gfgL / o"gfgL /f]dsf
tTjx¿sf] ;d]t klg uDeL/tfk"j{s 5fgaLg ug] { sfd ;a}eGbfklxn] u/]sf lyP . pgn] O;fO{ wd{sf
nflu ;a}eGbfklxn] ljZjJofkL bz{g aGg] af6f] vf]lnlbPsf lyP . a| 'gf] afo/kl5 O;fO{ wd{ ox'bL
wd{af6 Psbd} tDtof/ / k"0f{ cj:yfdf lgSn]sf] lyof] tyf Kofn]l:6gaf6 ;'? u/]/ ;f/f ;G;f/nfO{
cf gf l;4fGtx¿ — h'g d'VotM ;'lglZrt eO;s]sf lyP — sf], cyjf cf gf] g}ltstfsf] andf
;kmn agfPsf] lyof] eg]/ ca s;}n] dfGb}gYof] . ca pQm sxfgL vfln wfld{s ;+:yfgx¿leq tyf
pgLx¿aLr dfq rNb}–3l;| +b} /xg ;Sb5, h;n] lj1fgsf] anL r9fP/ ePklg æwd{nfO{ hgtfsf nflu
hLljt /fVg rfxG5g\ . h'g O;fO{ wd{ sf]:6fl:6gsf] zf;gsfndf /fhsLo wd{ aGg k'u]sf] lyof],
To;dfly cNofsh]lG8«ofsf lkmnf]jfbL ;Dk|bfo / o"gfgL–/f]dgx¿sf] lgs[i6 bz{g — ckmnft'g /
d'VotM j}/fUojfbL bz{g — sf] h'g Hofb} k|efj k/]sf] lyof], To;nfO{ ;lj:tf/ atfpg] sfd oBlk
slxNo} k"/f ePsf] 5}g tfklg Tof] k|efjsf] cl:tTjnfO{ k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] ] 5 / To;sf] d'Vo >]o a| 'gf]
afo/nfO{ 5 . O;fO{ wd{nfO{ sxL+ aflx/af6 — h'l8ofaf6 — NofP/ /f]dg–o"gfgL b'lgof“df yf]kl/Psf]
lyPg, a? Pp6f ljZjwd{sf] ¿kdf To;sf] pTklQ :jo+ To;leqaf6 ePsf] lyof] eGg] k|df0fsf]
cfwf/lznf pg}n] /fv]sf lyP . lg:;Gb]x uxL/]/L hd]sf unt wf/x¿sf lj4 n8\g] tL ;a}
JolQmx¿h:t} afo/;d]t klg cf gf] pQm /rgfdf cfjZostfeGbf a9L cufl8 a9]sf lyP .
;flxlTos ;|f]tx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ;d]t pbLodfg O;fO{ wd{df lkmnf]sf] ljz]if u/]/ l;g]sfsf]
k|efj k/]sf] lyof] / gof“ afOansf n]vsn] bfz{lgs rLhx¿ rf]/]/ nu]sf Psbd} ;flxlTos rf]/ lyP
eg]/ k|dfl0ft ug] { lkmqmLdf a| 'gf] afo/n] gof“ wd{sf] pbosfn nueu cfwf zbLkl5 eGg'k/]sf] lyof] .
pgsf wf/0ffx¿sf lj?4 /x]sf /f]dsf Oltxf;sf/x¿sf egfOx¿nfO{ pgn] c:jLsf/ ug'{k/]sf]
lyof] .
Oltxf; n]vgsf ;DaGwdf cfd¿kn] kof{Kt dgf]dfgL ug'{k/]sf]
lyof] . pgsfg';f/ O;fO{ wd{sf] pbo
oyfy{df n]ljogx¿sf] zf;gsfndf ePsf] lyof] tyf gof“ afOansf] ;flxlTos /rgf x]l8«og
PG6f]lgo; / dfs{; cf]/]lno;sf] zf;gsfndf ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] kmn:j¿k gof“ afOandf lo;' /
pgsf lziox¿sf ljj/0fx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldsf] ¿kdf afo/sf nflu s'g} dxŒj /xGgYof] . pgL
tL sxfgLx¿df 3'nldn eP/ ljnLg x'G5g\, h;df cfGtl/s ljsf;sf cj:yfx¿ tyf k|fylds
;d'bfosf g}lts ;‹if{x¿nfO{ s]xLgs]xL dfqfdf sfNklgs JolQmx¿;“u hf]l8lbPsf] lyof] .
afo/sfg';f/ gof“wd{sf] hGd:yn u]lnnL / h]?;]nd geP/ cn]Sh]lG8«of / /f]d x'g\ .
ctM tL sxfgLx¿ / ;flxlTos cjz]ifsf ¿kx¿dWo] h;nfO{ gof“ afOandf c5"tf] 5f]l8Psf]
lyof], To;nfO{ olb 6'ljGh]g ;Dk|bfon] xfdLx¿;dIf clxn] klg lj1fgn] ljjfbf:kb j:t'sf ¿kdf
:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] cwLstd rLh k|:t't ug{ ;Sb5 eg] a| 'gf] afo/n] xfdL;dIf :jLsf/ ug{ g;lsg]
clwstd j:t' k|:t't ul/lbG5g\ . jf:tljs ;Totf b'j} rLhsf aLrdf x'G5 . cfh xfdL;“u h'g
;fwg 5, To;sf] ;xfotfaf6 pQm ;Totf lgwf{l/t ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f Hofb} ;Gb]xf:kb 5 . Tof]
sfd k"/f ug{sf nflu s'g} klg cfnf]rgfsf] ck]Iff gof“ rLhx¿sf] vf]haf6, ljz]if u/]/ /f]d / k"jL{
b]zx¿df ul/g] vf]hx¿af6, ;a}eGbfa9L ld>df ul/g] vf]hx¿af6 w]/} d2t ldNg]5 .

t/ gof“ afOan s:tf] k':ts klg xf] eg] To;sf] n]vgsfn s]xL dxLgfleq lgwf{l/t ug{
;lsG5 . Tof] k':ts ;g\ ^& sf] h"g cyjf ;g\ ^* sf] hgj/L jf clk|nsf] aLrdf n]lvPsf] xf]nf .
To;/L Tof] k':tsn] O;fO{ o'usf] Psbd k|f/lDes sfns} tyf Psbd} ;Lwf;fbL >4fsf ;fy Pj+
tfTsfnLg d'xfj/fx¿sf] efiffdf Tof] o'usf] k|f/lDes sfnsf ljrf/x¿nfO{ k|ltljlDat ub{5 . tfklg
d]/f] ljrf/df k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{ jf:tjdf s:tf] lyof] eGg] s'/f atfpgsf nflu af“sL ;Dk"0f{ gof“
afOansf] ck]Iff — Tof] cf gf] jt{dfg ¿kdf w]/}kl5sf] /rgf xf] — Tof] k':tsn] Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{
;|f]tsf] sfd ug{ ;Sb5 . pQm k':ts tyfslyt hf]gsf] b}jL ;Gb]z xf] . Tof] k':ts l;Ëf] afOandf
;a}eGbf lSni6 -c:ki6_ nfUb5 . t/ hd{g cfnf]rgfsf] s[kfaf6 Tof] cfh ;a}eGbf ;/n / :ki6
ag]sf] 5 . cf gf kf7sx¿nfO{ d}n] To;sf] ljj/0f lbg]5' .
Tof] s'/f cfTd;ft ug{sf nflu To;sf /rlotf dfq geP/ To;sf] Tof] rnv]n ug] { æghLsÆsf
JolQmx¿aLr Tolta]nf pRr pdË / pNnf;sf] s:tf] cj:yfdf lyof] eGg] a'‰gsf nflu Tof] k':ts
k9\g' g} kof{Kt x'g]5 . of] b}jL ;Gb]zsf] k':ts g} cf gf] vfnsf] / ;dosf] Psdfq k':ts xf]Og .
/]gfgn] cf} +nf ug]/ s] eg]sf lyP eg] xfd|f] o'usf] !^$ cf} + jif{b]lv xfdLx¿n] kfPsf] klxnf] k':ts,
8]lgossf] k':ts hlta]nf n]lvPsf] lyof] — o; o'usf] @%) ;fn;Dd, cyf{t\ sdf]l8Ogåf/f /lrt
æsf/d]gÆ 180 sf] cg'dflgt ;do;Dd æO{Zj/Lo 1fgÆ;DaGwL slDtdf /]gfgn] e]6]sf !% j6f To:tf
k':tsx¿ n]lvPsf lyP eg] kl5 n]lvPsf gSsnL rLhx¿ Tof] uGtLdf k/]sf lyPgg\ . -/]gfgsf]
egfO d}n] lsg p4[t ub{5' eg] h'g JolQmx¿ ljz]if1 5}gg\, ltgLx¿n] ;a}eGbfa9L ToxL k':tsnfO{
a'‰b5g\ . Tof] ;lhn}l;t kfOG5 klg_ Tof] Tolta]nfsf] ;do lyof], hlta]nf /f]d / o"gfg;Dddf tyf
Plzof dfOg/, l;l/of / ld;|df t cem emg\w]/} q9Ldfqfdf a]Unfa]Un} hfltx¿sf lgs[i6td
cGwljZjf;sf] u~hfuf]ndf Psbd} s'g} lsl;dsf] cfnf]rgfljgf cGwf];/x :jLsf/ ul/GYof] eg] ljz'4
hfnem]n tyf Psf]xf]/f] k|k~rnfO{ To;df yk]/ To;df /x]sf sdLx¿nfO{ k"/f ul/lbOGYof] . Tof]
Tolta]nfsf] ;do lyof] hlta]nf rdTsf/ / k/dfgGbsf s'/fx¿, b]jtfsf bz{gx¿, e"t–lkrf;x¿,
eljiojf0fLx¿, ;"gsf Jofkf/Lx¿, ox'bLx¿sf] u'Ktljwf -safnf_ 181 / y/L–y/Lsf To:tf y'k| } c¿
hfb"–6'gfd'gfsf] e/df/ lyof] . O;fO{ wd{sf] pbo ToxL jftfj/0fdf /, To;afx]s cnf}lss skf]n
slNkt s'/fx¿nfO{ c¿ rLhx¿sf] ck]Iff cltw]/} rfvn] ;'Gg tof/ x'g] JolQmx¿aLr ePsf] lyof] .
ld;|df p; o'usf] bf];|f] ztfJbLdf O;fO{ gf]l:6s JolQmx¿ -/x:ojfbLx¿_ 182 n] Jofks¿kaf6
/;folgs lqmof ug] {ub{y] . c¿ rLhx¿sf] ;fy;fy} ln8]gdf k|fKt KofkL/; ->Lkqsf] 8f“7af6 ag]sf]
sfuh_sf b:tfj]h klg ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g, /f;folgs lqmofsf wf/0ffx¿nfO{ pgLxcfkm\gf
lzIff;Dddf ;dfj]z u/]sf lyP . clg, rflN8of / h'l8ofsf ul0flt1x¿ klg — h'g 6];L6;sf]
syfgfg';f/ hfb'–6'gf u/]sf] cleof]udf /f]daf6 b'O{k6s -Psk6s Snfl8o;sf] zf;g sfndf / csf] {
k6s k'gM lj6}lno;sf] zf;g sfndf _ lgsflnPsf lyP — n] Tof] /]vf ul0ftafx]s csf] { s'g} vfnsf]
/]vful0ft sfof{Gjog ub} {gy], h'g d"n b}jL ;Gb]zdf xfjL ePsf] kfOG5 .
p;df Pp6f rLh yKg' cem cfjZos 5 . O{Zj/ 1fgsf ;f/f k':tsx¿n] cfkm\gf kf7sx¿nfO{
wf]sf lbg] clwsf/ ;jo+nfO{ ePsf] bfaf ub{5g\ . cfd¿kaf6 tL k':tsx¿ vfln pgsf tyfslyt
/rlotfx¿eGbf Psbd} a]Un} JolQmx¿n] n]v]sf dfq geP/ w]/}h;f] kl5sf JolQmx¿n] n]v]sf lyP .
8]lgonsf] k':ts, x]gf]rsf] k':ts tyf Ph/f, a?r, h'8f, cflbsf O{Zj/Lo 1fgsf k':tsx¿ tyf
elj:ojf0fL ug] { k':tsx¿ ToxLvfn] /rgfx¿ x'g\ . /, hxf“;Dd ltgLx¿sf ljifoj:t'sf] ;DaGw 5,
To;df klxn] lalt;s]sf / jf:tljs n]vsnfO{ /fd|/L hfgsf/L ePsf rLhx¿sf] eljiojf0fL 5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu 8]lgonsf] k':tssf n]vs PlG6of]s; PkmLkm]lghsf] d[To' x'g'eGbfs]xL klxn],
!^$ df 8]lgonsf] d'vaf6 — To;nfO{ g]j'r8 g]Rrf/sf] sfndf ePsf] dflgG5 — kmf/; /
d];f]8f]lgof“sf] ;fd|fHosf] pbo / ktgsf ljifodf tyf /f]dg ;fd|fHosf] :yfkgfsf] ljifodf
eljiojf0fL u/fp“5g\ eljiojf0fL ug] { cfkm\gf] Ifdtfsf] k|df0f lbP/ kf7snfO{ Oh/fOnLx¿n] ;f/f
si6x¿ kf/ ug] {5g\ / cGtdf hLt pgLx¿s} x'g]5 eGg] cfkm\gf] clGtd eljiojf0fL dfGg tof/
kfg{sf nflu p;n] To;f] ub{Yof] . tfklg hf]gsf] b}jL ;Gb]z;DaGwL k':ts jf:tjdf h;sf] xf] elgG5

, pxL n]vsåf/f n]lvPsf] lyof] eg] O{Zj/Lo 1fg;DaGwL ;f/f ;flxTox¿dWo] ToxL k':ts dfq Pp6f
ckjfb x'g]5 .
hf]gn] pQm /rgfsf] n]vs ePsf] bfjf ub{5g\ . pgL
x/xfntdf Plzof dfOg/sf O;fO{x¿df Ps hgf ljlzi6 JolQm
lyP . ;ftj6f O;fO{ wflds ;+3if{x¿nfO{ k7fOPsf] ;Gb]zsf]
:j/af6 ToxL rLh l;4 x'g k'Ub5 . ;DejtM pg} b]jb"t hf]g lyP
P]ltxfl;s¿kaf6 oBlk pgsf] cl:tTj k"0f{¿kn] k|dfl0ft ePsf]
5}g tfklg pg} x'g' w]/} ;Dej 5 . olb jf:tjdf pxL b]jb"t g} Tof]
k':tssf n]vs x'g\ eg] xfd|f] b[li6sf]0faf6 t Tof] emg\ /fd|f] s'/f xf]
. Tof] rLh s] s'/fsf] /fd|f] k|df0f x'g]5 eg] Tof] k':tsdf alh{t
O;fO{ wd{ g} ;f“rf] k|F/lDes O;fO{ wd{ lyof] . hf“bfhf“b} oxf“ s] klg
elgxfn" “ eg] b}jL ;Gb]zsf] To; k':tsf n]vs afOan jf tLgj6}
wd{kq n]Vg] JolQm lyPgg\ eGg] :ki6 yfx x'G5, oBlk ltgnfO{
hf]gåf/f n]lvPsf] eg]/ atfOG5 .
b}jL ;Gb]zsf] k':tsdf s}of} + b[Zox¿ 5g\ . klxnf] b[Zodf O;fn]
7"nf] kfb/Lsf e]ifdf bz{g lbG5g\, pgL Plzofsf ;ftj6f O;fO{
wfld{s ;+3x¿sf k|tLs ;ftj6f d'djQLaLr k'Ub5g\ / hf]gl;t
eg]/ tL rr{x¿sf ;ftj6f b]jb"tnfO{ ;Gb]z k7fp“5g\ . oxf“
Psbd} ;'?d} Tof] O;fO{ wd{ / lgsfOofsf] kl/ifbåf/f ;"qa4 ul/Psf] ]
sf]G:6]lG6gsf] ;fj{hlgs wd{sf] cGt/ :ki6¿kdf xfd|f cufl8
cfp“5 . lqu'6 oxf“ s]jn c1ft dfq geP/ Tof] c;Dej klg 5 .
kl5sf] Pp6f kljq cfTdfsf] :yfgdf oxf“ xfdLn] æO{Zj/sf ;ft
cfTdfx¿ -!!-@__ af6 x6fPsf lyP . lo;' O{Zj/ sbflk xf]Ogg\ / g
t pgL O{Zj/ ;dfg x'g\ . To;sf] ljk/Lt pgL æO{Zj/Lo ;[li6sf
yfngLÆ x'g\ . tfklg pgL O{Zj/sf Pp6f To:tf] ;Gtfg x'g\, h'g
lgTo sfnb]lv g} rNb}cfPsf] 5 t/ dfly n]lvPsf ;ft
cfTdfx¿;/x O{Zj/fwLg 5g\ . cWofo [!%-#_] df x'tfTdfx¿n]
:ju{df æO{Zj/sf ;]js df]h]hsf] uLt, kf7fsf] uLtÆ ufp“b} O{Zj/Lo
uf}/jsf] ehg ub{5g\ . oxf“ lo;' vfln O{Zj/sf] cwLg:y dfq
gb]lvP/ Ps cy{df df]h]h ;dfg klg b]lvG5g\ . lo;'nfO{

o?;]nddf ;"nLdf 6f“u]/ dfl/lbG5 -[!!-*_] t/ km]l/ pgL p7\b5g\
[!,%,!*], pgL ;G;f/sf kfksf] abnfdf anL r9fOPsf] ækf7f]Æ x'g\
. pgsf] /utaf6 ;f/f efiffx¿ / /fi6«x¿sf emQmx¿nfO{ d'lQm
ldn]sf] lyof] / pgLx¿ O{Zj/ glhs k'u]sf lyP . k|f/lDes O;fO{
wd{nfO{ ;fj{ef}lds wd{sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'gsf nflu d2t ug] {
cfwf/e"t ljrf/ ToxL xf] .
plt a]nfsf ;a} ox'bL / o"/f]k]nL wd{x¿sf] ljZjf; s] lyof]
eg] dflg;x¿sf lqmofsnfkx¿af6 ?i6 ePsf b]jtfx¿nfO{ anL
r9fP/ ;Gt'i6 kfg{ ;lsG5 . O;fO{ wd{sf] klxnf] qmflGtsf/L d"ne"t
ljrf/ -To;nfO{ lkmnf]jfbL ;Dk|bfoaf6 lnOPsf] lyof]_ s] lyof] eg]
hxf;Dd >4fn' hgsf] ;DaGw 5, olb s'g} aLrsf] JolQmn] :j]R5fn]
dxfg\ cfTdanLbfg ub{5 eg] ;f/f dflg;x¿ / sfnsf kfkx¿sf]
Ps}k6s ;w} +sf] nflu k|folZrt x'g]5 . To;/L cem a9L anLbfgsf]
cfjZostf vtd ul/lbPsf] lyof] / To;sf ;fy;fy} ljleGg wfld{s
sd{sf08x¿sf] cfjZostf klg d]l6Psf] lyof] . tfklg tL
sd{sf08af6 d'lQm kfpg' ;fj{ef}lds wd{ aGgsf nflu p;sf]
klxnf] cfjZostf lyof] . t/ ltgn] p;nfO{ c¿ wd{ dfGg]
JolQmx¿l;tsf] p;sf] x]nd]nnfO{ sl7g agfp“y] cyjf Psbd}
/f]Sby] . To;sf] afjh"b anL r9fpg] k|rng dflg;x¿sf] /Llt–
l:yltdf slt uxL/]/L hd]sf] lyof] eg] Sofyf]lnsjfb ;d]t klg –
To;n] k/wdL{ d"lt{k"hf ug] {x¿sf cToGt w]/} s'/fx¿ c“ufln;s]sf]
lyof] — Tof] afgLJoxf]/f;“u ;Dem}ftf ug{sf nflu slDtdf gdfhsf]
a]nf k|tLsfTds anLbfg k|yfnfO{ cfkm"leq ;dfj]z ug'{k¥of]
.
csf] {lt/ To; k':tsdf d"n kfksf] cGwljZjf;sf] s'g} lrx\g;d]t
5}g .
tfklg tL ;f/f ;Gb]z tyf l;ª\uf] k':tsdf ;a}eGbf ljz]if s'/f
s] xf] eg] ltgdf ltgsf n]vsx¿ :jo+nfO{ cfkm" / cfkm\gf ;xwdL{
ox'bLx¿afx]s c¿ s'g} gfd lng] slxNo} / sxL+ klg Vofn x'Gg .
;d/gf / lkmnf8]lNkmofsf ;Dk|bfox¿sf ;b:ox¿sf] To;n] eT;{gf

ub{ }5 / pgLx¿ æox'bL xf} +Æ eGb5g\ t/ æxf]Og tL z}tfgsf afxg
x'g\Æ eGb} pgLx¿ ck|;Ggtf JoQm ub{5g\ . k/ufdf];sf
dflg;x¿sf ;DaGwdf pm eGb5 M pgLx¿n] anfd l;4fGt
dfGb5g\ . Tof] anfdn] afnsnfO{ Oh/fonL s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] dfu{df
cj/f]w v8f u/, d"lt{x¿ ;dIf r9fOPsf rLhx¿ vfpm / Jolerf/
u/ eGg] l;sfPsf] lyof] To;/L oxf“ ;r]t O;fO{x¿sf] s'/f
xf]Og, a? cfkm" ox'bL æxf} +Æ eGg]x¿sf] s'/f xf] . dfgf} + pgLx¿sf]
ox'bL wd{ klxn]sf] ox'bL wd{sf] ljsf;sf] Pp6f gof“ cj:yfsf]
Bf]ts xf] tfklg To;}u/L Tof] pxL Psdfq ;f“rf] wd{ aGgk'Ub5 .
ctM O{Zj/sf] l;+xf;gsf] cufl8 hlta]nf dxfTdfx¿ xflh/ eP,
Tolt a]nfeGbf klxn] !, $$, ))) ox'bLx¿ — x/]s slanfaf6 !@,
))) ox'bLx¿— pgLx¿;dIf cfPsf lyP / To;kl5 tL cgluGtL
;+;yflkt wd{sf lj/f]wL ;d"xx¿ Toxf“ cfpgkfPsf lyP /
ltgLx¿n] gof“ ox'bL wd{ dfGg yfn]sf lyP . To;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5
eg] O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf] &( cf} + ;fndf To; n]vsnfO{ cfkm"n]
To:tf] wd{sf] ljsf;sf] Psbd} gof“ cj:yfsf] k|ltlglwTj ul//x]sf]
5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L sd lyof], h'g kl5 uP/ dfgjLo
lrGtgsf] Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf qmflGtsf/L tTj aGg]lyof] .
tfklg xfdLx¿ s] kfp“5f} + eg] Tolta]nfsf] O;fO{ wd{ kl5sf]
lg;Lg kl/ifbåf/f ¿9LjfbL9Ëaf6 lgwf{l/t ;fj{ef}lds wd{eGbf
cfsfz/ hdLghlQs} km/s lyof], Pp6fnfO{ b]v]/ csf] {sf] s'g}
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsGgYof] . Tolta]nf To;df xfdLx¿n] g t kl5sf]
O;fO{ wd{sf] cGwljZjf; b]Vg kfp“5f} + g t To;sf] g}ltstf, a?
To;sf] 7fp“df dfG5]n] l;Ëf] ;G;f/sf lj?4 ;‹if{ ul//x]sf] 5 /
To;sf] ljho cjZo x'g]5 eGg] efjgf JofKt 5 . To;df ;‹if{sf
nflu kfOg] pT;'stf / ljhosf] ;DaGwdf kfOg] ljZjf; cfhsf
O;fO{x¿df k"0f{tM cefj 5 . To; o'udf tL rLhx¿ ;dfhsf]
s]jn csf] { w'/Ldf dfq, s]jn ;dfhjfbLx¿df dfq b]Vg kfOG5 .
jf:tjdf ;'?df zlQmzfnL ;G;f/sf lj?4 tyf ;fy;fy} :jo+
k'/fgfsf] 7fp“df gof“ rLh Nofpg rfxg]x¿sf lj?4;d]t klg

;‹if{sf] efj k|f/lDes O;fO{x¿ / ;dfhjfbLx¿ b'j}y/Ldf
;dfgvfnsf] kfOGYof] . tL b'j} 7"nf cfGbf]ngx¿dWo] s;}sf] klg
lgdf{0fdf g]tfx¿ jf k}uDa/x¿sf] s'g} vf“rf] 5}g . tL hg–
cfGbf]ngx¿ x'g\ . ;'?df hg–cfGbf]ngx¿df pNemg x'g' :jfefljs}
xf] eg] ;'?–;'?df hg;d'bfosf] ;f] +rfO cGt/lj/f]wk"0f{ x'G5 .
To;df :ki6tf / ;';Da4tfsf] sdL x'G5 . To:tf] x'g' lsg klg
:jfefljs} xf] eg] ;'?sf lbgx¿df k}uDa/x¿n] ;d]t klg tLleq
s'g} e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ . To;k|sf/sf] pNemg y'k| } ;Dk|bfox¿sf]
lgdf{0fdf b]vf kb{5 . ltgLx¿ Pscsf{sf lj?4 klg slDtdf
TolQs} kxnsbdLsf ;fy cjZo n8\b5g\, hlQsf] aflx/L zq'x¿sf
lj?4 n8\b5g\ . k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{df klg ToxL rLh lyof] — tL
z'elrGts ;Hhgx¿sf] lrGtfaf6 To; s'/fdf s'g} cGt/ kb} {gYof],
h;n] Pstfsf] pkb]z lbGy] t/ Pstf x'g eg] c;Dej lyof] .
cGt//fli6«o s] s'g} Pp6} l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df Pstfa4 lyof] <
To;df s'/f Psbd} pN6f] lyof] . To;df !*$* eGbf klxn]sf
k|mflG;;L k/Dk/fsf sDo'lg:6 lyP / ltgLx¿leq klg a]Unfa]Un}
k|sf/sf ljrf/ ePsf JolQmx¿ lyP . To;df jfO6lnª ;Dk|bfosf
sDo'lg:6x¿ klg lyP tyf k'ghL{ljt sDo'lg:6 lnusf ;b:ox¿
klg lyP, k| 'wf] +jfbLx¿ lyP — pgLx¿sf] k|mfG; / a]lNhodf k|efj
lyof] — AnfÍLjfbLx¿ lyP, hd{g dhb"/ kf6L{sf JolQmx¿ lyP /,
cGtdf afs'lggjfbL c/fhstfjfbLx¿ — pgLx¿sf] af]nafnf s]xL
;do;Dd :k]g / O6nLdf lyof] — lyP . oxf“ vfln s]xL d'Vo
bnx¿sf] dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] ] 5 . cGt//fli6«osf] :yfkgfkl5
c/fhstfjfbLl;t clGtd¿kaf6 / k"0f{tM ;a} 7fp“x¿af6 5'6sf/f
kfpg] / slDtdf cfd cfly{s k|Zgx¿sf ;DaGwdf b[li6sf]0f;DaGwL
Pstf :yflkt ug{ Psrf}yfO{ ztfAbL -@% jif{ — cg'=_ nfu]sf lyP
. hlta]nf Tolt ;do nfu]sf] lyof], Tolta]nf ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿
/ ;f/f cfw'lgs ;fwgx¿ — /]n, tf/, ljzfn cf}Bf]lus zx/x¿,
kqklqsfx¿, ;Ël7t hg;d'bfosf ;efx¿ cflb — xfd|f] d2tsf
nflu df}h"b lyP .

k|f/lDes O;fO{x¿df klg To:t} ljefhg lyof] — pgLx¿leq
cgluGtL ;Dk|bfox¿ lyP . tL ;Dk|bfox¿ g} tL ;fwgx¿ lyP,
h;sf] dfWodaf6 ax; ePsf] lyof] . clg, kl5 pgLx¿sf] d2taf6
Pstf :yflkt x'g;s]sf] lyof] . xfdLx¿n] pQm lstfadf klxn]b]lv
g} tL rLhx¿ df}h"b /x]sf] kfp“5f} + . c;lGbUw¿kaf6 O;fO{
wd{;DaGwL ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] b:tfj]h klg ToxL xf] . n]vsn] To;sf
lj?4 ;d]t klg ToxL lgd{d pTs6tfsf ;fy n8\b5, h'g lgd{d
pTs6tfsf ;fy afx\o ljzfn kfkk"0f{ ;G;f/sf lj?4 n8\b5 .
;a}eGbfklxn] PkmLkm; / k/ufdf];df x/]sy/L lgsf]n;jfbL lyP .
k'gM ;d/gf / lkmnf8]lNkmofdf tL dfG5]x¿ lyP, h;n] eGby] —
pgLx¿ ox'bL x'g\ t/ tL z}tfgsf cg'ofoL . k/ufdf];df anfd —
To;nfO{ e"m6 k}uDa/ elgG5 — sf ;dy{s lyP . PkmLkm;df
cfk"mnfO{ b]jb"t atfpg]x¿ lyP, t/ tL b]jb"t lyPgg\ . clg,
cGtdf lyofl6/fdf Tof] e"m6 O{Zj/Lo dlxnf b"tsf ;d{s lyP .
To;nfO{ h]h]a]nn -abgfd :qL — cg'=_ elgG5 . tL ;Dk|bfosf
ljifodf xfdLnfO{ cem} yk ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5}g . vfln anfd /
h}h]a]nsf ljifodf pgLx¿n] d"lt{;dIf anL r9fpg] rLh vfGy] /
Jolerf/ ub{y] eGg] atfOPsf] 5 . s] s'/fsf] k|oTg ul/Psf] ] 5 eg]
tL kf“rj6} ;Dk|bfonfO{ kfnjfbL O;fO{ dflgof];\ tyf ;Gb]znfO{
e"m6 b]jb"t kfn, slyt anfd / …lgsf]n;Úsf lj?4 lbOPsf] ;Gb]z
dflgof];\ . /]gfgsf] s[lt — …;Gt kfnÚdf ToxLvfn] ts{x¿sf]
;ª\u|x kfOG5 . tL d'ZsLn}n] l6Sg ;Sb5g\ . tL ;f/fsf ;f/f
;Gb]zx¿nfO{ b]jb"tsf cWofb]zx¿, kfnsf tyfslyt wd{kqx¿sf
cfwf/df ;Demfpg] sf]lzz ul//x]sf] k|tLt x'G5 — cyf{t\ pgn] tL
/rgfx¿sf cfwf/df ;Demfpg] sf]lzz ub{5g\ \ h'g slDtdf cf gf]
df}h"bf :j¿kdf, b}jL ;Gb]zeGbf slDtdf ^) jif{klxn]sf] xf] . /,
To;sf/0f To;df lbOPsf tT;DaGwL tYox¿ s]jn Hofb} zÍf:kb
dfq geP/ k"0f{tM k/:k/lj/f]wL klg 5g\ tfklg lg0f{ofTds s'/f
s] xf] eg] n]vssf] dl:tisdf Pp6} ;Dk|bfosf kf“ry/L a]Unfa]Un}
gfd /fVg] / ltgnfO{ a]Unfa]Un} gfdaf6 ;Daf]wg ug] { s'/f ;'‰g

;Sb}gYof] . Pp6} PkmLkm;sf b'O{j6f gfd -e"m6 b]jb"t /
lgsf]n;jfbL_ tyf k/ufdf];sf b'O{y/L gfd -anfdjfbL /
lgsf]n;jfbL_ /fVg / k'gM x/]skN6 b'O{ a]Unfa]Un} ;Dk|bfosf ¿kdf
pgLx¿nfO{ pNn]v ug{;d]t klg ;Sb}gy] . To;sf ;fy;fy} tL
;Dk|bfosf clxn] kfnjfbL elgg] tTjx¿ df}h"b lyP eGg] s'/fsf]
;DefjgfnfO{ s;}n] c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g .
tL b'j} pbfx/0fx¿sf] ;DaGwdf w]/} tkl;nsf ;fy s'/f
ul/Psf] ] 5 . pgLx¿n] d"lt{x¿sf cufl8 r9fOg] ljleGgy/Lsf df;'
vfGy] / Jolerf/ ub{y] . tL b'O{y/L rLhx¿ s:tf x'g\ eg] ltgnfO{
lnP/ ox'bLx¿ — ;fljsvfn] ox'bLx¿ / O;fO{ aGg] ox'bLx¿
b'j}y/L — sf] wd{ kl/jt{g ul/lbg] d"lt{sf] k"hf ug] {x¿l;t lg/Gt/
emu8f kl//xGYof] . d"lt{k"hsx¿åf/f r9fOg] df;'nfO{ vfln
k|;fbsf] ¿kdf pT;j–ef]hdf dfq — Toxf“ p;n] vfg c:jLsf/
ug] { s'/fnfO{ cg'lrt 7fGbYof] / Tof] vtgf{s;Dd klg x'g ;SbYof]
— af“l8GgYof], a? ;fj{hlgs ahf/df ;d]t a]lrGYof] . Toxf“ Tof]
sfg"gsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 z'4 lyof] jf lyPg eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg'
klg ;Dej lyPg . ox'bLx¿sf] Jolerf/ eGg'sf] cy{ vfln a}jflxs
;DaGwaflx/sf] of}g–;DaGw dfq geP/ ox'bL sfg"gåf/f h'g ;uf]qL
;Ldfleq ljjfx lglif4 lyof], ox'bLx¿ / u}/–ox'bLx¿aLrsf]
of}g;DaGw klg Jolerf/sf] >]0fLdf kb{Yof] . lbJo–;Gb]zx¿ [-!%_,-
@)_ / -@(_] sf] lgodfg';f/ Jolerf/ zAbsf] cfd¿kdf ToxL cy{
x'G5 . t/ wd{k/fo0f ox'bLx¿nfO{ h'gk|sf/sf] of}g;DaGwsf]
cg'dlt 5, To;faf/] hf]gsf] wf/0ff a]Un} 5 . !,$$,))) hgf d[t
ox'bLaf/] [!$-$_] pgL eGb5g\ — oL tL JolQmx¿ g} x'g\, hf]
:qLx¿l;t b'lift ePsf 5}gg\ lsgeg] tL s'df/ x'g\ . /, jf:tjdf
hf]gsf] :ju{df t Pshgf klg :qL x'“lbgg\
To;}u/L pgsf]
;DaGw Tof] ljrf/wf/fl;t 5, h;n] of}g;DaGwnfO{ cfd¿kdf kfk
7fGb5 . k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{sf c¿ s[ltx¿df klg k|foM Tof] ljrf/
kfOG5 . /, To;afx]s /f]dnfO{ klg pgn] To:tL 3f]/ j]Zof atfPsf]

5, h;;“u k[YjLsf /fhfx¿n] Jolerf/ u/]sf 5g\ / Tof] Jolerf/sf]
;]jg u/]/ pgLx¿ dbf]GdQ x'gk'Ub5g\ tyf pgLx¿sf] ef]u–
ljnfl;tfaf6 kmfObf lnP/ ;G;f/sf Joj;foLx¿n] cf gf e08f/
e/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/faf/] xfdLx¿n] hlta]nf ljrf/ ub{5f} +, Tolta]nf
tL ;Gb]zx¿df k|of]u ul/Psf zAbx¿sf] cy{ ;Í'lrt¿kdf nufpg'
xfd|f] nflu c;Dej x'G5, h'g cy{ pgsf wd{zf:qLo k[i7kf]ifsx¿n]
nufpg rfxG5g\, h;af6 gof“ afOansf c¿ c+zx¿sf] ] s]xLgs]xL
k'li6 u¿g\ s'/f Psbd} pN6f] 5 . ;Gb]zx¿sf tL c+zx¿n]
:ki6¿kdf Tof] s'/f cfd¿kdf hfx]/ ul//x]sf 5g\, h'g s'/f dxfg\
pynk'ynsf] ;dodf b]lvG5 — Tof] rLh s] xf] eg] To:tf] ;dodf
c¿ ;f/f >[ª\vnfx¿;/x of}g;DaGwsf k/Dk/fut aGwgx¿;d]t
6'6\g k'Ub5g\ . O;fO{ wd{sf k|f/lDes zbLx¿df klg w]/}k6s
z/L/nfO{ oftgf lbg] a}/fuLx¿sf] ;“u;“u} O;fO{x¿sf] :jtGqtfnfO{
klg To; xb;Dd k'¥ofOlbg] k|j[lQ klg e]l6G5 . To;cGt/ut k'?if
/ :qLaLrsf ;DaGwx¿df k'gM sl/a–sl/a s'g} lgoGq0f /xGg .
cfw'lgs ;dfhjfbL cfGbf]ngdf ToxL rLh b]vf kb{5 . rf}yf]
bzsdf ;]G6 ;fOdgn] of}g t[i0ffnfO{ k'gM ;d'lrt 7fp“ lbg] s'/f
ha p7fPsf lyP, Tolta]nf hd{gLsf] tfTsfnLg æg]sLsf] g;{/LÆdf
sltw]/} csygLo 3[0ffsf] efjgf km}lngk'u]sf] lyof] ;]G6
;fOdgn] tL zAbx¿nfO{ hd{g efiffdf OGb|Lo–nf]n'ktfnfO{ k'gM 5"6
lbg' æ- wieder einsetzung des Fleisches_Æsf] cy{df
cg'lbt u/]sf lyP To;af/] ;a}eGbf qmf]wk"0f{ lrGtf tfTsfnLg
zf;s ju{sf tL k|ltli7t hdLgbf/x¿n] -To;a]nf;Dd xfd|f] b]zdf
ju{x¿ lyPgg\_ k|s6 u/]sf lyP . pgLx¿ af/Daf/ ef]u ljnf;
gu/Lsg g aln{gdf /xg ;Sby] g t ufp“sf cf gf df}hfx¿df
olb tL df}hf x'g] JolQmx¿n] k'ml/o]sf s'/fx¿ a'‰by] eg]
pgLx¿sf] gdfn'd s] xfn x'“bf]
xf] pgn] zf/Ll/s ;DaGwx¿sf
ljifodf Psbd} cs} {vfnsf] 7§fsf] sNkgf u/]sf lyP . sNkgfjfbsf]
cGt x'g'sf ;fy;fy} To;vfnsf] c;+odtfsf] ;d]t cGt ePsf]
lyof] / To;sf] 7fp“df w]/} a'l4;Ët / jf:tjdf cToGt ;f/} pu|

wf/0ff :yflkt ePsf] lyof] clg, hd{gLsf xfOg]sf] g]sg;{/Lsf]
kl/lwaf6 aflx/ lg:s]sf] / ;dfhjfbL cfGbf]ng Pp6f s]Gb|sf]
¿kdf ljsl;t eOs]sf] x'gfn] Tof] vf; ;De|fGt / ;'Gb/ ;G;f/sf
kfv08Lk"0f{ ljIff]eaf/] lv;L ub{5g\ .
;Gb]zx¿sf] ] ;}4flGts tTj TolQ dfq} xf] . af“sL s'/fdf t
wd{k/fo0f JolQmx¿nfO{ dfq k|rf/sf] sfd hf]z–hf“u/sf ;fy ug{
/ zq'x¿sf lj?4 lgd{dtfsf ;fy ;‹if{ ug{ cfx\jfg ul/Psf] ] 5 .
hxf“;Dd pgLx¿sf] ;DaGw 5, tL t jf:tjdf To:tf rLhx¿ x'g\,
h'g eljiojf0fL ug] { rfv ePsf] cGt//fli6«osf] s'g} klg hf“ul/nf]
JolQmn] n]Vg ;SbYof] .
— # —
tL ;Gb]zx¿ t jf:tjdf pQm /rgfsf e"ldsf dfq x'g\, h'g
Plzof dfOg/sf ;ftj6f O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹x¿nfO{ tyf tLåf/f ;g\
^( ;fnsf] af“sL kl/is[t ox'bL wd{nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]/ k7fOPsf]
lyof] . To;nfO{ hf]gsf] kq elgG5 . To;af6 kl5 O;fO{ wd{sf]
pbo ePsf] lyof] . oxf“ ca xfdLx¿ O;fO{ wd{sf ;a}eGbf kljq
leqL kl/lwdf k'Ub5f} + .
;j{k|yd O;fO{x¿sf] etL{ s'gvfnsf JolQmx¿leqaf6 ul/Psf] ]
lyof] t < d'VotM >d ug] { / blaPsf JolQmx¿leqaf6, hgtfsf
;a}eGbf lgDg:t/sf qmflGtsf/L JolQmx¿af6 . clg tL JolQmx¿
sf] lyP t < tLdWo]df kb{y] M zx/sf] u/La ePsf :jtGq
JolQmx¿, bIfL0fsf k/fwLg /fHox¿sf æt'R5 / c;Eo JolQmx¿Æ,
cf}klgj]lzs Pj+ rLlgof“ aGb/ufxdf 3'dlkm/ ug] { cfjf/fx¿ /
3'dSs8x¿, cflbh:tf ;a}k|sf/sf JolQmx¿ . clg, pgLx¿dWo]
:jtGq bf;x¿ lyP / ;a}eGbfa9L ltgLx¿dWo] vf; bf;x¿ g}
lyP . O6nL, l;;nL / clk|msfsf 7"n–7"nf df}hfx¿cGt/ut tL
bf;x¿dWo] kb{y] . tLdWo] k|fGtLo ufp“n] Onfsfx¿sf ;–;fg
ls;fgx¿ kb{y], h'g C0fef/sf] sf/0fn] w]/}eGbfw]/} bf;tfsf]
vfN6f]df v:g k'u]sf lyP . tL ;f/f JolQmx¿sf] p4f/sf] s'g} klg
;fdfGo dfu{ lyPg . pgLx¿ ;a}sf] :ju{ ctLtdf ljnLg eO;s]sf]

lyof] . a]xfn ePsf :jtGq JolQmx¿sf nflu pgLx¿sf] :ju{
eg]sf] k'/fgf] gu/ /fHo xf], h'g gu/ klg x'GYof], ;“u;“u} /fHo klg
x'GYof] / To;df pgLx¿sf k'vf{x¿ :jtGq gful/s x'Gy] . o'4df
klqmPsf bf;x¿sf] nflu To;sf] cy{ lyof] — pgLx¿ klqmg' /
y'lgg'eGbf klxn]sf] :jtGqtfsf] clAw, ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf nflu
To;sf] cy{ cGt eO;s]sf] s'nLg ;dfh Joj:yf / ;fd'bflos
:jfldTj k|0ffnL lyof] . To; cy{df jf:tjdf ;a}yf]s lyof] .
To;nfO{ /f]dsf] kmnfd] d'8\sLsf] k|xf/n] l5ofl5of kfl/lbPsf] lyof] .
k|frLgsfndf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;fdflhs ;d"x :yflkt x'g;s]sf] Tof]
slanf / ;uf]qLo slanfx¿sf] ;‹ lyof] . aa{/x¿df To; ;d"xsf]
cfwf/ kfl/jfl/s ldqtf x'g] ub{Yof] / gu/sf] :yfkgf ug] { o"gfgLx¿
/ O6nLsf jfl;Gbfx¿df To;sf] cfwf/ gu/ /fHo x'g]ub{Yof] .
To;df Ps jf PseGbfa9L ;uf]qLo slanfx¿ x'Gy] . lkmlnk /
cnSh]G8/ -l;sGb/_n] o"gfgL k|foåLknfO{ /fhg}lts¿kaf6
Pstfa4 agfPsf lyP . tfklg To;af6 o"gfgL /fi6«x¿sf] lgdf{0f
ePsf] lyPg . /fi6«x¿sf] lgdf{0f /f]dg ;fd|fHojfbsf] ktgkl5 dfq
;Dej x'g;s]sf] lyof] . /f]dgx¿sf] cflwkTon] ;–;fgf ;‹x¿nfO{
;w} +sf nflu ;dfKt ul/lbPsf] lyof] . /, Toxf“sf] ;}lgs zlQm /
Goflos–k|zf;lgs / ;+oGqn] k/Dk/fut cfGtl/s ;Ë7gnfO{ k"0f{tM
;dfKt ul/lbPsf] lyof] . pgLx¿sf] :jtGqtf / cf gf] vf;
;Ë7g t uof], dflyaf6 ;}lgs / lghfdlt clwsf/Lx¿åf/f
anhk\mtL ul/g] n"6kf6sf] af]em cemw]/} pgLx¿dfly a9]sf] lyof] .
k/fwLg agfOPsf JolQmx¿sf] wg;DklQ tL ;}lgs / lghfdlt
clwsf/Lx¿n] n'6\by] / rsf] { Aofh b/df C0f lbP/ pgLx¿n]
ltgLx¿nfO{ cem} w]/} bf]xg ub{y] . s/sf] ef/n] / tL If]qdf s]jn
jf d'VotM k|fs[lts cy{Joj:yfs} k|rng ePsf] d'b|fsf] cfjZostf
pTkGg ePsf] lyof] — h;n] ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;"bvf]/x¿sf] bf;tfdf
cema9L ws]lnlbPsf] lyof] . To;sf] sf/0fn] JolQmx¿sf] ;DklQdf
7"nf] cGt/ pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . wgLx¿ emg\w]/} ;DkGg x'g k'u] eg]
u/La Psbd} u/La ag] . ljzfn /f]dg ;fd|fHosf lj?4 5'§f5'§}

;fgf–7"nf slanfx¿ / gu/sf] k|lt/f]w a]sf/ ePsf] lyof] . bf]ifd'Qm
bf;x¿ tyf pTkLl8t / u/Lax¿sf] d'lQmsf] nflu To:tf] s'g af6f]
lyof], h;df rn]/ tL ;a} ;d"xx¿ — ltgLx¿sf :jfy{x¿
Pscsf{eGbf a]Un} jf k/:k/lj/f]wL;Dd lyP — n] cf gf] p4f/ ug{
kfp“by] < tyflk tL ;a}nfO{ dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngcGt/ut
;d]6\g' lyof] eg] cfd dfu{ klg vf]Hg''kg]
{ x'GYof] .
Tof] dfu{ vf]lhof] . tfklg Tof] of] ;G;f/df e]l6Pg .
TolQa]nfsf] h'g l:ylt lyof], To;df Tof] vfln wfld{s dfu{df x'g
;SbYof] . k'gM gof“ ;G;f/sf] 9f]sf v'n]sf] lyof] . z/L/sf] d[To'kl5
cfTdf ;w} + hLljt /xg] s'/f ;f/f /f]dg hutdf lj:tf/}–lj:tf/}
wfld{s ljZjf;sf] rLh aGgk'u]sf] lyof] . ToxL s'/f klg cfd¿kdf
w]/}w]/}sf] d[t cfTdfnfO{ k[YjLsf cf gf sfo{x¿sf nflu ls t
k'/:sf/ ls b08 k|fKt x'G5 eGg] dfGg yflnPsf] lyof] . hxf“;Dd
k'/:sf/sf] s'/f lyof], lrq w]/} cfzfk|b lyPg eGg] dflgPsf] lyof] M
k|frLgsfnsf dflg;x¿ :jo+ slt ef}ltsjfbL lyP eg] c1ft
/fHosf] hLjgsf] ck]Iff k[YjLsf] hLjgnfO{ pgn] xhf/u'gf a9L
dxŒk"0f{ 7fGby] . o"gfgLx¿n] d[To'kl5 hLljt /lx/xg] s'/fnfO{
b'ef{Uo 7fGby] . To;kl5 O;fO{ wd{ cfof] . To;n] k/nf]saf6
k'/:sf/ jf b08 kfpg] s'/f ;To 7fGof] / :jo+ csf] { gs{sf] ;[li6
ul/lbof] . To;/L >dhLjL / blaPsf JolQmx¿sf] b'MvnfO{ of]
3f“6Laf6 lgsfn]/ zfZjt :ju{df n}hfg] dfu{ vf]h]sf] lyof] . /,
jf:tjdf k/nf]sdf k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug] { cfzfsf] cfwf/df g} of]uLx¿
/ ;G;f/ kl/Tofu ug] { j}/fuL–lkmnf]jfbL bz{gnfO{ pTkLl8t
hg;d'bfodf pT;fx ;[hgf ug] { ;fj{ef}lds wd{sf cfwf/e"t g}lts
l;4fGtsf] pRrfzgdf k|ltli7t ug{ ;s]sf] lyof] . t/
wdf{g'/fuLx¿sf nflu Tof] cfsfzLo :ju{sf] 9f]sf vfln pgLx¿
d/]kl5 dfq v'Nb}gYof] . kl5 xfdLn] s] b]Vb5f} + eg] gs{sf
zlQmx¿;“usf] s8f ;‹if{kl5 O{Zj/sf] h]?;]nd /fhwfgL ePsf]
/fHonfO{ lhTg / To;df k|j]z kfpg ;lsG5 t/ ;'?b]lv g}
O;fO{x¿sf] ljrf/df ;‹if{ x'g]jfnf lyof] . hf]gn] ;'?b]lv g} s]

eGby] eg] pgsf] k':tsdf æl56} 36\g]Æ O{Zj/Lo ærLhx¿Æsf]
;"rgf 5 . To;sf] nuQ} [!-#_] df pgn] s] pNn]v ub{5g\ eg]
æTof] eljiojf0fLsf zAbx¿ k9\g] / To;sf zAbx¿ ;'lglbg] JolQm
efUodfgL xf] ===lsgeg] ;do ghLs cfO;s]sf] 5 .Æ
lkmnf8]lNkmofsf] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹nfO{ ;Gb]z k7fp“b} lo;'n] eGb5g\,
æx]g'xf];\, d t'?Gt cfp“b}5'Æ / clGtd cWofodf b]jb"tn] eGb5 —
hf]gnfO{ p;n] æl56} g} k"/f ug'{kg]
{Æ rLhx¿ atfOlbPsf] 5 tyf
p;n] pgnfO{ cfb]z lbG5 — æTo; k':tsdf ul/Psf]
eljiojf0fLx¿ aGb gu/ lsgeg] ;do ghLs cfOk'u]sf] 5 .Æ clg,
k'gM bf]xf]¥ofP/ [-@@_, !@, @)] df :jo+ lo;'n] eGb5g\, æd t'?Gt
cfp“b}5' .Æ clg kl5 pgsf] Tof] cfudgsf] slt l56f] cfzf ul/Psf]]
lyof] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g]5 .
O{Zj/Lo 1fg;DaGwL h'g rLh n]vsn] clxn] xfdLnfO{ atfp“5,
Tof] af/Daf/ / k|foMh;f] cIf/zM k'/fgf] afOansf k|ltli7t eljio
jQmfx¿sf /rgfx¿af6 gSsn u/]/ /flvPsf 5g\ . ljz]if u/]/ tL
Ph]sLnsf] /rgfaf6, cf+lzs¿kn] 8]lgonsf] k':tssf] gd"gfaf/]
n]lvPsf kl5sf ox'bLx¿sf wfld{s u|Gyx¿df / vf; u/]/
x]gf]ssf] k':tsaf6 — Tof] Tolta]nf;Dd slDtdf cf+lzs¿kdf
n]lvPsf] lyof] — h:tfsf] t:t} ptf/]sf] lyof] . æcfnf]rgfÆn]
Psbd} ;–;fgf s'/fx¿;Dd s] :ki6 ul/lbPsf] 5 eg] hf]gn] ;a
sNkgfnfO{ — h;nfO{ pgn] cwdL{ dfgjtfsf] lz/dfly yf]kl/lbPsf
lyP — sxf“af6 lnPsf lyP < ;ª\If]kdf æcfnf]rgfÆn] cf gf]
k':tssf ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx¿ pgn] sxf“af6 lnPsf lyP eGg] s'/f
:ki6 kfl/lbPsf] 5 . To;/L pgn] vfln cf gf] dl:tis slt bl/b|
lyof] eGg] s'/f dfq :ki6 kfl/lbPsf geP/ pgn] j0f{g ug] { u/]sf
tyfslyt k/dfgGb / ;fIffTsf/sf] slxNo} klg pgn] sNkgf;Dddf
klg cg'e"lt u/]sf lyPgg\ eGg] s'/f;d]t :jtM k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf]
5 .

pgn] b]v]sf lbJo emf“sLx¿sf] qmd ;ª\If]kdf lgDgk|sf/ 5 M
;j{k|yd t hf]gn] s] b]Vb5g\ eg] O{Zj/ cf gf] /fhl;+xf;gdf
lj/fhdfg 5 . cf gf s/sdndf ;ft ¿kaf6 aGb k':ts lnPsf
5g\ . pgsf] cufl8 Tof] kf7f] 5 , h;nfO{ dfl/Psf] 5 tyf k'gM Tof]
af“r]/ p7]sf] 5 -lo;'_ tyf To;n] ca k':tssf ¿k vf]n]kl5
gfgfy/L rdTsf/k"0f{ 8/–qf;sf ;Í]tx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . % cf} + ¿k
vf]Nbfv]l/ hf]gn] s] b]Vb5g\ eg] O{Zj/sf] j]bLd'lg lo;'sf
zxLbx¿sf cfTdfx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . ltgnfO{ O{Zj/sf ljifodf s'/f
u/]sf] ck/fwdf dfl/Psf] lyof] . tLvf] cfjfhdf sx/fp“b} tL
eGb5g\, x] k|e', t} +n] clxn];Dd To;sf] km};nf lsg ul/g;\ /
k[YjLdf /x]sfx¿l;t xfd|f] /utsf] abnf lsg lnOg;\ fk lbg]x¿nfO{ cfzLjf{b b]pmÆ, cflb s'/fx¿ clxn];Dd Toxf“
5}gg\ . Toxf“ t vfln k|ltzf]wsf] dfq pkb]z — PsfO{x¿dfly bdg
ug] {x¿;“u x6]/, Odfgbfl/tfsf ;fy k|lt/f]w lng] pkb]z — lbOG5 .
l;Ëf] k':tsdf ToxL rLh 5, ;Í6 hlQsf] ghLs cfp“5,
cfsfzaf6 TolQs} 7"n–7"nf clezfk / b08x¿sf] jiff{ x'G5 /
TolQs} w]/} ;Gtf]ifsf ;fy hf]gn] s] 3f]if0f ub{5g\ eg] cfd
hg;d'bfon] cf gf kfksf] nflu kZrftfk ug] {5}gg\ . ctM
O{Zj/sf gof“–gof“ 5'/Lx¿n] p;sf 5fnf sf8"g\, lo;'n] p;dfly
kmnfdsf] sf]/f{ nufP/ zf;g u¿g\ / ;j{zlQmdfg O{Zj/sf] q"m/tf
/ qmf]wsf] hf“tf]df p;nfO{ lk;"g\ . t/ ckljq dflg;x¿sf] x[bo
s'g} kl/jt{g x'“b}g
. pgLx¿ clxn] klg b'/fu|xdf cl8Psf 5g\ .
To;df :jefjtM ;f/f 5nsk6af6 d'Qm n8fO“ rln/x]sf] 5 /
n8fO“df n8fO“em} + n8 -a la guerre comme a la guerre_

hlta]nf ¿k vf]lnG5g\, ;ftj6f lju'n lnP/ ;ftj6f b]jb"t
k|s6 x'G5g\ / x/]sk6s tLdWo] s;}n] cf gf] lju'n ahfp“5,
Tolta]nf gof“gof“ t;f{pg] rLhx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . ;ftf} +k6ssf]
lju'nsf] w'gkl5 c¿ ;ftj6f b]jb"t 36gf:yndf k|s6 x'G5g\ .
pgLx¿sf xftdf O{Zj/sf qmf]wsf ;ftj6f lzzL x'G5g\ . ltgnfO{
k[YjLdf uf8\b5g\ . tLaf6 emg\w]/} ljklQx¿ / b08sf] ;[li6 x'G5 —
oxf“ d'VotM tL s'/fx¿ p7fpg] s'/fsf] k'g/fj[lQ kfOG5 . Tof] klxn]
s}of} +k6s 3l6;s]sf] x'G5 . To;kl5 dxfj]Zof :qL a]lanf]g cfp“5] .
pm kfgLdfly /ftf] l;+xf;gdf a;]sL x'G5] . lo;'sf ;Gtx¿ /
zxLbx¿sf] /utsf] dftdf pGdQ x'G5] . Tof] ;ft r'r'/fsf] dxfg\
zx/ xf] . To;n] k[YjLsf ;f/f /fhfx¿dfly zf;g ub{5] . pm
;ftf]6f 6fpsf / bzf]6f l;ª ePsf] hgfj/dfly a;]sL x'G5] .
p;sf ;ftf]6f lz/x¿ ;ftf]6f r'r'/fsf tyf ;ftf]6f /fhfsf ;d]t
klg k|tLs x'g\ . tL /fhfx¿dWo] % j6f d]l6O;s]sf 5g\, Pp6f
hLljt 5 / ;ftf} + clxn];Dd cfPsf] 5}g . clg, To;kl5 klxn]sf
kf“rdWo] Ps k'gM cufl8 cfp“5 . pm 3fts¿kn] 3fOt] ePsf] 5
t/ lgsf] ePsf] 5 . ;+;f/df $@ dxLgf cyjf #=% jif{;Dd / -;ft
jif{sf] cfwf;do ;Dd _ To;n] zf;g ug] {5 / wd{lgi7
JolQmx¿nfO{ bdg u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ d/fpg]5 tyf O{Zj/ljxLg
zf;g sfod ug] {5 . t/ To;sf] kl5 clGtd dxfg\ n8fO“ x'G5,
To;df Tof] dxfj]Zof a]aLnf]g / p;sf ;f/f cg'ofoLx¿, cyf{t\
dfgj hfltsf] d'Vo efunfO{ ljgfz u/]/ ;Gtx¿ / zxLbx¿sf]
abnf lnOG5 . ;}tfgnfO{ cyfx vf8ndf km\oflsG5 / Psxhf/
jif{sf nflu To;}df aGb ul/G5 . To; sfndf tL zxLbx¿;“u}
xhf/ jif{kl5 To; ;}tfgnfO{ k'gM d'Qm ul/G5 / k| ]tfTdfx¿sf] k'gM
3df;fg n8fO“ x'G5 . To;df p;nfO{ clGtd¿kn] k/flht ul/G5 .
To;kl5 bf];|F]k6s d/]sfx¿sf] pTyfg x'G5 c¿ d/]sf
k|f0fLx¿;d]t Psk6s k'gM af“r]/ p7\g]5g\ / O{Zj/sf] -Vofn /fVg';\
lo;'sf] xf]Og_ Gofo l;+xf;g;dIf pkl:yt x'G5g\ . ca wd{lgi7

JolQmx¿ gof“ :ju{, gof“ k[YjL / gof“ o?;]nd k|j]z ug] {5g\ /
cgGtsfn;Dd ToxL+ /lx/xg]5 .
Tof] l;+uf] /rgf O;fO{ wd{eGbf klxn]sf] Ps dfq ox'bL
;fdu|Ldfly cfwfl/t x'gfn] To;df vfln ox'bL ljrf/x¿dfq
kfOG5g\ . cl;l/of / a]aLnf]lgofsf dflg;x¿n] pgLx¿l;t
hlta]nf s/ lng ;'? u/]sf lyP, hlta]nf Oh/fOn / h"8fsf b'j}
/fHo gi6 ul/Psf lyP / ;]No's;sf bf; jg]sf lyP, cyf{t\
h'ga]nfb]lv of] ;+;f/sf] 36gfrqm Oh/fOnLx¿sf lj?4 vlgPsf]
lyof], Tolta]nfb]lv , cyf{t\ O;fO{ofsf] ;dob]lv lnP/ 8]lgonsf]
;do;Dd x/]s cGwsf/k"0f{ ;dodf p4f/stf{sf] cjtf/sf] ljifodf
eljiojf0fL kfOG5 . To;df s] elgPsf] 5 eg] dxfljklQx¿af6
pgLx¿sf] /Iffsf vflt/ dfOs]nn] k[YjLdf k'gM cjtf/ lng]5, y'k| }
d/]sf dfG5]x¿ k'gM hLljt eP/ p7\g]5g\ . Ps k|sf/n] k'gM clGtd
lg0f{o x'g]5 / h'g u'?x¿n] cfkm\gf r]nfx¿nfO{ Gofosf] 1fg lbPsf
5g\, tL tf/f ;dfg cgGt sfn;Dd hfHjNodfg /xg]5g\ . To;df
O;fd;Lxsf] cf;Gg zf;g / lgi7fjfg JolQmx¿sf] uf}/jsf
;DaGwdf, vf; u/]/ d[tfj:yfaf6 k'gM hLljt eO{ p7]sf
zxLbx¿sf ;DaGwdf O;fO{ wd{sf] Pp6} dfq s'/fdf 7"nf] hf]8 5 .
hxf“;Dd tL eljiojf0fLx¿sf] plta]nfsf 36gfx¿l;tsf]
;DaGw xf], To;sf] JofVofsf] nflu xfdL hd{g cfnf]rgfsf],
ljz]ifu/]/ PjfN8, No"s km8L{g]G8 a]gf/Lsf cfef/L 5f} + . /]gfgn]
To;nfO{ tL dflg;x¿sf nflu ;d]t ;'ne agfOlbPsf 5g\, hf]
wd{zf:qL xf]Ogg\ . To; rLhnfO{ xfdLx¿n] klxn] g} s] a'lem;s]sf
5f} + eg] dxfj]Zof a]aLnf]g /f]d, ;ft r'r'/fx¿sf] Tof] zx/s} gfd
xf] . cWofo [-!&_ (–!!] df tL hgjf/sf af/]df atfOPsf] 5,
h;dfly pm a;]sL 5] .
hgfj/sf æ;ftj6f 6fpsf Tof] :qL a:g] ;ftj6f r'r''/fx¿
x'g\
/ ;ftj6} /fhf x'g\ M kf“r d]l6O;s]sf 5g\ / Pp6f df}h"b 5 , ;ftf} +
cem} cfPsf] 5}g . clg, pm hlta]nf cfpg]5, Tolta]nf p;sf] 5f} +6f]

;do zf;g ug] {5 . clg, hgfj/ s'g}a]nf lyof] t/ clxn] 5}g, Tof]
klg cf7f} + xf] . pm tL ;ftdWo]sf] xf] / gs{df uO;s]sf] 5 .Æ
To; cg';f/ /f]d ;fd|fHosf] cflwkTo g} Tof] hgfj/ xf] . ;ft
l;h/kl5sf] p;sf] k|ltlglw xf] . tLdWo] Ps ;Vt¿kn] 3fOt]
ePsf] lyof] / clxn] zf;g ub} {g .
t/ pm lgsf] x'g]5 / kmls{g]5 . cf7f} + l;h/sf] ¿kdf O{Zj/
lgGbf / O{Zj/sf] lj/f]wsf] /fHosf] :yfkgf ug'{
To;sf] sfd x'g]5 M
æ;Gtx¿;“u o'4 ug'{
/ pgLx¿nfO{ x/fpg'= clg k[YjLdf
/xg]hlt ;a}n] p;sf] k"hf ug'{,
ltgLx¿sf] gfd kf7fsf] hLjgsf]
k':tsdf gn]lvg' = . /, ;fgf xf]pmg\ jf 7"nf xf]pmg\ jf u/La xf]pmg\
jf wgL xf]pmg\, :jtGq xf]pmg\ jf bf;tfdf af“lwPsf xf]pmg\, bflxg]
xft jf 6fpsfdf lrx\g 8fDg] 5, cyjf p;sf] gfdsf] ;+Vof g pm
:jo+ x'g]5, g lsGg, g a]Rg ;Sg]5 . ToxL 1fgsf] s'/f xf] . To;df
1fg xf];\ — p;n] hgfj/sf] ;+Vof ugf];\ lsgls Tof] ;+Vof
dflg;sf] ;+Vof xf] / To;sf] ;+Vof ^^^ xf] .Æ [-!#_, &–!*]
oxf“ vfln xfdLx¿n] s] s'/f gf]6 ug{ ;Sb5f} + eg] /f]dg
;fd|fHoåf/f O;fO{x¿sf lj?4 pkof]u ul/g]jfnf 5g\ / alx:sf/sf]
c:qsf] ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To;sf] k|of]u /f]dg ;fd|fHoåf/f
ul/g] x'gfn] To;sf] cfljisf/ ;}tfgn] u/]sf] xf]nf eGg] s'/f :ki6
5 . To;kl5 xfdLx¿n] s'g k|Zg lnG5f} + eg] Tof] s'g /f]dg ;d|f6
lyof], h;n] Psk6s klxn] klg zf;g u/]sf] lyof] k'gM ;f+3flts
3fOt] ePsf] lyof] / x6fOPsf] lyof] t/ cf7} + ;d|f6sf] ¿kdf ca
km]l/ kmls{cfpg]5 / wd{lj/f]wL sfd ug] {5 .
cu:6;nfO{ klxnf] ;d|f6 dflg;s]kl5 xfdL b]Vb5f} + M bf];|F]
6fOa]l/o;, t];|f] s}lnu'nf, rf}yf] Snfl8, kf“rf} gL/f] / 5}7f} + ufNjf x'g\
. ækf“r vtd eO;s]sf 5g\ / Pp6f df}h"b 5 . æ To;sf/0f aL/f]
vtd eO;s]sf] 5 eg] ufNjf df}h"b 5 . ufNafn] ( h"g, ^*
;fnb]lv lnP/ !% hgj/L, ^( ;fn;Dd zf;g u/]sf] lyof] . t/ pm
u2L;Lg x'g]lalQs} } /fOgsf ;]gfn] ljNol6o;sf] g]t[Tjdf ljb|f]x
u/]sf] lyof] . Tolta]n} bf];|f] ;]gfkltn] klg c¿ k|FGtx¿df ljb|F]xsf]

tof/L ul//x]sf] lyof] . :jo+ /f]ddf klg 5fpgLsf ;}lgsx¿n] ljb|f]x
u/]sf lyP, uNjfsf] xTof u/]sf lyP / cf]yf]nfO{ ;d|f6 3f]lift u/]sf
lyP .
To;af6 xfdL s] b]Vb5f} + eg] Tof] O{Zj/Lo ;Gb]zsf] /rgf
ufNjfsf] zf;gsfndf ul/Psf] ] lyof] . ;DejtM To;sf] /rgf p;sf]
zf;gsfnsf] cGtlt/ ul/Psf] ] lyof] jf l9nf]rf“8f] p;sf] /rgf
cf]yf] ;ftf} +sf] zf;g sfnsf tLg dxLgf -!% clk|n, ^( ;fn;Dd _
sf] aLrdf ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ Tof] cf7f} + s'g xf], h'g lyof] eg] ca
5}g < To;sf] kQf xfdL ^^^ ;+Vofaf6 kfp“5f} + .
ox'bLx¿leq — SolN8ogx¿ / ox'bLx¿leq Ps k|sf/sf] hfb"sf] rng lyof] . tL c;/x¿sf] bf]xf]/f]
cy{df lge{/ ub{Yof] . o; o'usf] nueu #)) jif{klxn] ;+VofnfO{ ;+s]t ug{sf nflu k|tLsx¿sf]
¿kdf lxa| " cIf/x¿sf] klg lgDg k|sf/ k|of]u ul/g] a =!, b =@, g =#, d =$...cflb — x'gfn]
ox'bLsf] u'Kt ljBf hfGg] Hof]ltifLx¿n] gfdsf] x/]s cIf/sf] d"No hf]8\by] / To;sf] of]usf] cfwf/df
;sf] gfd x'GYof], Tof] JolQmsf] eljio atfpg] sf]lzz ub{y] . To;f] ubf{ pgLx¿n] a/fa/ d"Nosf
zAbx¿sf] zAb cyjf of]u tf/ ug] { ub{y] . u'Kt zAbx¿ cflbnfO{ klg cÍnfO{ To; efiffdf JoQm
ul/GYof] . To; snfnfO{ === gematria cyf{t\ Hofldltsf] o"gfgL gfd lbOPsf] lyof] . SolN8ofsf
afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ 6];L6;n] ul0ft1 -mathematrici_sf] gfd lbOPsf] lyof] . p;n] Tof] sfd
Joj;flos k];f;/x ub{Yof] . SNol8o;sf] zf;gsfndf ;DejtM æuDeL/ cJoj:yf km}nfPsf]Æ
cleof]udf p;nfO{ k'gM Toxf“af6 lgisfl;t ul/Psf] ] lyof] .
^^^ cÍ ToxLk|sf/sf] ul0ftaf6 lg:s]sf] lyof] . klxn] kf“r
l;h/x¿dWo] Pssf] gfdsf] Tof] 5ß ¿k xf] . t/ ^^^ afx]s, bf];|f]
zbLsf] cGtdf O/]lgodnfO{ Pp6f csf] { cÍ yfx lyof] — Tof] cÍ
^!^ lyof] . h]xf];\, To; cÍsf] k|fb'ef{j To;a]nf ePsf] lyof],
hlta]nf cÍx¿sf kx]nLx¿ Jofks¿kn] k|rlnt lyP . lgsflnPsf]
xn ;xL xf] eGg] s'/f s]jn Tolta]nf dfq k|dfl0ft x'g]5, hlta]nf
Tof] b'j} cÍx¿df nfu" x'g ;Sb5 .
To:tf] xn aln{gsf] kml8{gfG8 a]gf/Ln] vf]hL u/]sf lyP . Tof] l;h/sf] gfd gL/f] xf] . pQm
cÍ tfnd'b g]/f]g s];/sf] gfddf o"gfgL g]/f]g s];/ — cyf{t\ gL/f]sf] lxa| " lxHh]df cfwfl/t 5 . Tof]
s'/f tfnd'b / tf8kqdf k|fKt clen]vx¿sf] d2taf6 ;xL l;4 ul/Psf] ]5 . Tof] Ojf/t gL/f]sf]
sfnsf tL l;Ssfx¿df s'“lbPsf]
kfOPsf lyP . tL ;fd|fHosf k"jL{ efudf 9flnPsf lyP . To;}u/L —
n -nun_=50; r -resh_=200,v (vou)o=6, n (nun) =50, k (kaph) =100, s(amech)
=60, r(resh) =200, of]u=666 . olb Nofl6g lxHh] Nero Ceasor nfO{ xfdLx¿ cfwf/
dfGb5f} + eg] bf];|f] n (nun) =50 nf]k x'g k'Ub5 / xfdL;“u 666 — 50=616 cÍ af“sL /xG5 .
ToxL O/]lgogåf/f atfO;s]sf] cÍ xf] .

jf:tjdf ufNafsf] sfndf ;Dk"0f{ /f]dg ;fd|FHodf PsfPs
cToGt cJoj:yf km}lnPsf] lyof] . :jo+ ufNafn] lg/f]nfO{ u2Laf6
x6fpgsf nflu :k]g / k|mfG;sf] ;]gflnP/ /f]ddfly cfqmd0f u/]sf]
lyof] . lg/f] efUof] . ufNjfn] p;nfO{ dfg{ :jtGq ePsf] Ps
bf;nfO{ cfb]z lbof] . t/ ufNafsf lj?4 vfln /f]dsf] ;}lgs
5fpgLsf l;kfxLx¿n] dfq if8oGq u/]sf geP/ k|fGtx¿sf ;jf] {Rr
;}lgs clwsf/Lx¿n] ;d]t p;sf lj?4 if8oGq ug{ ;'? u/]sf lyP
. htftt} /fhu2Lsf gof“–gof“ xsbf/x¿ pTkGg ePsf lyP . tL
;a}n] cfkm\gf] ;]gf;“u} /f]ddfly cfqmd0f ug] { tof/L ug{ ;'?
ul//x]sf lyP . ;fd|fHoleq u[xo'4 el8\sg' ckl/xfo{ ePsf] h:tf]
nfUg yfNof] . To;sf] lj36g glhls+b} uPsf] nfUg yfNof] . tL
;a}afx]s lg/f] d/]sf] 5}g vfln 3fOt] dfq ePsf] 5 eGg] xNnf
ljz]if u/]/ k"j{df rNof] . Ps ;]gf lnP/ To;af6 cft+ssf] gof“ /
cem emg\ w]/} v'ª\vf/ zf;g :yflkt ug{ km/ftsf] dfu{af6 p;n]
k'gM xdnf ub} {5 . To;vfnsf l/kf]6{x¿af6 csfOof -o"gfg, Plzof
vf; u/]/ eoeLt eP/ p7] . clg, 7Ls Tolta]nf Pp6f s[lqd
lg/f]sf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] lyof], hlta]nf O{Zj/Lo ;Gb]zsf] /rgf
ul/Psf] lyof] . cf gf ;dy{sx¿sf] Hofb} 7"nf] ;+Vof lnP/ pm
;lhog ;fu/ -To;nfO{ clxn] yld{of elgG5_df l:yt ls6gf];\
åLkdf a:g k'u]sf] lyof] . Tof] åLk kf:df]; / Plzof dfOg/eGbf w]/}
6f9f lyPg . cf]yf]sf] zf;gsfndf lg/f]sf] xTof gul/+bf;Dd lg/f]
ToxL+ hd]/ a;]sf] lyof] . km]l/ To;df cgf}7f] s'/f lyof] M olb
O;fO{x¿leq — pgLx¿dfly lgd{d bdgsf] yfngL ;aeGbfklxn]
lg/f]n] u/]sf] lyof] — s] wf/0ff km}lnPsf] lyof] eg] lo;'lj/f]wLsf
¿kdf pm k'gM kmls{cfpg]5 / pm kmls{cfpg' cememg\ w]/} tLj|tfsf
;fy sf]lzz ug'{
O;fd;Lx kms{g] ;Í]t / ;"rs x'g]5 — gf/sLo
zlQmx¿sf lj?4 dxfg\ ljhoL ;‹if{sf] k|f/De x'g' æl56} g}Æ :yflkt
x'g] xhf/jifL{o /fHo k|f/De x'g] s'/fsf] ;Í]t / ;"rs x'g]5 . Tof]
kl/kSj cfzfn] g} /fhLv';L d[To'sf] ;fdgf ug{ zxLbx¿nfO{ k| ]/0ff
k|bfg u/]sf lyP .

klxn]sf b'O{ ztfAbLx¿sf] O;fO{ tyf O;fO{ wd{åf/f k|efljt
;flxTodf s] s'/fsf] kof{Kt ;Í]t df}h"b 5 eg] cÍ ^^^ sf]
cGt/af6 To;a]nf w]/}h;f] JolQmx¿ kl/lrt lyP . O/]lgo;n] Tof]
hfGb}gYof] . t/ csf{lt/, Tof] / t];|f] zbLsf] cGt;Dd c¿ y'k| }
JolQmx¿;d]tn] klg s] s'/f /fd|/L hfGby] eg] O{Zj/jf0fLdf h'g
kz'sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] ] lyof], Tof] kmls{cfpg] lg/f]l;ts} OR5f lyof] .
To;kl5 Tof] ;Í]t nf]k x'G5 / h'g /rgfdf xfd|f] rf;f] 5, wfld{s
ljrf/ x'g] eljiojQmfx¿n] To;sf] Hofb} ljlrq9Ëaf6 JofVof
ub{5g\ . hlta]nf d s]6fs]6L lyP“, Tolta]nf d}n] To:tf a'9f
dfG5]x¿nfO{ lrGby] +, hf] aof]a[4 hf]xg cna| ]Vtn] a]Ënsf
pbfx/0fx¿sf] cg'z/0f ub} { !*#^ sf] jif{df ;G;f/sf] cGt x'g]5 /
k'gM clGtd lg0f{o x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; ub{y] . 7Ls s]xL jif{kl5 Tof]
eljiojf0fL k"/f ePsf] lyof] t/ clGtd lg0f{osf] anLj]bLdf of] kfkL
;G;f/ r9]sf] lyPg, a? O{Zj/Lo ;Gb]zsf] ;xL JofVofsf/ :jo+
p;sf] j]bLdf r9]sf lyP . Pkm=a]gf/Ln] !*#^ df g} ^^^ sf] cy{
:ki6 ul/lbPsf lyP / To;/L ;f/f eljio;DaGwL u0fgfx¿sf] Tof]
gjLg Hofldlt -gematriah_ sf] b'MvnfO{ cGt ul/lbPsf] lyof] .
:ju{sf] h'g /fHo wd{lg:7x¿sf nflu ;'/lIft 5, hf]gn] To;sf]
;txL ljj/0f g} k|:t't ub{5 . gof“ h]?;]nd Hofb} w]/} lj:t[t
If]qdf km}lnPsf] 5 . slDtdf p;a]nfsf] wf/0ffg';f/ t Tof] Hofb}
7"nf] lyof], h;sf] lj:tf/ !@)) kmnf{ª cyjf @@@& j=sL= cyf{t\
Tof] If]q nueu %) nfv j=sL= cyf{t\ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf]
cfwfeGbf w]/} lyof] / To;sf] lgdf{0f :ju{ tyf gfgfk|sf/sf ax'd"No
xL/f–hjfx/ft ePsf] lyof] . O{Zj/ ToxL+ + cf gf k|hf;“u af;
a:b5, ;"o{sf] :yfgdf p;n] To;nfO{ :jo+ k|sfz lbG5 . clg, ca
g d[To' x'g]5 g b'Mv / g t s'g} kL8f g} x'g]5 . Tof] zx/sf] ] aLr–
aLraf6 hLjgsf] hnsf] z'4 gbL aUb5, gbLsf b'O{ lsgf/fdf
hLjgsf af]6x¿ nufOPsf 5g\ . tLdfly !@ y/L kmn lbG5g\ /
ltgsf kftx¿n] æ/fi6«x¿nfO{ lg/f]uL agfpg] sfd ub{5g\ .Æ

]gfgsf] ljrf/ s] 5 eg] To;df Pp6f k]o cf}ifwL lyof] . ;fw' k'?if
ToxL+ ;bf–;j{bf lgaf; ug] {5g\ .
hxf“;Dd xfdL hfGb5f} +, ;g ^* ;fnlt/ cf gf] d'Vo s]Gb|,
Plzof dfOg/df O;fO{ wd{sf] ToxL :j¿k lyof] . qo -tLgj6f
b]jtfx¿_sf] s'g} lrx\g lyPg . To;sf] ljk/Lt Toxf“ kl5sf] ox'bL
wd{sf] PSnf] / cljeflht ;xg] k'/fgf] hf]xf]jf e]l6G5 . ox'bL wd{n]
ox'bLx¿sf] /fli6«o O{Zj/sf] cf;gaf6 p7fP/ To;nfO{ :ju{ /
k[YjLsf] Ps dfq tyf ;jf] {Rr O{Zj/sf] kbdf k|ltli7t ul/Psf] ] lyof]
. Toxf“af6 pm ;f/fsf ;f/f /fi6«x¿dfly zf;g ug] { bfaf ub{5,
pgLx¿k|lt cf gf] bofsf] cfZjf;g lbG5 tyf hf] cf gf]
s§/tfjfbdf c•L lnG5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ k|frLg pvfg cg';f/ p;n]
dfl/lbG5 — hf] ljgd| 5g\, ltgLx¿nfO{ Ifdf b]pm, hf] 3d08L 5g\,
pgLx¿l;t o'4 n8 -Parcere subjectis ac debellare
superbos_ . To;/L lo;' geP/ — O{Zj/Lojf0fLx¿ /
wd{kqkl5sf ljj/0fx¿df kfOG5 — Tof] O{Zj/ :jo+n] clGtd
lg0f{osf] a]nf lg0ff{ossf] sfd ug] {5 . pTklQsf] Tof] kmf/;L l;4fGt
cg';f/ — Tof] kl5 ox'bL wd{df k|rlnt lyof] — kf7f] ¿kL lo;'
zfZjt¿kaf6 ToxL O{Zj/af6 pTkGg ePsf x'g\Æ O{Zj/sf ;ft
k| ]tfTdfx¿Æ;d]t klg ToxL O{Zj/af6 pTkGg ePsf lyP t/
pgLx¿sf] :yfg lgDg lyof] . ltgLx¿sf] cl:tTj sfJofTds c+z
[O;fO{of -!!_,@] sf] e|fds wf/0ffdfly cfwfl/t 5 . tL ;f/fsf
;f/f O{Zj/sf cwLg:y 5g\, tL g t O{Zj/ x'g\, g pm ;dfg 5g\ .
;G;f/sf kfkx¿sf] k|folZrt ug] { p2]Zon] kf7f]n] cfTdanLbfg
ub{5 . To;sf] pknIodf p;nfO{ :ju{df w]/} pRr:yfg k|fKt x'G5 .
;Dk"0f{ k':tsdf p;sf] ToxL :j]lR5t d[To'nfO{ Pp6f c;fwf/0f
sfo{sf] ¿kdf >]o lbOPsf] xf] — To;nfO{ To:tf] rLhsf] ¿kdf
sxL+ klg k|:t't ul/Psf] ] 5}g, h;af6 Tof] p;sf] ;xh:j¿ksf]
ckl/xfo{ kl/0ffd 7flgof];\ . 7"nfa8fx¿, ;Lwf–;fbf s]6fs]6Lx¿,
b]jb"tx¿ / l;4 k'?ifx¿sf] l;Ëf] :juL{o b/af/ oxf“ df}h"b x'g'

:jfefljs xf] . wd{sf] :yfg xfl;n ug{sf nflu Ps]Zj/jfbn] —
h]Gb–cj]:tf 183 sf] kfnfb]lv g} ax'b]jjfbnfO{ nuftf/ 5"6 lbg'k/]sf]
lyof] . ox'bLx¿sxf“ u}/–ox'bLx¿sf OGb|flb b]jtfx¿sf] l:ylt w]/}
lbg;Dd nuftf/ vl:s“b}uPsf] lyof] — hlxn];Dd cf gf]
b]zlgsfnfkl5 :juL{o b/af/n] wd{nfO{ kmf/;sf] gd"gfdf cfd
hg;d'bfosf] sNkgfsf] cem w]/} cg'¿k agfPsf] lyPg . /,
ox'bLx¿sf] :yfkgf ul/lbPkl5 klg :jo+ O;fO{ wd{nfO{ ;d]t klg
To;nfO{ k'/fgf b]jtfsf] k"hfsf] :yfgdf k|ltli7t ug{ ;Gtx¿sf]
k"hf ug'{afx]s
csf] { s'g} rLh cfk"mleq e]l6Psf] lyPg . To;/L
kmfnd]o]/sfg';f/ k]nf]kf]g];;, d}gf / cfs] {l8ofdf a[x:kltsf] k"hfsf]
k|yfsf] cGt ( cf} + zbLlt/ g} eO;s]sf] lyof] . 184 k'gM ;Gtx¿af6
s]jn cfw'lgs k" “hLjfbLsfn / To;sf] k|f]6]:6\ofG6jfbL wd{n] g}
d'lQm lbg ;s]sf] 5 / lje]lbt Ps]Zj/jfbnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s u|x0f
ug{ ;s]sf] 5 .
k':tsdf d"n kfk tyf cf:yfsf] cfwf/df rLhx¿nfO{
Gofof]lrt l;4 ug] { s'/fsf] ;d]t klg s'g} pNn]v kfO“b}g . tL
k|f/lDes n8fs" ;d'bfosf] wd{kl5sf] ljhoL O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf]
wd{eGbf Psbd} a]Un} lyof] . To;df kf7f]sf] anLsf] s'/fsf] ;“u;“u}
lo;' t'?Gt kms] {/ cfpg] / l56} g} ;'? x'g] Tof] Psxhf/ jifL{o
/fHosf] s'/f klg d"ntTjsf] ¿kdf df}h"b 5 . Tof] wd{sf] ;lqmo
k|rf/, cfGtl/s / aflx/L zq'x¿sf lj?4 cys ;‹if{, cwdL{
GofofwLz;dIf qmflGtsf/L b[li6sf]0fsf] ;uf}/a :jLsf/f]lQm tyf
ljhodf k"0f{ ljZjf;sf ;fy ul/g] zxfbtsf cfwf/df g} hLljt 5
. xfdLx¿n] s] b]lv;s]sf 5f} + eg] pm ox'bLsf cltl/Qm s]xL c¿
klg xf] eGg] s'/fsf] r]tgf n]vsnfO{ clxn];Dd klg 5}g . ctM
pgsf] l;Ëf] k':tsdf jkltidf -O;fO{ ;+:sf/ — cg'=_ sf] sxL+ klg
pNn]v 5}g . jkltidf k|yfsf] k|f/De O;fO{ wd{sf] bf];|f] sfndf
ePsf] lyof] eg]/ atfpg] y'k| } tYox¿ 5g\ . !$$))) wfld{s
ox'bLx¿nfO{ æk|dfl0ft 3f]litÆ ul/Psf] ] lyof] . pgLx¿sf] jkltidf

ul/Psf] ] lyPg . :ju{nf]ssf ;Gtx¿ / k[YjLsf wd{lgi7x¿sf
ljifodf s] elgPsf] 5 eg] pgLx¿n] cf gf] kfk kvfn]sf lyP,
cf gf n'uf wf]P/ ;kmf u/]sf lyP / kf7f]sf] ¿kaf6 p;nfO{ ;]tf]
-kljq_ agfPsf lyP, jkltidfsf] kfgLsf] af/]df To;df pNn]v
ul/Psf] ] lyPg . cWofo — !! df lo;'lj/f]wL -Antichrist_sf]
cfudg x'g'eGbfklxn] cfPsf b'O{hgf k}uDa/x¿n] jkltidf ub} {gy] .
/, [-!(_ !)] sfg';f/ lo;'elQmsf] k|df0f jkltidf geP/
eljiojf0fLsf] p;sf] efjgf dfGg' xf] . olb jkltidfsf] hf]/ x'GYof]
eg] tL ;f/f rLhx¿af/] :jfefljs¿kaf6 To;sf] ;d]t klg
pNn]v ul/GYof] . ctM nueu k"0f{ ljZjf;sf ;fy s] lg0f{odf k'Ug
;lsG5 eg] jkltidfaf/] n]vsnfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L lyPg / To;sf]
pTklQ clGtd¿kaf6 O;fO{x¿ ox'bLx¿af6 cnu ePkl5 ePsf]
lyof] .
g n]vsn] låtLo dxfk|;fbsf af/]df s]xL hfGb5g\ g
;Demgfdf ul/g] ef]haf/] g} n'y/sf] d"n kf7df . olb O;fn]
yfOPl/6gl;t cfk"mn] ;f“em b[9tfk"j{s wd{df cl8u /xg]
JolQmx¿;“u} ef]hg ug] { s'/f u/]sf] b]vfOG5 eg] To;af6 Pp6f
ldYof wf/0ff pTkGg x'G5 . o"gfgL kf7df n]lvPsf] 5 — d}n] -
pgLx¿sf ;fy_ ;f“emsf] ef]hg ug] {5' -deipneso_ / cª\u| ]hLsf]
afOandf ;d]t klg ToxL rLhsf] 7Ls–7Ls cg'jfb ul/Psf] ] 5 M
d}n] pm;“u} ;f“emsf] vfgf vfg]5' . oxf“ d/0ff]T;j ef]hsf] ¿kdf
;d]t klg O;fsf] dxfef]hsf] s'g} pNn]v 5}g .
Tof] k':ts n]lvPsf] ldlt ;g ^* jf ;g ^( k|dfl0ft
eO;s]sf] 5 . O;fO{ wd{;DaGwL ;f/f ;flxTodWo] Tof] ;a}eGbf
k'/fgf] k':ts xf] eGg] ljifodf s'g} zÍf x'g ;Sb}g . To;df sltw]/}
lxa| "kg el/Psf] 5, sltw]/} cgf}7f jfSox¿ 5g\ / Jofs/0fsf
sltw]/} e"nx¿ 5g\ eg] Toltw]/} c;Eo -aa{/_ efiffdf n]lvPsf]
csf] { s'g} klg k':ts kfO“b}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu klxnf] cWofosf]
rf}yf] kB cIf/zM o;k|sf/ 5 M ætkfO{ +dfly bof xf];\ === hf] 5, hf]

lyof] / hf] cfO/x]sf] 5 .Æ ca vfln k];]a/ wd{zf:qL / tL c¿
Oltxf;sf/x¿ dfq} — ltgLx¿sf] — h;sf] To;df s'g} :jfy{ 5 —
n] lo;'sf lzIffx¿ / b]jk'ql;t ;DalGwt cfVofgx¿kl5 s]xL
To;vfnsf s[ltx¿sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] ] lyof], Tof] ca
u'ld;s]sf] 5, To;sf] ;fgf]ltgf] P]ltxfl;stfnfO{ klg syf–
sxfgLx¿sf] e"ne'n}ofdf ca lrGg ;lsGg . a| 'gf] afo/n] k|fdfl0fs
dfg]sf tL d'Le/ wd{kqx¿ klg ls t kl5sf /rgfx¿ x'g\ ls
w]/}eGbfw]/}, c1ft n]vsx¿sf k'/fgf s[ltx¿sf] cfwf/df tof/
ul/Psf To:tf rLhx¿ x'g\, h'g afx\o ;fdu|Lx¿ yKgfn] /
ldnfOlbgfn] w]/} ablnPsf 5g\ . ctM To; k':tssf] dxŒj cem
emg\w]/} a9\g k'Ub5 lsgeg] Tof] k':tssf] ¿kdf xfdL;“u jf:tjdf
To:tf] /rgf 5, hf] n]lvPsf] ltly–ldlt nueu ToxL dxLgf;Dd
lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] ] lyof], h;df Tof] n]lvPsf] lyof] . Tof] s:tf] k':ts
xf] eg] To;df O;fO{ wd{ hlta]nf cljsl;t lyof], Tolta]nf
To;sf] s:tf] ¿k lyof] eGg] atfOPsf] 5 . rf}yf] zbLsf] Tof] rf}yf]
zbLsf] Tof] /fhsLo wd{sf cufl8, h;sf] l;4fGt / b]jdfnf
k"0f{¿kn] ljsl;t e;s]sf lyP, O;fO{ wd{sf] Tof] ¿k/]vf h:t}
nfUb5, O;fO{ / cGo k|frLg tTjx¿af6 k|efljt P8\8f b]jtfx¿sf]
;'ljsl;t lzIffx¿sf cufl8 6];L6;sf] clxn];Dd cl:y/ b]jdfnf
h:tf] nfUb5 . ;fj{ef}lds wd{sf] lapm To;df df}h"b lyof] t/ s'g}
e]befjljgf x'g] ljsf;sf c¿ xhf/f} + ;Defjgfx¿ klg To;df
cGt/lglxt lyP . kl5sf] cul0ft ;Dk|bfodf tL ;Defjgfx¿n]
d"t{¿k u|x0f u/]sf lyP . clg O;fO{ wd{sf] pbosfnLg Tof]
;a}eGbf k'/fgf] s[lt xfd|f] nflu lsg — vf; u/]/ emg\ w]/} lsg —
d"Nojfg 5 eg] s'g} ldl>t rLh geO{sg klg To;n] xfdLnfO{
:ki6¿kaf6 atfp“5 — O;fO{ wd{sf] lgdf{0fdf cnSh]lG8«ofaf6
Hofb} k|efljt ox'bL wd{sf] slQsf] xft lyof] < kl5 h]–hlt s'/fx¿
kfOG5g\, Tof] ;a} klZrd]nL o"gfgL /f]dg ;Íng — kl/a4{gsf]
kl/0ffd xf] . Tof] Ps]Zj/jfbL ox'bL wd{sf] dfWodaf6 kl5sf] ufp“n]
o"gfgL bz{gsf] ;';+:s[t Ps]Zj/jfbn] :jo+nfO{ Ps dfq wfld{s

e]ifdf ;lh;hfp kf/]sf] lyof] . To;df p;n] cfd hg;d'bfonfO{
cfslif{t ug{ ;s]sf] lyof] . t/ Tof] dfWod ldln;s]kl5 klg
o"gfgL–/f]dg hutdf To;n] ;fj{ef}lds wd{sf] ¿k u|x0f ug{
;Sb}gYof] — clg To;f] ug{ klg p;n] Tof] lrGtg ;fdu|Lsf]
cema9L ljsf; u/]/ tyf tfnd]n ldnfP/ g} ug{ ;SbYof] .
To;nfO{ ;G;f/n] pkfh{g ul/;s]sf] lyof]
Enf= O= n]lgg
;dfhjfb / wd{
jt{dfg ;dfh hg;+Vofsf] Hofb} gu0o ;+Vofåf/f — hdLgbf/ / k" “hLkltx¿åf/f — >dhLjL
ju{sf Jofks hg;d'bfosf] 3f]/ zf]if0fdfly k"0f{tM cfwfl/t 5 . of] zf]if0fo'Qm ;dfh xf] lsgls h'g
æ:jtGqÆ dhb"/n] cfhLjg k" “hLkltx¿sf] nflu sfd ub{5g\, tL dhb"/x¿ hLjg lgjf{xsf s]jn
To:tf ;fwgx¿sf æxsbf/Æ dfq x'G5g\, h'g gfkmf k}bf ug] { { gf]s/x¿nfO{ hLljt /fVgsf nflu,
k" “hLjfbL bf;tfnfO{ sfod / ;'/lIft /fVgsf nflu cfjZos x'G5g\ .
dhb"/x¿sf] cfly{s zf]if0fn] x/]s k|sf/sf /fhg}lts pTkL8g / ;fdflhs ckdfgnfO{ ckl/xfo{
¿kdf hGd lbG5 tyf cfd hg;d'bfosf] af}l4s / g}lts hLjg lgDg:t/sf] / cGwsf/k"0f{ aGg'
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . dhb"/ ju{n] cf gf] d'lQmsf] nflu ;‹if{ ug{sf nflu{ s]xL /fhg}lts :jtGqtf k|fKt
ug{ ;Sb5g\ t/ ha;Dd k" “hLsf] zf;gnfO{ pGd"ng ul/Gg, ta;Dd :jtGqtfsf] s'g} klg dfqfn]
pgLx¿nfO{ u/LaL, a]sf/L / pTkL8gaf6 d'Qm ug{ ;Sb}g . wd{ af}l4s zf]if0fsf] ¿k xf] . To;n] x/]s
7fp“ tL hg;d'bfodfly cem a9L af]em ylklbG5, h'g hg;d'bfon] c¿sf nflu lg/Gt/ sfd ub{5g\ \
tyf cefj / u/LaLaf6 ;w} +el/ g} tl8\k/xG5g\ . zf]ifs ju{sf lj?4sf] ;‹if{df d[To'ko{Gt ;'vL
hLjgsf] pgLx¿sf] ljZjf;n] ckl/xfo{¿kdf To;/L g} zf]lift ju{sf] lgliqmotfnfO{ an k'¥ofp“5,
h;/L k|s[ltl;tsf] ;‹if{df gk'ª;stfn] b]jtf, /fIf;, rdTsf/ / To:t} c¿ s'/fx¿dflysf]
ljZjf;nfO{ hGd lbG5 . h'g dflg;x¿n] hLjgel/ b'Mv ub{5g\ / ljkGgtfdf hLjg Joltt ub{5g\,
ltgLx¿nfO{ wd{n] o; nf]sdf ljgd| x'g] / w}o{ wf/0f ug] { { tyf k/nf]sdf kfOg] ;'vsf] cfzfn] ;fGTjgf
xfl;n ug] { { lzIff lbG5 eg] h'g dflg;x¿ c¿sf] >daf6 hLljt /xG5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ wd{n] o;
hLjgdf bofn' Jojxf/ ug] { { lzIff lbG5 /, To;/L pgLx¿nfO{ zf]ifssf] ¿kdf cf gf] ;Dk"0f{
cl:tTjsf] cf}lrTo l;4 ug] { { af6f] vf]lnlbG5 tyf :ju{sf nflu ;'vsf] 6Ls6 ;:tf] bfddf lbG5 . wd{
hgtfsf] nflu ckmLd xf] . wd{ Ps k|sf/sf] af}l4s gzf xf], h;df k" “hLsf bf;x¿n] cf gf] dfgj
d"lt{nfO{, s]xL cf gf] dfgjf]lrt hLjgsf] dfunfO{ 8'jfOlbG5g\ .
t/ Tof] zf]lift ju{ h'g cf gf] bf;tfk|lt ;r]t eO;s]sf] 5 tyf cf gf] d'lQmsf] nflu
;‹if{df plq;s]sf] 5, p;sf] cfwf bf;tf plta]n} ;dfKt eO;s]sf] x'G5 . cfw'lgs ju{;r]t
dhb"/x¿ 7"nf] dfqfsf sfvf{gf–pBf]uåf/f k|lzlIft / zx/L hLjgåf/f k|a'4 x'gk'Ub5g\ / pgLx¿n]
3[0ffsf ;fy wfld{s k"jf{u|xx¿nfO{ 5fl8lbG5g\ / :ju{sf] lrGtf kfb/Lx¿ / k" “hLjfbL wdf{Gw
JolQmx¿sf nflu 5f]8]/ cf gf] lglDt o; k[YjLdf g} ;'Gb/ hLjg k|fKt ug] { { k|oTg ub{5g\ . cfhsf]
;j{xf/f ju{n] ;dfhjfbsf] Tof] kIf u|x0f ub{5, h;n] wd{sf] slx/f]sf lj?4sf] ;‹if{df lj1fgsf] ;xf/f
lnG5 tyf o; k[YjLdf dhb"/x¿sf] ;'Gb/ hLjgsf] nflu xfnsf] ;‹if{df Pstfa4 u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{
d[To'kl5sf] hLjgsf] ljZjf;af6 d'lQm lbnfp“5 .
wd{nfO{ JolQmut ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo 3f]lift ul/lbg'kb{5 . ;dfhjfbLx¿n] k|fozM wd{k|ltsf]
cf gf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ oL zAbx¿df g} JoQm ub{5g\ . t/ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] untkmxdL gxf];\ egGsf
nflu oL zAbx¿sf] JofVof To;sf/0f Psbd} 7Ls x'g'kb{5 . hxf“;Dd /fHosf] ;DaGw 5, wd{nfO{
JolQmut ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo agfOlbg'kb{5 eg]/ xfdLx¿ dfu ub{5f} + . t/ hxf“;Dd xfd|f] kf6L{sf] k|Zg
xf], xfdL s'g} klg xfntdf wd{nfO{ JolQmut ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo dfGb}gf} + . wd{l;t /fHosf] slQ klg

;/f]sf/ x'g'x'“b}g
tyf /fHosf] zf;gl;t wfld{s ;+:yfx¿sf] s'g} klg k|/sf/sf] ;DaGw x'g'x'“b}g
. h;n]
h'g wd{ ?rfp“5, p;n] ToxL wd{ dfGg kfpg'kb{5, cyjf s;}n] rfxG5 eg] s'g} klg wd{ gdfGg,
gfl:ts x'g kfpg'kb{5, x/]s ;dfhjfbL :jfefjtM To:tf] x'G5 . Tof] k"0f{ :jtGqtf x/]s JolQmnfO{
x'g'kb{5 . gful/sx¿nfO{ wfld{s ljZjf;sf cfwf/df e]befj ug'{
k"0f{tM ;xg g;lsg] s'/f xf] .
cflwsfl/s sfuh–kqx¿df s'g} gful/ssf] wd{sf] pNn]v ug] { { s'/f;Dd klg lglZrt¿kdf ;dfKt
ul/lbg'kb{5 . :yflkt O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹nfO{ g s'g} ;xfotf k|fKt x'g'x'G5 g kfb/Lx¿nfO{ jf wfld{s
;‹;+:yfx¿nfO{ /fHosf] tkm{af6 s'g} k|sf/sf] ;x'lnot lbg'x'G5 . tL ;dfg wf/0ff x'g] gful/sx¿sf
k"0f{ :jtGq ;+:yfx¿ aGg'kb{5, h'g ;+:yfx¿ /fHoaf6 k"0f{tM :jtGq xf]pmg\ . oL dfux¿ k"0f{tM k"/f
x'“bfv]l/
nfhdbf] { / ckmfkl;4 ljut ;dfKt x'g ;Sb5 . hlta]nf O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ /fHosf] ;fdGtL
lge{/tfdfly, ¿;L gful/s :yflkt ;fdGtL lge{/tfdfly hLljt lyof], hlta]nf dWoo'uLg, wfld{s
cbfntL sfg"gx¿ -h'g clxn];Dd xfd|f] b08;+lxtf / sfg"gsf lstfax¿df lgld{t 5g\_ cl:tTjdf
lyP / nfu" ul/Gy], h;n] cf:yf jf cgf:yfsf] cfwf/df dflg;x¿nfO{ bl08t ub{y], Tolta]nf
dflg;sf] cGt/fTdfnfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofp“y] tyf cf/fdbfoL ;/sf/L gf]s/L / ;/sf/åf/f k|fKt cfDbfgLdf
:yflkt O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹x¿sf] of] jf Tof] ljwfgl;t ;Da4 ug] { { ub{y] . ;dfhjfbL ;j{xf/f ju{n]
cfw'lgs /fHo / cfw'lgs O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹af6 h'g s'/fsf] dfu ub{5, Tof] xf] — /fHoaf6 O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] cnu /fVg' .
¿;L qmflGtn] /fhg}lts :jtGqtfsf] Ps ckl/xfo{ tTjsf] ¿kdf of] dfu k"/f u'g'{kb{5
. o;
ljifodf ¿;L qmflGt;dIf vf; u/]/ cg's"n l:ylt 5, lsgeg] k'ln; zfl;t ;fdGtL PstGqsf] 3[l0ft
gf]s/zfxLaf6 kfb/Lx¿df klg c;Gtf]if, czflGt / 3[0ff pTkGg ePsf] 5 . ¿;L ¿9LjfbL O;fO{
wfld{s kfb/Lx¿ hlt w]/} t'R5 / ckl/kSj lsg gxf]pmg\, ¿;df k'/fgf] dWoo'uLg Joj:yfsf] ktgsf]
ah|kftaf6 pgLx¿ klg hfu[t ePsf 5g\, pgLx¿ klg :jtGqtfsf] dfudf ;lDdlnt ePsf 5g\ .
gf]s/zfxL Jojxf/ / gf]s/zfxLtGqsf], k'ln;sf] nflu hf;';L ug] { { s'/fsf] — h'g ædf};"kmsf ;]jsx¿
ædfly yf]kl/Psf] 5 — lj/f]w k|s6 ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfdL ;dfhjfbLx¿n] Tof] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;dy{g
ug'[kb{5, k'/f]lxt ju{sf Odfgbf/ ;b:ox¿sf dfux¿ k"/f ug'{kb{5
tyf :jtGqtfsf] af/]df pgLx¿sf
k|lt1fx¿k|lt pgLx¿nfO{ b[9 agfp“b} wd{ / k'ln;aLr ljBdfg ;Dk"0f{ ;DaGwx¿nfO{ b[9tfk"j{s
;dfKt ug'{kb{5
eGg] dfu ug'{kb{5
.
ls t ltdL ;Rrf 5f}, Tof] l:yltdf ltdLn] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ / /fHo tyf :s"n / O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹nfO{ 5'6\ofpg], wd{nfO{ k"0f{tM / Psbd} JolQmut ljifo 3f]lift ug] { { s'/fsf] kIfkf]if0f ug'{kb{5
ls t km]l/ ltdLn] :jtGqtf;DaGwL tL ;';Ëut dfux¿nfO{ :jLsf/ ub} {gf} +, To; l:yltdf ltdL cem}
klg :ki6¿kn] ¿9La'9L / wfld{s sfg"gsf] aGwgdf /x]sf 5f} + . To; l:yltdf ltdL :ki6¿kn]
clxn];Dd ;'lj:tfsf] ;/sf/L gf]s/L tyf ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cfDbfgLl;t 6f“l:;Psf x'G5f} + . To;
l:yltdf ltdLn] cf gf z:qx¿sf] af}l4s Ifdtfdf ljZjf; ub} {gf} / /fHosf] 3'; s'DNofO/xg vf]Hb5f}
. clg, To; cj:yfdf ;d:t ¿;sf ju{;r]t dhb"/x¿n] ltd|f lj?4 lgd{d o'4sf] 3f]if0ff ub{5g\ .
hxf“;Dd ;dfhjfbL ;j{xf/f ju{sf] kf6L{sf] k|Zg 5, o;sf] nflu wd{ JolQmut ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo
xf]Og . xfd|f] kf6L{ dhb"/ ju{sf] d'lQmsf nflu ;‹if{ ug] { { cu|b:tf of]4fx¿sf] ;Ë7g xf] . o:tf] ;+:yf
wfld{s ljZjf;sf] ¿kdf juL{o r]tgfsf] cefj, c1fgtf / ¿9Ljfbk|lt g t t6:t /xg ;Sb5 g pm
/xg' x'G5 . wfld{s e|dsf lj?4 xfdLn] z'4 ;}4flGts tyf s]jn j}rfl/s c:qaf6, s]jn cf gf
;dfrf/ kqx¿ / efif0fsf dfWodx¿åf/f dfq ;+3if{ ug{ ;sf} + eg]/ xfdLx¿ O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹nfO{
k"0f{¿kn] lj36g ug] { { dfu ub{5f} + . t/ xfdLx¿n] cf gf] ;Ë7g, ¿;L ;fdflhs–hgjfbL dhb"/
kf6L{sf] :yfkgf 7Ls o:t} ;‹if{sf] nflu, dhb"/x¿nfO{ ul/g] x/]s k|sf/sf] zf]if0fsf lj?4 ;‹if{ ug{sf
nflu u/]sf xf} + . clg, xfd|f] nflu j}rfl/s ;‹if{ s]jn JolQmut ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo geP/ l;ª\uf]
kf6L{sf], ;d:t ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] .
olb s'/f o:t} xf] eg] xfdLx¿n] cf gf] sfo{qmddf xfdL cgLZj/jfbL xf} + eg]/ 3f]if0ff lsg
ub} {gf} + < xfdLx¿n] cf gf] kf6L{df O;fO{x¿ cyjf O{Zj/df cf:yf /fVg] c¿ wdf{jnDaLx¿nfO{
;lDdlnt x'g'af6 lsg /f]s nufp“b}gf} +

oL k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/n] tL Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ leGgtfx¿nfO{ :ki6 ug] { {5g\, h'g k" “hLjfbL
k|hftGqjfbLx¿ tyf ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿åf/f wd{;DaGwL k|Zg p7fpg] t/Lsfdf lglxt x'G5 .
xfd|f] sfo{qmd k"0f{tM j}1flgs clg To;sf ;fy} ef}ltsjfbL ljZj b[li6sf]0fdfly cfwfl/t 5 .
ctM xfd|f] sfo{qmdsf] JofVofdf wfld{s ljfrf/x¿sf P]ltxfl;s / cfly{s ;|f]tx¿sf] JofVof klg
clgjfo{¿kn] ;fd]n 5 . ctM xfd|f] k|rf/sfo{df clgjfo{¿kn] cgLZj/jfbsf] k|rf/ klg ;fd]n x'g'kb{5
. pko'Qm j}1flgs ;flxTosf] k|sfzg ca xfd|f] kf6L{sf] sfo{sf] If]q Pp6f aGg'kb{5 . j}1flgs
;flxTosf] k|sfzgdfly PstGqL ;fdGtL zf;gn] clxn];Dd s8f k|ltaGw nufO{ /fv]sf] lyof] /
To;sf] k|sfzg ubf{ b08 lbOGYof] . ca xfdLn] ;DejtM PË]N;sf] Tof] ;Nnfxsf] cg'z/0f ug'{kg]
{5,
h'g ;Nnfx pxf“n] hd{g ;dfhjfbLx¿nfO{ lbg'ePsf] lyof] — cyf{t\ xfdLn] k|mfG;sf !* cf} + zbLsf
n]vsx¿ / cgLZj/jfbL 185 x¿sf ;flxTosf] cg'jfb ug'{
/ ltgsf] Jofks k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{kb{5
.
t/ xfdLx¿ s'g} klg xfntdf wfld{s k|ZgnfO{ k" “hLjfbLx¿aLrsf pu|jfbL hgjfbLx¿n]
slxn]sfxL+ ug] { { u/]sf] h:tf] vfln cd"t{, cfbz{jfbL9Ën], ju{;ª\3if{af6 c;Da4 Pp6f af}l4s k|Zgsf]
¿kdf dfq p7fpg] uNtLsf lzsf/ x'g'x'Gg . s] s'/f ;f] +Rg' d"v{tf x'g]5 eg] dhb"/ ju{sf
hg;d'bfox¿sf] c;Lldt zf]if0f / ;+:sf/xLgtfdfly cfwfl/t ;dfhdf wfld{s k"jf{u|x¿nfO{ vfln
k|rf/fTds ;fwgx¿af6 dfq ;dfKt ug{ ;lsG5 . dfgj hfltdfly nflbPsf] wd{sf] h'jf ;dfh
cGt/utsf] cfly{s pTkL8gsf k|ltljDa / kl/0ffd x'g\ eGg] s''/f
e'Ng' k" “hLjfbL ;ÍL0f{tf g} x'g]5 .
;j{xf/f ju{n] olb k" “hLjfbL sfnf zlQmx¿sf] lj?4 :jo+ cf gf] ;ª\3if{af6} vfl/P/ hfgkmsf/ x'g
;s]g eg] k':tsx¿ / lzIffx¿sf] s'g} kl/df0fn] klg pgLx¿nfO{ hfgkmsf/ agfpg ;Sb}g . xfd|f]
b[li6sf]0fdf k[YjLd} :ju{ agfpgsf nflu pTkLl8t ju{sf] jf:tljs qmflGtsf/L ;ª\3if{df sfod x'g] of]
Pstf kf/nf}lss :ju{sf] af/]df x'g] ;j{xf/f ljZjb[li6sf]0fsf] PstfeGbf Hofb} w]/} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
ToxL sf/0f xf], xfdLx¿n] cf gf] sfo{qmddf cf gf] gfl:tstfnfO{ g t ;lDdlnt ub{5f} + g
xfdLn] ug'{x'G5
. clg, ToxL sf/0f xf], h'g ;j{xf/fx¿df clxn];Dd k'/fgf k"jf{u|xsf cjz]ifx¿
ljBdfg 5g\, tL ;j{xf/fx¿nfO{ xfdLx¿n] cf gf] kf6L{df ;fd]n x'g g t /f]s nufp“5f} + g /f]s
nufpg'x'G5 . xfdLx¿n] ;w} + j}1flgs b[li6sf]0fsf] lzIff lbg]5f} + / xfdLx¿n] O;fO{x¿sf ljleGg
lj;Ëltx¿l;t ;ª\3if{ ug'{
klg ckl/jfo{ 5 . t/ o;sf] cy{ wfld{s k|ZgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5
eGg] s'/f slQ klg xf]Og . g t To;sf] cy{ xf] — h'g tLj|tfsf ;fy dxŒjxLg x'“b}5g\
/ :jo+
cfly{s ljsf;sf] wf/fdf lanfpgLem} + lk+w nfUb}5g\, tL lgDg:t/sf jfbljjfbx¿ / lg/y{s ljrf/x¿sf
sf/0f jf:tljs qmflGtsf/L cfly{s / /fhgLlts ;ª\3if{sf zlQmx¿nfO{ ljeflht x'g lbg'kb{5 .
k|ltlqmofjfbL k" “hLjfbL ju{n] :jo+nfO{ x/]s 7fp“ wfld{s em}emu8fx¿ rsf{pg] s's[Todf ;+nUg
ug] { {u/]sf] 5 / To;n] ¿;df klg To:t} ug{ yfln/x]sf] 5 — To;df p;sf] p2]Zo cfd hgtfsf] Wofg
jf:tljs dxŒjsf] tyf cfwf/e"t cfly{s / /fhg}lts ;d:ofx¿af6 x6fpg' xf], h;nfO{ ca ¿;L
;j{xf/f ju{n] qmflGtsf/L ;‹if{df Pstfa4 eP/ Aojxfl/s¿kn] ;dfwfg ul//x]sf] 5 . ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
zlQmnfO{ ljeflht ug] { { Tof] k|ltlqmofjfbL gLlt, h'g clxn] /fhtGq ;dy{s u'6 -Black Hundred_
åf/f ul/Psf xtofsf08x¿df d'Vo¿kn] k|s6 ePsf] 5 . To;n] eljiodf cem a9L pu| ¿k lng
;Sg]5 . xfdLn] To;sf] lj/f]w x/xfntdf zflGtk"j{s, lgw{Sstf ;fy, b[9tfk"j{s / w}o{k"j{s ;j{xf/f
P]Soj4tf / j}1flgs ljZj b[li6sf]0fsf] lzIffåf/f ug] { {5f} + — s:tf] lzIffåf/f ug] { {5f} + eg] To;df
dxŒjxLg dte]bx¿nfO{ Psbd} :yfg x'g]5}g . hxf“;Dd /fHosf] ;DaGw 5, qmflGtsf/L ;j{xf/f ju{n]
wd{nfO{ JolQmut ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo agfpg ;kmn x'g]5 . clg, /fhg}lts k|0ffnLdf dWosfnLg
;8]un]sf rLhx¿nfO{ ;kmf kfl/;lsPsf] x'g]5, ;j{xf/f ju{n] dfgj hfltsf] wfld{s zf]if0fsf]
jf:tljs ;|f]t cfly{s bf;tfnfO{ pGd"ng ug{sf nflu Jofks / v'nf ;‹if{ rnfpg]5 .
-;dfhjfb / wd{, n]lgg u|Gy — !)_
gf]jfof lemHg cÍ — @*÷# l8;]Da/, !()%
¿;L qmflGtsf] bk{0f lnof] 6N;6o

oL dxfg\ snfsf/sf] ;DaGw qmflGtl;t hf]8\g' ;/f;/L¿kdf x]bf{v]l/ g;'xfp“bf] / agfj6Lh:tf]
nfUg ;Sb5 . pgn] Tof] qmflGtnfO{ a'‰g ;s]gg\ / To;af6 cnu /x] . pgL of] qmflGtnfO{ a'‰g
c;dy{ /x] tyf o;af6 cnu /x] eGg] s'/f 5n{ª 5 . h;n] j:t'nfO{ 7Lsl;t k|ltljlDat ub} {g, Tof]
bk{0f x'G5 — s;/L < t/ xfd|f] qmflGt Hofb} pa8vfa8 ePsf] rLh xf] . :jo+ qmflGt ;~rfng ug] { { /
To;df efu lng]x¿dWo] y'k| } ;fdflhs tTjx¿ s:tf /x]sf 5g\ eg] pgLx¿n] 6N;6o e} +m cf gf
cufl8 s] eO/x]sf] 5, Tof] a'‰g ;s]gg\ tyf 36gfqmdn] cf gf cufl8 k|:t't u/]sf] jf:tljs
P]ltxfl;s sfo{af6;d]t pgLx¿ ljd'v /xg]u/]sf 5g\ . clg, k'gM d}n] h'g snfsf/sf] af/]df rrf{
ul//x]sf] 5', olb pm dxfg\ snfsf/ xf] eg] p;sf s[ltx¿df qmflGtsf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ kIfx¿sf] emf“sL
cjZo ldNg'kb{5 .
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6Lsfl6Kk0fLx¿sf] e/df/ 5 . k/Gt' ¿;L qmflGtsf] :j¿k / To;sf k| ]/s zlQmx¿sf] b[li6sf]0faf6
6N;6osf s[ltx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ slQ klg rf;f] /flvPsf] 5}g . tL kqklqsfx¿sf Ps–Ps zAb
jfSs nfUg] kfv08Lkgaf6 el/e/fp 5g\ . tL b'O{y/L 5g\ M ;/sf/L / pbf/tfjfbL . klxnf]vfn] sf]/f
kfv08Lk"0f{ sndsf] j]Zofj[lQ ug] { { ef6x¿sf n]vx¿df kfOG5g\, h'g cf gf dflnsx¿sf] Ozf/fdf
lxhf];Dd 6N;6osf k5fl8 xft wf]P/ nflu k/]sf lyP . cfh k]ml/ pg} dflnsx¿sf Ozf/fdf
6N;6onfO{ b]zeQmsf ¿kdf lrlqt ul//x]sf 5g\, o"/f]k;dIf ;bfrf/sf lgodx¿ kfng ug] { { sf]lzz
ul//x]sf 5g\ . snd a]r]/ vfg] To;vfn] n]vsx¿af6 k};f lbP/ nfdf–nfdf n]vx¿ n]Vg nufOPsf]
5 eGg] s'/f ;a}n] a'‰b5g\ tyf pgLx¿n] s;}nfO{ 7Ug ;Sb}gg\ . pbf/kGyLx¿sf] kfv08Lkgdf Hofb}
3[0ff x'G5 . To;/L Tof] 3fts x'G5 . t;y{ Tof] 3fts / vtgf{s x'G5 . /]r 186 sf Sof8]6 -j}wflgs
hgjfbL_, 187 afnfnfOlsgx¿ 188 sf s'/f ;'g]/ s:tf] nfUb5 eg] dfgf} + 6N;6ok|lt pgsf] k"/f / xflb{s
;xfg'e"lt 5 . jf:tjdf …dxfg\ O{Zj/sf] vf]hL ug] { {Ú 6N;6oaf/] pgLx¿n] hfgLa'emL h'g 7"n–7"nf
s'/fx¿ ul//x]sf 5g\ / zAbhfn a'lg/x]sf 5g\, tL ;/f;/ e"m6 x'g\ lsgeg]¿;L pbf/kGyLx¿sf]
cf:yf g t 6N;6osf] O{Zj/df 5 g pgLx¿ df}h"bf ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] pgsf] cfnf]rgfl;t g}
;xdt 5g\ . pgLx¿n] 6N;6osf] nf]slk|o gfdsf] lsg b'xfO{ lbG5g\ eg] To;af6 pgLx¿sf] zfv
a9\g ;sf];\ / /fi6«JofkL¿kdf k|ltkIfsf g]tf sxlng ;s"g\ . l;ª\uf] jfSosf] s/s/fpg] ;+qf;df tL
Ps–Ps k|Zgsf] ;f]emf] pQ/sf] dfunfO{ 8'afOlbg rfxG5g\ . Tof] k|Zg xf] M 6N;6odf lglxt tLj|
lj/f]wfef;sf] sf/0f s] x'G5 < /, Tof] lj/f]wfef;n] xfd|f] qmflGtsf s'g–s'g bf]ifx¿ / sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{
JoQm ub{5 t <
6N;6osf s[ltx¿, ljrf/x¿, l;4fGtx¿ tyf pgLåf/f k|ltkflbt ljrf/wf/fdf lj/f]wfef; t
tLj|¿kdf 5 g} . k|yd, 6N;6o dxfg\ snfsf/ x'g\ . pgn] ¿;L hLjgsf] vfln clåtLo /]vf–lrq dfq
lv+r]sf 5}gg\ clkt' pgn] ljZj ;flxTonfO{ pTs[i6 pkxf/;d]t lbPsf 5g\ . t/ csf] { s'/f, 6N;6o
Pp6f s§/ hdLgbf/ x'g\ . pgsf] lbdfudf kfun ;fdGtdf em} + ;w} + O;f rl9/xG5 . Psflt/, ;fdflhs
9f] +u tyf kfv08Lkgsf lj?4 ;zQm, :ki6 / ;f“rf] dgn] ul/Psf] pgsf] k|ltjfb 5 eg] csf{lt/,
æ6N;6ojfbLx¿Æsf] bz{g x'G5, cyf{t\ ¿;sf emf;e'm; a'l4hLjLx¿sf] bz{g 5, h;n] ;w} + ljnfk
ul//xG5g\ / ;a}sf cufl8 5ftL lk6L–lk6L lrRofp“5g\ M æhg;d'bfo, d Hofb} kltt x" “, d Hofb} kfkL
x" “ t/ ca d}n] cfTdf]Tyfg ul//x]sf] 5' . x]g'{;\,
ca d}n] df;' vfg 5fl8lbPsf] 5' . ca d}n] vfln b"w /
eftaf6 dfq u'hf/f rnfpg] ub{5' .Æ ;j{k|yd, xfdLx¿ k" “hLjfbL zf]if0fsf] s8f cfnf]rgf kfp“5f} +,
;/sf/L lx+;f, /fHo k|zf;g / cbfntsf] 9f] +usf] s8f lgGbf ul/Psf] xfdL kfp“5f} + /, Tof] uxL/f]
lj/f]wfef;sf] gUg lrq b]Vb5f} +, h;df Psflt/, ;Eotfsf pknlAwx¿ / ;d[l4sf] ljsf; 5 eg]
csf] {lt/, >dhLjL hgtfsf] eoÍ/ u/LaL, cwf]ktg / Sn];;d]t 5 . låtLo, s'g cx+sf/sf] pkb]z
ldNb5 eg] æv/fa rLhsf] k|lt/f]w lx+;faf6 gu/ Æ Psflt/, Hofb} uDeL/ oyfy{jfb 5 / To;n]
;a}vfn] kfv08Lkgsf] kbf{nfO{ Roftr"t kfl/lbG5 eg] csf{lt/, ;G;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 3[l0ft j:t' — wd{
— sf] k|rf/ ul/Psf] 5 . k]z]a/ kfb/Lx¿sf] 7fp“df csf] {y/L wfd{lwsf/Lx¿nfO{ /fVg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5
— To;k|sf/sf wdf{lwsf/Lx¿n] cf gf] g}lts wf/0ffaf6 k| ]l/t eP/ Tof] s'/f c“ufNg]5g\ — cyf{t\
Hofb} t'R5 / ctM vf;u/]/ 3[l0ft kfb/LjfbnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/Psf] 5 . n]vsn] 7Ls} eg]sf 5g\ M

TolQ ;d[l4zfnL ltdL t/ bLg–xLgf xf}
hLjg cf} zlQmdoL, cfh k|f0f–vf]:g] xf}
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ctM s] s'/f :ki6 5 eg] tL lj/f]wfef;x¿sf sf/0fn] 6N;6on] dhb"/ cfGbf]ngnfO{, ;dfhjfbL
;‹if{df p;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ tyf ¿;L qmflGtnfO{ a'‰g c;dy{ /x] . tfklg 6N;6osf ljrf/x¿ /
l;4fGtx¿df h'g lj/f]wfef; kfOG5, Tof] cfsl:ds xf]Og . Tof] t !( cf} + zbLsf clGtd tL;jif{sf]
:jo+ ¿;L hLjgsf] lj/f]wfef;sf] cleJolQm xf] . k" “hLkltx¿ / ;/sf/L s/ p7fpg]x¿n] n"6kf6 ug{
;s"g\ eg]/ pgLx¿nfO{ x:tfGtl/t ul/Psf ¿9LjfbL ufp“x¿ jf:tjdf ufp“x¿ ev{/} e"–bf;tfaf6
pGd'Qm ePsf lyP . zbLof} +b]lv cl8u /x]sf s[lif hLjg / s[lif cy{Joj:yfsf k|frLg hux¿ b]Vbfb]Vb}
tTsfn uNof{–u'n'{d\
9n]sf lyP . ctM 6N;6osf ljrf/df /x]sf] lj/f]wfef; / To;sf] d"NofÍg jt{dfg
dhb"/ cfGbf]ng / jt{dfg ;dfhjfbL b[li6sf]0faf6 ul/g' x'Gg . -o:tf] d"NofÍgsf] cfjZostf t 5
t/ Tof] kof{Kt x'“b}g
._ a? Tof] a9\bf] k" “hLjfb, hgtfsf] a9bf] u/LaL / hdLgaf6 pgLx¿sf] ;DaGw–
ljR5]bsf lj?4 ul/Psf] lj/f]wsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ul/g'kb{5 / To;sf] hGd ¿9LjfbL ¿;L ufp“af6 x'g'
ckl/xfo{ lyof] . dfgj–d'lQmsf] gof“ dfu{ vf]Hg] Pp6f gof“ Hof]ltsf] ¿kdf 6N;6o xf:of:kb 5g\ .
To;sf/0f pgsf] dtsf] ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ kIfnfO{ wfld{s l;4fGtsf] ¿k lbg k|oTg ug] { { ljb]zL /
¿;L æ6N;6ojfbLx¿Æ jf:tjdf lg/Lx 5g\ . 6N;6osf] dxfgtf s] s'/fdf 5 eg] pgn] k" “hLjfbL
qmflGteGbfklxn] nfvf} + ¿;L ls;fgx¿df h'g efjgf / ljrf/ x'ls{/x]sf] lyof], To;sf] ;'Gb/¿kn]
cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ . 6N;6osf] df}lnstf s] s'/fdf 5 eg] ;du|¿kdf pgsf ljrf/x¿n]
ls;fgx¿sf] k" “hLjfbL qmflGtsf ¿kdf xfd|f] qmflGtsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ cleJoQm ub{5g\ . To;
b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{v]l/ h'g lj/f]wfef; 6N;6osf ljrf/x¿df kfOG5, Tof] jf:tjdf tL kl/l:yltsf]
k|ltljDa xf], h;df xfd|f ls;fgx¿n] To; qmflGtdf cf gf] P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf v]Ng'k/]sf] lyof] .
Psflt/, zbLof} +b]lvsf] ;fdGtL pTkL8gaf6 / ;'wf/kl5sf s}of} + bzsx¿;Dd klg emg\ tLj| ultn]
dlRr/x]sf] xfxfsf/af6 ls;fgx¿sf dgdl:tisdf 3[0ff, qmf]w / ljb|f]xsf] b[9 ;ÍNk k}bf ePsf] lyof] .
xfd|f] ls;fg ju{n] qmflGtdf hlt klg P]ltxfl;s sbd p7fPsf] 5, tL ;a}df xfdL /fHodf cfl>t wd{,
hdLgbf/ ju{ / hdLgbf/x¿sf] ;/sf/, e":jfldŒj tyf b:tsfl/tfsf klxn]sf ;a} 9f“rfx¿nfO{ lgd" {n
kfg] {, e"ld ;kmf ug] { {, k'ln;sf] /fHosf :yfgdf :jtGq / k/:k/df ;dfg ;fgf ls;fg ;d'bfo sfod
ug] { { k|oTg u/]sf] emns kfOG5 . lg:;Gb]x 6N;6osf s[ltx¿df ls;fgx¿sf tL cfsf+Iffx¿eGbf a9L
;}4flGts cg'¿ktf 5 t/ pgsf] ljrf/wf/fsf af/]df k|fozM eGg] ul/Pem} + s'g} cfbz{jfbL …O;fO{
c/fhstfjfbÚaf6 Tof] TolQ d'Qm 5}g .
csf] {lt/, ls;fgx¿ gof“ ;dfhsf] :yfkgfk|lt ;r]i6 lyP t/ tL ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿sf] ¿k s]
x'g'kb{5, cf gf] :jtGqtf xfl;n ug{sf nflu s'gvfnsf] ;‹if{ ug'{kg{
] cfjZostf x'G5, To;k|sf/sf
;‹if{df pgLx¿sf] g]t[Tj s;n] unf{, ls;fg qmflGtk|lt k" “hLjfbL ju{ / k" “hLjfbL a'l4hLjLx¿sf] s:tf]
/j}of xf]nf, hdLgbf/L k|yfnfO{ anh tL gi6 ug'{kg]
{ lsg cfjZostf x'G5 < — tL ofjt\ k|Zgx¿sf]
af/]df pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ Hofb} ckl/kSj, k/Dk/fjfbL / ¿9LjfbL 9/f{sf] lyof] . hdLgbf/x¿ /
gf]s/zfxL tŒjx¿nfO{ cfTd}b]lv 3[0ff ug] { { k| ]/0ff ls;fgx¿nfO{ cf gf] ctLtaf6 k|fKt ePsf] xf] . t/
cf gf tL ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ sxf“ vf]Hg'kg] { xf] eGg] s'/fsf] cSsn pgLx¿nfO{ cf gf] ctLtaf6
k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] lyPg g t k|fKt x'g g} ;SbYof] . xfd|f] qmflGtsf] sfndf ls;fgx¿sf] ;fgf] ;ª\Vof
n8\gsf nflu cjZo ;Ël7t eof] / n8\of] klg . clg,sltko ls;fgx¿n] cf gf zq'nfO{ — hf/sf
gf]s/x¿ / hdLgbf/x¿sf /Ifsx¿nfO{ — df/]/ vtd ug{ xltof/ klg p7fPsf lyP . t/ ls;fg
ju{sf] ax';ª\Vos efu lnof] lgsf]nfPaLr 6N;6osf cfbz{ cg'¿k vfln ?g–lrRofpg / k|fy{gf ug{,
pkb]z lbg / :jKgLn ;G;f/df /xg, lgj]bg lbg Pj+ jsLn k7fpg nflu g} /x\Øf] . /, To:tf] l:yltdf
;w} + x'g] u/]em} + /fhgLltaf6 cnUu} /xg] 6N;6osf] gLltsf], /fhgLltdf rf;f] glng] cyjf To;nfO{
a'‰g sf]lzz gug] { { gLltsf] kl/0ffd s] eof] eg] w]/} ;fgf] ;ªVofdf ls;fgx¿n] ju{;r]t, qmflGtsf/L
;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ ;fy lbP eg] ls;fgx¿sf] 7"nf] ;ª\Vof l;4fGtxLg bf; dfgl;stfn] ubf{ k" “hLjfbL
a'l4hLjLx¿sf] rË'ndf k“m:g k'u] . tL To:tf dfG5]x¿sf rË'ndf km“;]sf lyP, h;n] cfk"mnfO{ j}wflgs

hgjfbL -Sof8]6_ eGb} q'bf]lesx¿ 190 sf] a}7s tTsfn 5f]8]/ tf]lnlkgsf] a}7sdf k'u] — kmf}hn] a"6n]
uf]b]/ pgLx¿nfO{ Toxf“ “af6 geufp“bf;Dd pglx¿n] ljlGt–efp u/], ;f}bfafhL u/], ;Demf}tf u/] /
;Demf}tf u/fpg arg lbP . 6N;6osf ljrf/df ls;fg ljb|f]xsf sdLsdhf]/Lsf emf“sLx¿ kfOG5g\ .
pgsf ljrf/df ls;fg ljb|f]xsf] cefjsf] sdhf]/Lsf emf“sLx¿ kfOG5g\ . pgsf] ljrf/df k/Dk/fut
ufp“sf] lzlyntf tyf ægfkmfvf]/ ls;fgÆsf] ;dembf/L kl/nlIft 5 .
;g\ !()% — )^ sf] kmf}hL ljb|f]xnfO{ g} lng'xf];\ . Tof] qmflGtdf hf]–h;n] efu lnP, tL
;fdflhs 9f“rfsf] b[li6af6 ls;fg / ;j{xf/f b'j} ju{af6 cfPsf lyP . ;j{xf/f ju{ sd;+Vofdf lyof] .
ToxL sf/0fn] pQm kmf}hL cfGbf]ngdf /fi6«JofkL Pstf / Tof] kf6L{ r]tgfsf] cefj lyof], h'g xfdL
;j{xf/f ju{df klg kfp“5f}+, hf] Tolt l56f] ;fdflhs–hgjfbL aGg k'u]sf lyP . dfgf}= p;df s'g}
hfb"sf] k|efj k/]sf] xf];\ . csf{lt/, kmf}hL–ljb|f]x c;kmn x'g' p;sf g]tf clwsf/L gx'g' xf] eGg] egfO
;/f;/ unt xf] . To;sf] kl5 ljk/Lt g/f]bgfof ef]Nof 191 sf] h'g Hofb} k|ult ePsf] lyof], To;sf]
sf/0f vfln s] lyof] eg] …tL d"v{ kz'x¿Ún] cf gf clwsf/Lx¿sf lj?4 :jtGq¿kaf6, s;}sf]
d2tljgf ljb|f]xsf] em08f af]s]sf lyP . pgLx¿sf] ToxL :jtGqtfaf6 g} pbnf/kGyL hdLgbf/ ju{ /
pbf/kGyL clwsf/Lx¿ 8/fPsf lyP . l;kfxLx¿nfO{ ls;fgsf] cfTd}b]lv ;dy{g lyof] . hdLgsf] gfd
lng]lalQs} pgLx¿sf cf“vf lemlnldln x'g yfNby] . s}of} +k6s ljb|f]xL ;]gfsf] afu8f]/ ;j{;fwf/0f
l;kfxLsf xftdf k'u]sf] lyof] t/ pgLx¿n] 86]/ Tof] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/]gg\ . ltgLx¿n] cfgfsfgL
u/] . Psfw lbgkl5 slxn]sfxL+ s]xL306fkl5 / s}of} +k6s t pgLx¿n] cf g} 3[l0ft clws[tnfO{ lk6]/
s}bL clwsf/LnfO{ 5fl8lbPsf lyP / ;/sf/l;t ;Demf}tf jftf{ ug{ yfn]sf lyP . To;sf] kl/0ffd s]
eof] eg] ltgLx¿dWo] s}of}+nfO{ uf]nL xflgof], s}of} +sf gUg lk7\o" “df sf]/f{ xflgof] tyf k'gM bf;tfsf]
l;qmL nufOof] . Tof] ;a} s'/f 6N;6osf] pkb]z cg¿k g} lyof] .
6N;6on] tLj| 3[0ff, kl/l:yltdf ;'wf/ ug] { { k|of; tyf ctLtaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg] tLj| O/fbf u/] .
t/ ;fy} pgn] s]6fs]6L gf}l;sf¿kg, /fhg}lts c1fgtf / qmflGtsf af/]df lzlyntf JoQm u/] .
cfly{s / P]ltxfl;s kl/l:yltaf6 s] s'/f kl/nlIft x'g k'Ub5 eg] hgtfdf qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ng
ckl/xfo{ k|fb'ef{j lsg eof] / lsg pm pQm ;‹if{sf] nflu tof/ ePg < v/fa s'/fsf] k|ltjfb gug] { {
6N;6ojfbL gLlt klg Tof] kl/l:yltaf6 :ki6 x'G5, h'g qmflGtsf] c;kmntfsf] lgs} 7"nf] sf/0f lyof] .
elgG5, k/flht ;]gfn] lgs} ;js l;Sb5 . t/ qmflGtsf/L ju{x¿sf] t'ngf ;]gfl;t s]jn
Ps;Ldf;Dd dfq} ug{ ;lsG5 . k" “hLjfbsf] ljsf;af6 tL kl/l:yltx¿ tLj|tfsf ;fy ablnO/x]sf 5g\
/ w]/} tLj| aGb}uO/x]sf 5g\, h;n] hdLgbf/x¿ / pgLx¿sf] ;/sf/k|ltsf] tLj| 3[0ffaf6 Pstfa4
nfvf} + ls;fgx¿nfO{ qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL ;‹if{sf nflu p7fPsf lyP . ljlgdosf] ljsf;, ahf/
lgoGq0f tyf wgsf] ;Qfsf] j[l4sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k s[ifs ;d'bfodWo] ¿9LjfbL k4lt / 6N;6osf]
kf}/fl0fs ljrf/wf/f a9LeGbfa9L nf]k eO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ qmflGt x'g'eGbf klxn]sf jif{x¿ tyf
qmflGtsf/L hg;‹if{df ePsf] k|fylds c;kmntfsf] /fd|f] kl/0ffd cjZo ePsf] 5 — Tof] s] xf] eg]
hg;d'bfosf] klxn]sf] ;Ë7gxLgtf / lzlyntfdfly 3fts k|xf/ ePsf] 5 . clxn] cGt/ a9L :ki6
eO;s]sf] 5 . ju{x¿ / kf6L{x¿sf] l:ylt lglZrt eO;s]sf] 5 . :tf]lnlkgsf ;jsx¿sf] xtf}8fsf]
rf]6 / qmflGtsf/L–hgjfbLx¿sf lg/Gt/ / cljrn cfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd s] x'g]5 eg] ;dfhjfbL
;j{xf/f ju{af6 dfq} geP/ hgtflGqs s[ifs ;d'bfoaf6 ;d]t, a9L c6n O/fbf ePsf, vfl/Psf
jL/x¿ 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf ckl/xfo{¿kaf6 cufl8 cfpg]5g\ — To:tf jL/x¿sf] xftaf6 6N;6o¿kL
P]ltxfl;s kfk x'g] ;Defjgf pQ/f]Q/ sd x'“b}hfg]5
.
k|f]n]6/L, cÍ — #%
ldlt M ;]K6]Da/ !! -@$_, !()*
LCW — 15
wd{k|lt dhb"/x¿sf] kf6L{sf] ¿v
8\o'dfdf 192 l;gfª 193 -wfld{s ;ef_sf] cg'dflgt vr{af/] ax; rn]sf] a]nf k|ltlglw ;'/sf]jsf]
efif0f / Tof] efif0fsf] k|f¿kaf/] -To; cÍdf b'j} k|sflzt ePsf 5g\_ ljrf/ ug] { {a]nfdf xfd|f]

8\o'df;d"xdf rn]sf] ax;n] s:tf] k|Zg p7fOlbPsf] 5 eg] of] ljz]if cj;/sf] nflu Tof] cTofjZos /
cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . lgZro g} wd{l;t;DalGwt x/]s rLhk|lt olta]nf æ;dfhÆsf Jofks tx /
tKsfx¿åf/f rf;f] b]vfO“b}5 tyf To; rLhn] dhb"/ cfGbf]ngsf] glhssf a'l4hLjLx¿sf] klª\Qm /
dhb"/x¿sf] s]xL vf; efunfO{ ;d]t klg k|efljt u/]sf] 5 . ctM wd{af/] Pp6f ;fj{hlgs jQmJo
lbg' ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] st{Jo xf] .
;fdflhs–hgjfb cf gf] ;du| ljZjb[li6sf]0fnfO{ j}1flgs ;dfhjfb, cyf{t\ dfS;{jfbdf
cfwfl/t 5 . dfS;{jfbsf] bfz{lgs cfwf/ dfS;{ / PË]N;n] af/Daf/ 3f]lift ug'{
ePem} + åGåfTds
ef}ltsjfb xf] . o;n] k|mfG;sf] !* cf} + zbLsf] ef}ltsjfb tyf hd{gLdf kmfo/afv -!( cf} + zbLsf]
k"jf{4{_sf] ef}ltsjfb — h'g ef}ltsjfb k"0f{tM cgLZj/jfbL 5 / lglZrt¿kdf ;a} wd{x¿sf lj?4 5
— sf] P]ltxfl;s k/Dk/fsf] :yfg u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . PË]N;sf] s[lt 8\Ø"l/ª dtv08gnfO{ dfS;{n]
kf08"lnkLsf ¿kdf k9\g'ePsf] lyof] . Tof] ef}ltsjfbL / gfl:ts 8\Ø"l/ªsf lj?4sf] k"0f{tM e08fkmf]/ xf]
lsgeg] pgL -8\Ø"l/ª — cg'=_ ;';Ët ef}ltsjfbL xf]Ogg\ . PË]N;n] n'8lju kmfo/afv;DaGwL cf gf]
n]vdf kmfo/afv 194 nfO{ lsg tLvf] cfnf]rgf ug'{ePsf]
5 eg] pgn] wd{nfO{ vtd kfg{sf nflu
wd{;“u ;‹if{ gu/]/ To;nfO{ gof“ hLjg lbg, Pp6f gof“ pbfQ wd{sf] cfljisf/ ug{ / To:t} c¿
s'/fx¿sf nflu wd{l;t ;‹if{ ub{5g\ . …wd{ hgtfsf] lglDt ckmLd xf]Ú 195 eGg] dfS;{sf] plQm wd{k|lt
;du| dfS;{jfbL b[li6sf]0fsf] cfwf/ xf] . dfS;{n] ;a} cfw'lgs wd{x¿, O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹x¿ tyf x/]s
Pj+ ;a} wfld{s ;Ë7gx¿nfO{ k" “hLjfbL k|ltlqmofjfbsf xltof/ dfGg'ePsf] 5 . To;n] zf]if0fsf] ;dy{g
ub{5g\ / dhb"/ ju{nfO{ lbUe|ldt kfb{5g\ .
To;sf ;fy} PË]N;n] ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿eGbf æa9L jfdkGyLÆ jf æa9L qmflGtsf/LÆ x'g] tyf
dhb"/ ju{sf] kf6L{sf] sfo{qmddf wd{sf lj?4 h]xfb 5]8\g] efjgfsf ;fy gfl:tstfjfbsf] :ki6 3f]if0ff
;fd]n ug{ vf]Hg]x¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug'{ePsf]
5 . . km/f/ / nG8gdf lgjf{l;t¿kdf /xg] u/]sf
sDo"gsf ;b:o Anfª\sLjfbL 196 sf] rlr{t 3f]if0ffkqaf/] !**$ df l6Kk0fL ub} { PË]N;n] wd{sf lj?4sf]
xf]–xNnfk"0f{ o'4 3f]if0ffnfO{ d"v{tfsf] ;+1f lbg'ePsf] lyof] / To:tf]vfnsf] o'4sf] 3f]if0ff wd{k|lt k'gM
rf;f] hufpg] tyf To;sf] jf:tljs cGTo /f]Sg] ;a}eGbf >]i7 t/Lsf xf] eg]/ atfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
PË]N;n] Anfª\sLjfbLx¿sf] bf]if vfln >dhLjL hg;d'bfosf] ju{–;‹if{n] dfq} ;j{xf/f ju{sf] Aofkstd
efunfO{ lj:t[t¿kn] ;r]t / qmflGtsf/L ;fdflhs Jojxf/df ptf/]/ pTkLl8t hgtfnfO{ wd{sf]
h'jfaf6 jf:tljs¿kdf d'lQm lbnfpg ;Sb5 eGg] s'/f a'‰g c;dy{ x'g' xf] eg]/ cf} +Nofpg'ePsf] lyof]
. ha wd{sf lj?4 h]xfb 5]8\g' dhb"/ ju{sf] kf6L{sf] /fhg}lts sfo{qmd xf] elgG5 eg] Tof]
c/fhstfjfbL zAbf8Da/eGbf c¿ s]xL xf]Og . 197 pxf“n] !*&& df klg cf gf] 8\Ø"l/ª–dtv08gdf
bfz{lgs 8\Ø"l/ªåf/f cfbz{jfb / wd{nfO{ lbOPsf] ;fgf] 5"6af/] tLj| k|xf/ ub} { ;dfhjfbL ;dfhdf
wd{nfO{ lglif4 ul/lbg'kb{5 eGg] pgsf] ldYof qmflGtsf/L ljrf/sf] klg lgGbf ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . PË]N;n]
s] eGg'ePsf] 5 eg] wd{sf lj?4sf] To:tf]vfn] o'4sf] 3f]if0ffsf] cy{ ælj:dfs{jfbaf6 lj:dfs{nfO{
x/fpg',Æ cyf{t\ k'/f]lxtjfbsf lj?4 lj:dfs{sf] ;‹if{sf] uNtL bf]xf]¥ofpg' -s'Voft …;f+:s[lts ;‹if{Ú,
sNr/SofDkmL, cyf{t\ !* cf} + zbLsf] * cf} + bzsdf Sofyf]lnssf k|x/L bdgsf ;fwgx¿sf] ;xf/f
lnP/ hd{g Sofyf]lns kf6L{, ædWodfuL{Æ kf6L{sf lj?4 lj:dfs{åf/f 5]+l8Psf] ;‹if{_ . Tof] ;‹if{åf/f
lj:dfs{n] Sofyf]lnsx¿sf] n8fs" k'/f]lxtjfbnfO{ g} pQ]lht agfof] / jf:tljs ;f+:s[lts sfo{nfO{
Iflt k'¥ofof] . lsgeg] p;n] /fhg}lts ljefhgsf] 7fp“df wfld{s ljefhgnfO{ k|wfgtf lbof] tyf
dhb"/ ju{sf] s]xL efu / c¿ hgjfbL tTjx¿sf] Wofg ju{ / qmflGtsf/L ;ª\3if{sf cTofjZos
sfdx¿af6 x6fP/ ;a}eGbf ;txL / k" “hLjfbL k'/f]lxtsf] ldYof lj/f]wlt/ nufOlbof] . efjL clt–
qmflGtsf/L 8\Ø"l/ªdfly lj:dfs{s} untL csf] {¿kdf bf]xf]¥ofPsf] bf]if b]vfp“b} PË]N;n] s] s'/fdf hf]8
lbg'ePsf] lyof] eg] dhb"/ ju{sf] kf6L{n] ;j{xf/fx¿nfO{ ;Ël7t / lzlIft kfg] { sfd w}o{k"j{s ug{ ;Sg]
x'g'kb{5, h'g lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} wd{sf] cj;fgsf] sf/0f aGg]5 . cfk"m :jo+ /fhg}lts ;‹if{nfO{ afhL
yfk]/ wd{sf lj?4 nfUg'x'“b}g
. Tof] b[li6sf]0f hd{g ;fdflhs–hgjfbsf] ;f/tTjsf] Pp6f cË
aGgk'u]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu To;n] h];'O6x¿sf] :jtGqtf, hd{gLdf To;sf] / h'g;'s} wd{sf]

lj/f]w ug{sf nflu k'ln; z}nLsf] pkof]u k"0f{¿kaf6 5f]l8lbg] jsfnt ub{Yof] . P/k'm6{ sfo{qmd -
!*(!_ 198 sf] æwd{ Pp6f JolQmut dfldnf xf] +Æ, ;fdflhs–hgjfbsf] /fhg}lts sfo{qmdsf] ;f/tTj
lglxt 5Æ eGg] dxŒjk"0f{ egfO 5 .
of] sfo{lbzf cj k|sfz aGgk'u]sf] 5 . pgn] s'g} lsl;dn] dfS;{jfbsf] Pp6f gof“ ljs[ltnfO{
hGd lbPsf 5g\ . To;n] ljk/Lt lbzflt/, cj;/jfbL lbzflt/, n}hfG5 . P/k'm6{ sfo{qmdsf] pko'{Qm
egfOsf] JofVof s'g cfzon] ul/+b}5 eg] xfdL ;fdflhs hgjfbLx¿, xfd|f] kf6L{n] wd{nfO{ JolQmut
dfldnf dfGg nfu]sf 5f} +, ;fdflhs hgjfbLsf] ¿kdf, kf6L{ b[li6sf]0fsf ¿kdf xfdLx¿n] wd{nfO{
JolQmut dfldnf dfGg nfu]sf 5f} + . Tof] cj;/jfbL b[li6sf]0fl;t ;Lw} ljjfbdf gkm“;Lsg !( cf} +
zbLsf] clGtd bzsdf PË]N;n] s'g} ;}4flGts jfbljjfbåf/f xf]Og, clkt' ;sf/fTds¿kaf6 To;sf]
b[9tfk"j{s v08g ug'{
cfjZos 7fGg' eof], cyf{t\ PË]N;n] Tof] sfo{ Pp6f jQmJosf] ¿kdf ug'{
eof],
To;nfO{ pxf“n] hfgLa'emL /]vflÍt ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . pxf“n] s] eGg'ePsf] lyof] eg] ;fdflhs–
hgjfbLx¿n] wd{nfO{ /fHosf ;DaGwdf JolQmut dfldnf dfGb5g\ t/ hxf“;Dd :jo+ xfd|f] k|Zg xf],
dfS;{jfb / dhb"/ ju{sf] kf6L{sf] k|Zg xf], xfdLx¿n] wd{nfO{ JolQmut dfldnf dfGb}gf} + . 199 wd{sf]
k|Zgdf dfS;{ / Pª\u]N;sf egfOx¿sf] afx\Ø Oltxf; o:t} 5 . dfS;{jfbk|lt c;+ut b[li6sf]0f x'g]
JolQmx¿sf nflu, ;f] +Rg klg g;f] +Rg] / ;f] +Rg klg grfxg]x¿sf nflu of] Oltxf; lg/y{s dfS;{jfbL
cGt/lj/f]wx¿ / 9'nd"nkg x'g]x¿sf] Pp6f ;d"x xf], æ;';ËutÆ gfl:tstfjfb / wd{nfO{ lbOPsf]Æ3";,
O{Zj/sf lj?4 qm===qm==qmflGtsf/L h]xfb tyf wd{eL¿ dhb"/x¿sf] æ;Gt'li6Æsf] sfo/tfk"0f{ OR5f Pj+
pgLx¿n] cf gf] dfemaf6 x6fOlbg] eoaLr æl;4fGtxLgÆ clglZrttfsf] lvr8L xf], cflb–cflb .
c/fhstfjfbL n kmfhLsf] ;flxTodf dfS;{jfbdfly To;/L y'k| } k|xf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
t/ h'g JolQm dfS;{jfbnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s a'‰g, To;sf bfz{lgs l;4fGtx¿ / cGt//fli6«o
;fdflhs–hgjfbaf/] ljrf/ ug{ ;Ifd 5, p;n] tTsfn s] s'/f a'‰g yfNg]5 eg] wd{;DaGwL
dfS;{jfbL sfo{gLlt k"0f{tM ;';Ët, dfS;{ / PË]N;åf/f ;ts{tfk"j{s / ;'ljrfl/t sfo{gLlt xf] eg]
gf}l;sf¿x¿ jf 1fgz"Go JolQmx¿n] h'g rLhnfO{ clgZrofTdstf 7fGb5g\, Tof] jf:tjdf åGåfTds
ef}ltsjfbsf] ;Lwf / ckl/xfo{ lgisif{ xf] . wd{sf] dfldnfdf dfS;{jfbsf] k|s6 æpbf/tfÆ s'g}
tyfslyt æsfo{gLlt;DaGwLÆ sf/0fx¿, s;}nfO{ æwDsfP/ eufpg]Æ OR5f, cflbdfly cfwfl/t 5 eg]/
;f] +Rg' eoÍ/ e"n x'g]5 . To;sf] ljk/Lt pQm k|Zgdf klg dfS;{jfbL /fhg}lts sfo{lbzf
cljlR5Gg¿kaf6 p;sf] bfz{lgs l;4fGtl;t ;DalGwt 5 .
dfS;{jfb ef}ltsjfb xf] . To;sf/0f of] wd{sf] plQs} lgd{d zq' xf], hlQsf] !* cf} + zbLsf
ljZj1fgL kl08tx¿ jf kmfo/afvsf] ef}ltsjfb lyof] . To;df slQ klg zÍf ug] { 7fp“ 5}g . t/
dfS;{ / PË]N;sf] åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb ljZj1fgLx¿ / kmfo/afveGbf klg cufl8 a9\b5 lsgeg] o;n]
ef}ltsjfbL bz{gnfO{ P]ltxfl;s If]qdf / ;fdflhs lj1fgsf] If]qdf ;d]t nfu" ub{5 . xfdLx¿n]
wd{sf lj?4 n8fO“ ug'{kb{5
— of] ;du| ef}ltsjfbsf] / kmn:j¿k dfS;{jfb;d]tsf] klg s v u xf]
. t/ dfS;{jfb To:tf] s v udf g} /f]lsg] ef}ltsjfb xf]Og . of] cufl8 a9\b5 . o;n] eGb5 M wd{sf
lj?4 s;/L n8\g] eGg] s'/f klg l;Sg'kb{5 tyf To;f] ug{sf nflu hgtfaLr xfdLx¿n] O{Zj/ /
wd{sf] d"nsf] JofVof klg åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL k4ltaf6 ug'{kb{5
. wd{lj?4sf] o'4nfO{ vfln cd"t{
;}4flGts lzIff;Dd dfq ;Lldt ug{ ;lsGg / To;nfO{ vfln lzIff;Dd dfq ;Lldt ul/lbg'x'“b}g
.
To;nfO{ ju{–;‹if{sf] 7f]; Jojxf/sf ;fy ;Da4 ug'{kb{5,
wd{sf] ;fdflhs cfwf/ pGd"ng ug'{
o;sf]
p2]Zo xf] . zxl/of ;j{xf/f ju{sf lk5l8Psf efux¿, c4{–;j{xf/f ju{sf] 7"nf] efu tyf ls;fg
hg;d'bfodfly wd{sf] k|efj lsg /lx/xG5 < k" “hLjfbL k|ultzLn, pu|jfbL jf k" “hLjfbL
ef}ltsjfbLx¿sf] Pp6} pQ/ x'G5 — To;sf] sf/0f hgtfsf] c1fgtf xf] . /, ctM æwd{ d"bf{jfb /
gfl:tstfjfb lhGbfjfb gfl:ts ljrf/sf] k|rf/ ug'{
xfd|f] k|d'v st{Jo x'gcfp“5 Æ dfS;{jfbLx¿
eGb5g\ — Tof] ;xL xf]Og, Tof] Pp6f s[lqd b[li6sf]0f xf], ;ÍL0f{ k" “hLjfbL ;'wf/jfbL b[li6sf]0f xf] .
To;n] wd{sf] d"nsf] kof{Kt JofVof ub} {g . To;n] ef}ltsjfbL geP/ cfbz{jfbL JofVof ub{5 . cfw'lgs
k" “hLjfbL b]zx¿df wd{sf cfwf/x¿ d'VotM ;fdflhs g} x'G5g\ . cfh wd{sf] ;a}eGbf uxL/f] cfwf/
>dhLjL hg;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs¿kaf6 pTkLl8t cj:yf x'g' tyf k" “hLjfbsf cGweQm zlQmx¿;dIf

v'n:t¿kn] p;sf] k"0f{¿kn] c;xfo l:ylt x'g' xf], h'g x/]s lbg, x/]s 306f ;j{;fwf/0f >dhLjL
hgtfnfO{ ;a}eGbfa9L eoÍ/ si6 / ;a}eGbf c;Eo cTofrf/sf 36gfx¿n] pTkL8g ul//xG5g\ clg,
oL si6 / cTofrf/sf c;fdfGo 36gfx¿ — o'4, e"sDk, cflbh:tf 36gfx¿af6 pTkGg x'g] si6eGbf
xhf/u'gfa9L s7f]/ x'G5g\ . æeon] b]jtfx¿nfO{ hGd lbof] .Æ k" “hLsf cGw;dy{s zlQmx¿sf] eo —
tL cGwzlQm lsg x'g\ eg] ltgnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfon] ;fdfGo¿kn] b]Vg ;sb}gg\ — Tof] Pp6f
To:tf] zlQm xf] eg] To;n] ;j{xf/f ju{ / ;fgf dflnsx¿sf] hLjgsf] x/]s sbddf æcrfgsÆ,
æck|ToflztÆ / æcfsl:dsÆ¿kn] tË ug] { {, ajf{b kfg] {, u/LaL a9\g], j]Zofj[lQ a9\g], ef]sn] d[To' x'g]
vt/f dfq pTkGg x'g] geP/ ltgaf6 u|:t;d]t klg ub{5 . To:tf] 5 M cfw'lgs wd{sf] cfwf/,
To;nfO{ x/]s ef}ltsjfbL — olb pm :s"n] s]6fs]6L ef}ltsjfbL aGg rfxGg eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] p;n]
of] s'/f Vofn /fVg'kb{5 . hlta]nf;Dd hgtfn] wd{sf] Tof] cfwf/l;t :jo+ ;‹if{ ug{, k" “hLsf] zf;gsf
;a} ¿kx¿sf lj?4 Pstfa4, ;Ël7t, of]hgfa4 / ;r]t9Ëaf6 ;‹if{ ug{ l;Sb}gg\, Tolta]nf;Dd
lzIff lbg] s'g} lstfan] klg wd{sf] k|efj s7f]/ k" “hLjfbL >dåf/f lylrPsf / blaPsf tyf
k" “hLjfbsf] cGwf] ljgfzsf/L zlQmsf] bofdfly cfl>t hgtfsf] dg dl:tisaf6 d]6fpg ;Sb}g .
To;f] eP, s] To;sf] cy{ xf] M wd{sf lj?4 lzIff lbg] lstfa xfgLsf/s jf cgfjZos x'G5 <
gfO{, To:tf] s'/f xf]Og . To;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] ;fdflhs–hgjfbsf] gfl:tstfjfbL k|rf/ p;sf]
cfwf/e"t st{Josf] cwLgdf x'g'kb{5 . Tof] cfwf/e"t st{Jo xf] M zf]ifs ju{sf lj?4 zf]lift
hg;d'bfosf] ju{–;‹if{sf] ljsf; ug'{
.
h'g JolQmn] åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL l;4fGt, cyf{t\ dfS;{ / PË]N;sf] bz{gaf/] ljrf/ u/]sf] 5}g,
p;n] of] k|:yfkgfnfO{ a'‰g ;Sb}g -jf slDtdf t'?Gt a'‰g ;Sb}g_ . p;n] To:tf] lsg xf] eg]/
;f] +Wg]5 . s] j}rfl/s k|rf/ ug'{,
s'g} vf; ljrf/ l;sfpg', ;+:s[lt / k|ultsf] zq' -cyf{t\ wd{_sf lj?4
xhf/f} + jif{b]lv rNb}cfO/x]sf] ju{–;‹if{sf cufl8, cyf{t\ cfly{s / /fhg}lts If]qdf lglZrt Jojxfl/s
nIosf nflu ul/g] ;‹if{sf cufl8 s] To;n] uf}0f dxŒj /fVb5 <
Tof] dfS;{jfbL åGåjfbk|lt jt{dfg cfklQx¿dWo] Pp6f xf] . To;n] dfS;{jfbL åGåjfbsf] k"0f{
c1fgtf k|blz{t ub{5 . tL cfklQ ug] { {x¿nfO{ h'g cGt/lj/f]wx¿n] ;tfp“5g\, tL jf:tljs hLjgsf
jf:tljs cGt/lj/f]wx¿ x'g\, cyf{t\ tL j:t'ut åGåfTds cGt/lj/f]w x'g\, tL zflAbs jf s[lqd¿kn]
lgld{t xf]Ogg\ . gfl:tstfjfbsf] ;}4flGts k|rf/ ug'{,
cyf{t\ ;j{xf/f ju{sf] s]xL efudf k|rlnt
wfld{s ljZjf;nfO{ gi6 ug'{
/ To; efusf ju{–;‹if{sf] ;kmntf, k|ult / l:yltx¿aLr Ps :ki6
ljefhg /]vf lv+Rg' eg]sf] u}/–åGåfTds ts{ lbg', kl/jt{gzLn / ;fk]If ;LdfnfO{ :yfoL, lg/k]If
;Ldfdf kl/jlt{t ul/lbg' xf] . To;sf] cy{ xf] M h'g rLh jf:tljs hLjgdf cljlR5Gg¿kaf6
;DalGwt 5, To;nfO{ anh tL cnu ul/lbg' . cfpg'xf];\, Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f} + dfgf} + Pp6f ljz]if
pBf]usf] If]qdf, Pp6f ljz]if pBf]udf dhb"/x¿ w]/} ju{;r]t ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿dWo] w]/} cjZo
gfl:ts x'G5g\ eg] ck]Iffs[t¿kdf lk5l8Psf, ufp“ / ls;fgl;t ;Da4 tyf O{Zj/dfly ljZjf; ug] {
dhb"/x¿dWo] sltko cem}klg rr{ hfG5g\ / :yfgLo kfb/Lx¿sf ;Lw} k|efjdf x'G5g\ . dfgf} + O{Zj/n]
dhb"/ ;+3;d]t ;+ul7t ul//x]sf] 5 — ljeflht 5 . To; If]qsf] cfly{s ;‹if{ x8tfndf ablnPsf] 5
eGg] s'/f klg dfgf} + . ca dfS;{jfbLx¿sf] st{Jo x'G5 M x8tfnnfO{ c¿ ;a} rLheGbf a9L dxŒj lbg'
tyf Tof] ;‹if{df ;xefuL dhb"/x¿nfO{ gfl:tsx¿ / O;fO{x¿df laeflht ug] { { s'/fsf] ;zQm¿kdf
k|ltsf/ ug'{
— To:tf] h'g;'s} ljefhgsf] klg ;zQm¿kdf lj/f]w ug'{
. To:tf] l:yltdf gfl:tstfjfbL
k|rf/ cgfjZos / xfgLsf/s b'j} x'g]5 — lk5l8Psf tKsfx¿nfO{ t;f{P/ eufOlbg', r'gfjdf Pp6f
l;6 u'dfpg', cflb ;+sL0f{tfjfbL eosf] sf/0f geP/ ju{–;‹if{sf] jf:tljs k|ultsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
To;n] df}h"bf k" “hLjfbL ;fdflhs l:yltdf O;fO{ dhb"/x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs–hgjfb / gfl:tstfjfbdf
If'b| gfl:tstfjfbsf] ck]Iff ;ou'gf a9L b[9tfsf ;fy bLlIft ug] { {5 . To:tf] a]nf gfl:tstfjfbsf]
lzIff lbg' k'/f]lxt / k'/f]lxtx¿sf xftsf] v]nf}gf aGg'x'g]5, h;n] dhb"/x¿sf] ljefhg x8tfndf
pgLx¿n] efu lnPsf] sf/0f geP/ O{Zj/df pgLx¿sf] ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df xf];\ eGg'eGbf c¿a9L
s]xL rfxGgg\ . x/ d"Nodf O{Zj/sf lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff ug] { { c/fhstfjfbLx¿n] jf:tjdf k'/f]lxt /
k'/f]lxtx¿nfO{ d2t k'¥ofp“5g\ -h;/L c/fhstfjfbLx¿n] ;w} + k" “hLkltx¿sf] d2t ub{5g\_ .

dfS;{jfbLx¿ ef}ltsjfbL, cyf{t\ wd{lj/f]wL x'g'kb{5 t/ pgLx¿ åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL, cyf{t\ wd{lj/f]wL
;‹if{nfO{ cd"t{9Ëaf6 geP/, ck|ToIf, ljz'4 ;}4flGts, ckl/jt{gLo pkb]zx¿sf] cfwf/df rNg]
geP/, a? pgLx¿ 7f];¿kdf, ju{–;‹if{sf cfwf/df rNg] ef}ltsjfbL x'g'kb{5, hf] Jojxfl/s¿kdf
rln/xG5g\ / cfd ;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfonfO{ c¿ s'g} s'/feGbf w]/} ;d'lrt9Ën] lzlIft ul//xG5g\ .
dfS;{jfbLx¿ ;du| l:yltdfly Wofg lbg ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 . pglx¿ c/fhstfjfb / cj;/jfbaLr a'‰g
of]Uo x'g'kb{5 . -Tof] ljefhg /]vf ;fk]If x'G5, vl:s/xg] / ablnO/xg] x'G5 t/ x'G5 cjZod]j_ . clg,
g t pgLx¿ c/fhstfjfbLx¿sf] cd"t{, zflAbs t/ jf:tjdf vf]qmf] æqmflGtjfbÆaf6 k|efljt x'g'x'G5
g lgDg–k" “hLjfbL jf pbf/jfbL a'l4hLjLx¿sf] ;+sL0f{tf / cj;/jfbsf] lzsf/ x'g'x'G5, hf] wd{sf
lj?4sf] ;+‹if{af6 kl5 x6\b5g\, cf gf] st{Jo xf] eGg] s'/f elnlbG5g\, O{Zj/jfbL cf:yfl;t ;Demf}tf
ub{5g\ clg, ju{–;‹if{sf lxtx¿åf/f geP/ s;}sf] dg gb'Mvfpg], s;}l;t em}emu8f gug] { { / s;}nfO{
klg eoeLt gkfg] { lgs[i6, kltt ljrf/x¿af6 — æaf“r / af“Rg b]pmÆ eGg] ;f]emf]kgsf] lgod, cflb —
af6 lgb] {lzt x'G5g\ .
wd{k|ltsf] ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿sf] ¿vl;t ;DalGwt ;fGble{s ;d:ofx¿af/] klg ToxL
b[li6sf]0faf6 ljrf/ ul/g'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu k|foM s:tf] k|Zg ul/G5 eg] s'g} ;fw' jf k'hf/L
;fdflhs–hgjfbL kf6L{sf] ;b:o aGg ;Sb5 ls ;Sb}g < pQm k|Zgsf] k|foM :ki6 ;sf/fTds pQ/
lbOG5 / k|df0f:j¿k o"/f]k]nL ;fdflhs–hgjfbL kf6L{x¿sf cg'ej k|:t't ul/G5 . t/ Tof] s]jn
dhb"/ cfGbf]ngdf dfS;{jfbL l;4fGt nfu" ug] { { s'/fsf] cg'ej dfq geP/ k=o"/f]ksf] ljz]if P]ltxfl;s
l:yltsf] ;d]t kl/0ffd lyof] . To:tf] l:ylt ¿;df 5}g -tL kl/l:yltx¿af/] d}n] c¿ s'/f kl5 dfq}
ug] { {5'_ . /, To;/L pQm k|Zgdf lglZrt¿kaf6 ;sf/fTds pQ/ lbg' 7Ls x'g]5}g . k"0f{tM kfb/Lx¿nfO{
;fdflhs–hgjfbL kf6L{sf] ;b:o aGg'x'“b}g
eGg] bfaf ug{ ;lsGg . tfklg To;sf] pN6f] lgod klg
agfpg ;lsGg . olb s'g} kfb/L xfdLl;t xfd|f] ;fdfGo /fhg}lts sfo{df efu lngsf nflu cfp“5
eg] / kf6L{ sfo{qmdsf] lj/f]w gu/Lsg pQ/bfloTjk"0f{9Ëaf6 kf6L{ st{Jo k"/f ub{5 eg] p;nfO{
;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿sf] klª\Qmdf ;dfj]z x'g] cg'dlt lbg ;lsG5 lsgeg] xfd|f] sfo{qmdsf] efjgf /
l;4fGt tyf kfb/Lx¿sf] wfld{s ljZjf;aLr h'g cGt/ x'G5, Tof] tL kl/l:yltx¿df vfln p;}l;t
dfq ;DalGwt x'G5 . Tof] p;sf] cf gf] cGt/lj/f]w x'g]5 / s'g} /fhg}lts ;Ë7gn] klg cf gf kf6L{
;b:ox¿sf] k/LIff kf6L{ sfo{qmd / p;sf lghL ljrf/x¿aLr s'g} cGt/lj/f]w 5 jf 5}g eg]/ lng
;Sb}g . t/ lgZro g} To;k|sf/sf] dfldnf k=o"/f]kdf klg ckjfb:j¿k lj/n} xf]nf eg] ¿;df t Tof]
lgtfGt c;Dej 5 . /, olb pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} kfb/L ;fdflhs–hgjfbL kf6L{sf] ;b:o aGof] tyf
cf gf] d'Vo / Ps dfq sfo{ kf6L{df ;lqmo¿kaf6 cf gf wfld{s ljrf/x¿sf] k|rf/ ug] { s'/fnfO{
agfof] eg] To;nfO{ kf6L{n] lg:;Gb]x cf gf] klª\Qmaf6 lgisfl;t ug'{kb{5
. xfdLx¿n] ;fdflhs–
hgjfbL kf6L{df O{Zj/dfly cf gf] cf:yf / ljZjf; ePsf dhb"/x¿nfO{ kf6L{ ;b:o agfpgsf nflu
;r]t k|oTg ug'{kb{5
t/ pgLx¿sf lj?4 ;lqmo ;‹if{ rnfpgsf nflu xf]Og . /, xfdLx¿ pgLx¿sf]
wfld{s cf:yf / ljZjf;dfly /lQe/ rf]6 k'¥ofpg] s'/fsf lj/f]wL 5f} + . xfdLx¿n] kf6L{leq ljrf/sf]
:jtGqtfsf] cg'dlt lbG5f} + t/ Tof] lglZrt ;Ldf;Dd dfq, h'g kf6L{åf/f lgwf{l/t x'G5 . km]l/
ax'dtåf/f c:jLs[t ul/Psf ljrf/x¿sf] lzIff lbg]x¿l;t xftdf xft ldnfP/ hfg ;Sb}gf} + .
Pp6f csf] { pbfx/0f lnpm“ . s] ;fdflhs–hgjfbL kf6L{sf ;b:ox¿n] æ;dfhjfb xfd|f] wd{ xf]Æ
eg]/ 3f]if0ff ug] { { / Tof] 3f]if0ffl;t d]nvfg] ljrf/x¿sf] jsfnt ug] { { s'/fnfO{ x/xfntdf / x/k|sf/af6
lgGbf ug'{kb{5
t < xf]Og . oxf“ “ dfS;{jfbaf6 -To;/L ;dfhjfbaf6_ e8sfj x'g] s'/fdf s'g} zÍf x'“b}g
. t/ Tof] e8sfjsf] cy{ xf] M Psk|sf/n] To;sf] ;fk]lIfs dxŒj kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ablng ;Sb5 . olb
s'g} cfGbf]ngsf/L JolQm jf zlQmn] dhb"/ ju{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub} { /fd|/L cf gf s'/fx¿ a'emfpgsf
nflu lk5l8Psf hg;d'bfosf] a9L cEo:t ePsf] To;vfnsf] zAbfjnL k|of]u u/]/ s'/f ub{5 eg] Tof]
a]Un} s'/f x'G5 . t/ ha s'g} n]vs æO{Zj/Lo lgdf{0fÆ 200 sf] lzIff lbg yfN5 eg] Tof] t cs} { s'/f x'G5
. klxnf] dfldnfdf lgGbfsf] cy{ vfln bf]if b]vfpg' dfq, cyf{t\ cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] :jtGqtf, lzIf0fsf]
z}nL rog ug] { { p;sf] :jtGqtf;Dddf klg cg'lrt /f]s nufpg' x'g]5 t/ csf] { dfldnfdf kf6L{åf/f
lgGbf ul/g'kg] { cfjZostf / ckl/xfo{tf x'G5 .Æ æ;dfhjfb Pp6f wd{ xf]Æ eGg'sf] cy{ s;}sf] nflu

wd{af6 ;dfhjfbdf ;ª\qmd0fsf] Pp6f ¿k x'G5 eg] c¿ s;}sf nflu Tof] ;dfhjfbaf6 wd{df
;ª\qmd0fsf] Pp6f ¿k x'G5 .
ca tL kl/:yltdfly ljrf/ u/f} +, h;n] klZrddf æwd{ Pp6f JolQmut dfldnf xf]Æ eGg]
k|:yfkgf cufl8 ;fb{5, pgLx¿n] cj;/jfbL JofVofnfO{ hGd lbPsf 5g\ . s] s'/f ;xL xf] eg] To;df
of]ubfg ug] { { Pp6f tTj h'g s'g} a]nf tfTsflns nfesf nflu dhb"/ ju{sf] cfGbf]ngsf cfwf/e"t
lxtx¿sf] alnbfg ug] { { s'/fh:t} Pp6f ;fdfGo pkfbfg xf], To;n] ;du|¿kaf6 cj;/jfbnfO{ hGd
lbG5 . ;j{xf/f ju{sf] kf6L{n] /fHon] wd{nfO{ lghL dfldnf 3f]lift ul/b]cf];\ eGg] dfu ub{5 t/
hg;d'bfon] ckmLdsf lj?4sf] ;‹if{nfO{, wfld{s cGwljZjf;, cflbsf lj?4sf] ;‹if{nfO{ p;sf] cf g}
æJolQmutÆ dfldnf dfGb}g . cj;/jfbLx¿n] Tof] k|ZgnfO{ tf]8df]8 u/]/ To;sf] s] cy{ nufp“5g\ eg]
;fdflhs–hgjfbL kf6L{n] g} wd{nfO{ JolQmut dfldnf 7fGb5 .
t/ ;fdfGo cj;/jfbL tf]8df]8sf cltl/Qm -xfd|f] 8\Ø"df ;d"xdf wd{;DaGwL efif0faf/] ljrf/
ug] { {a]nf To;nfO{ Psbd} :ki6 ul/Psf] lyPg_ sltko vf; P]ltxfl;s kl/l:yltx¿ klg To:t} x'G5g\,
h;n] o"/f]k]nL ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿df wfld{s k|Zgdf pgLx¿sf] jt{dfg /, olb eGg] xf] eg] Hofb} w]/}
pbf;LgtfnfO{ hGd lbPsf] 5 . tL kl/l:yltx¿ b'O{vfn] 5g\ M ;a}eGbfklxnf] s'/f t s] xf] eg]
P]ltxfl;s¿kaf6 wd{l;t o'4 ug] { { sfd qmflGtsf/L k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] sfd xf] /, klZrddf Tof] sfd
sfkmLxb;Dd k" “hLjfbL–hgjfbåf/f p;sf] qmflGtsf/L o'udf jf ;fdGtjfb / dWoo'uaf/] p;sf]
cfqmd0fåf/f ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] -;'? ul/Psf] lyof]_ . k|mfG; / hd{gL b'j} 7fp“df wd{sf lj?4 k" “hLjfbL
n8fO“sf] Pp6f k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 / To;sf] k|f/De ;dfhjfbeGbf w]/}klxn] g} eO;s]sf] lyof] -
ljZj1fgLx¿ / kmfo/afv_ . ¿;df xfd|f] k" “hLjfbL–hgjfbL qmflGtsf/L kl/l:yltsf] sf/0fn] ;f] sfo{
klg nueu k"0f{tM dhb"/ ju{sf] sf“wd} cfPsf] 5 . lgDg–k" “hLjfbL hgtGq -g/f]bjfb_n] xfd|f] b]zdf
To;k|Zgdf w]/}a9L ug{ EofPg . a]vL 201 sf] gj–zlQmzfnL ANofs xG8« ]8 Sof8]6 jf Sof8]6 ANofs
xG8« ]8x¿n] ;f] +Rg]u/]em} +_ . t/ o"/f]kdf h]–hlt s'/f ul/Psf] lyof], To;sf] ck]Iff w]/} sd ug{ EofOPsf]
lyof] .
csf] {lt/, o"/f]kdf wd{lj/f]wL o'4sf] k/Dk/fn] c/fhstfjfbsf] ¿kdf To; o'4nfO{ ljz'4 k" “hLjfbL
ljs[lt;d]t k|bfg u¥of] . To;n] — dfS;{jfbLx¿n] w]/}klxn]b]lv pNn]v ug'{
ePem} + — k" “hLjfbL ju{dfly
cf gf] xdnfaf6 Hofb} l/;fpg'sf afjh"b cf gf] ¿v k" “hLjfbL ljZjb[li6sf]0fdfly cfwfl/t ub{5
Nofl6g cd]l/sL b]zx¿df c/fhstfjfbL / Anfª\sLjfbLx¿, hd{gLdf df]:6 -8\Ø'l/ªsf] r]nf]_ / p;sf
;fyLx¿, !( cf} + zbLsf] ( cf} + bzssf cfli6«ofoL c/fhstfjfbLx¿ — tL ;a}n] wd{lj/f]wL o'4df
qmflGtsf/L n kmfhLnfO{ g} ;a}yf]s dfg]sf lyP . crDdsf] s'/f t s] xf]Og eg] c/fhstfjfbLx¿sf]
t'ngfdf o"/f]ksf ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿ csf] {vfn] r/d ljGb'df k'Ub5g\ . t/ xfdL ¿;L ;fdflhs–
hgjfbLx¿n] klZrdsf] P]ltxfl;s kl/l:yltnfO{ ljl;{lbg' unt x'g]5 eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a'‰g ;lsg] /
s]xLxb;Dd ;xL s'/f klg xf] .
csf] { s'/f, klZrddf /fli6«o k" “hLjfbL qmflGt ;DkGg eO;s]kl5, w]/}yf]/} k"0f{ wfld{s :jtGqtf
:yflkt ePkl5, wd{sf] lj?4 hgtflGqs ;ª\3if{sf] ;d:of ;dfhjfblj?4 k" “hLjfbL–hgjfbsf] ;‹if{sf]
sf/0f, P]ltxfl;s¿kaf6 slt k5fl8 kfl/lbPsf] 5 eg] k" “hLjfbL ;/sf/x¿n] k'/f]lxtjfbsf lj?4
Pp6f c4{–pbf/ æcfGbf]ngÆ ;Ël7t u/]/ hfgLa'emL cfd hg;d'bfosf] Wofg ;dfhjfbaf6 x6fpg]
sf]lzz u/]sf lyP . hd{gLdf sNr/SofDkm / k|mfG;df k" “hLjfbL u0ftGqjfbLx¿sf] k'/f]lxt–lj/f]wL
;‹if{sf] rL/q To:t} lyof] . ;dfhjfbaf6 dhb"/ juL{o hg;d'bfosf] Wofg x6fpg] ;fwgsf ¿kdf
k" “hLjfbLx¿sf] k'/f]lxt–lj/f]w — klZrddf wd{lj/f]wL ;‹if{k|lt ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿sf] æpbf;LgtfÆsf]
cfw'lgs efjgfsf] k|;f/sf] k"j{jtL{ ¿k lyof] . clg, ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿n] k" “hLjfbL / lj:dfs{jfbL
k'/f]lxt–lj/f]wsf] k|ltsf/ wd{lj/f]wL ;‹if{nfO{ ;dfhjfbsf lglDt ;‹if{sf cufl8 uf}0f agfP/ ug'{k/]sf]
lsg xf] eGg] s'/f klg k"0f{tM a'lemG5 / Tof] Psbd} ;xL xf] .
¿;df l:ylt Psbd} a]Un} 5 . xfd|f] k" “hLjfbL–hgjfbL qmflGtsf] g]t[f ;j{xf/f ju{ xf] . o;sf]
kf6L{n] ;a} dWoo'uLg cleJolQmx¿sf lj?4, ;fy} k'/fgf] ;/sf/L wd{sf lj?4 tyf To;nfO{ k'ghL{ljt
ug] { { jf To;sf] ;dy{gdf gof“ cyjf a]Un} ts{ vf]Hg] x/ k|oTgsf lj?4sf] ;‹if{sf] g]t[Tj ug'{kb{5
.

ctM hd{g ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿n] wd{nfO{ /fHon] Pp6f lghL dfldnf 3f]lift u/f];\ eGg] dhb"/
ju{sf] dfusf] 7fp“df wd{ :jo+ ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿ / ;fdflhs–hgjfbL kf6L{sf] ;d]t klg lghL
dfldnf xf] eGg] 3f]if0ff nfu" ug{ rfxg] cj;/jfbnfO{ ;Rofp“b} PË]N;n] ck]Iffs[t g/dkgf b]vfpg'
ePsf] lyof] eg] ¿;L cj;/jfbLx¿åf/f pQm hd{g ljs[ltnfO{ dxŒj lbg] s'/fnfO{ pxf“n] Ps;ou'gf
a9L lgGbf ug'{x'g]
lyof] eGg] s'/f :ki6} 5 .
8\o'dfsf] d~raf6 wd{ hgtfsf] lglDt ckmLd xf] eGg] 3f]if0ff u/]/ xfd|f] 8\o'df ;d"xn] Psbd}
;xL sfd u¥of] / To;/L s:tf] pbfx/0f k|:t't u¥of] eg] To;n] wd{sf] k|Zgaf/] ¿;L ;fdflhs–
hgjfbLsf ;a} jQmJox¿sf nflu cfwf/sf] sfd lbg]5 . s] pgLx¿n] To;eGbf cufl8 a9]/ cem
a9L gfl:tstfsf ts{x¿ lbg' kb{Yof] t < xfdL To;f] ug'{
x'“b}gYof]
eGg] 7fGb5f} + . To;af6 ;j{xf/f
/fhg}lts kf6L{åf/f rnfOg] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf lj?4sf] ;‹if{ clt/l~ht x'g] vt/f k}bf x'GYof] .
To;sf] s:tf] kl/0ffd x'g ;SbYof] eg] wd{sf] lj?4 k" “hLjfbL / ;dfhjfbLx¿sf] ;‹if{sf] cGt/ ;dfKt
x'ghfGYof] . ANofsxG8« ]8 8\o'dfdf ;fdflhs–hgjfbL ;d"xn] cf gf] klxnf] st{Jo ;Ddfghgs9Ëaf6
k"/f u/]sf] 5 .
bf];|f] st{Jo — Tof] ;DejtM ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿sf nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ xf] — cyf{t\
JNofs xG8« ]8 -/fhtGq ;dy{s ;d"xsf] ;/sf/ / k" “hLjfbLx¿nfO{ dhb"/ ju{sf lj?4sf] ;‹if{df
;dy{g lbg] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ / kfb/Lx¿sf] juL{o e"ldsfsf] JofVof ug] { { sfd klg ;Ddfghgs9Ëaf6
k"/f ePsf] 5 . cjZo tL ;DaGwx¿df s]xL cem a9L eGg ;lsGYof] / ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿sf
cf gf efjL egfOx¿df s=;'/sf]jsf] efif0fsf] lj;bLs/0f s;/L ug] { { eGg] s'/fnfO{ Psbd} Vofn
ug] { {5g\ . t}klg pxf“sf] efif0f Hofb} /fd|f] lyof] / ;a} kf6L{ ;Ë7gx¿åf/f To;sf] k|rf/ ug'{
xfd|f]
k|fylds st{Jo xf] .
t];|f] st{Jo lyof] — hd{g cj;/jfbLx¿åf/f æwd{ Pp6f JolQmut dfldnf xf]Æ eg]/ ul/Psf]
ljs[ltsf] lg/fs/0f ug{sf nflu To;sf] ;lj:tf/ JofVof ug'{
. of] emg\ w]/} ufx|f] lsg x'guPsf] xf] eg]
8\o'df ;d"xsf klxn]sf sf/afxLx¿df Tof] k|Zgaf/] To:t}vfnsf] uNtL s=af]nfp;f]j 202 jf ;dfhjfbL
O{Zj/sf] lgdf{0fsf] s'/fsf] -pbfx/0fsf nflu xfd|f n'gfrf:sL{ / pgsf ;fyLx¿sf] efjgfdf_n] klg
ug'{ePsf]
lyof] / k|f]n]6/L 203 åf/f To;tkm{ plta]nf klg ;ª\s]t ul/Psf] lyof] . 8\o'df ;d"xdf ePsf]
ax;af6 s] s'/f yfx x'G5 eg] gfl:tstfjfb;DaGwL ljjfbn] …wd{nfO{ lghL dfldnf 3f]lift ul/g'kb{5Ú
eGg] k|lz4 dfusf] ;xL JofVof ug] { { k|ZgnfO{ 9fs5f]k kfl/lbPsf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ 8\o'df ;d"xsf] pQm
uNtLsf nflu xfdL s]jn s=;'/sf]jnfO{ dfq bf]if lbg]5}gf} + . To;eGbf a9L xfdLx¿n] ;fx;sf ;fy s]
s'/f :jLsf/ ug] { {5f} + eg] To; k|ZgnfO{ kof{Kt¿kaf6 :ki6 gul/Psf]df tyf hd{g cj;/jfbLx¿af/]
PË]N;sf] s6fIfnfO{ a'‰g]af/] ;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿nfO{ dfgl;s¿kaf6 k"0f{tM tof/ gkfl/Psf]df
l;ª\uf] kf6L{ g} bf]ifL 5 . 8\o'df ;d"xdf rn]sf] ax;af6 s] l;4 x'G5 eg] To; k|Zgaf/] dfS;{sf
lzIffx¿sf] cjx]ngf ug] { { O/fbf Psbd} lyPg t/ ;dembf/L e|dk"0f{ lyof] / xfdLnfO{ s] ljZjf; 5 eg]
;d"xsf efjL jQmfx¿af6 tL uNtLx¿nfO{ ;RofOg]5 .
xfdL Psk6s km]l/ s] eGb5f} + eg] s=;'/sf]jsf] efif0f Psbd} 7Ls lyof] / ;a} ;Ë7gx¿åf/f
To;sf] k|rf/ ul/g'kb{5 . Tof] efif0faf/] rn]sf] ax;af6 8\o'df ;d"xn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] p;n]
cf gf] ;fdflhs–hgjfbL st{Jo Odfgbf/L;fy kfng ul//x]sf] 5 . 8\o'df ;d"xdf rn]sf] ax;sf]
l/kf]6{ kf6L{sf 5fkfx¿df a9LeGbf a9L 5flkg'kb{5 . To;/L ;d"x / kf6L{nfO{ emg\ w]/} hgtf ghLs
k'¥ofpg ;lsg]5 . kf6L{ 8\o'df ;d"xåf/f ul/Psf sl7g sfo{af6 pgLx¿nfO{ cjut u/fpg ;lsg] /
kf6L{ Pj+ + 8\o'df ;d"xsf] sfo{df ;}4flGts Pstf :yflkt x'g ;Sg] .
k|f]n]6/L, cÍ — $%
dO{ !# -@^_, !()(
LCW — 15
wd{ / O;fO{ wfld{s ;+wk|lt ljleGg ju{x¿ / kf6L{x¿sf] b[li6sf]0f

8\o'dfdf wfld{s sfo{;DaGwL cg'dflgt vr{af/], To;kl5 wfld{s k|j[ [lQ -kfb/L cflb_ 5f]8\g]x¿sf
clwsf/x¿sf] k'g:yf{kgfaf/] tyf cGtdf k|frLg cfl:ts 204 hfltx¿af/] h'g ax; rn]sf] 5, To;af6
wd{ / O;fO{ wfld{s ;+wk|lt ¿;L /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] b[li6sf]0f lgwf{l/t ug{sf nflu Hofb} lzIffk|b
;fdu|L k|fKt x'G5 . cfpg'xf];\, cg'dflgt wfld{s vr{af/] rn]sf] ax;nfO{ d'VotM cfwf/ agfp“b} Tof]
;fdu|Lsf] ;fdfGo ;j] {If0f u/f} + -dfly pNn]lvt c¿ k|Zgx¿df rn]sf] ax;nfO{ zAbzM l/kf]6{ dnfO{
clxn];Dd k|fKt ePsf] 5}g ._
8\o'dfdf rn]sf] ax;sf] ;j{k|yd / ;a}eGbfa9L :ki6 lgisif{ s] lglSnG5 eg] ¿;df n8fs"
k'/f]lxtjfbsf] vfln cl:tTj dfq /x]sf] geP/ Tof] :ki6tM k|efjzfnL / ;Ël7t x'“b}
uO/x]sf] 5 .
clk|n !^ sf lbg kfb/L d]qf]km]G;n] eg]sf lyP M æ8\o'dfdf xfd|f sf/afxLx¿sf] klxnf]sbd :ki6¿kn]
s'g p2]Zo ;DkGg ug] { { lbzfdf pGd'v lyof] eg] hgtfsf] dtn] ;Ddflgt ul/Psf xfdLx¿ 8\o'dfdf
kf6L{sf dte]bx¿eGbf dfly p7f} + / cf gf] g}lts b[li6af6 ;a} kIfdf k|efj kfg] { kfb/Lx¿sf] Pp6f
a]Un} ;d"x agfcf} + .=== Tof] cfbz{ l:ylt xfl;n ug] { { xfd|f] ;kmntfsf] sf/0f s] xf]

Joj:yfkgsf] sfd klg O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf clwsf/Lx¿sf] xftdf :yfgfGt/0f ul/lbg] OR5f JoQm
gunf{g\

lyof] . t/ PstGqdfly ul/Psf] klxnf] k|xf/ g} s:tf] l;4 eof] eg] To;sf] ;dy{g ug] { { ;fdflhs
tTjx¿ v'n]/ cufl8 cfpg'k¥of] / To;sf nflu pgLx¿ afWo eP klg . clxn] hgtfl;t n8\g (
hgj/Lsf] 36gf 214 nfO{ k| ]l/t ug{, !()% sf x8nft cfGbf]ng / cS6f]a/–l8;]Da/ qmflGt 215 ug{sf
nflu of]Uo aGgk'u]sf lyP, vfln sf]/f{sf] dfq k|of]u ug'{
;Dej lyPg . :jtGq /fhg}lts ;Ë7gsf]
lgdf{0f ug'{
cfjZos lyof], ;+o'Qm s'nLg kl/ifb 216 sf] nflu ANofsxG8« ]8 217 ;Ë7g agfpg' / Hofb}
u}/–lhDd]bf/ n kmfhL ug''{
cfjZos x'guPsf] lyof] tyf æO;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf zf;sx¿ —
kfb/Lx¿Æsf nflu k|ltlqmofjfbL k'/f]lxtx¿nfO{ Pp6f :jtGq zlQmsf ¿kdf ;Ël7t ug'{
cfjZos
x'guPsf] lyof] .
t];|f] 8\o'df / ¿;L k|ltqmflGtsf] t];|f] 8\o'df sfnsf] Pp6f ljlzi6 nIfdf jf:tjdf s] xf] eg]
k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿sf] Tof] ;Ë7g v'n+v'Nnf cufl8 cfPsf] 5, /fi6«JofkL¿kdf ljsl;t x'gyfn]sf] 5 /
ljz]if ANofsxG8« ]8n] k" “hLjfbL æ;+;b\Æ sf] dfu u/]sf] 5 . n8fs" k'/f]lxtjfbn] cf gf] ¿k b]vfOlbPsf]
5 / cab]lv ¿;L ;fdflhs–hgjfbn] af/Daf/ k'/f]lxtjfbL / k'/f]lxtjfblj/f]wL k" “hLjfbL ju{sf
n8fO“x¿sf] bz{s / To;sf] ;xefuLsf] e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 . olb xfd|f] cfd st{Jo ;j{xf/f ju{nfO{
k" “hLjfbL–hgjfbLeGbf a]Un} /xg ;Ifd x'g' xf] / Pp6f ljz]if ju{sf ¿kdf P]Soa4 ug'{
xf] eg] of]
st{Josf] Pp6f efu xf] M hgtfnfO{ ;dfhjfb / k" “hLjfbL k'/f]lxtjfbsf aLrsf] cGt/ a'emfpgsf
nflu 8\o'dfsf] d~r;lxt k|rf/ / cfGbf]ngsf x/]s ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]u ul/g'kb{5 .
cS6f]a/jfbLx¿ / Sof8]6x¿n] t];|f] 8\o'dfdf cltblIf0fkGyLx¿, k'/f]lxtx¿ / ;/sf/sf] v'nf
lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ / wd{k|lt k" “hLjfb juL{o b[li6sf]0fsf] :ki6 pbfx/0f
k|:t't u/]/ xfd|f] lglDt Tof] sfo{ Psbd} ;/n agfOlbPsf 5g\ . Sof8]6x¿ / tyfslyt
k|ultjfbLx¿sf] j}w k|];n] olta]nf k|frLg O{Zj/jfbLx¿sf] k|Zgk|lt, cS6f]a/jfbLx¿ / Sof8]6x¿n]
klg ;/sf/sf lj?4 Pp6f ¿v u|x0f u/]sf] tYok|lt tyf ;fg}:t/d} ePklg cS6f]a/ !& sf lbg 218
k|lta4 æ;'wf/sf] dfu{ ckgfPÆsf] s'/fk|lt ljz]if¿kaf6 Wofg lbO/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;a}eGbf a9L rf;f]
oxL k|Zg;DaGwL lglxt l;4fGtdf 5, cyf{t\ wd{ / O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹k|lt hgjfbL Sof8]6sf] pkflwsf]
bfaf ug] { { tTjx¿;lxt ;fdfGotM k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] b[li6sf]0fsf af/]df xfd|f] ;a}eGbf a9L rf;f] 5 .
ck]Iffs[t Pp6f ;fgf] k|Zgn] ubf{ — k|efjzfnL O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹af6 k'/fgf O{Zj/jfbLx¿sf] emu8f /
cS6f]a/jfbLx¿sf] Jojxf/ h'g k'/fgf O{Zj/jfbLx¿l;t ;DalGwt 5 / c+ztM cfly{s¿kaf6 ;d]t klg
ltgLx¿dfly g} lge{/ 5 -s] elgG5 eg] uf]nf];\ df]:SjLsf] vr{ k'/fgf O{Zj/jfbLx¿åf/f rnfpg]
ul/G5_ — xfdLx¿n] d"n k|Zgk|lt ju{sf ¿kdf k" “hLjfbL lxtx¿ / gLltsf] k|Zgk|lt cf“vf lrDng'x'“b}g
.
sfpG6 pjf/f]jsf] efif0f oxf“ “ pNn]vgLo 5 . pgL cf gf cfd ljrf/x¿df cS6f]a/jfbL x'g\
t/ ltgn] cS6f]a/ ;d"x 5fl8lbPsf 5g\ . ;fdflhs–hgjfbL ;'/sf]jkl5 efif0f ub} { ;'?d} pgn] of]
k|Zgaf/] dhb"/ k|ltlglwx¿;/x ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0faf6 ljrf/ ug{ c:jLsf/ ul/lbPsf lyP . pjf/f]jn]
8\o'dfnfO{ s]xL ljz]if O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf] /fh:j / O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf ohdfgsf] wgsf] vr{;DaGwL
;"rgf lbg cfgfsfgL u/]sf] af/] wfld{s k|zf;g / ;/sf/L dxfk|jQmf 219 sf] vfln lgGbf dfq} ub{5g\ .
cS6f]a/jfbLx¿sf cflwsfl/s k|jQmf sfd]G:sLn] ;d]t klg To;} b[li6sf]0faf6 ljrf/ u/] 220 /
¿9LjfbLx¿n] wd{nfO{ an k'¥ofpg ;s"g\ eg]/ s] dfu u/] eg] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf ohdfgx¿sf]
k'g?4f/ x'g'kb{5 . tyfslyt æjfdkGyL cS6f]a/jfbLx¿Æsf] sfk'l:tgn] of] ljrf/nfO{ ljzbLs/0f ub{5
. p;n] eGb5,æolb xfdLx¿n] hgtfsf] hLjgtkm{, u|fdL0f hg;d'bfosf] hLjgtkm{ x]¥of} + xf] eg] tTsfn
Pp6f b'Mvb tYo b]lvG5, wfld{s hLjg ltnldnfO/x]sf] 5, hg;d'bfosf] g}lts l;4fGtsf] ;j{>]i7 /
Psdfq cfwf/ vnalnO/x]sf] 5 .===kfksf] cjwf/0ffsf] 7fp“ s] rLhn] lng ;Sb5, cfTdfsf] lgb] {zgsf]
7fp“ s'g rLhn] lng ;Sb5

cfjfbLsf] kx'“rsf]
;Ldfdf /fVg' 5 eg] pQm wd{ clËsf/ ug] { {x¿nfO{ ;d'lrt clwsf/ ldNg'kg] {
cfjZostf x'G5===.Æ
k|ltqmflGtsf/L k" “hLjfbL ju{sf k|jQmfn] wd{nfO{ zlQmzfnL agfpg rfxG5, p;n] cfd
hg;d'bfodf wd{sf] k|efj a9fpg rfxG5 / ca wd{ ckof{Kt / k'/fgf] eO;s]sf] 5 eGg] 7fg]/ p;n]
To;f] ub{5, æe]if abn]sf clwsf/Lx¿Æ — h;n] rr{sf] k|efjnfO{, sd ul//x]sf 5g\ — åf/f zf;s
ju{nfO{ k'Ug] Ifltdfly Wofg lbP/ To;f] ul/G5 . cS6f]a/jfbn] — n] k'/f]lxtjfb / k|x/L ;+/If0fsf
HofbtLx¿sf lj?4 lsg ;‹if{ ul//x]sf] 5 eg] To;af6 hgtfdf O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf] k|efjnfO{ ;'b[9
agfpg ;lsof];\, hg;d'bfosf] a'l4nfO{ lbUe|ldt kfg] { ;fwgx¿nfO{ a9L kl/is[t / ;d'Ggt
;fwgx¿af6 abNg ;lsof];\ . tL slt Hofb} ckl/is[ [t, slt Hofb} k'/fgf / slt Hofb} hh{/ 5g\ eg]
tL cf gf] nIo ;DkGg ug{sf nflu kof{Kt x'“b}gg\
. k|x/Lsf] andf :yflkt wd{n] ca hgtfnfO{
lbUd|ldt ug{ kof{Kt x'“b}g
M xfdLx¿nfO{ clt;';+:s[t, cTofw'lgs / clt rft'o{tfk"0f{ wd{ b]pm, s:tf]
wd{ b]pm eg] :jfoQzf;L Kofl/;df k|efjzfnL x'g]5 — PstGql;t k" “hLn] ToxL rLhsf] dfu ul//x]sf]
5 .
/, Sof8]6 s/fpnf]j ;f] b[li6sf]0flt k"0f{tM ;xdt 5g\ . Tof] æpbf/jfbLÆ eu'jf -h'g cft+sjfbL
g/f]b\gfof ef]Nof 221 af6 lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} æljsl;tÆ eP/ blIf0fkGyL Sof8]6df k'Uof] ._ lrRofO{–lrRofO{
æO;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf] lj/fli6«os/0fsf]Æ lj/f]w ub{5 lsgeg] p;n] æTo;sf] cy{ luhf{3/af6
;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfo, cfof]hsx¿sf] k[ysLs/0f xf] eGg] 7fGb5 .Æ p;nfO{ Tof] s] æcf3ft k/]sf] 5Æ
-zAbzM To:t} 5_ eg] cfd hgtfn] æwd{df ljZjf; x6fO;s]sf 5g\ .Æ pm e]lG;sf]jem} + Psbd} ?g] —
sNnfpg] ub{5 lsgeg] æO;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf] tflTjs d"Nosf] x|f; x'“b}uO/x]sf]
5===To;af6 s]jn O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹sf] dfq geP/ /fhsLo nIosf] klg a8f] Iflt eO/x]5 .Æ To;af/] s§/kGyL d'nf]lho;sf]
æO;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf] sfo{ zfZjt / ckl/jt{gLo 5, t;y{ To;nfO{ /fhgLltl;t ;Da4 ug'{
;Dej
5}gÆ eGg] 3[l0ft kfv08L s'/fnfO{ p;n] æ:j0f{ zAbÆsf] ;+1f lbG5 . p;n] ANofsxG8« ]8l;t O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹sf] lj/f]w Ps dfq s'g sf/0fn] ub{5 eg] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹n] æcfhsf] ck]Iff s}of} + a9L
uf}/j / zlQmsf ;fy cf gf] pbfQ / kljq nIonfO{ k| ]d / :jtGqtfsf] O;fO{ efjgf ;fy k"/f ug{
;sf];\ .Æ
8\o'dfsf] d~raf6 s=a]nf]p;f]jn] s/fpnf]jsf tL æuLtdo zAbx¿Æsf] lvNnL p8fP/ 7Ls} u/] .
t/ To:tf] lvNnL p8fpg' dfq kof{Kt x'“b}g
. s] s'/f :ki6 ul/lbg'kb{Yof] eg] — clg, ;j{k|yd
;'ljwfg';f/ To;sf] cj;/ hlxn] ldNb5, 8\o'dfsf] d~raf6 s] :ki6 ul/lbg'kb{5 — eg] Sof8]6x¿sf]
b[li6sf]0f cS6f]a/jfbLx¿sf] b[li6sf]0fsf] k"0f{tM ;dfg 5 . /, pgLx¿n] vfln Tof] æ;';+:s[tÆ k" “hLsf
k|oTgx¿nfO{ dfq cleJoQm ub{5g\, h'g hgtfnfO{ wfld{s ckmLd v'jfP/ wf]sf lbgsf nflu ;fwf/0f
kfb/Lx¿åf/f — hf] clxn] klg ctLtdf /xG5g\ — sfddf v6fpg] t/Lsfsf] ck]Iff O;fO{ wfld{s
;+3sf k|k~rx¿sf a9L kl/is[t ljlwx¿nfO{ pkof]u ug{ rfxG5g\ .
hg;d'bfonfO{ dfgl;s aGwgdf h]n]/ /fVgsf nflu O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ / ANofsxG8« ]8sf] ;xof]u
rflxG5 — pQm s'/f ælg/Í'z hdLgbf/x¿Æ / k'/fgf b]emL{df]bf{n] cf gf] k|jQmf k'l/Zs]aLrsf]
dfWodaf6 atfP . ltdLx¿ unt eGb5f}, dxfg'efjx¿, k|ltqmflGtsf/L k" “hLklt ju{n] cf gf] k|jQmf
s/fpnf]jsf] dfWodaf6 pQ/ lbG5 M To:tf] t/Lsfaf6 ltdLx¿n] hgtfnfO{ ;w} +sf nflu g} ljd'v
kfg] {5f} . ca pQm k|Zgaf/] xfdLx¿n] w]/} a'l4dQfk"0f{, w]/} lgisk6k"0f{, w]/} o'lQmk"0f{ t/Lsfaf6 sfd
ug'{kb{5
M xfdLx¿n] ANofsxG8« ]8h:tf Hofb} h8 / ckl/is[t jsLnx¿nfO{ vtd kfl/lbg'kb{5, æO;fO{
wfld{s ;‹sf] c/fli6«os/0fsf lj?4 o'4 3f]lift ul/lbg'kb{5 tyf cf gf] Wjhf–ktfsfdf kfb/L
o"nf]lho;sf tL æ:j0f{ zAbx¿Æ lsg c+lst ug'{kb{5
eg] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ /fhgLlteGbf dfly 5 .
ToxL t/Lsf pkof]u u/]/ xfdLx¿n] slDtdf s]xL lk5l8Psf dhb"/x¿, ljz]if u/]/ lgDg–k" “hLjfbL ju{
/ ls;fg ju{nfO{ lbUe|ldt kfg{ ;Ifd x'g]5f} + / ;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfonfO{ dfgl;s h~hfndf h]nL
/fVg] dxfg\ / kljq p2]Zo ;kmn agfpgsf nflu gof“ lgld{t O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹nfO{ d2t ug{ ;Sg]5f} + .
xfd|f pbf/jfbL 5fkfx¿n],mTo;af6 /]r gfds ;dfrf/ kq a]Un} 5}g, otf j]vL zLif{saf/] rrf{–
kl/rrf{ rnfpgsf nflu :q'j] / pgsf ;fyLx¿sf] eT;{gfdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf 5g\ . t/ 8\o'dfdf

Sof8]6x¿sf cflwsfl/s k|jQmf s/fpnf]j / ldNo'sf]jn] l5kfpg] rLhnfO{ :q'j]n] k|s6 ul/lbG5g\ .
pbf/jfbLx¿ :q'j]dfly vfln lsg bf]iff/f]k0f ub{5g\ eg] pgn] g;f] +rLsg ;To s'/f aSg yfNb5g\,
jf:tljstf phfu/ kfl/lbG5g\ . j]vL sf] eT;{gf ug] { { / vfln Sof8]6 kf6L{sf] ;dy{g u/L /fVg]
pbf/jfbLx¿n] hgtfnfO{ Psbd} lgn{Hhtfsf ;fy wf]sf lbO/xG5g\ . Psflt/, pgLx¿n] unt
kmxdLaf6 elgPsf zAbx¿sf] lgGbf ub{5g\ eg] csf] {lt/, pgn] oL zAbx¿l;t ldNg] s'/fx¿
ul//xG5g\ .
8\o'dfdf cfnf]rgf ug'{kg]
{ k|Zgdf rn]sf] ax;df q'bf]ljsx¿sf] Jojxf/af/] eGg'kg] { s]xL klg
5}g . ;w} +em} + ls;fg q'bf]lesx¿ / a'l4hLjL q'bf]lesaLr :ki6 km/s b]lvof] . To;af6 Sof8]6x¿sf]
cg'z/0f ug] { { ;aeGbf a9L tTk/tfsf] a'l4hLjL q'bf]lesx¿s} vtL eof] . oBlk s] s'/f ;xL xf] eg]
ls;fg /f]emvf]en] cf gf] efif0fdf /fhg}lts r]tgfsf] k"0f{ cefj ePsf] s'/fsf] kl/ro lbP pgn]
;d]t klg ¿;L hgtfsf] ;‹ 222 n] wd{sf] k'g:yfkgfsf] nflu geP/ To;nfO{ gi6 kfg{sf nflu of]ubfg
k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . pgn] s'g} wfld{s sfo{qmfd ;'emfpg ;s]gg\ . t/ csf{lt/ ha pgn] cf gf]
;Lwf;fbf oyfy{ z}nLdf kfb/Lx¿åf/f ul/g] pS;fx6, k'/f]lxtx¿sf] hf]/ hah{:tLsf af/]df v'nf,
oyfy{ ;To atfpg yfn], ljjfx ;DkGg u/fp“bf wg lng'sf cltl/Qm æPs af]Qn ef]8\sf, vfB ;fdu|L,
Ps kf}08 lrof / slxn]sfxL+ o; d~raf6 eGg] 8/ nfUg]h:tf rLhx¿Æsf] ;d]t dfu223 ub{5g\ —
eg] ANofsxG8« ]8 8\o'dfsf] ;xg ;Ldf w]/} ;do;Dd l6Sg ;s]g . blIf0fkGyL bL3f{x¿af6 xf]–xNnf x'g
yfNof] . hf]/hj:tL{, wfld{s cg'i7fgx¿sf] …blIf0ffÚ, cflbaf/] ;f] ;/n ls;fgsf] efif0fn] ;j{;fwf/0f
hg;d'bfodf ;}4flGts jf s'zn wd{lj/f]wL / O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹lj/f]wL jQmfx¿eGbf slt xf] slt a9L
qmflGtsf/L efjgf el/lbg]5 eGg] 7fg]/ /fhtGqjfbL ;d"xsf JolQmx¿n] æof] ckdfghgs 5 /
pQ]hgfk"0f{ 5Æ eGb} lrRofpg yfn] .Æ To;af/] t];|f] 8\o'dfdf PstGqsf s§/ ;dy{s bnx¿n] cf–
cf gf rf6'sf/ — 8\o'dfsf] cWoIf d]o]gbf] km{ — nfO{ r]tfjgL lbP / p;nfO{ s:tf] Joj:yf
ldnfpgsf nflu afWo kf/] eg] /f]emsf]j a;f];\ -;fdflhs–hgjfbLx¿n] cWoIf Tof] sf/afxLaf/]
lj/f]w–kq lbP . To;df s]xL q'bf]lesx¿, Sof8]6x¿ / c¿x¿n] klg pgLx¿nfO{ ;fy lbPsf lyP ._
oBlk ls;fg q'bf]les /f]emsf]jsf] efif0f k"0f{tM ckl/is[t lyof] tfklg To;af6 Sof8]6x¿åf/f
wd{sf] kfv08Lk"0f{, ;'lgof]lht k|ltlqmofjfbL jsfnt / ls;fgx¿ k'/fgf], cr]tg / Jojxfl/s
wfld{stfnfO{ Ps csf] {af6 cnUofpg] 7"nf] leGgtf :ki6 eof] . ls;fgsf] hLjg l:ylt — p;sf]
OR5fljk/Lt / cr]tg¿kaf6 — n] hf]/hah{:tLsf lj?4 ;xL qmflGtsf/L /f]if tyf dWoo'uLg k|j[lQsf
lj?4 b[9 ;‹if{ ug] { { tTk/tfnfO{ hGd lbG5 . Sof8]6x¿ k|ltqmflGtsf/L k" “hLklt ju{sf k|ltlglwx¿ x'g\
. pgLx¿ hg;d'bfosf lj?4 wd{sf] k'g?4f/ / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu k|lta4 5g\ . /f]emsf]jh:tf
JolQmx¿ qmflGtsf/L k" “hLjfbL–hgjfbsf k|ltlglw x'g\ . Tof] s:tf] hgjfb xf] eg] Tof] cljsl;t,
/fhg}lts r]tgfljxLg, kbblnt, k/fwLg / :jo+df ljeflht 5 t}klg p;n] hdLgbf/x¿, kfb/Lx¿ /
lg/Í'ztGqsf lj?4 ;‹if{sf nflu c6n qmflGtsf/L zlQmn] cf]tk|f]t 5 .
Sof8]6x¿sf ;fy q'bf]les a'l4hLjL /f]emfgf]jsf] lgs6tf /f]emsf]jsf] ck]Iff a9L ;r]t¿kaf6
:yflkt eof] . /f]emfgf]jn] O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹sf] lj36gsf] rrf{ æjfdkGyÆsf] Pp6f dfusf] ¿kdf u/]
t/ To; cfzosf k|ltlqmofjfbL lgDg–k" “hLjfbL jfSox¿sf] k|of]u ug] { { s'/faf6 cfk"m :jo+nfO{ /f]Sg
;s]gg\, ær'gfj sfg"gdf s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;+zf]wg ul/g'kb{5 eg] To;af6 kfb/L ju{ /fhg}lts ;‹if{df
efu lng'af6 al~rt xf];\ .Æ h'g qmflGtsf/L efjgf cf};t ;j{;fwf/0f ls;fgdf Tolta]nf :jtM
plJhG5, hlta]nf p;n] cf gf] hLjg l:yltaf/] atfpg yfNb5 M q'bf]les al4hLjLx¿df x/fp“5 /
To;sf] 7fp“df pgLx¿n] c:ki6 / slxn]sf“xL jf:tjdf b'i6tfk"0f{ jfSo lnOxf“Nb5g\ . o;s8f}+–xhf/f} +
k6s em} + Psk6s km]l/ s'g ;To k'li6 x'G5 eg] ¿;L ls;fg hg;d'bfon] ;j{xf/f ju{sf] g]t[Tjdf
rn]/ g} ;fdGtL hdLgbf/x¿, e]if abn]sf ;fdGtjfbLx¿ / ;fdGtL lg/Í'ztGqsf ;dy{ssf pTkL8s,
xTof/fx¿sf] h'jf kN6ofpg ;Sb5 .
dhb"/x¿sf] kf6L{ / dhb"/ ju{sf k|ltlglw ;fdflhs–hgjfbL ;'/sf]j g} 8\o'dfdf Psdfq To:tf
JolQm lyP, h;n] tndfly gu/Lsg :ki6 zAbdf O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ / wd{k|lt ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ¿v s]

xf] / pQm dfldnfdf ;a} ;';Ët / zlQmzfnL hgjfbLx¿sf] s:tf] ¿v x'g'kb{5 eGg] jtfp“b} ax;nfO{
pRr ;}4flGts :t/ k|bfg u/] . æwd{ hgtfsf] nflu ckmLd xf]===hgtfsf] dl:tisnfO{ a]xf]; kfg] {
hgtfsf tL xTof/f zq'x¿nfO{ hgtfsf] wgsf] Ps sf}8L klg lbOg'x'“b}gÆ
— of] ;Lwf;fbf, ;fxl;s /
:ki6 o'4 3f]if0ff /fhtGqjfbL u'6sf] ;+;b\ -ANofsxG8« ]8 8\o'df_ sf] nflu Pp6f r'gf}tL;/L k|ltWjlgt
eof] . ;j{xf/f ju{sf nfvf} + hgdf To;sf] cg's"n k|ltlqmof ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f
hg;d'bfodf k|rfl/t ug] { {5g\ tyf ;do cfp“bf To;nfO{ qmflGtsf/L sf/afxLsf ¿kdf s;/L abNg
;lsG5 eGg] s'/f a'‰g]5g\ .
h"g $-!&_, !()(
LCW-15
;fdflhs –hgjfbL
cÍ — 5M
DoflS;d uf]sL{nfO{
lk|o P=Pd=
tkfO{ + s] ug{ …yfNg' ePsf[ 5 < of] Hofb} eo+s/ s'/f xf], jf:tjd} eo+s/ .
lxhf] /]rdf d}n] bf]:tf]o]E:sLaf/] p7]sf …xNnfu'NnfÚ 224 af/] tkfO{ +sf] pQ/ k9] +/ v'zL nflu/x]sf]
lyof] . To;kl5 cfh lj36gsf/Lx¿sf] kq cfOk'Uof] . To;df tkfO{ +sf] ] n]vsf] Pp6f To:tf] cg'R5]b 5,
h'g /]rdf lyPg .
Tof] cg'R5]b o;k|sf/ 5 M
æclg …O{Zj/sf] vf]hÆtTsfnÆ -s]jn tTsfn

x'G5 / Pp6} klg æcl:y/ lrQ / bogLo¿kaf6 clglZrtÆ ;+sL0f{tfjfbL p;sf] …eT;{gfÚ ug{sf nflu
t}of/ x'g]5}g .
clg tkfO{ + -¿;L M ¿;L g} lsg < s] O6flnogx¿ Tof]eGbf s]xL >]i7 5g\

k'gZr, d}n] /hLi6«L a"s kf]:6af6 pkGof; k7fOlbPsf] x" “, kfpg'eof] ls ePg < clg, k'gZrM
s[kof hf8f]df 708f gnfu]/ g} ofqf ug{ ;Sg] x'gsf nflu -hf8f]df Tof] vtgf{s x'G5_ ;s];Dd /fd|f]
pkrf/ ug'{xf]nf
.
gf]e]Da/ !#÷!$, !(!# df lnlvt, qm}sfpaf6 Sofk|L k7fOPsf]
tkfO{ +sf]
eL= cfO{= pNofGof]e
LCW—15
DoflS;d uf]sL{nfO{
==========O{Zj/, O{Zj/ ;dfg / tLl;t ;DalGwt c¿ ;f/f dfldnfx¿df tkfO{ +s|f ljrf/x¿df
lj;Ëlt 5 — Tof] lj;Ëlt zfob pxL g} xf], h;sf af/]df d}n] sfk|Ldf tkfO{ +l;tsf] kl5Nnf] e]6sf]
a]nf lhsL/ u/]sf] lyP“ . tkfO{ +n] æJokof]b{Æx¿ 226 l;t æJokof]b{jfbÆsf ;}4flGts cfwf/df Wofg;Dd
glbO{sg ;DaGw — ljR5]b ug'{eof]
- jf slDtdf ;DaGw–ljR5]b u/]sf]h:tf] nfUof] _ .
clxn] ToxL eof] . tkfO{ + æw]/} If'AbÆ x'g'xG5, æev{/ zAb s;/L 3':g k'Uof]Æ eGg] s'/f tkfO{ +nfO{
ofb eO/x]sf] 5}g — tL tkfO{ +s} zAb x'g\ — /, k'gM ;fy;fy} tkfO{ +n] O{Zj/ / O{Zj/ lgdf{0fsf] ljrf/sf]
kIf ;d]t klg lng'x'G5 .
æO{Zj/ — saLnf, /fi6«, dfgjtfåf/f /lrPsf ;fdflhs cg'e"ltx¿ a6'Ng] / hfu[t ug] {vfnsf
ljrf/x¿sf] hl6n ¿k xf] . p;sf] p2]Zo JolQmnfO{ ;dfhl;t hf]8\g' / kfzfljs JolQmjfbdfly cÍ'z
nufpg' xf] .Æ
of] l;4fGt :ki6¿kn] af]Ubfgf]e / n"gfrf:sL{sf l;4fGt jf l;4fGtx¿l;t ;DalGwt 5 .
clg, of] :ki6¿kn] unt / k|ltlqmofjfbL 5 . O;fO{ ;dfhjfbLx¿;/x -æ;dfhjfbÆsf]
lgs[i6td :j¿k / To;sf] ;a}eGbf g/fd|f] ljs[lt_ tkfO{ +n] s:tf] k4ltsf] pkof]u ub{5f} eg] To;n] -
tkfO{ +sf ;f/f c;n lgotsf afjh"b_ k'/f]lxtx¿sf] u8a8L s'/f bf]xf]¥ofp“5 . tkfO{ +n] O{Zj/sf
wf/0ffx¿af6 P]ltxfl;s¿kdf / oyfy{ hLjgdf ;dfj]z x'g] ;a} tTjx¿ x6fOlbg'x'G5 -Psflt/,
kmf]x/–d}nf, k"jf{u|x, kljq c1fgtf / cwf]ktg tyf csf] {lt/, e"bf;k|yf / /fhtGq;/x_ tyf hLjg /
oyfy{sf] ;f6f] tkfO{ + O{Zj/Lo wf/0ffdf Pp6f ;Lwf;fbf lgDg–k" “hLjfbL jfSof+z 3';fOlbg'x'G5 -O{Zj/ —
of] s:tf] wf/0ff xf] eg] To;n] ;fdflhs cg'e"ltx¿nfO{ hfu[t kfb{5 / ;Ël7t ub{5_ .
tkfO{ + s]xL æc;n / bofk"0f{Æs'/f af]Ng ;Sg] x'g æ;To / GofoÆlt/ Wofgfsif{0f ug{ ;Sg] x'g
OToflb sf nflu tkfO{ +n] To:tf] ug{ vf]lh/xg'ePsf] 5 . t/ tkfO{ +sf] ] ;b\efjgf tkfO{ +sf] lghL dfldnf
dfq xf], Pp6f dgf]ut æc;n z'esfdgfÆ dfq xf] .
Psk6s Tof] s'/f tkfO{ +n] n]lvlbg'eof] eg] Tof] hg ;d"xaLr k'Ub5 / To;sf] dxTj tkfO{ +sf]
z'e]R5fåf/f lgwf{l/t x'g] geP/ juL{o ;fdflhs zlQmx¿sf j:t'k/s ;DaGwx¿åf/f lgwf{l/t x'G5 . tL
;DaGwx¿s} sf/0f kl/0ffd s] x'G5 eg] -tkfO{ +sf] OR5fsf] afjh"b / tkfO{sf] r]tgfeGbf :jtGq_
tkfO{ +n] k'/fgkGyL, Ko"l/:s]ljrfO{ lgsf]n;\ låtLo / q'j]sf ljrf/x¿s} k[i7kf]if0f ug{ yfNg'x'g]5 lsgeg]
Jojxfl/s¿kaf6 O{Zj/Lo wf/0ffåf/f pgLx¿sf nflu dflg;x¿nfO{ bf; agfP/ /fVg] ;'ljwf x'G5 .
O{Zj/Lo wf/0ffnfO{ cn+sfl/s agfOlbP/ tkfO{ +n] dhb"/ / ls;fgx¿nfO{ h]Ng] l;qmLx¿nfO{ cfsif{s
agfpg] k|oTg ug'{ePsf]
5 . To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k wfld{s Joj;foL wd{ u'?x¿nfO{ æhgjfbL
dxfg'efjx¿, xfdL -wd{ u'?x¿ / sDkgLx¿_n] ug] { O{Zj/Lo wf/0ffsf] ;]jfsf] dxŒj tkfO{ +sf
g]tfx¿Æn] klg :jLsf/ ub{5g\ eGg] df}sf ldNg]5 .
O{Zj/Lo b[li6sf]0fn] ;fdflhs efjgf hfu[t ub{5 / ;Ël7t ub{5 eGg] wf/0ff unt xf] . ToxL
af]Ubfgf]esf] cfbz{jfb xf], hf] wf/0ffx¿sf] ef}lts pT;sf lj/f]wL x'g\ . O{Zj/ -Oltxf; / jf:tljs
hLjgdf_ k|fylds¿kaf6 To; k|sf/sf ljrf/x¿sf] hl6n ¿k xf], h'g dfgjdf aflx/L k|s[lt /
ju{ut oftgfsf cdfgjLo bafjåf/f k}bf x'G5g\ . tL ljrfx¿n] dfgj hfltsf] bdgnfO{ wgLe"t
kfb{5g\ / ju{–;‹if{nfO{ bafpg] sfd ub{5g\ . Oltxf;df To;k|sf/sf] o'u /x]sf] lyof], hlta]nf
O{Zj/Lo wf/0ffsf] To:tf] pT; / To:tf] jf:tljs cy{sf afjh"b hgtGq / ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ;‹if{ Pp6f
wfld{s ljrf/sf lj?4 c¿ wfld{s ljrf/sf] ;‹if{sf] ¿kdf rln/xG5 .

t/ Tof] o'u klg Pp6f ;'b"/ ctLtsf] o'u lyof] .
cfh o"/f]k / ¿;df O{Zj/sf] wf/0ffsf] kIfdf lbOPsf] s'g} klg ;a}eGbf kl/is[t / /fd|f]eGbf
/fd|f] lgotsf] ts{n] klg s]jn k|ltlqmofjfbsf] k[i7kf]if0f u/]sf] dfq elgg]5 .
tkfO{ +sf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/efiff ;'?b]lv cGt;Dd k|ltlqmofjfbL / k" “hLjfbL kIfw/ 5 . O{Zj/ M tL
ljrf/x¿sf] ;d"x xf], æh;n] ;fdflhs cg'e"ltx¿ hufp“5g\ / ;Ël7t ub{5g\ tyf h;sf] p2]Zo xf] M
JolQmnfO{ ;dfhl;t hf]8\g' / kfzljs JolQmjfbdfly cÍ'z nufpg' .Æ
of] k|ltlqmofjfbL lsg xf] < lsgeg] of] wf/0fn] wfld{s k'/f]lxtx¿ / ;fdGtx¿åf/f k|rf/
ul/Psf] kfzljstfdfly cÍ'z nufpg] k|Zgdf em"6f] /ª eb{5 . jf:tjdf ækfzljs JolQmjfbÆdfly
cÍ'z O{Zj/Lo wf/0ffåf/f geP/ cflbd sljnfx¿sf] Joj:yf / cflbd ;fd"lxs :jfldTj k|0ffnLåf/f
nufOPsf] lyof] . O{Zj/Lo wf/0ffn] ;w} + æ;fdflhs cg'e"ltx¿ÆnfO{ s'l07t kf/]sf] 5 / pgLx¿nfO{
;'tfOlbPsf] 5 tyf ;w} + ;hLjsf] 7fp“df dl/;s]sf]nfO{ k|ltli7t u/]sf] 5 . Tof] wf/0ff ;w} + bf;tf -
lgs[i6 / lgl/x bf;tf_sf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . O{Zj/Lo wf/0ffn] slxNo} klg æJolQmnfO{
;dfhl;t hf]8]sf] 5}gÆM To;n] ;w} + zf]lift ju{sf xft–v'§f h]n] ]/ zf]ifsx¿sf] a9kg\df p;nfO{
cf:yfsf ;fy hf]8]sf] 5 . tkfO{ +sf] kl/efiff k" “hLjfbL xf] -j}1flgs / P]ltxfl;s xf]Og_ lsgeg] To;n]
vf; P]ltxfl;s sfn ;Gbe{df vf; ju{sf] xf]Og, cfd wf/0ffdf, cfd¿kdf æ/ljG;g qm';f]Æh:tfsf
wf/0ffx¿nfO{ ;fy lbG5 .
lhof{gL cflbd -/ c4{–cflbd_sf] O{Zj/Lo wf/0ff Pp6f rLh xf] eg] æ:q'j] ;d"xÆsf] O{Zj/;aGwL
wf/0ff Psbd} csf] { rLh xf] . b'j} cj:yfdf ju{ xfjL x'g] s'/fn] To; wf/0ffnfO{ an k'¥ofp“5 - /, Tof]
wf/0ffn] To;nfO{ k'li6 ub{5 _ . h;/L hf/sf nflu nf]slk|o wf/0ffsf] kof{o x'G5 — bfgjLotf /
dlxnfx¿sf] s]z n'5]/ nR5f/k5f/ ug'{,
To;}u/L O{Zj/Lo ænf]slk|oÆ wf/0ff xf] — hgJofkL c1fgtf,
ktg / cGwtf . d}n] slt klg a'‰g g;s]sf] s'/f s] xf] eg] tkfO{ +n] O{Zj/Lo ænf]slk|o wf/0ffÆnfO{
s;/L hgtflGqs eGg ;Sg'xG5 <
bfz{lgs cfbz{jfbsf] æb[li6 vfln JolQmut :jfy{df dfq /xG5Æ eGg] s'/f unt xf] . s]
Uof:;]G8Lsf] t'ngfdf b]sft{sf] dl:tisdf jf kmfo/afvsf] t'ngfdf lkmS6] / x]u]nsf] dl:tisdf lghL
:jfy{ a9L lyof] <
æO{Zj/–lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofåf/f JolQm / ;dfhdf ;fdflhs tTj cem a9L ;+u|lxt / Pslqt x'G5Æ
eGg' Hofb} vtgf{s s'/f xf] . olb ¿;df :jfwLgtf x'GYof] eg] clehft ju{n] tkfO{ +sf] k|z+;fdf cfsfz
hdLg Ps agfOlbGYof] lsgeg] tkfO{ +sf s'/faf6 To:t} ;dfhzf:q / wfld{s bz{gn] hGd lnG5, hf]
:jefj / :j¿kdf ljz'4¿kn] k" “hLjfbL x'G5 .
v}/, clxn] olQ g} kof{Kt 5 M of] lnvt w]/} nfdf] ePsf] 5 . d}n] k'gM Psk6s tkfO{ +l;t xft
hf]8\b} tkfO{ +sf] ;':jf:Yosf] sfdgf ub{5' .
!(!# gf]e]Da/sf] pQ/f{4df lnlvt, qm}sfpaf6 Sofk|L k7fOPsf]
klxnf]kN6 !(@$ df n]lgg ljljwfdf d'lb|t
tkfO{sf] Enf=O{= pNofGof]e
LCW-35
>lds dlxnfx¿sf] k|yd clvfn ¿;L dxflwj]zgdf efif0f
gf]e]Da/ !(, !((* 227
;fyLx¿, Pst/xn] alxgLsf] dlxnf ljefusf] of] dxflwj]zgsf] Pp6f ljz]if dxTj 5 lsgeg]
;a} b]zdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfGbf]ngl;t hf]8\g;Sg' ;a}eGbf ufx|f] sfd /x]sf] 5 . hlxn];Dd w]/} 7"nf]
;+Vofdf >lds dlxnfx¿n] Hofb} 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng]5}gg\, Tolta]nf;Dd ;dfhjfbL qmflGt ;Dej x'“b}g
.
;a} ;Eo d'n'sx¿df, Hofb} w]/} ljsl;t b]zx¿;d]t ;Dddf klg dlxnfx¿ 3/sf bf;LeGbf
a9L s]xL x'“b}gg\
. s'g} k" “hLjfbL b]zdf klg dlxnfx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ;dfgtfsf] x}l;ot k|fKt 5}g — ;a}eGbf
a9L :jfwLg u0ftGqx¿ ;d]tdf klg 5}g .

;f]leot u0ftGqsf] Pp6f k|f/lDes sfd xf] M dlxnfx¿sf clwsf/df ePsf ;a} lgoGq0f
x6fpg' . ;f]leot ;/sf/n] ;DaGw–ljR5]bsf lj?4sf sf/afxLx¿nfO{ k"0f{tM lgd" {n kfl/lbPsf] 5
lsgeg] Tof] k" “hLjfbL zf]if0f, bdg / ckdfgsf] dfWod /x]sf] 5 .
ca l56} ;DaGw–ljR5]bsf] k"0f{ :jtGqtf;DaGwL sfg"g ag]sf] Psjif{ x'g]5 . xfdLx¿n] hfoh /
gfofoh lzz'x¿aLrsf ;a} e]befjx¿ / ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts ca/f]wx¿ pGd"ng ug] { { lgb] {zg hf/L u/]sf
5f} + . ;G;f/sf] csf] { s'g} b]zdf klg >lds dlxnfx¿nfO{ :jfwLgtf / ;dfgtfsf] olt 7"nf] k|lti7f
xfl;n ePsf] 5}g .
>lds dlxnfx¿n] g} k'/fgf dof{bfx¿sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] df/ vKg'kb{5 eGg] s'/f xfdL a'‰b5f} + .
Oltxf;df klxnf]rf]6L xfd|f] sfg"gn] dlxnfx¿sf clwsf/x¿ lglif4 x'g] ;f/fsf ;f/f sf/0fx¿
x6fof] . t/ sfg"g Tolt w]/} dxTjk"0f{ x'“b}g
. zx/ / cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ljjfxsf] :jtGqtfsf] of] sfg"gn]
7Ls sfd ul//x]sf] 5 t/ u|fdL0f If]qx¿df Tof] k|foM lgik|efljt ag]sf] 5 . Toxf“ “ clxn] klg wfld{s
ljjfxs} k|d'vtf 5 . To;sf] sf/0f xf] — wd{u'?x¿sf] k|efj . Tof] s:tf] g/fd|f] s'/f xf] eg] To;l;t
;‹if{ug'{
k'/fgf sfg"gl;t ;‹if{ug'{sf]
t'ngfdf w]/} sl7g x'G5 .
xfdLx¿n] wfld{s k"jf{u|xx¿l;tsf] ;‹if{ {df Psbd} w]/} ;ts{tf ckgfpg'kb{5 . sltko
JolQmx¿n] hg;d'bfosf wfld{s efjgfx¿nfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofP/ Tof] ;‹if{nfO{ Iflt k'¥ofp“5g\ . xfdLx¿n]
k|rf/ / lzIFfsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5
. cf gf] ;‹if{nfO{ ck]Iffs[t tLvf] agfp“bf xfdLx¿n] hglj/f]wsf]
vt/f df]Ng'kg] { x'g;Sb5 . ;‹if{sf] Tof] k4ltn] hg;d'bfonfO{ wd{sf] cfwf/df ljeflht ul/lbg;Sb5
eg] xfd|f] zlQm xf] — xfd|f] Pstf, wfld{s k"jf{u|xsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf ;|f]tx¿ u/LaL / c1fgtf x'g\ tyf
To;k|sf/sf g/fd|f s'/fx¿l;t ;‹if{ ug'{kb{5
.
cfh;Dd dlxnfx¿sf] x}l;ot bf;Lx¿ ;dfg /x]sf] 5 . dlxnfx¿ 3/sf] aGwgdf /x]sf 5g\ .
Tof] l:yltaf6 pgLx¿nfO{ vfln ;dfhjfbn] dfq dlQm lbg ;Sb5 . hlta]nf ;fgf] :t/df ul/g] lghL
v]tLsf] :yfgdf ;fd"lxs v]tL ul/G5 / hdLgdf ;fd"lxs sfd x'G5, Tolta]nf pgLx¿nfO{ k"0f{tM
;dfgtfsf] x}l;ot ldNg ;Sb5 . of] ufx|f] sfd xf] . t/ ca u/La ls;fg ;ldltx¿sf] u7g eO/x]sf]
5 / ;dfhjfbL qmflGtnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] a]nf cfPsf] 5 . u|dL0f If]qsf ;a}eGbf u/La ju{ clxn] ev{/}
dfq ;Ël7t x'g] qmd ;'? ePsf] 5 tyf u/La ls;fgx¿sf oL ;Ë7gx¿df ;dfhjfbsf] bx|f] hu
t}of/ eO/x]sf] 5 .
klxn] k|fozM zxl/of qmflGtx¿ x'g] ub{5\g\ / To;kl5 u|dL0f . t/ df}h"bf qmflGt u|dL0f
If]qx¿df lge{/ ug] { {5 tyf To;}df o;sf] dxTj / zlQm lglxt 5 . ;a} d'lQm–cfGbf]ngx¿sf
cg'ejx¿af6 s] s'/f yfx x'G5 eg] qmflGtdf dlxnfx¿n] slt efu lnG5g\ eGg] s'/fdf qmflGtsf]
;kmntf lge{/ x'G5 . dlxnfx¿n] ;j{xf/f ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;s"g\ eg]/ ;f]leot
;/sf/n] cf gf] zlQmn] e]6];Dd o:t} sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .
;f]leot ;/sfsf/sf] l:ylt s]xL ufx|f] 5 lsgeg] ;a} b]zsf ;fd|fHojfbLx¿n] ;f]leot ¿;nfO{
3[0fsf] b[li6n] x]b{5g\ / o;sf lj?4 o'4sf] tof/L ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;n] cg]sf} + b]zdf qmflGtsf] Hjfnf
bGsfPsf] x'gfn] / ;dfhjfbsf] lbzfdf ;zQm sbd rfn]sf] x'gfn] Tof] s'/f x'guPsf] xf] .
clg clxn] pgLx¿ qmflGtsf/L ¿;nfO{ rsgfr"/ kfg{ nfluk/]sf x'gfn] :jo+ pgLx¿n] 6]s]sf]
hdLg klg blagnfu]sf] 5 . hd{gLdf s;/L qmlGtsf/L cfGbf]ng km}lnO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f tkfO{ +x¿nfO{
yfx} 5 . 8]gdfs{df >ldx¿ cf gf] ;/sf/l;t nl8/x]sf 5g\ . :jLh/NofG8 / xNofG8df qmflGtsf/L
cfGbf]ngn] hf]/ klqm/x]sf] 5 . tL ;fgf b]zx¿df x'g] qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] :jo+df ljz]if dxTj x'“b}g
tfklg of] s'/f lsg Wofg lbg nfos 5 eg] tL b]zx¿df o'4 rln/x]sf] lyPg / tL b]zx¿df Psbd}
æ;+j}wflgsÆ k4ltsf] nf]stGq lyof] . olb To;k|sf/sf b]zx¿df cfGbf]ngn] hf]8 klqmG5 eg]
qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ng ;f/f ;G;f/df rs{ +b}5 eGg] ljZjf; x'G5 .
s'g} csf] { u0ftGqn] cem};Dd klg dlxnfx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ;dfgtf lbg ;kmn ePsf] 5}g . ;f]leot
;/sf/n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ k"/f ;xfotf ul//x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] p2]Zo ch]o 5 lsgeg] ;a} b]zdf ch]o
>lds ju{ pl7/x]sf 5g\ . of] cfGbf]ngåf/f ch]o ;dfhjfbL qmflGt lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu uf}/j xfl;n
x'G5 .

OHa]l:tof, gf]e]Da/ @), !(!*
LCW — @*
¿;L sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -af]N;]les_sf] sfo{qmdsf] d;f}bfaf6
-sfo{qmdsf] wd{l;t ;DalGwt efu_
hxf“;Dd wd{sf] k|Zg 5, ¿;L sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] sfd O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹nfO{ /fHoaf6 cnu
agfpg tyf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿nfO{ wfld{s ;+:yfx¿af6 cnu /fVgsf nflu lgb] {zg lbg';Dd dfq ;Lldt
5}g . Tof] k4lt sfof{Gjog ug] { { k|lta4tf k" “hLjfbL–hgjfbLx¿n] g} u/]sf lyP t/ ;G;f/df sxL+ st}
klg k"0f{tM To;sf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5}g lsgeg] wfld{s k|rf/ / k" “hLaLr jf:tjdf y'k} | gfgfk|sf/sf
;DaGwx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ .
kf6L{sf] p2]Zo xf] M zf]ifs ju{ / ;Ël7t wd{ k|rf/aLrsf ;DaGwx¿nfO{ k"0f{tM ;dfKt ug'{
tyf
>lds ju{nfO{ wfld{s k"jf{u|xaf6 jf:tljs¿kdf d'lQm lbnfpg' . Tof] p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf nflu w]/}
Jofks dfqfdf j}1flgs lzIff / wd{lj/f]wL k|rf/ ;Ël7t ug'{kb{5
. xf], wd{df ljZjf; ug] { { JolQmx¿sf]
wfld{s efjgfnfO{ rf]6 k'¥ofpg] s'/faf6 a“lrof];\ eg]/ ;ts{tf ckgfpg'kg] { cfjZostf x'G5 lsgeg]
To;af6 wfld{s s§/tfnfO{ an k'Ub5 .
;+u|lxt /rgfx¿ v08 @(
o'js ;Ë7gx¿sf] bfloTj
/l;ofnL o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnusf] t];|f] clvn ¿;L dxflwj]zgdf efif0f
cS6F]a/ @, !(@) 228
-dxflwj]zgn] hf]8bf/ tfnLsf] u8u8fx6sf ;fy k'gM n]lggsf] :jfut ub{5_
;fyLx¿, cfh d}n] o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnusf cfwf/e"t lhDd]jf/Lx¿sf] af/]df atfpg rfxG5' /,
To; l;nl;nfdf ;dfhjfbL hgtGqdf o'js ;Ë7gx¿sf] sfdsf] :j¿k s:tf] x'G5 eGg] af/]df
k|sfz xfNg]5' .
sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf jf:tljs lhDd]jf/Lx¿ o'jsx¿n] g} axg ug'{kb{5
elgg] x'gfn] of] k|Zgaf/]
ljrf/ ug'{kg]
{ emg\ a9L cfjZostf 5 . lsgls >ldsx¿sf] h'g lk+9L Tof] k" “hLjfbL ;dfhdf x'ls{Psf]
5, To;sf] cfwf/ zf]if0f lyof] . To;n] a9LeGbf a9L hLjgsf k'/fgf k" “hLjfbL z}nLx¿nfO{ ;dfKt ug] { {
bfloTj lgjf{x ub{5 . To;n] a9LeGbf a9L To:tf] ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb5, h;åf/f >lds ju{ /
;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ zlQmzfnL alg/xg / cf gf] cfwf/ ;'b[9 agfpg d2t ldnf];\ t/ To;sf] lgdf{0f
ToxL lk+9Ln] dfq ug{ ;Sb5, h'g dflg;åf/f dflg;sf] zf]if0fdf cfwfl/t ;DaGwaf6 d'Qm ;dfhsf]
gof“ kl/l:yltdf af“lr/x]sf] x'G5 .
clg, hxf“;Dd o'jfx¿sf] bfloTjsf] k|Zg 5, lgZro g} h'g s'/f o'jfx¿sf] dfq, ljz]if u/]/ o'jf
sDo'lg:6 lnu / cGo ;Ë7gx¿sf] dfq bfloTj dfGg ;lsG5, To;af/] Pp6} zAb dfq k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 — l;s .
lgZro g} of] vfln Pp6f zAb dfq xf] . o;n] s] l;Sg], s;/L l;Sg]h:tf sltko cToGt
cfjZos k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lb+b}g . oxf“ k|Zg s] xf] eg] k'/fgf] k" “hLjfbL ;dfhsf] kl/jt{g x'g'sf]
;fy;fy} sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug] { gof“ k':tfnfO{ k'/fg} 9/f{n] lzlIft–bLlIft / ljsl;t ug{
;lsGg . o'jfx¿nfO{ lzlIft–bLlIft ug] { sfdsf] yfngL k'/fgf] ;dfhsf cjz]ifx¿af6 ;'? ug'{kg]
{5 .
xfdL 1fgsf] dfqf, ;Ë7gx¿ / ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;du|tfsf] cfwf/df tyf k'/fgf] ;dfhåf/f lj/f;tsf]
¿kdf k|fKt hgzlQm / ;fwgx¿nfO{ pkof]u u/]/ ;fDojfbsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb5f} + . xfdLx¿n] o'jfx¿
tyf pgLx¿sf ;Ë7gx¿ / pgLx¿sf] k|lzIf0fdf qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g u/]/ dfq gof“ k':tfsf]
k|oTgaf6 To:tf] ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'g]5 eGg] s'/f l;4 ug{ ;Sb5f} +, sDo'lg:6 ;dfh tL k'/fgf
;dfhh:tf] x'g]5}g . pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ o'jf sDo'lg:6 agfpg] s'/f ;fy{s kfg{ ;s"g\, xfdLx¿n] ;'?
u/]sf] sfd pgLx¿n] k"/f ug{ ;dy{ xf]pmg\ eg]/ xfdLx¿n] o'jfx¿nfO{ s] l;sfpg] / s;/L l;sfpg]
eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]Hg} kb{5 .
d]/f] egfO s] xf] eg] ;fDojfbsf] lbzfdf cu|;/ x'grfxg] o'jf lnusf ;b:ox¿ / cfd
o'jfx¿n] ;fDojfb a'‰g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f ;aeGbf ;xh / ;a}eGbf klxnf] pQ/ xf] .

t/ ;fDojfb a'‰g'kb{5 eg] pQ/ Hofb} ;fdfGo xf] . ;fDojfbnfO{ a'‰gsf nflu s] s'/fsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 t < ;fdfGo 1fgsf] ;Dk"0f{ /flzdWo] ;fDojfbnfO{ a'‰gsf nflu s'g s'/fsf] 5'6\6}
rLgf] /fVg] < To;/L k|fozM ;fDojfbnfO{ a'‰g] bfloTjnfO{ unt9Ën] k|:t't ug'{
jf Hofb} Ps
kIfLo9Ëaf6 To;nfO{ kl/eflift ug'{sf]
sf/0f y'k} | vt/fx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ .
:jefjtM dfG5]sf] dl:tisdf ;j{k|yd s] ljrf/ pTkGg x'G5 eg] ;fDojfb a'‰g' eg]sf] y'k} |
;}4flGts u|Gyx¿, k':tsx¿ / k'l:tsfx¿df /x]sf] 1fg xfl;n ug'{
xf] . t/ ;fDojfbnfO{ a'‰g] of]
kl/efiff PskIfLo / ck"/f] 5 . olb ;fDojfb a'‰g' eg]sf] vfln sltko ;fDojfbL k':ts–
k'l:tsfx¿df n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ hfGg' dfq xf] eg] t xfdLx¿n] w]/} ;lhn]/L sDo'lgi6 l;4fGtdf kf/Ët
jf l8ª xf“Sg]x¿ kfp“Yof} + t/ To;af6 vfln gf]S;fgL dfq} x'G5 lsgeg] To;k|sf/sf JolQmx¿n]
sDo'lg:6 l;4fGtsf u|Gyx¿ / k':tsx¿sf kf7x¿ /l6;s]kl5 klg a]Unfa]Un} zfvfx¿sf] ;dGjo ug{
tyf jf:tljs sDo'lg:6 k4ltaf6 sfd ug{ c;dy{ x'G5g\ .
k'/fgf] k" “hLjfbL ;dfhdf xfd|f] lglDt ;a}eGbf b'ef{Uo / ;a}eGbf v/fa s'/f s] 5fl8lbPsf] 5
eg] k':tsx¿ / Jojxfl/s hLjgaLr k"0f{tM cnufj 5 . x/]s s'/fsf] a9LeGbf /fd|f] kl/efiff ug] {
lstfjx¿ xfdLx¿ kfp“5f} +, t/ tL w]/}h;f] k':tsx¿df Hofb} vtgf{s / e"m6 Pj+ gSsnL, k" “hLjfbL
;dfhsf e"m6f ljj/0f el/k"0f{ x'G5g\ .
ctM ;fDojfbsf ljifodf vfln lstfaL 1fg xfl;n ug'{
dfq} oy]i6 x'G5 eg]/ ;f] +Rg' 7"nf] uNtL
x'g]5 . k|fozM ;fDojfbsf ljifodf h] s'/f elgGYof], Tof] clxn] xfd|f efif0f / n]vx¿df Hofb} sd
bf]xf]¥ofOG5 . lsgeg] clxn] xfd|f efif0f / n]vx¿ ;a} If]qdf b}lgs sfdl;t ;DalGwt x'G5g\ .
Jojxf/ / ;ª\3if{ljgfsf ;fDojfbL s[ltx¿ / k'l:tsfx¿sf] lstfaL 1fg Psbd} lg/y{s 5 lsgeg]
To;df l;4fGt / Jojxf/aLrsf] k'/fgf] cnufj, k'/fgf] k" “hLjfbL ;dfhsf] lgtfGt v/fa nIf0f /lx/xG5
.
vfln ;fDojfbL gf/fx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft dfq} ug] { s'/f t To;eGbf klg emg\a9L vtgf{s x'G5 .
olb xfdLx¿n] Tof] vt/fnfO{ ;dod} lrGg ;Sb}gYof} + eg] kf“r jf bz nfv o'jf–o'jtLx¿n] Tof] k4lt
l;s]/ sDo'lg:6 aGg]lyP / pgLx¿n] ;fDojfbL p2]ZonfO{ vfln uDeL/¿kn] xfgL k'¥ofpg] dfq} sfd
u/]sf x'g]lyP .
k|Zg p7\b5 M ;fDojfbsf] cWoogsf nflu tL ;a} s'/fsf] ;lDd>0f s;/L x'g ;Sb5 t <
xfdLx¿n] k'/fgf lzIff ;+:yfgx¿ / k'/fgf] 1fgaf6 s]–s] s'/f :jLsf/ u/f} + < k'/fgf lzIff ;+:yfgx¿sf]
3f]lift p2]Zo x'GYof] M ;jf{ËL0f lzIff lbg', dflg;nfO{ ;fdfGo lj1fgsf zfvfx¿sf] lzIff lbg' .
xfdLx¿nfO{ Tof] Psbd} unt lyof] eGg] s'/f yfx 5 lsgeg] k'/fgf] ;dfh zf]ifs / zf]lift juL{o
lje]baf6 ag]sf] lyof] / To;}dfly cfwfl/t lyof] . Tof] ;dfh juL{o :jfy{af6 k"0f{tM u|:t ePsf] x'gfn]
k'/fgf z}lIfs k|lti7fgx¿n] vfln k" “hLjfbL ju{sf s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ dfq lzIff lbGy] . k" “hLjfbL :jfy{
k"/f ug{sf nflu x/]s zAbdf ldYofs/0f ug] { ul/GYof] . tL ljBfnox¿df k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] ?rL cg';f/
9fNg] / cg'zfl;t agfpg] hlt sf]lzz ul/GYof], Tolt ls;fg–dhb"/x¿sf gof“ k':tfsf gfgLx¿nfO{
lzlIft agfpg] k|oTg ul/GgYof] . pgLx¿ k" “hLjfbL ju{sf akmfbf/ ;]js aGg ;s"g\, Tof] ju{sf] ;'v–
;'ljwf eË gu/Lsg p;sf nflu k}bf ug{ ;s"g\ eGg] vfnsf] pgLx¿nfO{ lzIff lbOGYof] . ToxL sf/0f
xf] hxf“ k'/fgf] lzIff k|0ffnL 5f]8\g'5 eg] ToxL+ vfln jf:tljs ;fDojfbL lzIffsf] nflu cfjZos x'g]
lzIff dfq u|x0f ul/of];\ eGg] xfd|f] k|oTg klg xf] .
oxf“ dnfO{ k'/fgf] lzIFf k4ltdfly lg/Gt/¿kdf nufOg] u/]sf cfIf]kx¿ / To;sf] lgGbf ug] {
s'/f ofb cfO/xG5, To;af6 k|fozM unt kl/0ffd lglSnG5 . k'/fgf :s"nx¿ vfln lstfaL 1fgdf dfq
cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . Toxf“ vfln /6\g] / bNg] dfq Jojxf/ x'G5 . Tof] s'/f ;xL xf] t/ xfdLx¿n] k'/fgf]
lzIff k|0ffnLsf /fd|f / g/fd|f s'/fx¿aLr km/s ug'{kb{5
. To;/L xfdLx¿n] ;fDojfbsf] lgdf{0fsf
nflu cfjZos x'g] rLh 5'6\ofpg ;Sb5f} + .
k'/fgf] lzIff k|0ffnLn] ljz'4¿kaf6 lstfaL 1fg lbGYof] . To;df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cg'kof]uL, ;txL
/ cg'Tkfbs vfnsf] lzIff lbOGYof] . To;af6 pgLx¿sf] dl:tisdf ljv08g cfp“Yof] /, gof“ k':tfnfO{
Pp6} ;f“rf]df 9fn]/ pgLx¿nfO{ gf]s/zfx agfOGYof] . t/ s] ;f] +Rg' 7"nf] e"n x'g]5 eg] dfgj hfltåf/f

clh{t 1fgnfO{ gkrfO{sg g} hf] ;'s} klg sDo'lg:6 aGg ;Sg]5 . h'g 1fgsf] dfqf :jo+ ;fDojfb xf],
Tof] k|fKt gu/Lsg sDo'lg:6 gf/f / sDo'lg:6 lj1fgsf] kl/0ffd l;Sg' oy]i6 x'g]5 eGg] ;f] +Rg' unt
xf] . s;/L dfgjLo 1fgsf] ;Dk"0f{tfaf6 ;fDojfbsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fsf] pbfx/0f dfS;{jfb
xf] .
tkfO{ +x¿n] s] k9]sf] / ;'g]sf] x'g'kb{5 eg] sDo'lg:6 bz{g — d'VotM dfS;{åf/f /lrt sDo'lg:6
lj1fg, dfS;{jfbL l;4fGt — clxn] pGgL;f} + zbLsf] s'g} Pp6f ;dfhjfbLsf] dfq s[ [lt /x]g, oBlk pxf“
:jo+ dxfg\ k|ltef ;DkGg x'g'x'GYof] . cfh of] ljZjsf nfvf} + / s/f]8f} + ;j{xf/fx¿sf] bz{g alg;s]sf] 5
. o;nfO{ k" “hLjfbsf lj?4 x'g] ;ª\3if{df pgLx¿n] pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . olb tkfO{ +n] ;a}eGbf
qmflGtsf/L ju{sf nfvf} +–s/f]8f} + hg;d'bfosf] dgnfO{ dfS;{jfbL bz{gn] s;/L lhTg ;Sof] eg]/
;f]Wg'x'G5 eg] tkfO{ + pQ/ kfpg' x'g]5 M To:tf] lsg ePsf] xf] eg] dfS;{n] cf gf] bz{gnfO{
k" “hLjfbcGtu{t clh{t dfgjLo 1fgsf] ;'b[9 cfwf/df v8f ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . dfgj ;dfhsf]
ljsf;nfO{ ;~rfng ug] { l;4fGtx¿sf] cWoogkl5 g} lglZrt¿kdf k" “hLjfbaf6 ;fDojfbsf] ljsf;
x'g]5 eg]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg'ePsf] lyof] . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] dfS;{n] k" “hLjfbL ;dfhsf]
dxfg\ ;"Id / lj:t[t cWoog tyf klxn]sf] lj1fgåf/f k|fKt x'g] 1fgdf k"0f[tM kf/Ët ePkl5 g} of]
lgisif{ lgsfNg'ePsf] lyof] . dfgj ;dfhåf/f /lrt ;a}yf]snfO{ lnP/ dfS;{n] o:tf] cfnf]rgfTds
k'gu{7g ug'{eof]
. To;df s'g} klg rLhsf] pk]Iff ul/Psf] lyPg . dfS;{n] dfgj a'l4åf/f l;lh{t
;Dk"0f{ 1fgnfO{ k'gd" {Nof+sg ug'{ePsf]
lyof], To;sf] k/LIf0f ug'{ePsf]
lyof] tyf dhb"/ cfGbf]ngdf
To;nfO{ nfu" u/]/ To;sf] jf:tljstf cg';Gwfg ug'{ePsf]
lyof] / To;/L To:tf] lgisif{ lgsfNg'
ePsf] lyof], h'g k" “hLjfbL ;Ldfleq /x]sf / k" “hLjfbL k"jf{u|xaf6 kLl8t JolQmx¿n] ug'{
;Dej lyPg .
pbfx/0fsf nflu ;j{xf/f ;+:s[ltsf] s'/f ubf{v]l/ xfdLx¿n] of] s'/f cufl8 /fVg'kb{5 .
xfdLx¿n] of] ;d:of Tolta]nf;Dd ;'Nemfpg ;Sb}gf} +, hlta]nf;Dd :ki6¿kn] dfgj hfltsf] ;du|
ljsf;åf/f k}bf ePsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ¿kfGt/ / To;sf] ;"Id 1fgåf/f g} ;j{xf/f ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f ug{
;lsG5 . ;j{xf/f ;+:s[lt xjfdf k}bf x'g ;Sb}g . h;n] cfkm" :jo+nfO{ ;j{xf/f ;+:s[ltsf ljz]if1
7fGb5g\, pgLx¿n] To;sf] cfljisf/ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;k|sf/sf] bfaf ug'{
asjf; dfq x'G5 .
k" “hLjfbL, gf]s/zfxL / hdLgbf/L k|yfsf] h'jfdf hf]ltP/ dfgj hfltn] h'g 1fg clh{t u/]sf] 5,
To;sf] ts{;Ët kl/0flt x'g'kb{5 — ;j{xf/f ;+:s[lt . h;/L dfS;{åf/f k'gu{l7t /fhg}lts cy{zf:qn]
xfdLnfO{ dfgj ;dfhnfO{ sxf“ k'¥ofpg] eGg] s'/f l;sfPsf] 5, ju{–;ª\3if{ / ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf]
yfngLsf] dfu{ b]vfPsf] 5, 7Ls To;}u/L oL ;a} dfu{x¿n] ;j{xf/f ;+:s[ltlt/ n}hfG5g\ / nlu/x]sf
5g\ .
k|fozM o'jf k|ltlglwx¿ / gof“ lzIff k|0ffnLsf k|ltkfbsx¿n] k'/fgf] lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ s] eg]/
cfnf]rgf u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] Tof] k4lt /6\g] / /6fpg] s'/fdfly lge{/ lyof] . pgLx¿nfO{ xfdLx¿ s]
eGb5f} + eg] xfdLx¿n] k'/fgf] lzIffsf] k/Dk/faf6 ;Dk"0f{ c;n s'/fx¿ l;Sg'kb{5 . xfdLnfO{ To:tf]
lzIff k|0ffnL rflxGg, h;n] ljBfyL{x¿sf dl:tisdf gf} efu cg'ko'Qm x'g] / af“sL Psefu klg ljs[t
x'g] vfnn] 1fg el/lbG5 . t/ To;sf] cy{ s] xf]Og eg] xfdLx¿n] cfkm" :jo+nfO{ vfln sDo'lg:6
lgisif{x¿ / gf/f;Dd dfq ;Lldt u/f} + . xfdLx¿n] To;/L ;fDojfbsf] lgdf{0f ug} { ;Sb}gf} + . xfdL s]jn
Tolta]nf dfq sDo'lg:6 aGg ;Sb5f} +, hlta]nf xfdLx¿n] cf gf] a'l4nfO{ dfgj hfltåf/f l;lh{t
;Dk"0f{ 1fgåf/f ;d[4 agfpg ;Sb5f} + .
xfdLx¿n] /6\g'kg] { cfjZostf kb} {g . t/ xfd|f] nflu s] cfjZostf x'G5 eg] xfdLx¿n] x/]s
ljBfyL{sf] lbdfu cfwf/e"t tYox¿sf] 1fgåf/f ljsl;t / kl/dflh{t ug{ ;sf} + . olb s'g} JolQmn] ;f/f
cflh{t 1fgnfO{ cf gf] dl:tisdf yfDg ;Sb}g eg] pm ;fDojfbLsf] ¿kdf vfln ukm xf“Sg] JolQm
dfq} aGgk'Ug]5 / ;fDojfb vfln gfddfqsf] vf]qmf] zAb dfq /xg]5 . xf], xfdLx¿n] vfln 1fgnfO{
cfTd;ft dfq} gu/]/ To;nfO{ cfnf]rgfTds b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t u|x0f ug'{kb{5,
h;n] ubf{ xfd|f]
dl:tisdf kmf]x/ d}nf dfq gy'lk|P/ cfhsf ;'kl7t JolQmx¿sf nflu cfjZos x'g] ;a} tYox¿åf/f
Tof] ;d[4 x'g ;sf];\ . olb uDeL/ sl7g kl/>d gu/Lsg, olb cfnf]rgfTds9Ëaf6 k/LIff ug] {
vfnsf tYox¿ ga'emLsg s'g} sDo'lg:6n] tDtof/ lgisif{x¿nfO{ c“ufn]/ ;fDojfbsf] z]vL ub{5 eg]

lgZro g} To;vfnsf] sfo{ lgGbgLo x'G5 . To;k|sf/sf] ;txL 9Ë ckl/xfo{¿kdf 3fts x'G5 . olb
xfdLx¿n] cf gf] 1fg Hofb} ;Lldt 5 eg]/ 7fGb5f} + eg] xfdLx¿n] a9L l;Sg sf]lzz ug] {5f} + . t/
s;}n] cfkm" sDo'lg:6 x" “ eGb5 / p;nfO{ s'g} s'/f l;Sg'kg] { cfjZostf 5}g eGb5 eg] pm slxNo} klg
sDo'lg:6 aGg ;Sb}g .
k'/fgf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df k" “hLklt ju{sf] cfjZostfg'¿k gf]s/ pTkGg ul/GYof]
. To;}vfnsf ;+:yfx¿n] kf/Ët ljåfgx¿n] o'jfx¿nfO{ vfln k" “hLkltx¿nfO{ dg kg] { s'/f ug] { /
n]Vg]vfnsf dfq agfp“5g\ . t;y{ xfdLx¿n] To;nfO{ ;dfKt ug'{kb{5
. t/ s] ltgnfO{ ;dfKt
ug'{kb{5
eg]sf] dfgj hfltsf nflu cfjZos pgLx¿n] ;ª\sng u/]sf] 1fgnfO{ klg k"/fk'/
5f]l8lbg'kb{5 eGg] xf] < s] To;f] ug'{
eg]sf] s'g rLh k" “hLjfbsf nflu cfjZos lyof] / s'g rLh
;fDojfbsf nflu cfjZos 5 eg]/ pgLx¿aLrsf] leGgtf ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf;d]t 5}g eg]sf] xf] <
k" “hLjfbL ;dfhdf ax';+Vos hg;d'bfosf] OR5fljk/Lt sfddf nufOg] k'/fgf] kmf}hL
cg'zf;gh:tf] k4ltsf] 7fp“df xfdLx¿n] dhb"/ / ls;fgx¿sf] ju{ ;r]t cg'zf;g :yflkt ul//x]sf
5f} + . To;df k'/fgf] k|0ffnLk|ltsf] 3[0ffsf] ;fy;fy} To;k|sf/sf] ;ª\3if{ ug] { s'/fsf] ;ª\sNk, Ifdtf /
tTk/tf 5, h;åf/f oL Jofks If]qsf nfvf} +–s/f]8f} +sf] ;+Vofdf 5l/Psf / c;Ël7t hg;d'bfosf]
OR5f–zlQmsf] ¿kdf ;Ël7t ul//x]sf 5f} + — To;k|sf/sf] OR5f–zlQmljgf k/fho x'g' ckl/xfo{ 5 .
Tof] Pstfljgf, dhb"/–ls;fgx¿sf] ;r]t cg'zf;gljgf xfd|f] p2]Zo c;kmn x'G5 . Tof]ljgf
xfdLx¿n] ;f/f ;G;f/sf k" “hLkltx¿ / hdLgbf/x¿nfO{ k/f:t ug{ ;Sb}gf} + . Tof]ljgf To; cfwf/df
;fDojfbsf] lgdf{0fsf] s'/f t k/} 5, xfdLx¿n] cfwf/;Dd ;'b[9 agfpg ;Sb}gf} + . To;/L k'/fgf] z}lIfs
k|lti7fgsf] lgGbf ug] { a]nfdf tyf ltgLx¿nfO{ ;dfKt ug] { OR5f ;Dem“b} k'/fgf z}lIfs k|lti7fgk|lt
;d'lrt / cfjZos 3[0ff dgdf /fv]/ xfdLx¿n] s] a'‰g'kb{5 eg] k'/fgf] lzIff k4lt, k'/fgf] /6\ofO /
lk6Lk/]8sf] t/Lsfsf] 7fp“df dfgjLo 1fgsf] ;du| kIf l;h{gf ug] { Ifdtf :yflkt ug'{kb{5
. /, Tof]
klg s;/L :yflkt ug'{kb{5
eg] ;fDojfb vfln /6\g] rLh dfq geP/ To:tf] rLh x'g'kb{5, h;af/]
:jo+ cfkm} lrGtg ul/Psf] xf];\ / Tof] lzIffsf] b[li6af6 ckl/xfo{ lgisif{sf] k|tLs agf];\ .
;fDojfb l;s — of] nIoaf/] s'/f ubf{v]l/ xfdLx¿n] cf gf] k|d'v p2]Zo To;/L g} k|:t't
ug'{kb{5
.
d}n] of] s'/f :ki6 kfg{sf nflu Pp6f Jojxfl/s pbfx/0f lng / s;/L l;Sg] eGg] ;d:ofsf] xn
s;/L ug] { eGg] s''/f
atfpg rfxG5''
. xfdLx¿ ;a}n] s] a'em]sf 5f} + eg] hgtGqsf] ;'/Iff ug] { s'/fl;t
;DalGwt ;}lgs ;d:ofx¿kl5 clxn] xfdLx¿sf cufl8 s]xL cfly{s ;d:ofx¿;d]t 5g\ . h:t}
xfdLx¿nfO{ s] s'/f yfx 5 eg] sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f Tolta]nf;Dd x'g ;Sg]5}g, hlta]nf;Dd
pBf]u / s[lifnfO{ k'gM gof“9Ën] :yflkt ul/g]5}g . ltgsf] k'g:yf{kgf cTofw'lgs lj1fg cg';f/
cfw'lgs cfwf/lznfdf g} x'g'kb{5 . Tof] cfwf/lznf eg]sf] ljB'tLs/0f g} xf] eGg] s'/f xfdLx¿nfO{
yfx 5 / l;Ëf] b]zdf ;f/f pBf]u / s[lifdf lah'nL k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo ;DkGg ePkl5 g} xfdLx¿n] :jo+
sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf] ¿kdf lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb5f} + . Tof] lgdf{0f ug'{
k'/fgf] k':tfsf] nflu ;Dej 5}g . cfh
xfdLx¿sf cufl8 s] lhDd]jf/L cfPsf] 5 eg] xfdL cf gf] l;Ëf] d'n'ssf] cfly{s k'glg{df{0f u/f} +,
pBf]u / s[lifnfO{ cfw'lgs lj1fg / 6]Sgf]nf]hL — cyf{t\ lah'nL — sf cfwf/df k'gu{l7t / k'g:yf{lkt
u/f} + . xfdLx¿nfO{ s] s'/f /fd|/L yfx 5 eg] clzlIft JolQmn] lah'nLsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}g, dfd"nL
;fIf/tf ;d]t klg To;sf] nflu kof{Kt x'“b}g
. s]jn lah'nL s] xf] eg]/ a'‰g' dfq} ckof{Kt x'G5 .
lah'nLsf] pkof]u k|fljlws¿kdf pBf]u / s[lifdf klg cfjZos x'G5 . Tof] s'/f klg l;Sg'kb{5 /
pbLodfg ;f/fsf ;f/f dhb"/ k':tfnfO{ klg a'‰g'kb{5 . of] x/]s ju{ ;r]t sDo'lg:6sf] st{Jo xf],
To:tf] x/]s JolQmsf] of] st{Jo xf], h;n] cfkm" :jo+nfO{ sDo'lg:6 7fGb5 tyf o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnusf]
;b:o alg;s]kl5 p;n] ;fDojfbsf] lgdf{0fdf kf6L{nfO{ ;xfotf ug] { ;ª\sNk u/]sf] 5 / sDo'lg:6
;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf ;Dk"0f{ gof“ k':tfnfO{ ;xof]u ug] {5 eGg] s'/f klg :ki6¿kn] a'em]sf] 5 . p;n]
o;sf] lgdf{0f cfw'lgs lzIffåf/f g} ug{ ;lsg]5 eGg] a'‰g'kb{5 . olb p;n] o;k|sf/sf] lzIff xfl;n
ug{ ;s]g eg] p;sf] nflu ;fDojfb vfln sNkgf dfq aGgk'Ug]5 .

k" “hLjfbL ju{nfO{ p“v]n]/ kmfNg' k'/fgf] k':tfsf] sfd lyof] . Tolta]nf k|d'v sfd k" “hLjfbL ju{k|lt
3[0ff km}nfpg' x'GYof] eg] juL{o r]tgf p7fP/ cf gf] zlQmnfO{ ;Ël7t ug] { Ifdtf xfl;n ug'{x'GYof]
.
t/ gof“ k':tfsf] bfloTj ;DkGg ug'{
Tof]eGbf emg\ a9L hl6n 5 . tkfO{ +x¿sf] st{Jo vfln TolQ dfq}
geP/ k" “hLkltx¿åf/f pS;fOPsf] cfqmd0fsf lj?4 dhb"/–ls;fgx¿sf] ;/sf/ l6sfO /fVgsf nflu
tkfO{ +x¿n] cf gf] zlQm h'6fO /fVg'kb{5 . To;f] ug'{
cfjZos 5, of] p2]Zo tkfO{ +x¿n] Psbd}
:ki6¿kn] a'‰g'x'G5 . /, h'g;'s] sDo'lg:6n] klg of] s'/f :ki6¿kn] a'‰b5 tfklg Tolt dfq kof{Kt
x'“b}g
. tkfO{ +x¿n] sDo'lg:6 ;dfh lgdf{0f ug'{5
. w]/} cy{df cfwf sfd ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 h:tf]
cfjZostf lyof], To;cg'¿k k'/fgf] Joj:yf vtd kfl/Psf] 5 / To;sf] 7fp“df vfln To;sf] cjz]if
dfq af“sL /x]sf] 5 . e"ld v'nf eO;s]sf] 5 / ToxL e"lddf o'jf sDo'lg:6 k':tfn] sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0f ug'{
5 . Tof] lgdf{0f ug] { bfloTj tkfO{ +x¿;dIf 5 . hlta]nf tkfO{ +x¿ cfw'lgs 1fgdf kf/Ët
x'g'x'G5 / gof“ ;f“rf]df To;nfO{ 9fNg'x'G5 tyf /l6/6fp ;"qx¿, plQmx¿, pvfg 6'Ssfx¿, sfo{qmdx¿
/ tDtof/ jQmJox¿sf] 7fp“df ;fDojfbnfO{ tkfO{ +x¿n] tfTsflns bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;Sg] / cf gf
sfddf ;fDojfbnfO{ kyk|bz{ssf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf pTkGg ug'{x'G5,
Tolta]nf dfq
tkfO{ +x¿ of] sfd ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .
;Dk"0f{ gof“ k':tfnfO{ lzlIft–bLlIFt ug{ tyf pgLx¿df hfu[lt k}bf ug{sf nflu To;f] ug'{kg]
{
x'G5 . tkfO{ +x¿ ;fDojfb lgdf{0f ug] { ;a} o'jf–o'jtLx¿ ;lDdlnt nfvf} + nfv JolQmx¿sf] cu'jf
x''g'kb{5
. tkfO{ +n] hlxn];Dd ;fDojfbsf] lgdf{0fdf o'jf dhb"/ / ls;fgx¿sf] Jofks ;xof]u ;fd]n
ug''{x'Gg,
Tolta]nf;Dd tkfO{ +x¿n] sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg'x'Gg .
To;kl5 xfdL ;fDojfbsf] lzIFf s;/L lbg] / To;sf] k4ltsf] jf:tljs :j¿k s] xf] < Tof]
k|Zgdf xfdLx¿ ;xh¿kaf6 k'Ub5f} + .
d}n] ;j{k|yd oxf“ sDo'lg:6 gLltzf:qsf] rrf{ ug] {5' .
tkfO{ +x¿n] sDo'lg:6 aGg l;Sg'kb{5 . o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnusf] s] bfloTj xf] eg] p;n] Jojxfl/s
sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf k|lzIf0f, ;Ë7g, PsLs/0f / ;ª\3if{åf/f u/f];\ tyf To;sf ;b:ox¿n] cfkm" :jo+
/ o;sf] g]t[Tj u|x0f ug{ rfxg]x¿nfO{ k|lzlIFt u¿g\ . o;n] sDo'lg:6x¿nfO{ k|lzlIFt ug'{kb{5
.
cfhsf o'jf k':tfsf] lzIff–bLIff / k9fOsf] ;Dk"0f{ p2]Zo pgLx¿df sDo'lg:6 gLltzf:qsf] aLhf/f]k0f
ug] { x'g'kb{5 . t/ s] sDo'lg:6 gLltzf:qh:tf] s'g} rLh x'G5 < s] sDo'gl:6 g}ltstfh:tf] s'g}
rLhsf] cl:tTj x'G5 < xf], cjZo x'G5 . k|fozM s] eGg] ul/G5 eg] xfd|f] cf g} s''g}
gLltzf:q x'“b}g
.
k" “hLjfbL ju{n] af/Daf/ s] cf/f]k nufpg] ub{5 eg] sDo'lg:6x¿n] g}ltstf dfGb}gg\ . Tof] jf:tljs
ljifoaf6 ljrlnt kfg] { tyf ls;fg–dhb"/x¿sf] cf“vfdf 5f/f] xfNg] t/Lsf xf] .
s'g cy{df xfdLx¿n] gLltzf:q / g}ltstfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{5f} + . k" “hLjfbL ju{n] ltgsf] h'g cy{
nufp“5 / cf gf] gLltzf:qnfO{ O{Zj/Lo cfb]zdfly cfwfl/t ub{5, To; cy{df xfdLx¿n] ltgnfO{
c:jLsf/ ub{5f} + . oxf“ d}n] s] eGg rfxG5' eg] xfdLx¿ O{Zj/dfly ljZjf; ub} {gf} + / xfdLx¿n] s] s'/f
klg a'‰b5f} + eg] wd{–u'?x¿, hdLgbf/x¿ / k" “hLjfbLx¿n] cf gf] zf]if0fsf kIfdf O{Zj/sf] gfd
pTkGg u/]sf 5g\, cyjf g}ltstf jf O{Zj/sf] cfb]zdf cf gf] gLltzf:qnfO{ cfwfl/t ug'{sf]
;f6f]
pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ O{Zj/sf cfb]zh:t} nfUg]vfnsf cfbz{jfbL / c4{–cfbz{jfbL s'/fx¿dfly cfwfl/t
u/]sf 5g\ .
dfgj]Q/ / ju] {Q/ wf/0ffdf cfwfl/t g}ltstfnfO{ xfdLx¿n] c:jLsf/ ub{5f} + . Tof] hdLgbf/x¿
/ k" “hLkltx¿sf] :jfy{df dhb"/–ls;fgx¿sf ;fy wf]sf, 5nsk6 / hfnem]n xf] eGg] xfd|f] egfO xf] .
xfd|F] g}ltstf k"0f{tM ;j{xf/f ju{–;ª\3if{sf] lxtdfly lge{/ ub{5 eGg] xfd|f] egfO xf] . ;j{xf/f
ju{–;ª3if{sf lxtx¿af6 g} xfd|F] g}ltstfsf] l;h{gf x'G5 .
k'/fgf] ;dfh hdLgbf/x¿ / k" “hLkltx¿åf/f ;a} dhb"/x¿ / ls;fgx¿sf] bdgdfly cfwfl/t
lyof] . xfdLx¿ To;af6 d'Qm x'g' / To;nfO{ ;dfKt kfg'{
cfjZos lyof] t/ To;sf] nflu Pstf
ckl/xfo{ lyof] . of] ToxL rLh xf], h;sf] O{Zj/n] ;[li6 ug{ ;Sb}gYof] .
Tof] Pstf vfln sfvf{gfdf g} pTkGg x'g ;SbYof] / Tof] ;d]t klg nfdf] ;dokl5 hfu[lt /
;dembf/L xfl;n ul/;s]sf] ;j{xf/f ju{åf/f k|lzlIft x'g'kb{5 . of] ju{sf] lgdf{0fkl5 g} Tof] Jofks

hg–cfGbf]ngsf] ;[hgf x'g ;s]sf] lyof], h;sf] kl/0ffd xfdL;dIf ljBdfg 5 — ;G;f/sf ;a}eGbf
sdhf]/ b]zx¿dWo] Pp6f b]zdf ;j{xf/f qmflGt ljhoL eof] tyf tLg jif{kl5 cfh o;n] ;f/f
;G;f/sf k" “hLjfbL cfqmd0fx¿nfO{ k5fl8 ws]ln/x]sf] 5 . cfh ;G;f/df ;j{xf/f qmflGt s;/L
ljsl;t eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f xfdL :jo+ b]Vg ;Sb5f} + . cg'ejsf] cfwf/df cfh xfdLx¿ s] eGg
;Sb5f} + eg] vfln ;j{xf/f ju{ dfq To:tf] 7f]; zlQm aGg ;SbYof], h;sf] k5fl8 c;Ël7t / 5l/Psf]
v]tLx/ ;dfh rln/x]sf] 5 tyf To;n] zf]ifs ju{sf] x/]s cfqmd0fsf] ;fdgf u/]sf] 5 . vfln oxL
ju{n] dfq dhb"/ ;dfhnfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf af“Wg ;Sb5, pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ël7t ug{ ;Sb5 /
lg0ff{os¿kaf6 sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf] /Iff, u7g / lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb5 .
ctM xfdL s] eGg ;Sb5f} + eg] xfd|f] nflu To:tf] s'g} g}ltstf 5}g, h;sf] cl:tTj dfgj
;dfheGbf aflx/ xf];\, Tof] vfln 5nsk6 dfq xf] . xfd|f] lglDt g}ltstf ;j{xf/f ju{–;ª\3if{x¿sf
lxtx¿dfly lge{/ ub{5 .
of] ju{–;ª\3if{ s'g s'/fdf lglxt x'G5 t < Tof] s'/f hf/zfxLsf] pGd"ng, k" “hLkltx¿sf] ljgfz
/ k" “hLklt ju{sf] cGtdfly lglxt x'G5 .
cfd¿kdf ju{ s] xf] < ju{ Tof] xf], h;åf/f ;dfhsf] Pp6f efun] csf] { efusf] >dzlQmaf6
kmfObf p7fp“5 . olb ;dfhsf] Pp6f efusf] lgoGq0fdf ;Dk"0f{ hUuf–hdLg x'G5 eg] hdLgbf/ ju{ /
ls;fg ju{ aGb5g\ . olb ;dfhsf] Pp6f efusf] :jfldTj sfvf{gf, k" “hL, ;]o/, cflbdf x'G5 / csf] {
efun] tL sfvf{gfdf sfd ub{5 eg] k" “hLklt ju{ / ;j{xf/f ju{ aGg k'Ub5g\ .
hf/zfxLnfO{ x6fpg' Hofb} ufx|f] sfd lyPg, To;sf] nflu vfln s]xL lbg dfq nfu]sf] lyof] .
hdLgbf/x¿nfO{ x6fpg' klg w]/} ufx|f] lyPg, To;sf] nflu s]xL dxLgf dfq nfu]sf] lyof] .
k" “hLkltx¿nfO{ vtd ug{ klg Tolt w]/} ufx|f] lyPg . t/ ju{ ;dfKt ug'{
Hofb} ufx|f] sfd ePsf] 5 .
clxn] klg ls;fgx¿ / dhb"/x¿aLr e]b ljBdfg 5 . olb ls;fgsf] :jfldTj cf gf] hUuf–
hdLgdfly x'G5 / p;n] cf gf] / cf gf kz'x¿sf] nflu rflxg]eGbf a9L cgfh cfkm";“u /fVb5 /
c¿x¿ ef]sef]s} dl//x]sf x'G5g\ eg] pQm ls;fg :jo+ klg zf]ifs aGgk'Ub5 . p;n] hltw]/} cGg
y'kfb{5, TolQs} a9L p;n] kmfObf kfp“5 eg] hxf“;Dd c¿x¿sf] k|Zg 5, pgLx¿nfO{ ef]sef]s} dg{
b]pm M ædflg;x¿ hlt a9L ef]sef]s} dl//x]sf x'G5g\, TolQs} dx“uf] efpdf d}n] of] cGg a]Rg ;Sg]5'
.Æ ;a}n] ;xsf/L of]hgfg';f/ ;femf v]t jf ;femf sfvf{gfdf ;xsf/L k4lt cg'';f/
sfd ug'{kb{5
. s]
of] s'/f ;lhn};“u ug'{
;Dej 5 < hlt hf/zfxL / hdLgbf/x¿ jf k" “hLkltx¿nfO{ lj:yflkt ug'{
;lhnf] lyof], of] sfd ug'{
Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g eGg] s'/f tkfO{ +x¿ a'‰g'xf];\ . ;j{xf/f ls;fg ju{sf]
Pp6f efunfO{ gof“ t/Lsfn] k|lzlIft ug'{
cfjZos x'G5 . c¿sf] ljkGgtfaf6 kmfObf lng] wgL
ls;fgx¿sf] k|lt/f]wnfO{ bafpgsf nflu v]tLx/ dhb"/x¿sf] ljZjf; k|fKt ug'{
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ctM
hf/zfxL, k" “hLkltx¿ / hdLgbf/x¿nfO{ lj:yflkt ul/;s]kl5 ;j{xf/f ju{n] ju{–;ª\3if{ Psbd}
;dfKt eof] eGg] 7fGg' x'“b}g
. of] pknlAw x'g] zf;goGq ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj xf] .
ju{–;ª\3if{ lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] 5 / vfln To;sf] :j¿k dfq ablnPsf] 5 . cfhsf] ;j{xf/f
ju{sf] ju{–;ª\3if{ lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] 5 / xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L s] xf] eg] xfdLx¿n] cf gf ;a} lxtx¿nfO{
oxL ;ª\3if{ cGt/ut lglxt u/f} + . tL lhDd]jf/Lx¿cGt/ut xfd|f] sDo'lg:6 g}ltstf;d]t klg kb{5 .
xfd|F] egfO xf] M g}ltstf Tof] xf], h;af6 k'/fgf] zf]ifs ju{nfO{ vtd ug{ d2t ldNb5 tyf h;af6
gof“ sDo'lg:6 ;dfh lgdf{0f ug] { dhb"/ ju{ ;j{xf/f l;4fGtsf] jl/kl/ Pstfa4 x'G5 .
h;af6 of] ;ª\3if{nfO{ d2t ldNb5 tyf t'R5 lghL ;DklQ / zf]if0fsf lj?4 dhb"/ ju{sf] l;Ëf]
;Ë7g x'G5, ToxL g} sDo'lg:6 g}ltstf xf] . ;fgf] sf]6Lsf] lghL ;DklQn] ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] >dåf/f h'g
pTkfbg x'G5, To;nfO{ s;}sf] d'Ldf xflnlbG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf e"ld ;a}sf] ;femf ;DklQ xf] . t/ dfgf}+
ToxL ;femf ;DklQdWo]af6 d}n] cfk"mnfO{ rflxP hlt hdLgsf] 6'qmf lnP“ / To;af6 b'u'gf cGg k}bf
u/]/ cltl/Qm cgfhdf gfkmf sdfP“ /, dfgf} + hltw]/} dfG5] ef]sef]s} dg] {5g\, dflg;x¿n] TolQ g} a9L
wg lbg]5g\ eGg] d]/f] ts{ eof] eg] s] d]/f] cfr/0fnfO{ sDo'lg:6 cfr/0f elgg]5 < cx“, d]/f] Tof]
Jojxf/ zf]ifs k" “hLkltsf] h:tf] x'g]5 . xfdLx¿n] To;l;t ;ª\3if{ ug'{kg]
{5 . olb To:tf] x'g lbOof]
eg] klxn]sf qmflGtx¿df s}of} +k6s x'g]u/]h:tf] oxf“ klg k'gM k" “hLjfbL zf;g / k" “hLjfbL clwsf/

:yflkt x'g]5 . k" “hLklt ju{ / k" “hLjfbL clwsf/ lkmtf{ x'g glbgsf nflu xfdLx¿n] gfkmfvf]/L
/f]Sg'kb{5 . xfdLx¿n] c¿sf] d"Nodf cf gf] ;d[l4 k|fKt ug{sf nflu 5"6 lbg'x'“b}g
. >dhLjL hgtfn]
;j{xf/f ju{;“u ;Ël7t eP/ sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5
. o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnuh:tf
;Ë7gx¿sf] df}lns lhDd]jf/Lsf] of] d'Vo efu xf] .
k'/fgf] ;dfhsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt lyof] — n"6 jf n'6fpm, c¿af6 sfd u/fpm jf c¿sf] sfd
u/, bf;–dflns ag jf bf; ag . lgZro g} To:tf] ;dfhdf pTkGg ePsf JolQmx¿n] cfdfsf]
sfvaf6} h'g dgf]j[lQ, cfrf/–ljrf/ cfTd;ft ug{ yfNb5g\, Tof] xf] — tkfO{ + of t bf;x¿sf dflns
aGg'xf];\ jf k'gM lgDg–k" “hLjfbL sd{rf/L, clws[t jf a'l4hLjL x'g'xf];\, ;dfhsf] Pp6f To:tf] JolQm
aGg'xf];\, hf] vfln cf g} w'gdf dfq} /xG5 / c¿sf] af/]df slQ klg ;f] +Rb}g .
olb d}n] Tof] hdLgsf] 6'qmfdf sfd u/] + eg] d}n] c¿sf] af/]df slQ klg lrGtf ug] {5}g, olb
c¿ ef]sef]s} d/] eg] w]/} /fd|F] — d}n] cgfhdf w]/}eGbf w]/} gfkmf kfpg]5' . olb d}n] sxL+ lrlsT;s,
OlGhlgo/, lzIfs jf lnlkssf] ¿kdf sfd ub{5' eg] d}n] c¿k|lt slQklg Wofg lbg]5}g . olb d
Joj:yfsf] lk5nUu" jf To;sf] k|z+;s aGg k'u] + eg] d]/f] gf]s/L /lx/xG5 / d hLjgdf ;kmn x'g
;Sg]5' Pj+ ;DejtM k" “hLjfbL ;d]t klg aGg k'Ug]5' . To:tf] b[li6sf]0f jf :jefj s'g} sDo'lg:6sf] x'g}
;Sb}g . ha dhb"/x¿ / ls;fgx¿n] cf gf] k|oTgåf/f pgLx¿ cf gf] ;'/Iff ug{ / gof“ ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0f ug{ ;Ifd ePsf] l;4 ul/lbPsf 5g\ eg] Tolta]nf gof“ sDo'lg:6 lzIff, zf]ifsx¿sf lj?4
;ª\3if{sf] lzIff, lgDg–k" “hLklt ju{ / :jfyL{ tTjx¿sf lj?4sf] ;j{xf/f ju{l;t ;xof]usf] lzIff,
dnfO{ gfkmf x'g'kb{5, c¿sf] dnfO{ s'g} jf:tf 5}g eGg] dgf]j[lQ / afgLsf lj?4sf] sDo'lg:6 lzIff
;'? eof] .
o'jf / pbLodfg k':tfn] ;fDojfb s;/L l;Sb5 eGg] s'/fsf] of] pQ/ xf] .
zf]ifs ju{sf lj?4 ;j{xf/f / ls;fg ju{x¿sf] lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{nfO{ ;fDojfbsf] cWoog / lzIff–
bLIffl;t hf]8]/ g} p;n] ;fDojfb a'‰g ;Sb5 . hlta]nf dflg;x¿n] dl;t g}ltstfsf] ljifodf
;f]Wb5g\, Tolta]nf d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ atfp“5' M sDo'lg:6x¿sf nflu g}ltstf eg]sf] zf]ifs ju{sf] lj?4
;r]t hg;ª\3if{ / To;sf] cg'zf;gdf g} lglxt 5 . xfdL zfZjt\ -lg/k]If_ g}ltstfdf ljZjf; ub} {gf} +,
xfdLx¿n] g}ltstfsf] bGTosyfsf] e"m6f] s'/fsf] kbf{kmf; u/fp“5f} + . g}ltstfåf/f dfgj ;dfh dfly
p7\5 / >dsf] zf]if0faf6 pm d'Qm x'G5 .
To;sf] pknlAwsf nflu xfdLx¿nfO{ k" “hLjfbL ju{sf lj?4 cg'zfl;t / c6'6 ;ª\3if{aLr
/fhg}lts kl/kSjtf k|fKt ug{ ;'? u/]sf o'jf k':tfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o; ;ª\3if{df of] lk+9Ln]
;Rrf ;fDojfbL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ul//x]sf] 5 . o;n] cf gf] cWoog, lzIff–bLIffsf] x/]s sbd of]
;ª\3if{l;t hf]8]/ o;} cGt/ut /fVg'kb{5 . o'jf sDo'lg:6x¿sf] lzIff dL7f s'/f jf g}lts cfrf/af6
x'“b}g
. To;k|sf/sf] lzIff x'g} ;Sb}g . hlta]nf dflg;x¿n] pgLx¿sf cfdfafa'x¿ s;/L hdLgbf/ /
k" “hLklt ju{sf] h'jfd'lg blaP/ /x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f :jo+ a'‰g]5g\, hlta]nf zf]ifsx¿sf lj?4 ;ª\3if{
ug] {x¿n] h'g oftgf ef]u]sf] lyP, Tof] pgLx¿ :jo+n] klg ef]Ug]5g\, ha pgLx¿n] cfh h'g s'/f k|fKt
ePsf] 5, Tof] sfod /fVgsf nflu s:tf] anLbfg ug'{kb{5
eGg] s'/f a'‰g]5g\ tyf ha pgLx¿n]
hdLgbf/ ju{ / k" “hLklt ju{ slt vtgf{s zq' x'g\ eGg] s'/f a'‰g]5g\, Tolta]nf pgLx¿ :jo+ oL
kl/l:yltx¿åf/f lzlIft eP/ sDo'lg:6 aGg]5g\ . sDo'lg:6 g}ltstfsf] cfwf/ xf] — ;fDojfbL ;Ë7g
/ To;nfO{ ;DkGg ug] { ;ª\3if{ . oxL sDo'lg:6 lzIff–bLIff / cWoogsf] cfwf/ xf] . ;fDojfbnfO{ s;/L
a'‰g] < Tof] s'/fsf] pQ/ klg oxL g} xf] .
lzIff–bLIff / cWoognfO{ hLjgsf] k|jfxaf6 s6fP/ sIffdf ;Lldt ug] { s'/fdf xfdL ljZjf;
ub} {gf} + . hlta]nf;Dd dhb"/x¿ / ls;fgx¿nfO{ hdLgbf/x¿ / k" “hLkltx¿åf/f bdg ug] { ul/G5 tyf
hlta]nf;Dd z}lIFs k|lti7fgx¿dfly k" “hLkltx¿ / hdLgbf/x¿sf] cflwkTo /xG5, Tolta]nf;Dd gof“
k':tfn] 1fgsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ o'jf lk+9LnfO{ a'emfpg'kg] { x'G5 tyf To;df To;n] :jtGq¿kaf6
sDo'lg:6 ljrf/x¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf pTkGg ug'{kg]
{ x'G5 / pgLx¿n] o'jfk':tfnfO{ s] ]
l;sfpg'kb{5 eg] pgLx¿ zf]ifsx¿l;tsf] d'lQm ;ª\3if{df efu lng ;Sg] s;/L aGg] eGg] s'/f
:s"ndf k9\bfv]l/ pgLx¿nfO{ l;sfpg'kg] { x'G5 . o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnun] o'jf sDo'lg:6 ;Ë7gsf] ¿kdf

Tolta]nf dfq cf gf] gfd ;fy{s agfpg ;Sb5, hlta]nf zf]ifsx¿sf lj?4 ;Dk"0f{ >dhLjL
hg;d'bfosf cfd ;ª\3if{x¿df o;sf lzIff–bLIff / cWoognfO{ x/]s sbddf hf]8\g ;lsG5 .
hlxn];Dd ¿; dhb"/x¿sf] Ps dfq hgtGq /xG5 / ;G;f/sf c¿ efudf k'/fgf] k" “hLjfbL Joj:yf
ljBdfg /xG5, Tolta]nf;Dd xfdLx¿ pgLx¿eGbf sdhf]/ g} /xg]5f} + /, pgLx¿sf] gof“ cfqmd0fsf]
vt/f /lx/xG5 . clg, olb xfdLx¿n] Pstf ;'b[9 agfpg l;Sb5f} + eg] cfufdL ;ª\3if{x¿ lhTg
;Sg]5f} + . To;/L cf gf] ] Ifdtf a9fP/ xfdL ch]o x'g ;Sb5f} + . ctM sDo'lg:6 x'gsf nflu tkfO{ +x¿n]
;Dk"0f{ gof“ k':tfnfO{ ;Ël7t u/]/ of] ;ª\3if{df cg'zf;g / lzIffsf] pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{kb{5
.
To;kl5 tkfO{ +x¿n] sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 / To;nfO{ ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .
of] s'/f tkfO{ +x¿nfO{ cem :ki6 kfg{sf nflu d}n] Pp6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ug] {5' . xfdL cfkm"nfO{
sDo'lg:6 eGb5f} + . sDo'lg:6 s] xf] < sDo'lg:6 zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] zAb xf] . Nofl6g efiffdf æ;j{
;fwf/0fÆsf nflu …CommunisÚ-sDo'lg;_ zAbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . sDo'lg:6 To:tf] ;dfh xf], h;df
;f/f rLhx¿ — hdLg, sfvf{gf — ;j{;fwf/0f hg;d'bfosf ;DklQ x'G5g\ / dflg;x¿n] ;xsfo{
ub{5g\ . ToxL ;fDojfb xf] .
olb x/]s JolQmn] cf gf] hUufdf a]Unfa]Un} sfd ub{5 eg] s] To;k|sf/sf] ;xsfo{ ;Dej
x'g]5 < of] ;xsfo{ PsfPs l;lh{t x'g;Sb}g . Tof] s'/f c;Dej x'G5 . of] cfsfzaf6 v:b}g . of]
d]xgt u/]/ / sl7gfO{ em]n]/ :yflkt x'G5 . k'/fgf lstfjx¿sf] oxf“ s'g} pkof]lutf 5}g . pgLx¿dfly
s;}n] ljZjf; ug] {5}g . cf gf] hLjgsf cg'ejx¿sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . hlta]nf sf]Nrfs / b]lgsg
blIf0f / ;fOj]l/oflt/ cufl8 al9/x]sf lyP, Tolta]nf ls;fgx¿ pgLx¿;“u} lyP . pgLx¿n]
af]N;]lesx¿nfO{ ?rfpGgy] lsgeg] af]N;]lesx¿n] pgLx¿sf] cgfh lgwf{l/t efpdf v/Lb ub{y] . t/
ha ;fOj]l/of / pqmfOgsf ls;fgx¿n] sf]Nrfs / b]lglsgsf] zf;gsf] cg'ej u/], Tolta]nf
pgLx¿nfO{ s] yfx eof] eg] ca pgLx¿;“u vfln b'O{6f dfq ljsNk af“sL /x]sf 5g\ M k|yd,
k" “hLkltx¿sf] z/0fdf hfg', h;n] pgLx¿nfO{ hdLgbf/x¿sf] bf;tfsf] nflu ;'lDklbG5g\ jf
dhb"/x¿sf] kIfdf hfg', h;n] b"w / l3pn] el/k"0f{ wtL{sf] ;ky t u/]sf lyPgg\, a? ;ª\3if{sf] s7f]/
/ cbDo cg'zf;gsf] dfu ;d]t u/]sf lyP eg] pgLx¿n] k" “hLkltx¿ / hdLgbf/x¿sf] bf;tfaf6
d'lQm lbnfO/x]sf lyP . hlta]nf cgk9 ls;fgx¿n] ;d]t klg cf gf] cg'ejaf6 Tof] s'/f a'em],
Tolta]nf pgLx¿ ;fDojfbsf ;r]t cg'ofoL aGgk'u], ltgLx¿ To:tf cg'ofoL ag], h;n] Hofb} s7f]/
t/Lsfaf6 lzIff kfPsf lyP . o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnun] To;k|sf/sf cg'ejx¿nfO{ g} cf gf] sfo{qmdsf]
cfwf/ agfpg'kg] {5 . xfdLx¿n] s] s'/f l;Sg'kb{5 tyf k'/fgf 1fg / z}lIfs k|lti7fgx¿af6 s] s'/f
lng'kb{5 t < Tof] s'/fsf] pQ/ d}n] lbO;s]sf] 5' . ca d}n] atfpg sf]lzz ug] {5' Tof] s'/f s;/L
l;Sg' < pQ/ xf] M zf]ifsx¿sf lj?4 ;f/f dhb"/ ju{sf] ;ª\3if{af6 z}lIfs k|lti7fgsf x/]s
sf/afxLnfO{, lzIff–bLIff / cWoogsf x/]s sbdnfO{ hf]8]/ l;Sg' .
d}n] o'jf ;Ë7gx¿åf/f ul/Psf sfdsf sltko cg'ejx¿af6 s]xL pbfx/0f lnG5' . To;af6
;fDojfbL lzIff s'g k|sf/sf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g ;Sg]5 . hf];'s}n] klg lg/If/tf x6fpg]
s'/fsf] rrf{ ug] { ub{5 . lg/If/ b]zn] sDo'lg:6 ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] s'/f ;a}nfO{ yfx 5 .
To;sf] nflu ;f]leot ;/sf/n] cWofb]z hf/L u/f];\ . kf6L{n] vf; gf/f b]cf];\ jf s]xL c;n
sd{rf/x¿nfO{ To; sfdsf] nflu lgo'lQm u/f];\ eGg] s'/f l;Sg' dfq} kof{Kt x'“b}g
. gof“ k':tfn] of]
sfd :jo+ cf gf] xftdf lng'kg] {5 . ;fDojfb eg]sf] s] xf] eg] o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnusf ;b:o
o'jfo'jtLx¿n] eg'g\ — of] sfd d]/f] xf], xfdL ;Ël7t eP/ ufp“df hfg]5f} + / lg/If/tf x6fpg]5f} +, /
To;/L xfdLx¿dWo] sf]xL klg lg/If/ /xg]5}gf} + .Æ pbLodfg k':tfn] of] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/f];\ eg]/
xfdLx¿n] sf]lzz ul//x]sf 5f} + . xfdLx¿n] 1fg z"Go / lg/If/ ¿;nfO{ PSsf;L lzlIft b]zsf] ¿kdf
¿kfGt/ ug{ ;Sb}gf} + eGg] s'/f oxf“x¿nfO{ yfx} 5 . tfklg olb o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnu of] sfddf h'6\of] /
olb ;f/fsf ;f/f o'jf k':tfn] ;a}sf lxtdf sfd ug{ ;'? u/] eg] cfh kf“r nfv hlt o'jf o'jtLx¿
;b:o /x]sf] :jo+ oxL lnu o'jf sDo'lg:6 eGg] s'/fsf] nflu xsbf/ x'g]5 . lnusf] Pp6f sfo{ef/ s]
klg xf] eg] p;n] vfln cf gf] nflu dfq} 1fg cfh{g gu/]/ h;n] cfkm" :jo+nfO{ lg/If/tfaf6 aflx/
lgsfNg ;Sb}gg\, ltgLx¿sf] ;d]t klg ;xfotf u/f];\ . o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnusf] ;b:otfsf] cy{ xf] M

;a}sf] ;fd"lxs lxtdf cf gf] >d / d]xgt nufpg' . sDo'lg:6 lzIffsf] cy{ klg ToxL xf] . To;/L
sfd u/]/ o'jfo'jtLx¿ ;Rrf sDo'lg:6 aGg ;Sb5g\ . To; sfddf x'g] Jojxfl/s pknlAwx¿n] g}
pgLx¿nfO{ sDo'lg:6 agfpg ;Sb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu zx/x¿sf] t/sf/L afujfgLdf x'g] sfdnfO{
lnpm“ . s] Tof] jf:tljs lhDd]jf/Lsf] sfd xf]Og < Tof] o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnusf st{Jox¿dWo] Ps xf] .
dflg;x¿ ef]sef]s} dl//x]sf 5g\ . sfvf{gfdf clgsfn 5 . :jo+nfO{ clgsfnaf6 kf/ kfpgsf nflu
t/sf/L afujfgLsf] ljsf; ul/g'kb{5 . t/ v]tL k'/fgf t/Lsfaf6 g} ul/+b}5 . To;sf/0f ju{ ;r]t
tTjx¿nfO{ o; sfddf cem a9L nufpg'kb{5, tadfq To:tf afujfgLx¿sf] ;+Vof, pgLx¿sf] :t/ /
pAhgL a9\g]5 . o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnun] of] sfddf ;lqmo¿kn] efu lng'kb{5 . x/]s lnu / lnusf
x/]s zfvfn] To;nfO{ cf gf] bfloTj 7fGg'kb{5 .
o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnu s:tf] ultzLn zlQm aGg'kb{5 eg] To;n] x/]s sfddf d2t ug{ ;sf];\ /
x/]s sfddf g]t[Tj ug{ ;sf];\ . lnu To:tf] ;Ë7g aGg'kb{5, h;af6 x/]s sfo{stf{n] s] a'emf];\ eg]
To; ;Ë7gdf /x]sf JolQmx¿sf] lzIffdf zfob tfTsflns¿kaf6 p;nfO{ kTof/ gxf];\, zfob
ltgLx¿nfO{ p;n] lrGg klg g;sf];\ t/ Jojxfl/s lqmofsnfkåf/f pgLx¿ ;xL dfG5] x'g\ /
ltgLx¿n] p;nfO{ jf:tljs af6f] b]vf /x]sf 5g\ eGg] p;n] a'‰g ;sf];\ .
olb ;a} If]qdf cf gf sfd sf/afxLx¿nfO{ To;/L ;Ël7t ug{ o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnu ;kmn x'“b}g
eg] of] k'/fgf] k“ "hLjfbL af6f]lt/ uO/x]sf] 5 eGg] 7flgg]5 . xfdLx¿n] zf]ifsx¿sf lj?4 dhb"/ ju{sf]
;ª\3if{sf ;fy cf gf] lzIffnfO{ hf]8\g'kb{5, h;af6 dhb"/ ju{n] sDo'lg:6 lzIffåf/f lgwf{l/t sfd
k"/f ug{ ;sf];\ .
lnusf] x/]s ;b:on] cf gf] x/]s kmfNt' ;do t/sf/L afujfgLnfO{ ;'wfg] { jf sfvf{gfdf sfd
ug] { dhb"/x¿nfO{ lzlIFt ug] {, cflb sfddf nufpg'kb{5 . xfdLx¿n] ¿;nfO{ u/La / hh{/ b]zaf6
;d[4 b]zsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t ug'{5
. o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnun] cf gf] lzIff–bLIff / cWoognfO{ dhb"/–
ls;fgx¿sf] d]xgtl;t ;+o'Qm ug'{kg]
{5, h;af6 pm :s"nx¿ / sDo'lg:6 u|Gyx¿ — k'l:tsfx¿sf]
kf7;Dd dfq ;Lldt /xg] s'/faf6 a“Rg ;sf];\ . ;Rrf sDo'lg:6 Tolta]nfdfq aGg ;lsg]5, hlta]nf
dhb"/–ls;fgx¿sf] ;“u;“u} sfd ul/g]5 . o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnusf ;a} ;b:ox¿ k9]–n]v]sf JolQmx¿
x'G5g\ / To;sf] ;fy;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ cf gf] lhDd]jf/Lk|lt cle?rL 5 eGg] s'/f cfd¿kdf dx;";
ul/g'kb{5 . hlta]nf xfdLx¿n] k'/fgf z}lIfs k|lti7fgx¿af6 k'/fgf] vfnsf] — kL6L–k/]8sf] lzIffsf]
t/Lsf x6fP/ To;sf] 7fp“df k|a'4 cg'zf;g :yflkt u/]sf 5f} + / ;a} o'jfo'jtLx¿ cj}tlgs >dsf
;'af]lTgs 230 x¿df efu lnG5g\ tyf zx/ ghLssf] x/]s v]tsf] pkof]u hg;d'bfosf] lxtdf ub{5g\
eGg] s'/f x/]s JolQmn] b]Vg]5, Tolta]nf pgLx¿n] >dnfO{ k'/fgf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{ 5f8\g]5g\ .
d}n] Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0f lnP/ s] eGb5' eg] hg :jf:Yo / vfB ljt/0fh:tf dfldnfx¿df klg
o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnun] x/]s 7fp“, ufp“ jf gu/ k|flws/0fx¿df ;xfotf sfo{ ug'{kb{5
. k'/fgf] k" “hLjfbL
;dfhdf Tof] sfd s;/L x'GYof] < x/]s JolQmn] vfln cf g} nflu dfq sfd ub{Yof], a[4 jf ljdf/
JolQmsf] s;}n] ;/sf]sf/ /fVb}gYof] . 3/sf] sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L vfln dlxnfx¿dfly dfq x'GYof] .
pgLx¿ :jo+ bdg / bf;tfsf lzsf/ x'Gy] . To;sf lj?4 ;ª\3if{ ug] { bfloTj s;sf] x'G5 < of] o'jf
sDo'lg:6 lnusf] bfloTj xf], pgLx¿n] eGg'kb{5 M xfdLx¿ o;nfO{ abNg]5f} +, xfdLx¿n] hg:jf:Yosf]
/]vb]v ug] { / vfB ljt/0fdf ;xfotf ug] { o'jfx¿sf] bn tof/ ug] + {5f} + . To;n] lgodk"j{s 3/–3/df
uP/ hf“ra'em ug] {5, ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhsf] lxtsf vflt/ ;Ël7t¿kaf6 sfd ug] {5 tyf cf gf] zlQmnfO{
;d'lrt k|sf/n] ljefhg u/]/ o;n] >d ;Ë7g agfpg'kb{5 eGg] s'/f l;4 ug] {5 .
nueu %) jif{sf] pd]/sf JolQmx¿sf] h'g k':tf clxn] 5, To;n] zfob sDo'lg:6 ;dfh b]Vg
kfpg]5}g . To;sf] -sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf]_ :yfkgf x'g'eGbfklxn] of] lk+9Lsf] cGt eO;Sg]5 . t/ clxn]
!% jif{sf] pd]/ x'g]x¿sf] h'g k':tf 5, To;n] sDo'lg:6 ;dfh b]Vg]5, pm :jo+n] o;sf] lgdf{0f klg
ug] {5 . Tof] lk+9Ln] cf gf] hLjgsf] Psdfq p2]Zo sDo'lg:6 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug] { xf] eGg] s'/f yfx
x'g}kb{5 . k'/fgf] ;dfhdf x/]s kl/jf/n] a]Unfa]Un} sfd ub{Yof] / >dsf] ;Ë7g vfln hgtfnfO{ bdg
ug] { hdLgbf/ ju{ / k" “hLktL ju{n] dfq} ug] { ub{y] . hlt;'s} s7f]/ / ntklQPsf] sfd lsg gxf];\,
xfdLx¿n] >dsf] ;Ë7g s;/L ug'{kg]
{ x'G5 eg] x/]s dhb"/ / ls;fgn] cfkm" dxfg\, :jfwLg >lds

;]gfsf] Pp6f efu xf] / hdLgbf/ / k" “hLklt ju{ljgf g} p;n] cf gf] hLjg :jo+ lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb5
eGg ;sf];\ tyf pm sDo'lg:6 Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf ug] { sfddf nfUg ;sf];\ . o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnun]
hLjgsf] ;'?b]lv g} hg;d'bfonfO{ ;r]t / cg'zfl;t >ddf ;+nUg ug'{kb{5
. To;/L h'g ;d:ofx¿
cfh xfdLx¿;dIf 5g\, tL xn x'g ;Sg]5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ljZjf; xfdLx¿nfO{ x'g]5 . of] b]zdf lah'nL
lkm+hfpg / cfw'lgstd k|fljlws 1fgåf/f of] u/La d'n'snfO{ ;d[4 agfpg bz jif{eGbf sd nfUg]5}g
. To;/L clxn] !% jif{sf] pd]/ x'g] k':tf hf] !) jf @) jif{kl5 sDo'lg:6 ;dfhdf /xg]5g\, pgLx¿n]
cf gf] z}lIfs p2]Zo s;/L k"/f ug'{kb{5
eg] x/]s lbg x/]s zx/ / ufp“df o'jf ;dfhn] s'g}gs'g}
;fd"lxs >dsf] ;fgf]eGbf ;fgf] jf cToGt ;fwf/0f ;d:of cjZo xn ug'{kb{5
. h;/L x/]s ufp“df
of] sfd x'g]5 / sDo'lg:6 k|ltof]lutf a9\g]5 To;}u/L pgLx¿n] cf gf] >dnfO{ ;Ël7t ug{ ;Sb5g\
Pj+ ;fDojfbL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf] ;kmntf ;'lglZrt x'g]5 eGg] s'/f o'jfx¿n] l;4 ug] {5g\ . ;fDojfbL
lgdf{0fsf] ;kmntfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cf gf] x/]s sfdsf] cf“sng ul/;s]kl5 hlta]nf klg tkfO{ +x¿n]
:jo+nfO{ ;f]Wg ;Sg'x'g]5 — s] xfdLx¿n] >lds ju{sf] /fhg}lts hfu?stf / ;Ë7gsf nflu cf gf]
zlQm EofPhlt nufpg k|oTg u/]sf 5f} +, Tolta]nf o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnu cf gf kf“r nfv ;b:ox¿nfO{
>lds ;]gfsf] ¿kdf ;+ul7t ug{ ;kmn x'g]5 / Tolta]nf dfq o;nfO{ ;fj{ef}lds¿kn] ;Ddfg k|fKt
x'g]5 . -hf]8bf/ tfnLx¿_
k|fAbf c+s @@!, @@@ / @@#
cS6f]a/ %, ^ / &, !(@) .
n]lgg ;Ë|lxt /rgfx¿ — #!
h'emf? ef}ltsjfbsf] dxTjaf/]
-p4/0f_
===sDo'lg:6x¿sf] - /, dxfg\ qmflGtsf] k|f/De ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug] { { ToxLvfnsf
qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] ;d]t klg_ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / 3fts e"n s]jn qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] dfq qmflGt ;DkGg ug{
;Sb5g\ eGg] wf/0ff xf] . To;sf] ljk/Lt ;f/f qmflGtsf/L sfdsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu qmflGtsf/Lx¿n]
ljsl;t / ;lqmo ju{sf] cu|b:tfsf] dfq e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/f a'‰g' / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf x'G5 . cu|b:tfn] hlta]nf cfk"mn] g]t[Tj ug'{kg]
{ hg;d'bfonfO{ cufl8 nufp“5 /
pgLx¿nfO{ cnu ug] { s'/faf6 a“Rb5, Tolta]nf dfq p;n] cu|b:tfsf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;s]sf] 7xb{5 .
sfo{qmdsf Hofb} ljljw If]qx¿df u}/–sDo'lg:6x¿sf] ;xof]uljgf s'g} klg sfo{ ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g .
Tof] s'/f dfS;{jfbsf] em08fd'lg -kfb Hgfd]g]e dflS;{Hdf_ 231 åf/f ul/Psf] dfS;{jfb / ef}ltsjfbsf]
k'li6af/] klg nfu" x'G5 . ;+of]un] ¿;df ef}ltsjfbL 7f]; k/Dk/f k|d'v / ljsl;t ;fdflhs lrGtgdf
df}h"b 5 . hL=eL=Kn]vfgf]esf cltl/Qm r]lg{;]E:sLsf] lhsL/ ug'{
kof{Kt x'g]5 . To;af6 k|foM k/ x6]/
cfw'lgs g/f]blgs -hglk|o ;dfhjfbL, ;dfhjfbL–qmflGtsf/L, cflb_ ;f] +lr/x]sf xf]nfg\ lsgeg]
pgLx¿sf nflu k|ltlqmofjfbL bfz{lgs l;4fGtnfO{ b]vfj6L¿kdf k|:t't ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf lyof] tyf
pgLx¿ o"/f]k]nL lj1fgsf tyfslyt ær/d pknlAwx¿Æsf] /demdaf6 s;/L k|efljt ePsf 5g\ eg]
Tof] /demd cGt/ut pgLx¿ k" " “hLjfbL bf;tf, k" “hLjfbL b'/fu|x / k" “hLjfbL k|ltlqmofjfbnfO{ c;dy{
/x]sf 5g\ .
h]xf];\, clxn] klg ¿;df u}/–sDo'lg:6 v]dfsf ef}ltsjfbLx¿ 5g\ / tL w]/} lbg;Dd cem}
/xg]5g\ . clg, xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L s] xf] eg] xfdLx¿n] tyfslyt ljåt\ ;dfhsf bfz{lgs k|ltlqmofjfb /
bfz{lgs b'/fu|xl;tsf] ;‹if{sf] ;+o'Qm bfloTjdf ts{;ª\ut / h'emf? ef}ltsjfbdf cf:yf /fVg]x¿
;a}sf] ;xof]u lng'kb{5 . jl/i7 l8PTh]g -pgsf] n]vs — k'q xf]Og, h'g hlt c;kmn lyP, TolQs}
s[lqd lyP_ n] k" “hLjfbL b]zx¿df k|rlnt bfz{lgs k|j[lQx¿af/] ;xL k|sf/n] 7f]; / :ki69Ëaf6
cfwf/e"t dfS;{jfbL ljrf/ k]z u/]sf lyP . tL bfz{lgs k|j[lQx¿nfO{ Toxf“sf j}1flgsx¿ /
k|rf/sx¿sf] ;Ddfg k|fKt 5 . l8PTh]ngn] s] eg]sf lyP eg] df}h"bf ;dfhdf bz{gsf k|fWofksx¿
k|fozM æwdf{Gwtfsf ef6 :gftsÆeGbf c¿ s]xL x'“b}gg\
.
xfd|f ¿;L a'l4hLjLx¿ klg c¿ b]zsf pgLx¿sf ;xsdL{x¿em} + :jo+nfO{ kx'“r
ePsf] dfGg
?rfp“5g\ eg] ;d:ofnfO{ l8PTh]gn] hfx]/ u/]h:tf] dtsf] :t/df k'¥ofpg ?rfpGgg\ . t/ pgLx¿n]

;Tosf] ;Lw} ;fdgf ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] cfgfsfgL ug{ k'Ub5g\ . l8PTh]gsf] sf]/f{sf] k|xf/h:tf] ljj/0f
slt ;xL 5 < To;sf] k|df0f k" “hLjfbL Joj:yfk|lt cfw'lgs k9]n]v]sf JolQmx¿sf] ;/sf/L tyf
;fdflhs–cfly{s Pj+ c¿ lge{/tfdfly Wofg lbP/ g} kfpg ;lsG5 . o"/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿df k|fozM
b]vfkg] { 9f] +uL bfz{lgs k|j[lQx¿dfly Wofg lbg'xf];\ / /]l8of]sf] cfljisf/ / cfOlG:6gsf] jl/kl/ ePsf]
kl/0ffd a'‰g'xf];\ . To;af6 Psflt/, k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] juL{o l:ylt / juL{o :jfy{ tyf wd{sf] x/]s
¿knfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;dy{gsf] s'/f kQf nfUb5 eg] csf] {lt/, 9f] +uL bfz{lgs k|j[lQx¿sf] ;}4flGts
;f/tTj / To;sf] d2tn] ltgLx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw s] xf] eGg] s'/f yfx nfUb5 .
dfly pNn]lvt tYoaf6 s] kQf nfUb5 eg] h'emf? ef}ltsjfbsf] dfWod aGg] klqsfsf] ;j{k|yd
n8fs" dfWod x'g'kb{5 . To;n] æk'/f]lxtjfbsf ef6 :gftsx¿Æsf] lgd{dtfk"j{s e08fkmf]/ / cfnf]rgf
ug'{kb{5,
rfx] pgLx¿ cflwsfl/s lj1fgsf k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf sfd u/]sf xf]pmg\ jf pgLx¿n] :jo+nfO{
:jtGq¿kaf6 k|rf/ ug] { { ænf]stflGqs jfdkGyL cyjf ;}4flGts ;dfhjfbLÆ g} dfg]sf lsg gxf]pmg\ .
To;afx]s o;k|sf/sf] klqsf gfl:tstfsf] ;‹if{zLn dfWod aGg'kb{5 . xfdLsxf“ Tof] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug] { { ljefu jf k|zf;sLo ;+:yfg 5g\ . t/ Tof] sfddf Hofb} pbfl;gtf b]vf kb} {uO/x]sf] 5 .
Tof] sfd lgtfGt c;Gtf]ifhgs¿kaf6 eO/x]sf] 5 jf k'gM 7]6 ¿;L -oBlk of] clxn] ;f]leot ;‹
alg;s]sf] 5_ gf]s/zfxL9Ëaf6 sfd ul/+b}5 . ctM o; sfddf gof“ hLjg :yflkt ug{sf nflu tL
k|zf;gsf ;+:yfgx¿sf cltl/Qm h'emf? ef}ltsjfbsf] k|rf/ ug] { { tyf cys¿kaf6 gfl:tstfsf] k|rf/
ug] { { / gfl:tstfsf] nflu ;‹if{ ug] { { p2]Zo ePsf] klqsf;d]t klg x'g'kb{5 . ljleGg efiffsf To;l;t
;DalGwt ;flxTox¿sf] of]hgfa4¿kdf cWoog x'g'kb{5 tyf To; If]qdf h'g rLh dxTjk"0f{ 5,
To;sf] cg'jfb jf To;sf] ;dLIff cjZo ul/g'kb{5 .
PË]N;n] w]/} klxn]b]lv ;dsfnLg ;j{xf/f ju{sf g]tfx¿nfO{ !* zbLsf] pQ/f4{sf ;‹if{zLn
gfl:ts ;flxTosf] cg'jfb hgtfaLr Jofks¿kdf ljtl/t ug{ { ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] lyof] . clxn];Dd
xfdLn] Tof] u/]sf 5}gf} + . To;af/] zd{ nfUg'kb{5 -Tof] qmflGtsf/L o'udf ;Qf sAhf ug'{
w]/} ;lhnf] x'G5
t/ Tof] ;Qfsf] pkof]u s;/L ug] { { eg]/ a'‰g' ufx|f] x'G5 eGg] s'/f l;4 ug] { { w]/} rLhx¿dWo]sf] Pp6f
rLh xf] . xfdLx¿n] k|ofzM cf gf] pbfl;gtf, csd{0otf / c;dy{tfsf] nflu s] :ki6Ls/0f
lbg]ub{5f} + eg] !* cf} + zbLsf] gfl:ts ;flxTo ca k'/fgf] eO;s]sf] 5 tyf Tof] cj}1flgs / ckl/kSj
5 . Tof] c4{–j}1flgs 1fgeGbf w]/} vt/f c¿ s]xL x'g ;Sb}g lsgls Tof] xfd|f] kfl08To k|bz{g /
dfS;{jfbk|ltsf] xfd|f] c1fgtfsf] kbf{ aGgk'Ub5 . !* cf} + zbLsf qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] n]vg s]xLgs]xL
cj}1flgs / ckl/kSj cjZo 5 . t/ Tof] 5fKbfv]l/ To;sf s]xL efux¿nfO{ sf“65f“6 u/]/ l6Kk0fL
lbP/ 7fp“–7fp“df cTofw'lgs n]vgsf] lhsL/ ub} { !* cf} + zbLkl5 clxn];Dd wd{sf] cj}1flgstfsf]
cfnf]rgfsf] lbzfdf dfgjhfltn] s] slt k|ult u/]sf] 5 < Tof] pNn]v ug{ s;n] dgfxL u/]sf] 5 / <
s'g} klg dfS;{jfbLn] olb p;n] cfw'lgs ;dfhåf/f cGwsf/, c1fgtf / cGw ljZjf;df h]n]/
/flvPsf s/f]8f} +–s/f]8 dflg;x¿ -ljz]if u/]/ ls;fgx¿ / b:tsf/x¿_ n] cfkm} :jo+nfO{ Tof]
cGwsf/af6 ljz'4 dfS;{jfbL lzIffsf] ;Lwf dfu{åf/f aflx/ lgsfNg] 5g\ eg]/ ;f] +Rb5 eg] Tof] p;sf]
lrGtgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] uNtL x'g]5 . tL dflg;x¿nfO{ gfgfk|sf/sf y'k} | gfl:ts ;fdu|Lx¿ lbg'kb+ {5,
pgLx¿nfO{ hLjgsf y'k} | ljljwtfk"0f{ If]qx¿sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg] {5 tyf pgLx¿nfO{ cf gf]
wfld{s h8tfaf6 pGd'Qm x'gsf nflu ?rL k}bf ug] { {vfnsf / x/]s t/Lsf Pj+ x/]s sf]0faf6 pgLx¿df
hfu[lt pTkGg x'g]vfnsf y'k} | ;fdu|L pgLx¿;dIf k'¥ofOg'kb{5 .
nugzLn, k|ltefzfnL / hfu?s !* cf} + zbLsf n]vsx¿sf s[ltx¿n] w]/} ;':ki6 /
k|efjsf/L9Ën] tfTsfnLg k'/f]lxtjfbsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf lyP tyf tL hg;d'bfonfO{ ;ts{tf;fy
;+slnt tYoljxLg, dfS;{jfbsf] gL/; JofVofåf/f k|foM dfS;{jfbnfO{ ljs[t kfg] { ;flxTo -clg oL
tYox¿ n'sfpg' s'g} kmfObf x'“b}g
_ k|:t't ug] { {x¿sf] t'ngfdf s}of} + a9L ;kmntfk"j{s d'Qm u/fpgsf
nflu pkof]uL l;4 x'g]5g\ . xfdLx¿n] dfS;{ / PË]N;sf nueu ;a} d'Vo u|Gyx¿sf cg'jfb kfp“5f} + .
k'/fgf ef}ltsjfb / gfl:tstfjfbsf] 7fp“df dfS;{ / PË]N;åf/f k|:t't ;xL rLhx¿ /fVg kfOg]5}g ls
eg]/ 8/fpg'kg] { s'g} sf/0f 5}g . ;a}eGbf a9L a'‰g'kg] { s'/f s] xf] — Tof] s'/fsf] pk]Iff :jo+nfO{
dfS;{jfbL 3f]lift ug] { { t/ jf:tjdf dfS;{jfbnfO{ tf]8df]8 ug] { { tL w]/}h;f] sDo'lg:6x¿n] ug] { { ub{5g\ —

eg] cfh klg cljsl;t hg;d"xdfem wfld{s k|Zgx¿k|ltsf] ;dembf/Lsf] b[li6sf]0f tyf wd{k|ltsf]
k|a'4 cfnf]rgf s;/L hufpg] <
csf] {lt/, wd{sf cfw'lgs j}1flgs cfnf]sx¿k|lt s]xL b[li6 lbg'xf];\ t . tL k9]–n]vsf k" “hLjfbL
n]vsx¿n] ckl/xfo{¿kdf wfld{s cGwljZjf;sf] v08g ug'{kg]
{ 7fp“df s:tf];Dd ts{ lbG5g\ eg] tL
ts{x¿åf/f pgLx¿ k" “hLjfbL ju{sf ;}4flGts bf; / æk'/f]lxtjfbsf ef6 :gftsÆ dfq x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf]
kf]n v'Nb5 .
b'O{6f pbfx/0fx¿ . k|f=cf/=cfO{=ljKk/n] !(!* df …O;fO{dtsf] hGdÚ gfds zLif{ssf] Pp6f ;fgf]
k'l:tsf k|sflzt u/]sf lyP . cfw'lgs lj1fgsf k|d'v kl/0ffdx¿sf] ljj/0f lb+b} n]vsn] vfln O;fO{
wfld{s ;‹sf /fhg}lts ;Ë7gx¿sf cGw ljZjf; / if8oGqsf xltof/x¿sf] v08g ug] { { s'/faf6 dfq
ts{ gvf]h]/ Tof] s'/fnfO{ kfvf nufp“b} b'j} cltx¿ — cyf{t\ cfbz{jfb / ef}ltsjfb — eGbf pk/
ePsf] cToGt xf:of:kb / k|ltlqmofjfbL bfaf ub{5g\ . h;n] ;f/f ;G;f/df dhb"/ ju{af6 r'l;Psf]
gfkmfsf] s/f]8f} + ¿lkof“ wd{sf] d2tdf nufp“5, Tof] k" “hLjfbL Joj:yfsf] lk5nUu"kg dfq xf] .
k|lz4 hd{g j}1flgs cfy{/ 8\o'hn] …O;fsf] /x:oÚ gfds cf gf] lstfjdf wfld{s
cGwljZjf;x¿ / kf}/fl0fs syfx¿sf] v08g ug'{sf
;fy} O;fsf] cl:tTj lyPg eGg] l;4 ub{5g\ .
k':tssf] cGtdf wd{sf] kIfdf —oBlk gjLgLs[t ;+zf]lwt / ;"Id¿kdf wd{sf kIfdf xf] — s] 3f]lift
ul/Psf] 5 eg] æof] nuftf/ a9\b}uO/x]sf] k|s[ltjfbLx¿sf] j]uÆsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg]vfnsf] 5 . of]
s:tf] k|jQmf / ;r]i6 k|ltlqmofjfbL xf] eg] o;n] :ki6¿kn] ;8\b}uO/x]sf] k'/fgf wfld{s
cGwljZjf;x¿sf] 7fp“df zf]ifsx¿sf nflu gof“, Hofb} pkof]uL / ;zQm cGwljZjf;sf] lgdf{0f ub{5 .
to;sf] cy{ s] xf]Og eg] 8\o'hsf] cg'jfb x'g'kb} {g . To;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] k" “hLjfbL ju{sf
k|ultzLn efux¿;“u Psk|sf/sf] ;xof]u u/]/ sDo'lg:6x¿n] cema9L ;+ut ef}ltsjfbLx¿sf] Tof]
xb;Dd kbf{kmf; ug'{kb{5,
h'gxb;Dd tL k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿ 5g\ . To;sf] tfTko{ s] klg xf] eg] hf]
cf gf] ;dosf qmflGtsf/L lyP, tL !* cf} + zbLsf k" “hLklt ju{sf k|ltlglwx¿af6 ;xof]u lng
c:jLsf/ u/]/ dfS;{jfb / ef}ltsjfbl;t u2f/L ul/g]5 . To;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] 8\o'hx¿l;t
s'g}gs'g} ¿kdf / s'g}gs'g} ;Ldf;Dd ;xof]u lng' k|efjzfnL wfld{s cGwljZjf;sf lj?4sf] xfd|f]
;‹if{sf nflu cfjZos x'G5 .
dfS;{jfbsf] em08f cGt/ut -kfb Hdfgd] ]d dflS;Hdf_ h'emf? ef}ltsjfbsf] h'g Pp6f dfWod
5, To;n] gfl:tstfsf] k|rf/, tT;DaGwL ;flxlTos ;dLIff tyf To; If]qdf ;/sf/åf/f ul/Psf
sfdsf q'l6x¿nfO{ a9L 7fp“ lbg'kb{5 . h'g k':ts–k'l:tsfx¿df 7f]; pbfx/0fx¿ / tYox¿åf/f
cfw'lgs k" “hLjfbL ju{sf juL{o :jfy{x¿ / juL{o ;Ë7gx¿sf] wfld{s k|rf/ / wfld{s ;+:yfx¿l;t
s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;DaGw x'G5 eg]/ l;4 ul/Psf] 5, ltgsf] pkof]u ug'{
Hofb} cfjZos x'G5 .
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfl;t ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Lx¿ Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\, Toxf“ “ wd{ / k" “ "hLaLrsf]
zf;sLo ;DaGw w]/} k|s6 ePsf] 5}g . t/ csf{lt/, xfd|f cufl8 s] s'/f Psbd} :ki6 5 eg]
tyfslyt æcfw'lgs hgjfbLÆsf] cy{ -h;sf] ljj]sxLg pkf;gf d]G;]lesx¿, ;dfhjfbL
qmflGtsf/Lx¿ / cf+lzs¿kaf6 c/fhstfjfbLx¿n] ub{5g\ _ k" “hLjfbLx¿sf lxtdf h] s'/f x'G5, Tof]
;a}yf]s eGg] :jtGqtf x'G5 — cToGt k|ltlqmofjfbL ljrf/, wd{, ljj]sz"Gotf / zf]if0fsf] ;dy{gdf
pkb]z lbg] :jtGqtf x'G5 .
h'emf? ef}ltsjfbL klqsfn] kf7sx¿nfO{ gfl:ts ;flxlTos ;dLIff lbg ;Sg]5 tyf s'g
sf]6Lsf kf7sx¿sf nflu s'gk|sf/sf] ljz]if /rgf pkof]uL x'G5 Pj+ s'gvfnsf ;flxTo xfd|f] b]zdf
5flkPsf 5g\ -vfln /fd|f cg'jfb eP klg yf]/} dfq 5g\_ cem} 5flk+b} 5g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg] {5 eg]/
cffzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
***
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ aflx/sf ;';Ët ef}ltsjfbLx¿af6 ;xof]u lng'sf cltl/Qm ;‹if{zLn
ef}ltsjfbsf] lglDt plQs} / Tof]eGbf a9L cfjZostf ef}ltsjfbk|lt em'sfj x'g] cfw'lgs k|fs[lts
j}1flgsx¿l;t ;d]t klg ;xof]u lng'kg] { x'G5, hf] clxn]sf] tyfslyt æk9]n]v]sf] ;dfhÆdf k|rlnt

cfbz{jfb / ;+Gb]xjfbsf] t8se8ssf bfz{lgs JofVofx¿sf] t'ngfdf ef}ltsjfbsf] kIf lng / To;sf]
kIfdf k|rf/ ug{ g8/fp“b}gg\ .
ædfS;{jfbsf] em08f cGt/utÆ klxnf] / bf];|f] cÍdf 5flkPsf P=ltldof{h]jsf cfOlG:6gsf]
;fk]IftfjfbL l;4fGt;DaGwL n]vx¿af6 xfd|f] s:tf] cfzf ag]sf] 5 eg] klqsf Ps csf] {k|sf/sf]
;xof]u sfof{Gjog ug{ ;kmn x'g]5 . To;k|lt Hofb} Wofg lbg'kb{5 . xf], k|fs[lts lj1fgdf cfh hlt
tLj|tfsf ;fy pynk'yn eO/x]sf] 5, To;af6 k|fozM k|ltlqmofjfbL bfz{lgs k/Dk/fx¿ / zfvfx¿,
k|j[lQx¿ / pkk|j[lQx¿ pTkGg eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fk|lt Wofg lbg'kg] {5 . ctM hlxn];Dd k|fs[lts
lj1fgdf xfnsf qmflGtåf/f p7fOPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] xfdLx¿n] cWoog ub} {gf} + tyf hlxn];Dd xfdLx¿n]
of] bz{g;DaGwL klqsfdf k|fs[lts j}1flgsx¿sf] d2t ln+b}gf} +, Tolta]nf;Dd h'emf? ef}ltsjfb g t
h'emf? x'g]5, g ef}ltsjfbL . ltldof{h]jn] cfOlG:6gsf] af/]df klqsfsf] klxnf] cÍdf s] n]v]sf 5g\
eg] To;nfO{ 7"nf] dfqfdf ;a} b]zsf a'l4hLjLx¿n] c“ufn]sf 5g\ . ltldof{h]jsfg';f/ cfOlG:6gn]
ef}ltsjfbsf cfwf/df s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;lqmo ;fk]If ub} {gg\ . cfOlG:6gn] dfq} xf]Og, ;G;f/sf
w]/}h;f] gePklg !( cf} + zbLkl5sf y'k} | k|fs[lts j}1flgsx¿af/] ToxL s'/f nfu" x'G5 eGg] s'/flt/
Wofg lbg}kb{5 .
o; 36gfk|lt /fhg}lts¿kaf6 hfu?s k|j[lQsf nflu s] a'‰g'kg] { x'G5 eg] k" “h"jfbL ljrf/x¿sf]
cfqmd0faf6 s'g} klg k|sf/sf] k|fs[lts lj1fg jf ef}ltsjfbn] 7f]; bfz{lgs cfwf/ tof/ geP;Dd
:jo+ cf gf] /Iff ug{ ;Sb}g g t k" “hLjfbL ljZjb[li6sf]0fsf] k'g:yfk{gfnfO{ g} /f]Sg ;Sb5 . cf gf]
;‹if{ / To;df ;s];Dd a9L ljhosf] Ifdtf xfl;n ug{sf nflu k|fs[lts j}1flgsx¿ cfw'lgs
ef}ltsjfbL aGg'kg] {5 tyf dfS;{åf/f k|ltkflbt ef}ltsjfbsf] ;r]t cg'ofoL aGg'kb{5, cyf{t\ pm
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL x'g}kb{5 . Tof] nIo;Dd k'Ugsf nflu ædfS;{jfbsf] em08fcGt/utÆsf
n]vsx¿nfO{ ef}ltsjfbL b[li6sf]0faf6 x]u]nLo åGåjfbsf] — cyf{t\ dfS{;n] To;sf] Jojxfl/s pkof]u
cf gf] s[lt — k" “hL — df tyf cf gf c¿ y'k| } /fhg}lts / P]ltxfl;s s[ltx¿df pxf“n] To;sf]
pkof]u ug'{ePsf]
5 / sltw]/} ;kmntfk"j{s ug'{ePsf]
5 eg] k"jL{ b]zx¿ -hfkfg, ef/t / rLg,
cflb_sf gof“ ju{x¿sf hLjgsf k|ltlbg / ;‹if{k"0f{ hfu/0fåf/f x/]s lbg dfS;{jfbsf] tfhf ;dy{g
x'“b}hfG5
— of]hgfa4¿kdf cWoog ug] { { k|oTg ug'{kb{5
. ljZj hg;ª\Vofsf] Hofb} 7"nf] efu tL k"jL{
b]zx¿sf nfvf} +–s/f]8f} + hgtfsf] P]ltxfl;s lgliqmotf / P]ltxfl;s h8tfsf] sf/0f clxn];Dd y'k| }
klZrdL ljsl;t b]zx¿df l:y/tf / ;8g pTkGg eO/x]sf] 5 .
s] s'/fdf zª\sf 5}g eg] x]u]njfbL åGåjfbsf] k|rf/, kl/efiff / cWoogsf] sfd Hofb} ufx|f] x'G5
/ ;'?–;'?df To; lbzfdf x'g] k|of]ux¿df cjZo uNtL klg x'g ;Sb5 . t/ uNtL t vfln To;}n] dfq
ub} {g, h;n] slxNo} s'g} sfd ub} {g . dfS;{n] x]u]nLo åGåjfbnfO{ h;/L ef}ltsjfbL b[li6sf]0faf6 k|of]u
ug'{eof],
To;nfO{ cfwf/, agfP/ åGåjfbsf] ljj]rgf xfdLx¿n] x/ If0f ug'{kb{5,
klqsfdf x]u]nsf
k|d'v lstfjx¿af6 p4/0f 5fKg'kb{5, To;sf] ef}ltsjfbL JofVof ug'{kb{5
tyf h;/L dfS;{n]
åGåjfbsf] pkof]u ug'{ePsf]
5, To;sf] pbfx/0f;lxt l6Kk0fL ug'{kb{5
. ltgdf tL cfly{s / /fhg}lts
;DaGwx¿sf åGåjfbsf] ljj]rgf lbg'kb{5, h;sf] pbfx/0f ev{/}sf] Oltxf;df ljz]if¿kaf6
;fd|fHojfbL o'4 / qmflGtdf kof{Kt¿kdf kfOG5g\ . d]/f] ljrf/n] ædfS;{jfbsf] em08f cGt/utÆ sf
;Dkfbsx¿ / n]vsx¿ æx]u]njfbL åGåjfbL ef}ltsjfbsf ldqx¿sf] ;dfhÆ aGg'kb{5 . cfw'lgs
k|fs[lts j}1flgsx¿nfO{ -olb pgLx¿n] cg';Gwfg ug{ hfGb5g\ / xfdLx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] s'/f hfGb5f} + eg]_ x]u]nsf] åGåjfbL ef}ltsjfbsf] kl/efiffdf tL bfz{lgs ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/Gt/
pQ/ ldNb}hfg]5 . Tof] k|fs[lts lj1fgsf] IF]qdf qmflGtåf/f p7fO“b}5 /, To;sf] sf/0fn] k" “hLjfbL 9f] +uL
a'l4hLjLnfO{ k|z+;f ug] { { k|ltlqmofjfblt/ v:g k'Ug]5 .
ef}ltsjfb hlta]nf;Dd cfk"mn] To;k|sf/sf lhDd]jf/L ln+b}g / ;'rf?¿kaf6 tL ;DkGg ub} {g,
Tolta]nf;Dd h'emf? ef}ltsjfb aGg ;Sb}g . Zr]lb|gsf zAbdf hlt To;l;t ;‹if{ ul/g]5, Tolt
;‹if{ p;n] ug] { {5}g . To; cltl/Qm clxn];Dd eO/x]sf] h:tf] k|fs[lts j}1flgsx¿ bfz{lgs
l;4fGtx¿sf] /rgf ug{ / ltgnfO{ tfls{s lgisif{;Dd k'¥ofpgsf nflu c;dy{ /xg]5g\ . To;sf]
sf/0f s] xf] eg] k|fs[lts lj1fgdf slt w]/} kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 / To;n] sltw]/} To;¿kaf6 ljsf;

ul//x]sf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ bfz{lgs ts{;Ëu kl/0ffdx¿af6 arfpg ;lsGg . cGtdf d}n] Pp6f
pbfx/0f lbg rfxG5' . To;sf] bz{gl;t t ;DaGw 5}g t/ ;fdflhs k|Zgx¿l;t 5, To;k|lt Wofg
lbg' ædfS;{jfbsf] em08f cGtu{tsf nflu klg cfjZos 5 .
cfw'lgs ldWof lj1fgn] s;/L ;a}eGbf a9L 3fts k|ltlqmofjfbL ljrf/x¿nfO{ an lbG5 — of]
To;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] .
ev{/} d]/f] nflu ¿;L k|fljlws ;dfhsf] !! cf} ljefuåf/f k|sflzt cy{zf:qL -Economist_ sf]
cÍ —! -!(@@_ k7fOPsf] lyof] . d]/f] nflu k7fOlbg] o'jf sDo'lg:6n] -zfob of] k9\g] p;nfO{ k';{t
lyPg_ Psbd} pT;fxsf ;fy ;xdlt To;l;t cf gf] ;xdlt hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf d}n] of]
klqsf cfw'lgs ;fdGtjfbLx¿sf] xf]— dnfO{ yfx 5}g, sltxb;Dd hfgLa'emL — o;n] cf gf]
jf:tljs¿knfO{ lj1fg / k|hftGqsf] vf]nleq l5kfPsf] 5 .
s'g} Pshgf JolQm >L kL= P= ;f]/f]lsg 5g\ . pgn] of] klqsfdf æo'4sf] k|efjÆsf] tyfslyt
æ;dfhzf:qLoÆ cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . Tof] sljnfoL efj /x]sf] n]vdf n]vsn] æ;dfhzf:qLoÆ
u|Gyx¿sf] of]Uotfk"0f{ ;Gbe{ / pgsf ljb]zl:yt y'k} | cWofksx¿ / ;xof]uLx¿sf] lhsL/ u/]sf 5g\ .
pgsf] of]Uotfsf] Pp6f gd"gf k|:t't 5 .
k[i7 *# df d}n] k9]sf] lyP“ M æk]qf]u|bdf ePsf !), ))) ljjfxx¿dWo] (@=@ sf] ;DaGw–ljR5]b
x'G5 — Tof] ;+Vof eofgs 7"nf] ;+Vof xf] . To;/L ;dfKt x'g] x/]s !)) ljjfxdWo] %!=!% ljjfx
Psjif{kl5 6'6]sf lyP M !!% Ps dxLgfleq}, @@% b'O{ dxLgfleq, $!% tLgb]lv 5M dxLgfleq /
vfln vfln @^% 5M dxLgfkl5 6'6]sf lyP . oL cf“s8fx¿af6 s] kQf nfUb5 eg] clxn]sf] sfg"gL
ljjfx vfln ljjfxeGbf 5'§} of}g–;DaGw l5kfpg] To:tf] t/Lsf dfq xf], h;af6 l5lNnPsf k| ]dL–
k| ]ldsfx¿n] cf gf] t[i0ff sfg"gL ¿kdf d]6fp“5g\ .Æ232 tL dxf;o / of] klqsf 5kfpg] Pj+ o;vfn] n]vnfO{ :yfg lbg] ¿;L k|fljlws ;dfh b'j}n]
lgZro g} :jo+nfO{ hgjfbsf kIfw/ 7fGg]5g\ tyf olb pgLx¿ ;fdGtjfbL, k|ltlqmofjfbL /
æk'/f]lxtjfbsf ef6 :gftsÆ x'g\ — / jf:tjdf pgLx¿ To:t} eGg'kg] {vfnsf 5g\ — elglbg] xf] eg]
pgLx¿nfO{ Hofb} g/fd|f] nfUg]5 .
olb s;}n] o; ljifodf clnslt klg ?rL lnG5 / k" “hLjfbL nf]stGq, Hofb} nf]stflGqs
k" “hLjfbL u0ftGqsf ljjfx, ;DaGw–ljR5]b, afp yfx gePsf] ;Gtfgl;t ;DalGwt sfg"gx¿ b]v]sf] 5
eg] p;n] dlxnfx¿ / ljjfxeGbf 5'§} ePsf] ;DaGwaf6 hGd]sf lzz'x¿k|lt pgLx¿sf] b[li6sf]0f
;fdGtL ePsf] kfpg]5 .
To;sf afjh"b d]G;]les, ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf/L / c/fhstfjfbL tyf ltgLx¿l;t ldNg]vfnsf
klZrdsf bnx¿ af]N;]lesx¿n] nf]stGqsf] pNn+3g ul//x]sf 5g\ eg]/ lrRofpg]5g\ . t/ hxf“;Dd
ljjfx, ;DaGw–ljR5]b, ljjfxeGbf 5'§} hGd]sf] lzz'x¿sf] k|Zg 5, jf:tjdf ;f“rf] s'/f s] xf] eg]
af]N;]les qmflGt g} Psdfq of]hgfa4 nf]stflGqs qmflGt xf] . of] s:tf] k|Zg xf] eg] of] b]zsf] cfwf
hg;+Vofsf] lxtl;t hf]l8Psf] 5 . oBlk o;eGbfklxn] o:tf y'k} | k" “hLjfbL qmflGtsf ;DkGg ePsf 5g\
. ltgLx¿n] :jo+nfO{ nf]stflGqs qmflGt 7fGby] eg] af]N;]les qmflGt dfq} klxnf] To;k|sf/sf] qmflGt
xf], h;n] ;DkGg zf;sLo 9f] +u tyf k|ltlqmofjfb / ;fdGtjfbsf lj?4 o; b[li6n] sl6a4 eP/ ;‹if{
u/]sf] 5 .
!),))) ljjfxdWo] (@ sf] ;DaGw–ljR5]b x'g' ;f]/f]lsg dxf]bonfO{ eo+s/ 7"nf] ;+Vof nfUb5 .
To;af6 s] s'/f ;f] +Rg ;lsG5 eg] ls t n]vs p;sf] wfld{s d7sf] 3]/fleq kflnPsf 5g\ ls
jf:tljs hLjgaf6 cnUu} /x]sf 5g\ jf k'gM pgn] k" “hLjfbLx¿ / k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿sf lxtdf tYonfO{
tf]8df]8 u/]sf 5g\ . k" “hLjfbL b]zx¿sf ;fdflhs kl/l:yltl;t clnslt klg kl/lrt JolQmn] s] s'/f
a'‰b5 eg] -O;fO{ wfld{s ;‹ / sfg"gsf] ;dy{g gx'“bf
gx'“b}
klg_ Toxf“ “ jf:tljs ;DaGw–ljR5]bsf]
;+Vof Tof]eGbf w]/} a9L x'G5 . To; b[li6af6 ¿; / c¿ b]zx¿df km/s s] s'/fdf x'G5 eg] xfd|f]
sfg"gn] 9f] +u, gf/L / pgsf lzz'x¿sf] ckdfgnfO{ plrt l;4 gu/]/ ;/sf/L :t/df / v'n+v'Nnf pQmf

9f] +u tyf gf/L / p;sf s]6fs]6L ckdfg x'g' plrt 7x¥ofp“b}g, a? ;/sf/L:t/df v'n]cfd of] 9f] +u /
ckdfghgs k4ltsf lj?4 ;‹if{ ub{5 .
dfS;{jfbL klqsfn] oL cfw'lgs æk9]–n]v]sfÆ ;fdGtjfbLx¿sf lj?4 ;d]t ;‹if{ ug'{kg]
{5 .
tLdWo] sltkon] o'jf lk+9Lsf] lzIffsf vflt/ ;/sf/L gf]s/L klg ub{5g\, tna lnG5g\ t/ h;/L
Pshgf e|i6, abgfd JolQm o'jf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~rfns x'g] nfos x'“b}g,
To;}u/L pgLx¿ klg
To; of]Uo x'“b}gg\
.
¿;L dhb"/ ju{n] cfk"m ;Qf sAhf ug{ ;Ifd 5 eGg] l;4 ul/lbPsf] 5 . t/ p;n] cem} klg
To;nfO{ pkof]u ug] { { t/Lsf l;s]sf] 5}g, cGoyf p;n] w]/}klxn] g} To;k|sf/sf cWofksx¿ /
ljåT;dfhsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ OHotsf ;fy k" “hLjfbL nf]stGq ePsf] 7fp“df k7fOlbO;Sg] lyof] .
To;k|sf/sf ;fdGtjfbLx¿sf nflu plrt 7fp“ pxL xf] .
t/ p;df dhb"/ ju{af6 l;Sg] nugzLntf 5 eg] dhb"/ ju{n] p;af6 l;Sg]5 .
k"m6gf]6x¿ M
1. Petri Gassendi — lko/] uf:]G8L M PkLs'?sf] hLjg, cfrf/–Jojxf/ tyf pgsf /fox¿af/]
8fof]h]lg;, nfl;{o;sf bzf} + :sGwsf ljifodf ljrf/
2. !*#( df PkLs'?jfbL, :6fOsjfbL tyf z+;ojfbL bz{gsf] O{fxf;sf] ljifodf dfS;{n] ;ftcf]6f gf]6
a"s n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] . tLdWo] s]xL pxf“n] cf gf] l;4fGtdf pkof]u ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . tL
k|ltlnkLx¿ cfh klg ;'/lIft 5g\ .
3. dfgj :jefjsf ljifodf Psk|aGw
4. 8fof]ug; nfOl6ª\;sf] bzf} + k':tssf] af/]df d]gf]lso;nfO{ n]lvPsf] PkLs?sf] kqaf6
5. P;sLn;åf/f /lrtÆaGbL k|f]df]lyo;Æaf6
6. o"gfgL OGb|
7. Kolnische Zeitung Tof] Pp6f !*)@ b]lv sf]nf]gaf6 k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf] b}lgs klqsf lyof] .
rf}yf] bzs / kf“rf} + bzssf] ;'?df k|zfdf k|rlnt k|f]6]:6\ofG6jfbsf lj?4 p;n] Sofyf]lns rr{sf]
;dy{g ub{Yof] . !*$@ To;sf] /fhg}lts ;Dkfbs sfn{ x]gl/v x/d]h ag]sf] lyof] . pm k|lzofnL
;/sf/sf] u'Ktr/ lyof] . Tof] klqsf dfs:{åf/f ;Dkflbt Reinische Zeitung sf] s§/ lj/f]wL
lyof] . sf] !&( cf} + cÍsf] d'Vo ;DkfbsLo n]v
8. lj1fkg — dfS;{n] oxf“ “Æ Blatt der Inlettigenze — a'l4hLjLx¿sf] kq — tyf
Inlettigenzablatt — lj1fkgstf{ — zAbnfO{ lnP/ zAb–v]n ul//xg'ePsf] 5 .
9. per aspera ad astra — Nofl6g Astra zAb hd{g Austern cfo:6/ df5fsf Wjlgx¿sf]
;fb[ZotfnfO{ lnP/ oxf“ “ zAb–v]n ul/Psf] 5 .
10. Anzeige sf] cy{ hd{g efiffdf lj1fkg cyjf lgGbf b'j} nfUb5 .

11. oxf“ “ Leitender Artikel — cu|n]v — tyf Leidender Artikel – sdhf]/ / /f]uu|:t
n]v — zAbx¿sf] af/]df v]n v]lnPsf] 5 .
12. dfS;{n] Griechische Prosaiker In Neuen Ubersctzungen gfds hd{g s[ltaf6
n'l;ogsf] p4/0f lbg'ePsf] 5 .
13. x/d]h, sf}n lgz] hfO6'ª\sf] ;Dkfbs
14. A pun on the German words U bermut—presumption and mut audacity
15. x/d]h
16. h8k"hf — Fetishism M lghL{j kbfy{ — 9'ª\uf, df6f], l;d]G6, cflb cflbnfO{cnf}lss zlQmsf]
¿kdf dfg]/ k'Hg] k|j[lQnfO{ h8k"hf elgG5 .
17.hLt]Gb|LojfjfbL — SToic M of] o"gfgdf t];|f] zbLdf b]vf k/]sf bfz{lgsx¿sf] 6f]nL xf] . of]
cfbz{jfb / ef}ltsjfbaLrsf] c:ki6 k|j[lQ 5}7f} + zbL;Dd lyof] . k|fs[lts lgodx¿ / 1fgsf
l;4fGtx¿sf] vf]h ug'{
pgLx¿sf] p2]Zo lyof] . pgLx¿sf] l;4fGtnfO{ :6f]Osjfb eGg] ul/G5 .
18.;Gb]xjfbL — Secptics M of] bfz{lgs k|j[lQ o"gfg / /f]ddf bf;k|yfsf] ljgfzsf lbgx¿df
pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . j:t'ut ;Tosf] ljZj;gLo 1fg k|fKt ug] { ;Defjgfdfly /, To;/L j}1flgs
lrGtgsf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgfdly pgLx¿n] ;Gb]x ub{y] . k'/fgf z+;ojfbLx¿sf lzIffx¿df
k|frLg sfnsf Hofb} zlQmzfnL bfz{lgs ljrf/–z[ª\vnfx¿sf] cwf]ktgsf nIf0fx¿ klxn]b]lv g}
ljBdfg lyP . tL k'/fgf z+:ojfbL dgf]utjfbL cfbz{jfbL bfz{lgs k|j[lQsf logLx¿ k|jQmf lyP .
19.Glaubenickis ePsf]
20.j]b M of] k|frLg ef/tLo u|Gy xf] . To;df dGq, k"hfljlw -sd{sf08_;DaGwL ;"qx¿ 5g\ . j}lbs
;flxTosf] cfwf/ wd{ xf] . tL O;fk'j{ 5}7f} + zbLdf k"0f{ eO;s]sf] dflgG5, h'g s[lt s}of} + zbL
nufP/ ag]sf] lyof] .
21.k|mflG;;L a8fkq — ljwfg — Charte Constitutionalelle M of] !*#) sf] k|mflG;;L
qmflGtkl5 :jLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . h'nfO{sf] /fhtGqsf] cfwf/ ToxL ljwfg lyof] .
22.Rheinische Zeitung fur Politik,Handlel and Gewerbe — /fhgLlt, Jofkf/ /
pBf]usf] /fOlg;] uh]6 M of] b]lgs klqsf lyof] . of] ! hgj/L !*$@ b]lv #! dfr{ !*$# ;Dd
sf]nf]gaf6 k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . of] klqsfsf] :yfkgf /fOgsf k" “hLklt ju{sf k|ltlglwx¿n]
u/]sf lyP, h;n] k|lzofnL lg/ª\s'ztGsf] lj/f]w ub{y] . s]xL gjhjfg x]u]njfnL -jfdkGyL
x]u]njfbL_x¿n] klg To;df n]Vg]ub{y] . !*$@ clk|nb]lv dfS;{n] klg To;df n]Vg z'? ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . !*$@ b]lv pxf“ ;dkfbsd08nsf] Pshgf ;b:o klg sGg'ePsf] lyof] . Pª\u]N;åf/f
lnlvt s}of} + n]vx¿ klg To;df k|sflzt ePsf lyP . dfS;{sf] ;DkfbsTjdf To;sf] :j¿k
cflwsfl/s qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL ag]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] klxn] To;dfly s8f ;]G;/l;k nfu" u/]sf]
lyof] / cGtdf p;n] aGb ul/lbPsf] lyof] .
23.sf]lg;] hfO6'ª\sf] ;Dkfbs, x/d]htkm{ Ozf/f ul/Psf] 5 . p;n] cf gf] hjfgLdf hd{g
ljBfyL{x¿sf] lj/f]w k|bz{gdf efu lnPsf] lyof] .
24.Cabiri And Corybantes of] x/d]hlt/ ul/Psf] Ozf/f xf] . cf gf] o'jfj:yfdf p;n]
hd{g ljBfyL{sf] lj/f]w k|bz{gdf efu lnPsf] lyof] .
25.oxf“ Tof] eIfL0f zf:qfy{k|lt Ozf/f ul/+b}5, h'g hd{g k|ltlqmofjfbL kqklqsfx¿n] wd{sf] bfz{lgs
cfnf]rgfsf lj?4 rnfPsf lyP . Tof] cfnf]rgfsf] yfngL 8L=Pkm=:6«f;sf] Das Loben Jese,
v08 — !, !*#%, v08 — @, !*#^ sf] k|sfzg;“u} ePsf] lyof] .
26.Berliner Politisches Wochenblatt — aln{g]/ kf]lnl6;]h af]n]gAnf6 M Tof] Hofb}
k|ltlqmofjfbL klqsf lyof], h'g !*#! b]lv !*$! ;Dd k|sflzt x'GYof] . s]=xn]/, lnof] / /f]d/n]
To;df n]Vg] ub{y] . To;nfO{ /fhs'df/ k| 'm]8l/s ljlnod -!*$) kl5 k| 'm]8l/s ljlnod rt'y{_sf]
;dy{g / ;+/If0f k|fKt lyof] .

27.Hamburger Correxpondent – x\ofDau{ ;Djfbbftf M x\ofDau{sf] :jtGq ;Djfbbftfsf]
/fhsLo tyf j}1flgs uh]6sf] Tof] ;+lIfKt ¿k xf] . kf“rf} + bzsdf pQm uh]6 k|sflzt x'g]ub{Yof] .
p;sf] gLlt k|ltlqmofjfbL / /fhtGQjfbL lyof] .
28.;]G6 afyf] {nf]Do"sf] /ft — Sofyf]lns kfb/Lsf] pS;fx6df k|mfG;]nL /fhb/jf/n] s] x's"d lbPsf]
lyof] eg] ;]G6 jfyf] {nf]Do"sf] ef]haf6 Pslbgklxn]sf] /ft, cyf{t\ cu:6 @$, !%&@ sf lbg
Sofyf]lnsx¿n] x\o\ "hgf6x¿nfO{ k]l/;df g/;+xf/ u¿g\ . Tof] g/;+xf/ tLglbg;Dd rln/x]sf]
lyof] . /, To;df xhf/f} + x\o\ "hgf6x¿ dfl/Psf lyP .
29.x\o"hgf6 M !^ cf} + — !& cf} + zbLdf k|mflG;;L sflNjgjfbLx¿n] k|f]6]:6\ofG6x¿nfO{ ToxL gfdn]
;Daf]wg ug] { ub{y] . cfGbf]ngsf k|f/lDes lbgx¿df d'VotM k" “hLklt ju{ / lzNksf/ g} To;df
kb{y] . t/ kl5 k|mfG;sf] blIf0f efudf /fhtGqsf] s]Gb|Los/0faf6 clehft ju{ / ;fdGtL
:jfdLx¿sf] c;Gt'i6 efusf] af]njfnf ePsf] lyof] . cfGbf]ng rs] {kl5 Sofyf]lns / x\o"hgf6aLr
u[xo'4 dlRrof] . To;sf] yfngL !%^@ df ePsf] lyof] . ;]G6 afyf] {nf]Do"sf] /ftkl5 Tof] emg} tLj|
x'gk'Uof] / sln] /f]ls+b} / slxn] rNb} !%($ ;Dd hf/L /x\of] . !%(* df gfnt]hsf] /fhfsf]
x's"dk|jflª\uLaf6 x\o"hgf6x¿nfO{ wfld{s sd{sf08sf] :jtGqtf k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] t/ ;/sf/ /
Sofyf]lnsx¿åf/f Ogx¿sf] bdg hf/L /x\of] .
30.sf]lgU;ju{/ hfO6'ª — Konigsburger Zeitung M of] Koniglich-Pressiche-Staat-
Kriegs and Friedens-Zeitung k|lzofsf] /Ho z'4 / zflGtsf] uh]6 gfds b]lgs klqsfsf]
;+lIfKt gfd lyof] . of] b}lgs klqsf sf]lgU;ju{df !&%@ b]lv !*%) ;Dd k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
!( cf} + zbLsf] kf“rf} + bzsdf To;sf] rL/q k|ultzLn k" “hLjfbL–hgjfbL lyof] .
31.wfld{s j]bL / clUgs'08;dIf lbOg] kljq k|jrg_
32.of] blIf0fkGyLx¿sf] Pp6f ;dk|bfo xf] . !* cf} + zbLsf] cGtdf hd{gLdf P]ltxfl;s tyf
Gofozf:qLo lj1fgsf] If]qdf pTkGg x'gk'u]sf] of] Pp6f k|ltlqmofjfbL ljrf/ lyof] .
33.dfS;{n] oxf“ cgfsf/l;;lt/ nlIft ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . hGdn] pgL :sfOlyofjf;L lyP .
bfof]lhlg; nfo/l6o;sfg';f/ o"gfgLx?n] o"gfgsf ;ft o'u k'?ifx?dWo] pgnfO{ uGtL u/]sf 5g\
.
34.;]K6]Da/sf sfg"gx? M oL tL k|ltlqmofjfbL sfg"g lyP, h'g k|mflG;;L ;/sf/n] ;]K6]Da/ !**# df
agfPsf] lyof] . tL sfg"g cGt/ut GofofwLzåf/f d'2fx?sf] km};nf u/fpg] Joj:yfnfO{ k|ltalGwt
ul/Psf] lyof] tyf kqklqsfx?dfly ;Vt /f]s nufOPsf] lyof] . tL /f]sx?dWo] kqklqsf k|sflzt
ug{ y'k| } ?k}of“ hDdf ug] { / lghL ;DklQ / k|rlnt /fHoJoj:yfsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf] cleofudf
h]ndf xflnlbg] tyf 7"n–7"nf b08 hl/dfgf lbg] s'/fx?;d]t kb{y] .
35. ljlnod rt'y{
36. k|mfG;sf] k|frLg gfd
37. lrGtg / 1fgsf] If]qdf k|rlnt of] b[li6sf]0f jf k4lt åGåjfblj/f]wL b[li6sf]0f jf k4lt xf] .
o;n] j:t'x¿, 36gf–k|jfxx¿nfO{ k"0f{, ckl/jt{gzLn, Pscsf{af6 :jtGq / cfGtl/s
cGt/lj/f]wx¿af6 d'Qm 7fGb5 .
oxf“ h'g clwe"tjfbsf] rrf{ ul/sf] 5, Tof] !( cf} + zbL;Dd of] bz{gsf] s'g b[li6sf]0fl;t
;DalGwt lyof] eg] To;n] dflg;sf] pTklQ, ;G;f/sf] ;f/, O{Zj/, cfTdf, :jtGq OR5f, cflb
h:tf cg'ejsf If]qdf cfpg] ;d:ofx¿af/] sfNklgs9ª\un] ljrf/ ub{Yof] . !& cf} + zbLsf
clwe"tjfbLl;tsf] dfS;{sf] ;/f]sf/ tL a'l4jfbLx¿l;t lyof], h;n] ts{nfO{ g} 1fgsf] Ps dfq
;|f]t dfGby] . /, OlGb|ohGo cg'ejnfO{ cljZj;gLo atfP/ nTofOlbGy] . !& cf} + zbLdf wfld{s
cGwljZjf;k"0f{ k|j[lQsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{df ts{nfO{ ;j{zlQmdfg 3f]if0ff u/]/ of] k|j[lQn] k|ultzLn
e"ldsf cbf u/]sf] lyof] , tfklg !* cf} + zbLdf Tof] ef}ltsjfbL bz{g / lj1fgsf] ljsf;sf]
dfu{df Pp6f afwf ag]sf] lyof] .

38.hg;]lg:6 M of] gfdsf] gfdfs/0f 8r wd{zf:qL hg;lg:6sf] gfddf ePsf] lyof] . ;qf} + zbL /
c7f/f} + zbLsf] k|f/De sfndf k|mflg;;L Sofyf]lnsx¿leq of] lj/f]wL k|j[lqsf k|ltlglwx¿ lyP .
;/sf/L Sofyf]lnsjfbsf] ;fdGtL ljrf/wf/fsf lj?4 k|mflG;;L k" “hLklt ju{sf] Pp6f efun]
c;Gt'li6 JoQm ub{Yof] .
39.gfddfqjfb — Nominalism M Nofl6g efiffsf] Nomen — gfd — af6 ag]sf] xf] . dWoo'uLg
bz{gsf] of] wf/fsf] s] dfGotf lyof] eg] cfd wf/0ffx¿ Pp6} lsl;dsf j:t'x¿tkm{ Olª\ut
gfdx¿ x'G5g\ . csf] { zAbdf gfdjfbLx¿n] j:t'nfO{ d'Vo / ljrf/nfO{ uf}0f dfGb5g\ . To; cy{df
gfddfqjfb dWoo'usf] ef}ltsjfbsf] klxnf] cleJolQm xf] .
40. O{Zj/jfbL M o;sf] ;DaGw O{Zj/jfbL;t 5 . of] bfz{lgs / wd{zf:qLo l;4fGt xf] . o;n] vfln
;u'0f O{Zj/, ;[li6sf ;[li6stf{sf] cl:tTjnfO{ dfq :jLsf/ ub{5 .
41.b]jtfjfb M of] Tof] bz{g / wd{zf:qsf] wf/f xf], h;n] ;u'0f O{Zj/sf] ljrf/nfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{5 .
/, s] eGb5 eg] O{Zj/ cj}olQms¿kn] ;G;f/sf] k|wfg sf/0f xf] . ;fdGtx¿ / kfb/Lx¿sf] ljZj
kl/e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf b]jtfjfb ef}ltsjfb / cgLZj/jfb — gfl:tstf — s} 5b\d ¿k x'g]
ub{Yof] . kl5 b]jtfjfbn] wd{nfO{ ;xL l;4 ug{sf nflu k" “hLjfbL ljrf/wf/fnfO{ d2t u/]sf] lyof] .
Tof] wd{dWo] s]jn Hofb} abgfd ePsf cGwljZJff; / sd{sf08nfO{ g} pgLx¿n] x6fOlbPsf lyP .
42.d"nkf7sf] kf08'lnkLdf lgDg–lnlvt efu sfl6Psf] 5 M æJolQmx¿sf h'g ljrf/x¿ x'G5g\, tL
k|s[ltl;tsf] pgLx¿sf] ;DaGwsf sf/0fn] x'G5g\, pgLx¿f kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf sf/0fn] x'G5g\ jf
pgLx¿sf cf g} :jefjsf sf/0fn] x'G5g\ . s] s'/f :ki6 5 eg] h'g;'s} sf/0fn] ePklg
ljrf/x¿ — oyfy{ jf e|fds h];'s} xf]pmg\ — tL pgLx¿sf jf:tljs ;DaGwx¿ / sfo{x¿,
pgLx¿sf pTkfbg sfo{x¿, pgLx¿sf kf/:kl/s cfbfg–k|bfg / pgLx¿sf ;fdflhs tyf
/fhg}lts ;+:yfx¿ Pj+ ;Ë7gx¿sf ;r]t cleJolQmx¿ x'G5g\ . To;sf] ljk/Lt s'g} s'/f x'g'
Tolta]nf dfq ;Dej x'g ;Sb5, hlta]nf ef}lts¿kaf6 lgld{t jf:tljs JolQmx¿sf efjgfsf
cltl/Qm c¿ s'g} efjgf dflgG5 . tL JolQmx¿sf jf:tljs ;DaGwx¿sf] ;r]t cleJolQm olb
ldYof xf] / cf gf] ljrf/ If]qdf jf:tljstfnfO{ olb pN6\ofOG5 eg] Tof] rLh :jo+ pgLx¿sf]
;Lldt lqmofsnfk / To;af6 pTkGg pgLx¿sf ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿sf] kl/0ffd x'G5 . — The
ideas which these individuals form are ideas either about their relations
To nature or about their mutual relations or about their nature. It is
evident that in all these cases their ideas are the conscious expression —
real or illusory — of their real relationships and activities, of their
production and intercourses and of their social and political organisation.
The opposite assumption is only possible if in addition To The spirit of
the real, materially evolved individuals a separate spirit is presupposed. If
the conscious expression of the real relations of these individuals is
illusory, if in their imagination they turn reality upside down, then this in
its turn is the result of their limited material mode of activity and their
social relations arising from it."
43. Das Bewubtsein
44. Das Bewubtsein Sein
45=;f+ª\s]lts gf]6df dfS;{n] n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] — æTo;sf] ;fy;fy} ljrf/j]Qf -k'hf/L_ sf] cfudg
x'G5 . — MarginaL note by Marx : "The first form of ideologist, priests is
concurrent"

46.o:tf] ¿kdf wd{, sd{ / ljrf/wf/fh:t} — Marginal note by Marx : The German &
Ideology as suchÆ
47.MarginaL note by Marx, "So called objective historigraphy just consists
in treating the historical conditions independent of activity Reactionary
Character.— dfS;{åf/f n]lvPsf] l6Kk0fLdf o:tf] 5 Mætyfslyt j:t'jfbL Oltxf;–n]vg
k|ltlqmofjfbL rL/qsf ultljlwsf] P]ltxlf;s¿kn] :jtGq l:yltdfly lge{/ ub{5 .
48.Rheinischer Beobachter M of] Tof] cg'bf/ b}lgs kqsf] gfd lyof], h;sf] k|sfzg
sf]nf]gaf6 !*$$ b]lv !*$* sf] ;'?;Dd ePsf] lyof] .
49.I'etat c'est moi
50.et seuL je terai be bonheur Le mon peuple
51.Puer robustus sed malitious
52.hd{g efiffdf
53.v08 — @
54.l;n/sf] s[lt M 5fof“sf] uLt — Das Lied Von der Glocke
55. v08 — !, oxf“ bf]d/sf s[ltx¿, k|frLg lxa| "x¿df clUg tyf df]nf]s k"hf — Der Feuer —
und Moloch diesnst der alten hebraer, O;fO{x¿sf] cflbsfnLg /x:o — Die
Geheimmisse des christlichen Alterthums
56.oxf“ bf]d/sf] s[lt, df]xDdb / pgsf] s[ltTj — Mahomed und sein Week
57.v08 !, @*(
58.v08 !, #!@
59.lgUu]sf /rgf M dflg;x¿l;tsf] ;DaGw — Ueber den Umgang mit menschen
60.u]6]sf] s[lt, Wlihelm Meisters Lehrjahre tkm{ ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 .
61.v08 @, k[= @%&
62.v08 @, !%&
63.pxL
64.pxL
65.pxL
66.pxL
67.pxL
68.x]g'{xf];\
ljNx]d d]O:6/
69.Waldeness— jfN8jfbL M Tof] Pp6f wfld{s ;Dk|bfo lyof] . Tof] !@ cf} + zbLsf] pQ/f4{df
b=k|mfG;sf] zxl/of lgDg ju{df hGd]sf] lyof] . s] elgG5 eg] To;sf] :yfkgf lk6/ jfN8 gfds
Nof]G;sf Pshgf Jofkf/Ln] u/]sf lyP . jfN8jfbLx¿n] ;DklQ cGt ug] { s'/fsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{y] .
Sofyf]lns rr{åf/f ul/Psf] wg ;+u|xnfO{ pgLx¿n] lgGbf ub{y] . /, pgLx¿n] hgtf;“u s] ckLn
ub{y] eg] k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{sf rfnrngx¿lt/ hfpm“ . jfN8jfbLx¿sf tL wd{lj/f]wL s'/fx¿
b=:jLh/Nof08 tyf ;]jfosf kj{tLo If]qx¿sf u|fdL0f hg;+Vofdf vf;¿kn] km}lnPsf] lyof] . tL
If]qx¿df cflbd ;fd'bflos Joj:yf tyf lkt[;QfTds ;DaGwx¿sf cjz]ifx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿af6
;dy{g k|fKt x'GYof] .
70.Albigeness M !@ cf} + / !# cf} + zbLdf b=k|mfG; tyf p= O6nLsf ufp“x¿df Jofks¿kn]
km}lnPsf] Tof] Pp6f wfld{s ;Dk|bfo lyof] . To;sf] s]Gb| k|mfG;sf] blIf0fdf l:yt cNjL lyof] .
cNaLjfbL Sofyf]lns rr{sf cf8Da/k"0f{ sd{sf08x¿sf] tyf ltgsf kfb/L k|j[lQsf] lj/f]w ub{y] .

, blIf0fsf ufp“x¿df ;fdGtjfbk|lt Jofkf/Lx¿ / b:tsf/x¿aLrsf] lj/f]wnfO{ JoQm ub{y] .
k|mfG;sf] blIf0fsf] clehft ju{ To;df ldn]sf] lyof] lsgeg] rr{sf] hdLg wfld{s rSs/af6
d'Qm u/]/ ;fG;fl/s agfOlbgkb{5 . !@)( df kf]k lgbf] {if t[tLon] To;sf lj?4 n8fO{ ;'? u/] sf
lyP . Pp6f nfdf] o'4 / eoª\s/ bdgkl5 cfGbf]ng bafOPsf] lyof] .
71.!@%! df k|mfG;df ePsf] ls;fg— kz'kfnsx¿sf Pshgf g]tf
72.SoflnS;6;jfbL / 6]j/jfbL M !% cf} + zbLsf] k"jf{4df af]x]ldofdfdf /x]sf] hd{g clehft ju{,
hd{g ;fd|fHo tyf Sofyf]lns O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf lj?4 x';jfbLx¿sf] /fli6«o d'lQm / wd{;'wf/
cfGbf]ngcGt/ut kfOg] wf/fx¿ x'g\ . SoflnS;6;jfbLx¿sf] egfO s] lyof] eg] O;fsf] ;femsf]
vfg]a]nf Kofnf / /f]6L b'j} rLh ;j{;fwf/0f jf u'x:yx¿nfO{ lbOg'kb{5 . af]x]ldofsf] clehft
ju{ tyf zx/L k" “hLklt ju{n] pgLx¿sf] ;dy{g ub{Yof] . rr{df pgLx¿n] rr{sf] cwLg:y hdLg
To;af6 x6fP/ ;fG;fl/s agfOg'kb{5 eg]/ ;fwf/0f ;'wf/ rfxGy] . cfGbf]ngsf] s]Gb| ag]sf] 6]j/
gfds ufp“sf] gfdaf6 ;d"xsf] gfdfs/0f x'g] 6]j/jfbLx¿ x';jfbL cfGbf]ngsf qmflGtsf/L
hgjfbL kIf lyP . pgLx¿sf dfux¿df ;fdGtL pTkL8gsf] cGt xf];\ eGg] ls;fg ju{ / zxl/of
lgDg ju{sf] OR5f hfx]/ x'GYof] . SoflnS;6;jfbLx¿n] 6]j/jfbLx¿sf ;fy ljZjf;3ft u/]sf lyP
. ;fdGtL k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿n] To;af6 kmfbf p7fP/ pgLx¿aLr k"m6 kf/L x';jfbL cfGbf]ngnfO{
bafPsf lyP .
73.Kn}unfGtjfbL— cfk"mnfO{ sf]/f{ xfg]/ oftgf ef]Ug] ;d"x—of] j}/fuL ;d'bfo lyof] . of] !# cf} + / !$
cf} + zbL;Dd o"/f]kdf Hofb} km}lnPsf] lyof] . kfksf] k|folZrQ ug{sf nflu Tof] wf/0ff x'g]x¿n]
cfk"m :jo+nfO{ sf]/f{ xfg]/ si6 u/ eGg ljrf/ /fVby] . nf]n8{jfbL Pp6f wfld{s ;d'bfo lyof] .
!$ cf} + zbLdf a]nfotdf ljz]if u/]/ of] JofKt lyof] . Sofyf]lns O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf] To;n]
hf]8bf/¿kn] lj/f]w ub{Yof] . To;sf cg'ofoL c+u| ]hx¿ ;'wf/jfbL jfOlSnkmsf lzio lyP .
pgLx¿n] pgsf lzIffaf6 pu| lgisif{ lgsfNb y] . ;fdGtL ljz]ifflwsf/x¿sf lj?4 pgLx¿n]
wfld{s / /x:ojfbL ¿v c“ufn]sf lyP . ltgLx¿dWo] w]/}n] !#*! af6l6n/sf] ljb|f]xdf efu
lnPsf lyP . !$ cf} + zbLkl5 pgLx¿sf] bdg Hofb} ld{dtfsf ;fy ul/Psf] lyof] .
74.loz' lv|i6 ;z/L/ Ps xhf/ jif{;Dd ljZjdf jr{:j /fVg]5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVg]x¿
75.lrlnof;jfb— Chiliasmos M Tof] Chilias sf] cfwf/df ag]sf] lyof] . Tof] Pp6f /x:ojfbL
l;4fGt lyof] . To;n] s:tf] pkb]z lbGYof] eg] O;fsf] bf];|f] cjtf/ x'g]5 . /, bf];|f]k6s pgn]
cjtf/ lnPkl5 Psxhf/jif{;Dd Gofo, ;dfgtf / ;d[l4df cfwfl/t /fHosf] :yfkgf x'g]5 .
lrlnofjfbsf] pbo bf; ;dfhsf] ktgsf] sfndf ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] sf/0f >dhLjL
hg;d'bfo c;x\o pTkL8g si6k"0f{ hLjgsf] sf/0f To;n] ljleGgk|sf/sf sNkgfx¿ u/]/ zflGt
ub{y] . k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{sf lbgx¿df tL ljZjf; Jofks¿kn] km}lnPsf lyP . kl5 ljleGg
dWoo'uLg ;Dk|bfox¿sf l;4fGtx¿sf ¿kdf tL af/Daf/ k'g?hhLljt x'Gy] .
76.cfU;ju{sf] kfk–lgj]bg M n'y/jfbL l;4fGtx¿sf] ;DaGwdf of] Pp6f To:tf] jQmJo lyof], h'g
!%#) df cfU;ju{df zfxL ;+;b\cGt/ut ;d|f6 rfn{;\ k~rdnfO{ k9]/ ;'gfOPsf] lyof] . Tof]
jQmJodf æ;:tf] O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3Æsf zxl/of k" “hLklt ju{sf cfbz{x¿nfO{ /fhfx¿sf lxtdf
9fn]/ k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . To;df cf8Da/k"0f{ sd{sf08x¿sf] cGt ug] {, O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf]
kfb/LjfbL k|yfnfO{ ;/n agfpg], cflb s'/fx¿ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;d|f6n] To;nfO{ c:jLsf/
ul/lbPsf lyP . h'g /fhfx¿n] n'y/jfbL wfld{s ;'wf/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf lyP, ltgn]
;d|f6sf lj?4 n8fO“ 5] +8]sf lyP . Tof] n8fO“ !%%% df ;dfKt ePsf] lyof] . To;sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k cfU;ju{df wfld{s zflGt sfod ePsf] lyof] . To;af6 /fhfx¿nfO{ cf gf
k|hfx¿sf] wd{ cf gf] dhL{ cg';f/ to ug] { s'/fsf] clwsf/ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .
77.oxf“ tL ;+;b\x¿tkm{ ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5, h'g k|lzofåf/f :yflkt ul/Psf hd{g ;+3df ;lDdlnt
hd{g /fHox¿sf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ lnP/ ag]sf] lyof] . Tof] ;+;b\ @) dfr{b]lv @( clk|n, !*%)
;Dd ck'm6{df a;]sf] lyof] . k|ltlqmofjfbL /fhtGqjfbL k|lzofsf] g]t[Tjdf hd{gLnfO{ PsLs[t ug] {

of]hgf To;n] tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . tL of]hgfx¿ c;kmn ePsf lyP . hd{g;+3sf] lj36gsf ;fy}
ck'm6{ ;+;b\sf] klg cGt ePsf] lyof] .
78.of] Tof] b'ef{Uok"0f{ krf{sf] gfd lyof], h'g n'y/n] !%@% df ls;fg o'4 ptsif{df k'u]sf] a]nf
To;sf lj?4 n]lvPsf] lyof] .
79. Nofl6g efiffdf o;sf] cy{ x'G5 M uwfsf nflu vfgf, ef/L / 5'/L rflG5 .
80.ltgLx¿sf] s'g s'/fdf ljZjf; lyof] eg] O;fn] ;z/L/ !))) jif{;Dd ljZjdf zf;g ug] {5g\ .
81.of] ;Dk|bfosf dflg;x¿n] s] dfGby] eg] jkltidf s]jn k|f]9x¿ dfq x'g'kb{5 . ctM h;sf]
jkltidf afnssfnd} ePsf] lyof], pgLx¿n] klg cfk"m k|f}9 ePkl5 k'gM jkltidf ug'{kb{5
.
pgLx¿sf] Tof] gfdfs/0f pgLx¿sf lj/f]wåf/f ul/Psf] lyof] .
82.af]x]ldofsf ;'wf/s hf]g x';sf cg'ofoL . x';n] !$!# df zxfbt k|fKt ug'{k/]sf]
lyof] .
83.Pª\u]N;n] oxf“ cfbz{jfbL hd{g bfz{lgs :6«f; / kmfo/jfvsf ljrf/x¿k|lt ;+s]t ug'{ePPsf]
5 .
cf gf k|f/lDes s[ltx¿df wfld{s k|Zgx¿k|lt kmfo/jfvn] ;j] {Zj/jfbL b[li6sf]0f c“ufn]sf lyP .
84=x]g'{xf];\,
s'/fg / c/asf Oltxf;sf/ gf]jfo]/Lsf /rfx¿_ $% -x]g'{xf];\,
lhd/Dofg lnlvt, dxfg\
ls;fg o'4sf] ;fdfGo Oltxf;, v08—@,_
85.Pª\u]N;n] oxf“ d~h/sf] lgDglnlvt kqsf] rrf{ ug'{ePsf]
5 M No'ssf] wfld{s k':tssf] zxfbtsf]
cfwf/df u}/–wfld{s hutsf] ldYof ljZjf;sf] :ki6 v08g,To;nfO{ To;sf] d"nsf] :d/0f
u/fpgsf nflu ;+s6u|:t / b'MvL O;fO{x¿;dIf k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .
86=d~h/n] cf gf] lgaGwsf] ;'?df k}uDa/ h/]ldofsf] u|Gysf] Pp6f p4/0fsf] efj lbPsf lyP .
To;f] ubf{v]l/ pgn] To;nfO{ qmflGtsf/L cy{ lbPsf lyP .
87.x]g'{xf];\,
s'/fg / c/asf Oltxf;sf/ gf]jfo]/Lsf /rfx¿
88.Compelce intrare
89.l6Kk0fL M oL c+zx¿ k" “hLsf] k|yd v08sf] cWofo Ps / cWofo t]x| -l6Kk0fL—#_tyf cWofo @# -
l6Kk0fL–@_sf ;DaGwdf dfS;{sf l6Kk0fLx¿af6 lnOPsf x'g\ .
90.Socias Collegiorum maritos esse non permittimus, sedstatim
postquamquis uxorem duxerit, socius collegil desinat esseÆ -SoflDa|h
ljZjljBfno cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg_
91.Theorie du Systeme animal
92.pxL
93.cf gf] /rgf æg}lts efjgfx¿sf] l;4fGtÆsf] dfWodaf6l:dysf] — cg'
94.k]§L M s/ / rGbfaf/] Pp6f u|Gy
95.pxL
96.dfx'/L, h]D; PG8/;g, v08 — #
97.k|mfG;sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] k|zf;sLo PsfO{nfO{ sDo"g elgGYof] .
98.Par Ordre Du Mufti
99.Kirchenkulturkampf
100.s'N6'/SjfDkm—Kulturkanpf M of] * cf} + bzsdf Sofyf]lns wd{lj/f]wL hd{g Sofyf]lns kf6L{,
cyjf dWodfuL{ df6L{sf lj?4 k|x/Låf/f ljZdfs{n] bdg u/]sf] lyof] . sfg"gx¿sf sfg
sfl6lbOof];\ .
101.x]g'{xf];\,
Pª\u]N;sf] /rgf 8\o'x\l/ª\ dtv08g =.
102.b]jtfx¿n] csf] { cjtf/ wf/0f ubf{ kl5 kf}/fl0fs syfx¿df Jofks¿kdf e|flGt km}lnPsf] lyof] .
t'ngfTds kf}/fl0fs syfzf:qn] tL sf/0fx¿nfO{ Wofg lbPg . lsgeg] p;n] ltgnfO{ vfln
k|fs[lts zlQmx¿sf k|ltljDax¿sf ¿kdf a'em]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu lnpm“, sltko hd{g]nL

slanfx¿df o'4sf b]jtfnfO{ Tyr — k'/fgf] gf}l8{s efiff — cyjf Zeo — p=hd{gLsf] k/fgf]
efiff — elgGYof] . of] k'/fgf] lho; — Zeus — Nofl6g h'lk6/ — B'lk6/sf] :yfgdf — sf]
cg'¿k 5 . To;sf/0f cGo hd{g]nL slanfx¿df Er — / Eor — o"gfgL cfl/; — Ares tyf
Nofl6g df;{ — Mars — l;t ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'G5 . — Pª\u]N;sf] l6Kk0fL .
103.kl5, a| "gf] fjo/ tyf k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{cGt/ut lbOPsf] l6Kk0fLdf x]g'{xf];\
.
104.kulturkamp sf] l;nl;nfdf !*&# dO{df lj:dfs{åf/f Sofyf]lns O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf] lj?4
agfOPsf] sf] sfg"g — lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu g+= %) df x]g'{xf];\
.
105.afa"km
106.Consensus gentism
107.sf]klg{s;sf] s[lt vuf]nLo lk08x¿sf] kl/qmdf — De Revolutionibus Orbium
Coelestium — k|lt oxf“ ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . of] !(%# df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . o;df ;"o{
s]Gb|Lotfsf] l;4fGtsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm l;4fGt cg';f/ u|x–d08nsf] s]Gb| klxn]
dflg;¿n] ljZjf; u/]em} + k[YjL geP/ ;"o{ xf] . k[YjLn] ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ub{5 To;sf ;fy} cf gf]
u|xkydf klg 3'Db5 . _
108.o"lSn8 — k|frLg o"gfgsf dxfg\ ul0ft1 x'g\ . pgn] Hofldltsf tTjx¿ gfds s[lt n]v]sf lyP
. :jo+l;4 sygx¿sf] cfwf/df k"0f{¿kn] Hofldltzf:qnfO{ o; k':tsdf klxnf]rf]6L
Jojl:yt¿kaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . w]/} lbg;Dd Hofldltsf ;DaGwdf o"lSn8sf tTjx¿nfO{
g} ;G;f/df Psdfq dfGo k':ts dflgPsf] lyof] .
109.e"–s]Gb|sf] l;4fGt o"gfgL Hof]ltifzf:qL K6f]n]dfOsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ /x]sf] xf] . To; cg';f/
k[YjLnfO{ a|x\df08sf] s]Gb| dflgGYof] . ljZj;DaGwL wfld{s b[li6sf]0fsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ ToxL lyof]
. sf]klg{s;sf] vf]hsf] a]nf;Dd ToxL g} ;j{dfGo l;4fGt lyof] .
110.kf08'lnkLsf] l6Kk0fLdf PË]N;n] n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] M æcfNk; gbLx¿sf] lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdf —
6f]/L;]nL
111.k|bfx–l;4fGt M !& cf} + !* cf} + zbLdf rlr{t Tof] l;4fGttkm{ ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5, h;sf] egfO s]
lyof] eg] bxgsf] sfd lk08x¿df bfx–tTj gfds ljz]if kbfy{sf] pkl:yltdf lge{/ ub{5 .
nf]df]gf];f]e tyf n]jfol;o/sf] zf]w sfo{n] kl5 s] k|dfl0ft ul/lbof] eg] pQm l;4fGtsf] s'g}
;f/tTj 5}g .
112.h'g JolQmn] :jo+ cf g} j}1flgs sfo{n] pQm b[li6sf]0fsf] pGd"ng ug] { s'/fsf] kIfdf Hofb}
dxŒjk"0f{ ;fdu|L k|:t't u/]sf] lyof], Tof] !*^! ;Dd klg sltw]/} b[9tfsf ;fy To;l;t
6f“l:;Psf] lyof] eGg] s'/f lgDgk|sf/sf zf:qLo zAbx¿af6 :ki6 x'g]5 M æxfd|f] ;f}o{d08nsf]
;f/fsf ;f/f Joj:yfsf] nIo h'g rLh ljBdfg 5, To;}nfO{ sfod /fVg' tyf s'g} kl/jt{gljgf
To;nfO{ rnfO/xg' xf] eGg] s'/f;Dd xfdLx¿n] a'‰g ;Sb5f} + . h;/L k|frLgsfnb]lv clxn];Dd
k[YjLsf] s'g} kz' jf lj?jf s'g} klg ¿kdf k"0f{tM leGg ePsf] 5}g, h;/L ;f/fsf ;f/f rLhx¿df
Pskl5csf] { cfpg] rLhx¿ xf]Og, a? Pscsf] {eGbf a]Un} rNg] cj:yf b]Vb5f} + tyf h;/L xfd| }
hflt ;f/fsf ;f/f ef}lts ¿kx¿df ;w} + klxn]h:t} /lx/x]sf] 5, To;}u/L ;“u;“u} kfOg] cfsfzLo
lk08x¿sf] cwLstd ljleGgtfsf cfwf/df ;d]t klg xfd|f] nflu of] kl/0ffd gcfpg' lsg 7Ls
x'g]5}g eg] pgLx¿sf tL ¿kx¿ ljsf;sf vfln a]Unfa]Un} cj:yfx¿ dfq x'g\ . jf:tjdf ;f“rf]
s'/f s] xf] eg] h'g rLhsf] ;[li6 ul/Psf] 5, Tof] :jo+df Psbd} k"0f{ x'G5 . -Dof8n/_ Der
Wunder bau des weltalls order populare astronomie — Pª\u]N;sf] l6Kk0fL .
kf08'lnkLsf] yk l6Kk0fL 5 M æk|s[lt;DaGwL k'/fgf] b[li6sf]0fsf] h'g cgEotf lyof], To;af6 s]
cfd ;dembf/L k}bf ePsf] lyof] eg] ;f/fsf ;f/f k|s[lt lj1fg Pp6f k"0f{ PsfO{ xf] . k|mflG;;L
ljZjsf]ifjfbLx¿n] — clxn];Dd klg Psbd} oflGqs¿kaf6 — p;sf ¿kx¿nfO{ Ps–csf{sf]

;“u;“u} rNg] cj:yfx¿ dfGb5g\ . /, k'gZr, To;;“u} ;]G6;fOdg / k|s[ltsf] Tof] bz{g cfp“5,
h;nfO{ x]u]nn] k"0f{ agfPsf lyP .Æ
113.lgxfl/sf l;4fGt cg';f/ cfsfzLo lk08x¿sf] pTklQ aln/x]sf lgxfl/sf;DaGwL /flzx¿af6
ePsf] xf] .
114.kf08'lnkLsf] l6Kk0fLdf PËN;n] yKg'ePsf] lyof] M æsfG6n] Hjf/sf] sf/0fn] k[YjLsf] kl/qmdf dGb
x'G5 ;d]t eg]sf lyP t/ s'/f vfln clxn] dfq a'lemPsf] xf] .Æ
115.ælnPnsf] b[li6sf]0fsf] bf]if — slDtdf pgn] klxn] h;/L k|:t't u/]sf lyP, To;df — s] lyof]
eg] k[YjLdf sfd ug] { { zlQmx¿nfO{ u'0f tyf kl/0ffd b'j}df pgn] l:y/ dfGby] . k[YjL lrl:;+b}
uPsf]h:tf s'/fn] pgsf nflu s'g} cy{ /fVb}gYof], k[YjL–pgsfg';f/ — Pp6f vf; lbzfdf
ljsl;t gx'g] dfq xf]Og, clkt' Tof] Psbd} dxŒjxLg t/Lsfn] PSsf;L 9Ën] ablnO/xG5 .Æ—
Pª\u]N;sf] gf]6 .
116.kf08"lnkLsf] k"m6gf]6df Pª\u]N;n] æe| "0ftGq lj1fgÆ yKg'ePsf] lyof] .
117.k|fl;sf df5fh:tf] % ;]lG6ld6/ nfdf] x'G5 . of] lxGbdxf;fu/ / k|zfGt dxf;fu/df, dnfof åLk
;d"x / hfkfgL t6Lo If]q ghLs tyf e"dWo;fu/ / sfnf] ;fu/ ghLs clg To:t} c¿
7fp“x¿df k}bf x'G5 . Tof] sz]?sL k|f0fLx¿aLrsf] Pp6f ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf x'G5 .
n]kLl8;L/]g — cfd]hg gbLdf kfOg] of}6f kª\sdf}g xf], h'g k'm:km; x'g] clg luN; -Snf]d_ b'j}
x'G5g\ . of] b=cd]l/sf tyf y'k| } c¿ 7fp“x¿df kfOG5 .
118.kf08"lnkLsf] k"m6gf]6df Pª\u]N;n] æ;]/f6f]8;Æ / æcf/s]of]K6l/S;, cflbÆ yKg'ePsf] lyof]
119.;]/]6f]8\; — of] c:6« ]lnofsf] 7"nf] d'08f k'm;km; df5f] xf] . of] c:6« ]lnofdf k}bf x'g] l8kgf]O{ xf] .
cfls{of]K6l/:s — Tof] n'Kt eO;s]sf] k|f0fL xf] . Tof] klIf ju{sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] k|ltlglw xf] . ;fy}
To;df ;l/;[kx¿sf ;d]t ljz]iftfx¿ kfOGy] .
120.Pª\u]N;n] oxf“ ;DejtM x]snsf] Tof] egfOk|lt ;+s]t ug'{ePsf]
5 . To;df pgn] s] eg]sf lyP
eg] pgn] hf“r–a'em u/]sf ;a}eGbf ;/n hLjx¿ k|f]l6gsf Psbd} cfsf/xLg — ljgf 9f“rfsf —
s0f ePsf] atfPsf lyP . t/ To;sf] afjh"b hLjgsf ;f/fsf ;f/f cfjZos sfo{x¿nfO{ ltgn]
k"/f ub{y] . tL hLjx¿nfO{ pgn] df]g/f atfPsf lyP . x]g'{xf];\,
x]snsf] /rgf, hLjx¿sf] ;fdfGo
cfsf/ — Generalle Morphologie der Organismen
121.Eozoon Canadense M of] Sog8fdf SofDa|Laf6 klxn], cyf{t\ lqv08 o'udf ul/Psf]
pTvgg sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf kfOPsf] Pp6f hLjfid xf] . To;nfO{ k|frLg cflbsfnLg hLjx¿sf]
cjz]if dflgPsf] 5 . Tof] hLjfidsf] ;hLj pTklQsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ !*&* df df]ljo;n] v08g
ul/lbPsf lyP .
122.Alles was entstcht, ist wert,dass es zugrunde geht, u]6]sf] kmf:6df
d]lkm:6f]lkmlnhsf] syg efu — !, pkefu – # .
123.Pª\u]N;n] oxf“ O6nLsf Hof]ltifzf:qL P=;]SsLsf] k':ts, Die Sonne — ;"o{ — af6 To;sf
zAbx¿ p4[t ug'{ePsf]
5 . hd{g ;+:s/0f .
124.æcgGt cfsfzdf a|x\df08sf] afx'Notfaf6 s] cjwf/0ff pTkGg x'G5 eg] sfnsf] cGtxLg
lj:tf/df a|x\df08x¿sf] qmd ;w} + rln/xg]5 .Æ h]=8JNo"= 8« ]k/, o"/f]ksf] af}l4s ljsf;sf] Oltxf;
.
125.Mesmerism
126. of] gfd :k]gsf] a/f6f] — cyf{t\ ;:tf] cfwf/df — ;jf{G6];n] cf gf] s[lt 8glSSh6df
sfNklgs åLksf] gfd lbPsf lyP . Toxf“sf] zf;s ;Gsf]kGhf lyof] .
127.k|foM eGg] ul/Pem} +, kfqu0f — /fuL —n] cfk"mnfO{ cEof;åf/f bIf agfp“5g\ . ctM s] s'/f x'g'
klg Psbd} ;Dej x'G5 eg] ;~rfnssf] OR5fzlQmsf] clwg:y /xg] afgL kbf{v]l/ kl/rfns /

kfqaLrsf] ;DaGw a9L 3lgi6 x'gk'Ub5 . /, h'g vf; rLhx¿ w]/} tLj| x'g k'Ub5g\ / tL hl6n
cj:yfdf klg pkl/k|sf/n] b]lvgyfNb5 . — PË]N;sf] l6Kk0fL .
128.k| ]tfTdfx¿ ;G;f/ Jofs/0fsf] kx'“reGbf
6f9f 5 . Psk6s Pshgf gf]s/n] Jofs/0ffrfo{ lnG8n]
d/]sf] k| ]tfTdfnfO{ ;fIfL aSgsf nflu af]nfPsf] lyof] . lnG8n] d/]l;t s] pgL oxf“ 5g\ eg]/
;f]wk'5 ubf{v]l/ pgn] æd 5' — I areÆ eg]/ k|To'Q/ lbPsf lyP . Tof] cd]l/sL dfWod lyof] . —
PË]N;sf] gf]6 . M
129.pxL
130.pxL
131.y]lnodsf] cg';Gwfg q'mS;n] !*^! df u/]sf lyP . pgn] !*&$ df /]l8of]ld6/sf] /rgf u/]sf
lyP . of] ljls/0fsf] tLj|tf gfKg] pks/0f lyof] .
132.;]G6 lk6;{au{ ljZjljBfnosf] ef}lts ;dfhåf/f ul7t æcWofTdjfbL k|k~rx¿sf] 5fgaLg
cfof]uÆsf tkm{ oxf“ ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 . pQm cfof]u dO{ ^, !*&% df :yflkt ul/Psf] lyof] . dfr{
@!, !*&^ df p;n] cf gf] sfd ;DkGg u¥of] . ¿;df k|tfTdfjfbsf] k|rf/ ul/x]sf
JolQmx¿dWo], cyf{t\ cS;fsf]j, a6n]/f]j tyf c¿x¿l;t p;n] s] eg]sf] lyof] eg ;Rrf
k| ]tfTdfjfbL k|k`rsf af/]df cfjZos ;"rgf lbpmg\ . Tof] cfof]usf ;b:ox¿df d]G8]nf]e,
af]lalnof]e tyf qmfo]eLr gfdsf j}1flgs klg lyP . Tof] cfof]u s'g lgisif{df k'u]sf] lyof] eg]
k| ]tfTdfjfbL 36gfx¿ cr]tg dfgl;s lqmofx¿, cyjf hfgLa'emL ul/g] 5nk|k~rsf] ue{af6
pTkGg x'G5g\ . k| ]tfTdfjfbL l;4fGt vf; cGwljZjf;sf] s'/f xf] . To;sf] lgisif{ uf]nf]; -jf0fL_
gfds klqsfdf dfr{ @%, !*&^ ldltsf] c=s *% df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . cfof]usf ;fdu|L
d]lG8nf]en] k| ]tfTdfjfbsf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|L zLif{sdf !*&^ df ;]G6
lk6;{au{df k|sflzt u/]sf lyP ._ Deutsche Jahrbucher M of] gf} hjfg x]u]njfbLx¿sf]
;flxlTos / bfz{lgs klqsf xf] /, …lj1fg / snfsf] hd{g jflif{sLÚsf] ;lª\IfKt ¿k xf] of]
`lnkLhuaf6 k|sflzt x'GYof] . h'nfO{,!*$! b]lv hgj/L !*$# ;Dd To;sf ;Dkfbs P=¥o"h
lyP .
133.df]h6{sf] uLtL–gf6\o hfb"sf] af“;'/Lsf] syfaf6 .
134.8fla{gjfbdfly, ljz]if u/]/ !*&! sf] k]l/; sDo"gkl5 hd{gLdf ul/Psf] k|ltlqmofjfbL xdnfk|lt
Pª\u]N;n] oxf“ cf} +Nofpg'ePsf] 5 . 8fla{gjfbsf] ;dy{g ug] { lj/rfx¿h:tf dxŒjk"0f{
j}1flgsx¿;d]tn] klg !*&& df 8fla{gjfbL lzIffdfly /f]s nufpg'kb5{ lsgeg] p;sf] 3lgi6
;DaGw ;dfhjfbL cfGbf]ngl;t 5 / To;sf/0f ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf nflu Tof] Hofb} vt/gfs 5
eg]/ ;'emfj lbgk'u] .
135.kf]kn] slxNo} klg uNtL ub} {gg\ — of] cGwljZjf;sf] :yfkgf kfb/Lx¿sf] kl/ifbn] h'nfO{ !*,
!*&) sf lbg u/]sf] lyof] . hd{g Sofyf]lns wd{zf:qL 8f]lnh/n] pQm cGwljZjf; dfGg
c:jLsf/ u/]sf lyP . z'?df d]ghsf] 7"nf] kfb/L Sof6n/ klg To;sf lj?4 lyP eg] yf]/} lbgkl5
pgn] Tof] :jLsf/ ug{ yfn]sf lyP / k'gM To;sf s§/ ;dy{s klg aGgk'u] .
136.oL zAb hLjzf:qL yf]d; xS;n]åf/f ng8gsf] åGåjfbL ;dfhnfO{ n]lvPsf] lr7Laf6 lnOPsf
x'g\ . pgnfO{ pQm ;dfhn] Tof] ;ldltdf efu lngsf nflu af]nfPsf] lyof], h;sf] lgo'lQm
k| ]tfTdfjfbL k|k~rx¿sf] cWoog ug{sf nflu ul/Psf] lyof] . xS;n]n] pQm lgdGq0ffnfO{ c:jLsf/
ul/lbPsf lyP . / To;af/] s}of} + Joª\ufTds s'/fx¿ u/]sf lyP . hgj/L @(, !*^( sf lbg
n]lvPsf] pgsf] pQm kq cS6f]a/ !&, !*&! sf lbg b}lgs ;dfrf/kq - The Daily News _ df
k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . 8]lehsf] k':ts /x:ojfbL ng8gdf klg To;af/] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k]h
#*( df Tof] lbOPsf] 5 .
137.;–;fgf gf]6x¿ k|s[ltsf] åGåbjfbaf6 lnOPsf 5g\ .
138.jfSo k"/f ePsf] lyPg .

139.Sire, jen' avais pas besoin de cette hypothese — dxf]bo dnfO{ Tof] sNkgfsf] s'g}
cfjZostf 5}g g]kf]lnPgn] nfKnf;;“u vuf]nLo oflGqsLsf ;DaGwdf n]lvPsf] cf gf]
u|Gydf pgn] O{Zj/sf] lsg pNn]v gu/]sgf] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df nfKnf;n] pgnfO{ ToxL pQ/
lbPsf lyP .
140.Pª\u]N;n] oxf“ Tof] efif0fsf] lhls/ ug'{ePsf]
5, h'g lj1fgsf] pGgltsf nflu a]nfotL ;+3sf]
cu:6 !(, !*&$ sf lbg a]Nkmf:6df ePsf] a}7sdf l6G8nn] efif0f lbPsf lyP . —pQm efif0f
cu:6 @), !*&$ sf] k|s[lt — Nature —gfds klqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
141.Ignorantia non est argumentum M cf gf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kl/lzi6df l:kgf]hfn] s]
n]v]sf 5g\ eg] k|s[ltsf ljifodf kfb/LjfbL — wd{zf:qLo b[li6sf]0fsf k|ltlglwx¿ — sf] s]jn
Pp6} dfq dflg;x¿sf] c1fgtfnfO{ ckLn ug'{
xf] .
142.x]gl/v xfOg]sf] s[lt Pkf]nu6 — Apollgott
143.PjN8n] k|dfl0ft u/]em} + hfxj]x — Jahveh —sf gfdsf Jo~hg cIf/x¿ tn n]Vgsf nflu
ox'bLx¿n] :j/ j0f{ / cWoog lrx\g x'g] ljGb'sf] lnkLsf] pkof]u ub{y] . hfxj]xsf] pRrf/0f ug'{
lglif4 lyof] . To;sf Jo~hg cIf/x¿sf] tnkl§ Adonai zAbsf :j/j0f{x¿ pgLx¿n] n]Vg] ub{y]
. cfxj]xsf] 7fp“df pgLx¿n] ToxL k9\by] . kl5 To;nfO{ h]xf]jf -Jehovah_ k9\g yflnPsf]
lyof] . ctM Tof] zAb s'g} b]jtfsf] gfd xf]Og, a? Jofs0f{sf] e2f e"n xf] . lxa| " -Oa|fgL_ efiffdf t
Tof] zAbsf] k|of]u x'g' Psbd} c;Dej 5 .
144.kmfnd]o/sfg';f/ d]g, Kofnf]kf]g];;sf ls;fgx¿n] ( cf} + ztfAbL;Dd klg o"gfgL OGb| -lho;_
;dIf anL r9fp“y] .
145.6'ljGh]g:s"n M afOansf ;DaGwdf zf]w / cfnf]rgf ug{sf nflu Pkm=a]o/åf/f !( cf} + zbLsf]
k"jf{4{df :yflkt ul/Psf] lyof] . To;sf cg'ofoLx¿n] afOansf] h'g a'l4jfbL cfnf]rgf u/]sf
lyP, Tof] s'g c;+ultsf nflu rlr{t 5 eg] afOansf h'g;'s} k|:yfkgfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] klg
P]ltxfl;s¿kaf6 ;Rrf dflgof];\ eGg] rfxGy] . Pp6f ljZj;gLo P]ltxfl;s ;|f]tsf ¿kdf
afOansf] k|fdfl0fstfsf] ljifodf cfz+sf k}bf ug] { l;nl;nfdf pQm :s"nn] w]/} sfd u/]sf] lyof],
oBlk To;sf] p2]Zo Tof] lyPg .
146.x]g'{xf];\
, hd{g ljrf/wf/fdf .
147.æn'8 lju kmfo/afvÆ, n]vs ;L=Pg=:6fs{, kL=Ph=8L= :6'6uf8{ km8{, Pgs] . !**% . —
Pª\u]N;sf] l6Kk0fL .
148.Pª\u]N;sf] Wofg xfOg]sf] bz{gdf qmflGtsf] ;DaGwdf cf gf] lgaGw — wd{ / bz{gsf] hd{g
Oltxf; — Zur Geschichete der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland —
df ul/Psf] l6Kk0fLdf uPsf] 5 . pQm lgaGw !*## df n]lvPsf] lyof] .
149.kmfo/afvsf] u|Gy, O;fO{ wd{sf] ;f/tTj, !*$! df lnlAhu k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
150.hËnL dflg;x¿ / lgDgk|sf/sf aa{/ dflg;x¿df clxn] klg ;a} 7fp“df s] wf/0ff ljBdfg 5
eg] ;kgfdf b]lvg] dfgjLo ¿kx¿ jf:tjdf :yfoL¿kn] cf gf] z/L/ Tofu u/] ]/ aflx/ lg:s]sf
cfTdfx¿ x'g\ . ctM ;kgfdf b]lvg] k| ]tfTdfx¿n] ;kgfdf b]Vg] JolQmsf lj?4 h'g sfd ub{5,
To;sf] nflu ;kgfdf b]lvg] jf:tljs JolQmnfO{ lhDd]jf/ 7x¥ofOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Ody{gn]
s] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ eg] !**$ df ufogfsf ef/tLox¿df ;d]t ToxLk|sf/sf] ljZjf; km}lnPsf]
lyof] . — PË]N;sf] l6Kk0fL] .
151.a?0f — Neptune — sf] vf]h Pshgf hd{g Hof]ltifzf:qL hf]xg uf]n]n] !*$^ df u/]sf lyP
.
152.k[i7 — !!(
153.k[i7 — *

154.;jf] {Rr ;Qfsf] k"hf Joj:yf sfod ug{sf nflu /f]a;lko/åf/f ul/Psf] k|otgtkm{ oxf“ ;+s]t
ul/Psf] 5 .
155.;fbf]jfsf] :s"n df:6/ M !*^^ sf] c:6«f]–k|lzofnL o'4df ;fbf]jfdf ePsf] k|lzofnL ljhokl5
hd{g k|rf/sx¿n] pqm pvfgsf] k|of]u ug{ ;'? u/]sf lyP . To;sf] ;+s]t s] lyof] eg] k|lzofnL
ljhosf] sf/0f k|lzofnL lzIff k|0ffnLsf] >]i7tf lyof] .
156.Rhadamanthus — o"gfgL kf}/fl0fs ufyfx¿df kfOg] s7f]/ GofowLzsf] k|tLs .
157.oxf“ d}n] JolQmut :ki6Ls/0f lbg cg'dlt rfxG5' . pQm l;4fGtdf d]/f] e"ldsfsf] pNn]v
af/Daf/ ul/Psf] ] 5 . ctM Tof] s'/f Psbd} :ki6 kfg{sf nflu Ps zAb klg gaf]Ng' ca Ps
lsl;dn] sl7g x'gk'u]sf] 5 . dfS;{;“u $) jif{sf] cf gf] ;xof]u sfndf / To;eGbfklxn] klg
ToxL l;4fGtsf] hu yfKg] l;nl;nfdf tyf ljz]if u/]/ To;nfO{ ljsf; ug] { l;nl;nfdf d]/f] klg
s]xL :jtGq e"ldsf lyof] eGg] s'/f d}n] c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lSbg tfklg o;sf d'Vo d"ne"t
l;4fGtx¿sf] :yfkgf ug] { s'/fsf] >]o ljz]if u/]/ cy{zf:q / Oltxf;sf] If]qdf dfS;{nfO{ g} 5 .
oL s'/fx¿eGbf w]/}, clGtd lgisif{sf] ¿kdf of] l;4fGtnfO{ ;"qa4 ul/Psf] ] >]o dfS;{nfO{ g} 5 .
a9LeGbf a9L s]xL ljz]if If]qdf ul/Psf] ] d]/f] sfdnfO{ 5f]8]/ h]–hlt d}n] u/]sf] lyP“, dljgf klg
dfS;{n] Tof] /fd|/L ug{ ;Sg'x'GYof] . pxf“ b"/bzL{ x'g'x'GYof] tyf pxf“sf] b[li6sf]0f w]/} Jofks / tLI0f
lyof] . dfS;{ dxfg\ x'g'x'GYof] — c;fdfGo k|ltef;DkGg x'g'x'GYof] . c¿ xfdL ;a}nfO{ a9LeGbf
a9L k|ltefzfnL eGg ;lsG5 . pxf“ljgf cfhsf] of] l;4fGt x'“b}gYof]
. ctM o;sf] gfdfs/0f
pxf“sf] gfddf x'g' Psbd} 7Ls xf] . — PË]N;sf] l6Kk0fL .
158.x]g'{xf];\
M Das wesen der menschllchen Kopfarbeit, dargestellt von eimen
Hondarbiter dfgj dl:tissf] sfo{sf] k|s[lt xftn] sfd ug] { Pshgf dhb"/åf/f lnlvt -
x}Dju{, d];g/, !*^( — PË]N;sf] l6Kk0fL .
159.l6Kk0fL &) df x]g{xf];\ .
160.of] zAbsf] pkof]u hd{g ;fd|fHosf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] 5, Tof] !*&! df k|lzofsf] g]t[Tjdf
:yfkgf ePsf] lyof] To;df cli6«of kb} {gYof] .
161.x]g'{xf];\
M ;'P6 ljo/sf] /rgf, …ax'd"No wft'x¿sf] pŒkfbg .
162.x]g'{xf];\
M k" “hL v08— !
163.x]g'{xf];\
M cWofo @$_
164.dfs{ k|frLg hd{gLsf] u|fd k~rfot xf] . PË]N;n] ] Tof] zLif{saf6 æ;dfhjfb M sfNklgs /
j}1fgsÆsf] klxnf] hd{g ;+:s/0f / klxnf] c+u| ]hL ;+;s/0fdf Pp6f kl/lzi6 yKg'ePsf] lyof] .
To;df pxf“n] hd{g ls;fgx¿sf] k|frLg sfnb]lvsf] Oltxf; pNn]v ug'{ePsf]
lyof] ._
165.c1]ojfb — Agnosticinn — o"gfgL pk;u{ a — xf]Og— / gnosis — 1fgsf] d]naf6
ag]sf] xf] . of] b[li6sf]0fn] ef}lts j:t'x¿sf] cl:tTjnfO{ t :jLsf/ ub{5 t/ æTof] c1]o 5Æ
eGb5 .
166.of] Nofl6g zAb …gfdÚ-Nomen_af6 pŒklQ ePsf] xf] . dWoo'uLg bz{gsf] pQmwf/fn] k|hftLo
wf/0ffx¿ ldNbf–h'Nbf rLhx¿sf gfd dfq x'g\ eGg] 7fGbYof] .
167.Qual — of] zAbdf Sn]if 5, To;n] o;df bfz{lgs cy{ el/lbG5 . o;sf] zflAbs cy{ xf] —
oGq0ff . Tof] To:tf] kL8f jf si6k"0f{ ps';d's'; xf], h;n] s]xLgs]xL ug{sf nflu afWo agfp“5 .
To;sf] ;fy;fy} /x:ojfbL af]xd]n] of] hd{g zAbdf Nofl6g zAb …u'0fÚ -Qualitas_sf] s]xL cy{
ylklbPsf 5g\ . To;sf] cy{ xf] M Qual aflx/af6 k'¥ofOg] kL8f ljk/Lt Tof] lqmofa4{s tTj xf],
h;sf] cwLg:y s'g} j:t', ;DaGw cyjf JolQmsf] pTklQ :jtM:k"mt{ ljsf;af6 x'G5 eg] k'gM
To;n] :jo+nfO{ cufl8 a9fp“5 . — cª\u| ]hL ;+:s/0fdf PË]N;sf] l6Kk0fL] .
168.dfS;{åf/f /lrt kljq kl/jf/ -Die Heilig Familie, 1845_ — PË]N;sf] l6Kk0fL] . 169

169.oxL u|Gydf x]g'{xf];\
, k"m6gf]6xx¿ — 141, 149,151,154 and 155 — df_
170.Le n'avais pas besion de cette hypothese
171.u]6]åf/f /lrt b'vfGt gf6s …kmf:6Úaf6_
172.cgfhsf sfg"gx¿ !*!% df a]nfotL ;+;b\df hdLgbf/x¿sf kIfdf :jLs[t ul/Psf] ] cGgsf]
pRrb/l;t ;DalGwt sfg"g lyP . u/La hg;ª\Vofdfly 7"nf] af]em ag]sf tL sfg"gx¿ cf}Bf]lus
k" “hLklt ju{sf nflu cnfes/ lyP . lsgeg] ltgsf] kmn:j¿k >dsf] d"No a9]sf] lyof] tyf
ljb]z Jofkf/sf] dfu{ ca?4 ePsf] lyof] . !*$^ df tL sfg"gx¿ ;+zf]lwt ul/Psf] lyP .
173.hf]gfyg efOsf] k|of]u Tolta]nf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfk|lt ;Í]t ug{sf nflu ul/GYof] . clxn]
To;nfO{ ;fd sfsf elgG5 .
174.k'g?Tyfgjfb — ut zbLsf] Tof] Pp6f cfGbf]ng lyof] . To;n] wd{sf] gi6 eO/x]sf] k|efjnfO{
k'ghL{ljt ug] { k|oTg u/]sf] lyof] . To; cfgbf]ngsf k|d'v ;Ë7gstf{ lyP M d"8L / ;GsL .
175.d'8L / zfsL M of] ktgf]Gd'v wd{sf] k|efjnfO{ k'g?Tyfg ug{sf nflu rnfOPsf] !( cf} + zbLsf]
cfGbf]ng xf] . cd]l/sfsf b"O{ pkb]zs d'8L / zfsL o; cfGbf]ngsf 7"nf ;+u7gstf{ lyP .
176.d'lQm ;]gf — To;sf] :yfkgf !*^% df Oª\NofG8df ul/Psf] ] lyof] . Tof] O;fO{ wdf{anDaLx¿sf]
k/f]ksf/L wfld{s ;]gf lyof] .
177.clg Jofkf/sf] dfldnfdf ;d]t klg /fli6«o cGw/fi6«jfbL cx+sf/n] ;xL k/fdz{bftfsf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb}gYof] . clxn] ev{/};Dd cf};t a]nfotL sfvf{gfsf] h'g;'s} cË| ]h dflnsn] klg
cf gf] efiff 5f]8]/ s'g} csf] { efiff af]Ng ckdfghgs dfGbYof] . /, p;nfO{ s] s'/fdf uj{ x'GYof]
eg] æu/LaÆ ljb]zLx¿ Oª\NofG8df cfP/ a;] / p;sf] dfn ljb]zdf vkt u/fpg] s'/fsf] em~em6
/ x}/fgLaf6 pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ d'Qm ul/lbP . To;/L tL ljb]zLx¿n], k|fozM hd{gx¿n] a]nfotsf]
ljb]z Jofkf/ — cfoft–lgof{tsf] Hofb} 7"nf] efudfly sAhf hdfPsf lyP tyf ljb]zl;tsf]
cË| ]hx¿sf] ;Lwf Aofkf/ k|foM pklgj]zx¿, rLg, ;+=/f=cd]l/sf / b=clk|msf;Dd g} ;Lldt /x]sf]
lyof] eGg] s'/fdf p;n] slxNo} Wofg lbPg g t tL hd{gx¿n] c¿ b]zx¿sf hd{gx¿l;t
Jofkf/ ub{y] / pgLx¿n] lj:tf/}–lj:tf/} ;Dk"0f{ ;G;f/el/ Jofkfl/s pklgj]zsf] hfn la5\ofPsf
lyP eGg] s'/fdf s'g} Wofg lbPsf lyP . t/ sl/a $) jif{klxn], hlta]nf hd{gLn] hf]8bf/¿kn]
lgof{t ug{sf nflu pTkfbg ;'? u/]sf] lyof], cgfh lgof{t ug] { b]zaf6 s]xL ;dod} pQd >]0fLsf]
cf}Bf]lus d'n'sdf abNgsf nflu Tof] Jofkfl/s hfnn] p;nfO{ v"a} d2t k'¥ofPsf] lyof], Tolta]nf
-Tof] sl/a !) jif{klxn]sf] s'/f xf]_ dfq sfvf{gfsf dflns cË| ]hx¿ 3a8fP tyf pgLx¿n]
cf gf /fhb"tx¿ / jfl0fHob"tx¿l;t pgLx¿sf u|fxsx¿ lsg 36\b}uO/x]sf 5g\ eg]/
;f]Wgyfn] . ;a} /fhb"tx¿ / jfl0fHob"tx¿sf] Pp6} pQ/ lyof] M -!_ ltdLx¿n] cf gf
u|fxsx¿sf] efiff l;Sb}gf}, a? ltdLx¿n] s] cfzf ub{5f} eg] pgLx¿n] ltdLx¿sf] efiff l;s"g\ .
-@_ ltdLx¿n] cf gf u|fxsx¿sf] cfjZostf, pgLx¿sf afgL–Joxf]/fx¿ / ?rLsf] cg's"n x'g
k|oTg ub} {gf}, a? ltdLx¿n] s] cfzf ub{5f} eg] pgLx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ ltdLx¿sf] cg's"n agfpmg\ .
— PË]N;sf] l6Kk0fL .
178.To;sf] lj/f]wdf Pp6f cgf}7f] s'/f b]Vg kfOGYof] . d';ndfgsf] ;G;f/df, vf; u/]/ clk|msfdf
wfld{s ljb|f]x eof] . O:nfd s:tf] wd{ xf] eg] Tof] k"j{sf b]zdf /xg]x¿sf nflu, vf; u/]/
c/ax¿sf] nflu agfOPsf] lyof], cyf{t\ Psflt/, Jofkf/ / pBf]udf nfu]sf zx/jf;Lx¿sf nflu
agfOPsf] lyof] eg] csf{lt/, clehft 3'dGt]x¿sf nflu Tof] agfOPsf] lyof] . t/ To;df lglZrt
;dodf To;leq af/Daf/ pTkGg x'g] ;+3if{sf] aLpm l5k]sf] lyof] .
zx/jf;Lx¿ wgjfg\ / P]o\of;L x'G5g\ / æsfg"gÆsf] kfngfdf sdhf]/ b]lvG5g\ . d?e"lddf 3'Dg]
c/ax¿ u/La / To;/L bx|f] cfrf/–Jojxf/ dfGg]x¿ x'G5g\ . wg–;Dkbf / P]zcf/fdk|lt
pgLx¿n] Oiof{ / nfnrsf] b[li6 lbg yfNb5g\ . k'gM pgLx¿ s'g} k}uDa/, s'g} d]xbL - gof“
d'Nnfx_sf] g]t[Tjdf Ps eP/ cwdL{x¿nfO{ ;hfo“ lbG5g\ tyf /Llt–l:ylt / ;Rrf wfld{s
;dk|bfo k'g:yf{kgf ub{5g\ tyf wd{ Tofu ug] {x¿sf] wg;DklQ lnnfd ub{5g\ .

!)) jif{df pgLx¿ klg ToxL l:yltdf k'Ug' :jfefljs x'G5, h;df tL wd{ljxLg JolQmx¿ lyP M
wfld{s ;dk|bfonfO{ k'gM lgd" {n ug'{kg]
{ cfjZostf k}bf x'G5 . Pshgf gof“ d]xbLsf] pbo x'G5 .
k'gM Psk6s pxL l;nl;nf bf]xf]l/G5 .
clk|msfsf cNdf]/ljbx¿ / :k]gsf cfNdf]xfbf] {b]lv lnP/ vf/t"g 179 sf] clGtd d]xbLsf] ljhoL
cleofg;Ddsf] ToxL kl/0ffd ePsf] lyof], h;n] cª\u| ]hx¿sf sf]lzzx¿nfO{ Tolt ;kmntfsf
;fy c;kmn kfl/lbPsf lyP . kmf/; / cGo d';ndfg b]zx¿df x'g] ljb|f]xsf] klg ToxLvfnsf]
cyjf To:t} xfnt ePsf] lyof] .
tL ;f/f wfld{s ;Dk|bfosf] afgf le/]/ /xG5g\ . t/ ltgLx¿sf] ;|f]tsf] sf/0f cfly{s x'G5 . /,
To;sf afjh"b hlta]nf pgLx¿ ljhoL x'G5g\, Tolta]nf klg k'/fgf cfly{s kl/l:yltx¿n] xft
gxfnLsg} pgLx¿nfO{ 5f]l8lbG5g\ . ctM k'/fgf] kl/l:ylt ckl/jlt{t g} /lx/xG5 tyf lglZrt
;dodf af/Daf/ 6Ss/ eO/xG5 . To;sf] ljk/Lt O;fO{ wd{ dfGg]x¿n] klZrdsf b]zx¿sf]
hgljb|f]xx¿sf] wfld{s afgf k'/fgf] eO;s]sf] Joj:yfdfly k|xf/ ug{sf nflu s]jn Pp6f em08f /
gsfjsf] dfq sfd ub{5 . cGtdf Tof] wfld{s Joj:yf kN6\ofOG5, gof“ cfly{s Joj:yfn] hGd
lnG5 / ;G;f/ cufl8 a9\b5 . — PË]N;sf] gf]6 .
179.Almoravids — !! cf} + / !@ cf} + zbLsf p=clk|msf tyf b=:k]gsf] Pp6f aa{/ /fhj+z .
Almohads klg Pp6f aa{/ ;fdGtL /fhj+z xf] . To;n] Almoravids nfO{ x6fP/ !@ cf} + / !#
cf} + zbLdf zf;g u/]sf] lyof] . vf/t"gsf] d]xbL, df]xdb cxdb -!($$–!**%_ k"=;"8fgdf
c+u| ]hx¿ / cGo o"/f]k]nL pklgj]zjfbLx¿sf lj?4 toxf“sf ls;fgx¿ / vfgbfg ju{sf] /fli6«o
cfGbf]ng -!**!–!**%_sf g]tf lyP . To; ljb|f]xsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k !*(* df tL
pklgj]zjfbLx¿ Toxf“ 5f]8]/ efUg afWo x'g'k/]sf] lyof] .
180.oxf“ lhls/ sdf]l8ogsf] /rgf ox'bLx¿ / sflkm/x¿sf] lj?4 Ifdfofrgfsf] uLt — Carmen
Apologeticum adverus Ludaeos at gentes
181.Cabbala — of] Ps /x:ojfbL wfld{s l;4fGt xf], h;sf] hfb"l;t ;DalGwt lyof] . of]
ox'bLx¿dfem Jofks¿kn] lkm+lhPsf] lyof] .
182.Gnostics — k|f/lDes O;fO{ wd{cGt/ut kfOg] /x:ojfbL wf/f . of] bz{gsf] k|ltlqmofjfbL
;f/;+u|xjfbL -e|djfbL_ wf/f lyof] .
183.Zend-Avesta — hf]/f]cl:6«ofoL wd{sf] kljq k':tssf] ;+u|x . of] wd{ k|frLg kf/;,
ch/j}hfg tyf dWo Plzofdf km}lnPsf] lyof] . s] ljrf/ ul/G5 eg] of] ;+u|x O;fk"j{ gjf} + zbL
tyf jt{dfg t];|f] zbLsf] aLr tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . _
184.Geschichte der Halbinsel Morea, v08 — !
185.oxf“ h'g n]vsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, To;sf] zLif{s t':tlnª\u; lnt/]t'/ xf] . Tof] k|mfG;sf
ef}ltsjfbL bfz{lgs lbb]/f], xNjfv, x]Nj]l;o;, cflbsf] af/]df n]lvPsf] lyof] . Tof] n]vdf
Pª\u]N;g] ;Nnfx lbg'ePsf] 5, ædhb"/ hg;d'bfodf ut ztfAbLsf >]i7 k|m]Gr ef}ltsjfbL
;flxTosf] ljt/0ftkm{ Wofg lbOg'kb{5 . Tof] /rgf / ljifoj:t' b'j}sf] b[li6sf]0fn] k|mflG;;L
cfTdfsf] clxn];dDsf] ;j{>]i7 pknlAw xf] tyf olb To;a]nfsf] j}1flgs :t/nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/
To;sf] ljifoj:t' clxn] klg Hofb} pRr:t/sf] 5 tyf /rgfTds :j¿k clåtLo 5 .
186./]rsf] cy{ x'G5 — efif0f . of] j}wflgs hgjfbL kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo d'vkq lyof] .
187.j}wflgs hgjfbL kf6L{sf] ;b:o . Tof] d'Vo pbf/kgyL /fhtGqjfbL k" “hL:jfbL kf6L{ lyof] .
cS6f]a/ ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] ljhokl5 To;n] k|ltqmflGtsf/L k" “hkltx¿ / hdLgbf/x¿sf]
;f]leot ;Qfsf] lj/4 ;z:q ;+3if{ ;+ul7t ug{ d2t u/]sf] lyof] .
188.;fNtLsf]e Zr]lGb|gsf] k':ts cfw'lgs sfJosyfsf] pbf/kGyL aft"gL, b':;fx;L / e"m6 af]Ng] kfq
.
189.Pg=s]=g]qmf;f]esf] æ¿;df sf] ;'vL 5

190.q'bf]lesx¿ M ls;fgx¿ / g/f]bjfbL a'l4hLjLx¿sf] 8\o'dfsf] lgDgk" “hLjfbL–hgjfbL ;d"x .
191. g/f]bgfofef]Nof M o;sf] cy{ xf] — hgtfsf] OR5f . of] g/f]bjfbL cftª\sjfbLx¿sf] !*&( df
:yflkt kf6L{ xf] . To;sf] p2]Zo PstGqsf] ;Qf pGd"ng ug'{
lyof] . of] kf6L{ !( cf} + zbLsf] gjf} +
bzssf] pQ/f4{;Dd /x]sf] lyof] .
192./fHo 8\o'df M of] Tof] k|ltlglw ;ef xf], h'g hf/zfxL ;/sf/ !()% sf] qmflGtsf/L 36gfkl5
af]nfpg afWo ePsf] lyof] . cf}krfl/s¿kaf6Tof] Pp6f ljwflosf lyof] t/ jf:tjdf To;nfO{
s'g} clwsf/ k|fKt lyPg . To;sf] r'gfj ljlw ck|ToIf x'GYof], c;dfg cfwf/df x'GYof], h'g
;fj{ef}lds lyPg . dhb"/ ju{ / u}/–¿;L hg;+VofnfO{ k"0f{ dtflwsf/ lyPg tyf dhb"/,
ls;fgsf] 7"nf] efunfO{ dtflwsf/ lyPg . l8;]Da/ !! -@$_, !()% sf] r'gfjdf Pshgf
hdLgbf/sf] ef]6sf] a/fa/ $% hgf dhb"/x¿, !% hgf ls;fgx¿ / # hgf zxl/of k" “hLklt
ju{sf] a/fa/ x'GYof] .
hf/zfxL ;/sf/n] klxnf] 8\o'df -clk|n–h'nfO{ !()^_ / låtLo 8\o'df -km/j/L–h"g !()&_ df
eª\u ul/Psf] lyof] . h"g #, !()& sf] cfsl:ds ;Qf kl/jt{gkl5 ;/sf/n] gof“ r'gfj sfg"g
3f]lift u/]sf] lyof], To; cg';f/ dhb"/x¿, ls;fgx¿ / zxl/of lgDg–k" “hLjfbL ju{sf] clwsf/df
emg\ a9L s6f}tL ul/Psf] lyof] tyf t[tLo 8\o'df -!()&–!@_ tyf rt'y{ -!(!@–!&_ 8\o'dfdf
hdlgbf/x¿ / 7"nf k" “hLkltx¿sf] k|e'Tj ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] lyof] ._
193.l;gfª M hf/zfxL ¿;df cyf] {8S; O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3sf] lgoGq0f ug] { ;+:yf .
194.oxf“ Pª\u]N;n] n'8lju kmfo/afv / hd{g bz{gsf] cGtsf] pNn]v ug'{ePsf]
5
195.x]g'{xf];\
dfS;{åf/f lnlvt x]u]nsf] blIf0fkGy;DaGwL bz{gsf] cfnf]rgfdf of]ubfg wd{sf] af/]df
e"ldsf .
196. k|mflG;;L ;dfhjfbL, n'O{ cu:6 Anfª\sLsf cg'ofoL_ pgsf] ljrf/ s] lyof] eg] ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
ju{;+3if{åf/f geP/ a'l4hLjLx¿sf] ;fgf] cNk;+Vofsf] if8oGqåf/f dflg; j}tlgs bf;tfaf6 d'Qm
x'G5 .
197.x]g'{xf];\,
Pª\u]N;åf/f lnlvt n':tlnª\;, bf; sfo{qmdaf/] An]lSj:t]g .
198.P/k'm6{ sfo{qmd M hd{g ;fdflhs hgjfbL kf6L{åf/f !*(! df P/k'm6{ dxflwj]zgdf :jLs[t
sfo{qmd .
199.oxf“ dfS;{sf] k'l:tsf k|mfG;df u[xo'4df P+u]N;sf] e"ldsfsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . dfS;{–P\u]N;
;+slnt /rgfx¿ — !_
200.O{Zj/lgdf{0f M of] !()%—)&sf] qmflGtsf] c;kmntfkl5 af]N;]les kf6L{sf s]xL a'l4hLjLx¿df
pTkgg ePsf] lyof] . pgLx¿ gof“ ;dfhjfbL wd{sf] /rgfaf/] hf]8 lbPsf lyP .
201.a]vL -o'ufGtsf/L_ k|ltqmflGtsf/L Sof8]6x¿sf n]vx¿sf] ;+u|x, !()( df k|sflzt . tL
n]vx¿df ¿;df d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] qmflgtsf/L–hgjfbL k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ abgfd ug] { sf]lzz
ul/Psf] lyof] . clg, !()%—)& sf] qmflGtnfO{ bafOPsf]df hf/zfxL ;/sf/nfO{ wGojfb lbOPsf]
lyof] ._
202.of] 8\o'dfdf a]nf]p;f]esf] efif0fsf] pNn]v xf] . To;df pgn] æwd{nfO{ JolQmsf] lghL dfldnf
dfGg'kb{5Æ eg]/ ;'emfj lbPsf lyP . pgsf] k|:yfkgfsf] uNtLk|lt k|f]n]6/L, cª\s—df ;+s]t
ul/Psf] lyof] .
203.of] !()^–)( ;Dd ¿;af6 k|sflzt af]N;]les ;dfrf/kq .
204.k|frLg cfl:tsx¿ -Old believers_M ¿;L cyf] {8S; O;fO{ wfld{s ;+3af6 ;Da4–ljR5]b ug] {
leGg dtfanDaL .
205.cS6f]a/jfbL — 7"nf k" “hLklt ju{sf] /fhtGqjfbL kf6L{, cS6f]a/ !& ;+3sf ;b:ox¿ . To;sf]
:yfkgf !()% gf]e]Da/df ePsf] lyof] . hf/sf] cS6f]a/ 3f]if0ffkqsf] ;dy{g ug] { x'gfn]
ltgLx¿nfO{ Tof] gfd lbOPsf] lyof] . cS6f]a/ !&, !()% sf] 3f]if0ffg';f/ ¿;df gful/s

:jtGqtf nfu" ug] { sa'n ul/Psf] lyof] . cS6f]a/jfbLx¿sf ;f/fsf ;/f lqmofsnfkx¿ hglj/f]wL
lyP . /, ltgn] 7"nf k" “hLkltx¿ / hdLgbf/x¿sf k|ltlqmofjfbL :jb]z / ljb]z gLltsf] ;dy{g
ub{y] . Sof8]6;“u} cS6f]a/jfbLx¿n] ljb]zL ;fd|fHojfbL zlQmx¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 cS6f]a/
qmflGtkl5 ;f]leot ;Qfsf] lj/f]wdf ;z:q ;+3if{ u/]sf lyP ._
206.k|ultjfbL -Pgressist_ M ¿;L /fhtGqjfbL pbf/kGyL k" “hLjfbLx¿sf] cS6f]a/jfbLx¿ /
Sof8]6x¿sf aLrsf] dWodfuL{ kf6L{ .
207.zflGtk"0f{ k'g?TyfgjfbL kf6L{ M 7"nf hdLgbf/, k" “hLklt / Jofkf/Lx¿sf] kf6L{ .
208.;/sf/n] h"g #-!^_, !()& sf lbg zf;gdf cfsl:ds kl/jt{g u¥of] . To;df bf];|f] 8\o'df
eª\u ul/of] . 8\o'df r'gfj sfg"g ablnof] . !()& gf]e]Da/df t];|f] 8\o'dfsf] a}7s a:of] . gof“
sfg"g cg';f/ 8\o'dfdf dhb"/x¿ / ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|fKt k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;+Vof s6f}tL u/]/ emg\
yf]/} agfOof] . ANofs xG8« ]8 /fhtGqjfbL ;d"x / Sof8]6x¿sf] 8\o'dfdf k|e'Tj :yflkt eof] .
209.kfb/L o"nf]lho;, clk|n !$ .
210.pxL .
211.clk|n !$ .
212.pxL .
213.oxf“ !()%–)& sf] qmflGtsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] xf] .
214.hgj/L (, !()% sf] qmflGtdf ;]G6lk6;{ ju{sf dhb"/x¿ afnaRrfx¿;lxt cf gf ljkGgtf /
Aofkfl/s clwsf/ljxLgtfsf] ljj/0f lbP/ hf/nfO{ ljgtLkq lbg uPsf lyP . hf/sf] cfb]zdf
;]gfn] zflGtk"0f{ k|bz{gdfly uf]nL xfGof] . Psxhf/eGbf a9L JolQm dfl/P / sl/a % xhf/ 3fOt]
eP . pQm qm"/tfk"0f{ sf/afxLsf lj?4 … PstGq gfz xf];\ Ú sf] gf/f cGt/ut b]zel/
k|bz{gx¿ / x8tfnx¿sf] pef/ cfof] . /, klxnf] ¿;L qmflGt ;'? ePsf] lyof] .
215.!()% sf] cS6f]a/df clvn ¿;L /fli6«o x8tfn eof] . /, !()% l8;]Da/df df:sf]df
;z:qljb|f]x eof] .
216.clehft ju{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm kl/ifb M !()^ df :yflkt ;fdGtL hdLgbf/x¿sf] k|ltqmflgtsf/L
;+u7g .
217.ANofsxG8« ]8 M qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] k|lt/f]w ug{sf nflu hf/zfxL k'ln;åf/f :yflkt ul/Psf]
/fhtGqjfbL ;d"x . ltgLx¿sf] sfd qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] xTof ug'{,
k|ultzLn a'l4hLjLx¿dfly
xdnf ug'{
/ ox'bLlj/f]wL xTofsf08 ;+ul7t ug'{
lyof] ._
218.cS6f]a/ !&, !()% sf lbg hf/zfxLn] qmflGtaf6 8/fP/ 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u¥of] . To;df ;+ljwfg
/ gful/s :jtGqtf lbg] saf]n ul/Psf] lyof] . Tof] dhb"/ ju{nfO{ wf]sf lbg] /fhg}lts
if8oGqafx]s c¿s]xL lyPg .
219.l;gf8sf] ;/sf/L dxfk|jQmf To;sf] cWoIf x'GYof] .
220.clk|n !^
221.x]g'{xf];\
— !(! g+= l6Kk0fL
222.¿;L hgtfsf] ;+3 M /fhtGqjfbL AnofsxG8« ]8 ;+u7g .
223.clk|n !^, zAbzM l/kf]6{, k[= @@%(_
224.n]lggn] oxf“ bf]:tf]A:sLsf] k|ltlqmofjfbL pkgof; æ8]dG;Æsf] df:sf] snf gf6\od`råf/f
gf6ssf] k|:t'tLs/0fsf] lj?4 kqdf uf]sLsf] n]vsf] rrf{ ug'{ePsf]
5 .
225.?:sfof ld:n -¿;L ljrf/_ — blIf0fkGyL Sof8]6x¿sf] klqsf .
226.of] ;+u7g !()( sf] lgdf{0f e"tk"j{ af]N;]les — af]Ubfgf]e / cn]lS;G:sL — n] u/]sf lyP . tL
jfdkGyL cj;/jfbL ePsf lyP . Tof] ;d"xdf cf]Thf]lj:t -¿;L zAb xf] M cf]Thf]jft, cyf{t\
kmsf{pg'_ klg lyP . tL j}w ;+u7gdf kf6L{sf] sfd ug] { s'/fsf lj/f]wL lyP . clg, 8\o'dfaf6

;fdflhs hgjfbL kf6L{sf k|ltlglw lkmtf{ af]nfpg] dfu ub{y] . …O{Zj/ lgdf{tfÚ klg -l6Kk0fL !^
x]g'{;\_
To;df ;fd]n lyP . Jokof]b{ ;d"xsf ¿;L dhb"/x¿dWo] sf]xL klg ;dy{s lyPg . /,
!(!# ;Dd Tof] ;dfKt eO;s]sf] lyof] .
227.of] >lds dlxnfx¿sf] k|yd clvn ¿;L dxflwj]zg, ¿;L sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -af]N;]les_åf/f
cfof]lht ul/Psf] lyof] . of] df:sf]df gf]e]Da/ !^–@!, !(!* df ePsf] lyof] . dxflwj]zgdf
sfvf{gfdf sfd ug] { tyf u/La ls;fg dlxnfx¿sf] tkm{af6 !,!$& k|ltlglw dlxnfx¿ ;fd]n
ePsf lyP .
228.o'jf sDo'lg:6 lnusf] t[tLo clvn ¿;L dxflwj]zg df:sf]df cS6f]a/ @–!), !(@) df ePsf]
lyof] . dxflwj]zgdf nueu ^)) k|ltlglw ;fd]n ePsf lyP .
229.sDo'lg:6 ;'af]lTgs M vfnL ;dodf -zlgaf/sf] ck/fx\g / cfOtaf/sf lbg_ ;fdflhs kmfObfsf
nflu cj}tlgs :j]lR5s >dbfg ug] { sDo'lg:6 .
230.Economist c+s — !
231.dfS;{jfbsf] em08fd'lg -kfb Hgfd]g]h dflS;Hdf_ M Pp6f bfz{lgs ;fdflhs–cfly{s dfl;s
klqsf . of] df:sf]df !(@@ hgj/Lb]lv h"g !($$ ;Dd k|sflzt eO/x]sf] lyof] .