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Thls Is 10 au!horlze Ihc De8.1 01 Graduate SIY~IOI I0 deo~s,! 110 CYPS~%O~ my rhcsmurecxln entltld
~..
. ,
,. . ..\ ,. , - ~
, . . ,< I - . ,I.(' ' ' -1 J \.
'. , , ..; ..,. ,,..7. ,
;, ,\ .:,
8" !he Unwenlty Libra(, On lne follOWins CondlllOnl I underilrnd ,"a! I mavrhaosc only ONE ni
mr Opt,~n> here bnd, nd mr, nor alterwam< apply tar any ~dmttonal rerir~rr~an I funher
underriand ?hat ?he Un,verwy wlli nor grsnt any rrscrictNon on the pvbtiratlun "i I~E~,, :rru,l
ab$"%cl.
,.\tter mddee rile ,,x~L,"c,~~v f#,,,, ,i,i d,,, i ,
wilziil... m. ,ruppbi"i,lr.
Th..."d,,,."i 0, den.,,, a,.
la1 lhal Woclrcea aa lobe rnad~iua#lal4. Iu usanat (he dlxrellonuf me~rrvsrodlanl
.- OR
Ihl that ICISI IO, and quoi8rlon lroln thn Ihenrirwrt v (0 te grrnlrd only ~8th my wncteo
wrrn,ss~~n tor r persod of on. year trom tns~aie~n which me rherlb renorc attrr tns rp,,roid
01 rheaward of r dqrPe.mrenrrunnl to ~nrcar~of unr~n~tv. nrmdy . _
19 -..r~ter xnmcn rime the 1 ~ L0 Y O , all. ~ ~ 10 be made auamian,. to u,rrirr ine,,,,rr.r,or or
f"P,reull"d,P",,
OR
icl Ihal a l l % (a. and quoorbon front lhtl thwil:rpport 8% to bn ~runld unlv wlrh mv wrlirrn
D~rmllrlon for aperld of years lram !he dam on whsch methenrirepon.
alter apnroual lor Ihu rward or a dmrw. . enrrus!Bd To fbO care ol !he Vnwer.#o, namely.
10 .,re, wnlrn rmm. two so,,.rr *n to Ilc mad. a" a,,. "le r.
u*rr a, me *\,crs,,an 0, Ih.,, .",lod,m,

SElSLllC I\I4Gl\rG METHODS APPLIED TO DEVOVI.4V C'4RBOL U E
REEF EWIRO\\IEUTS OF \VESTER"i C4N4D4
h!
\LDREH JOSEPII BL'RTO\ B.S

\BSTR\CT
-\ surtku rmrmh: pnl1il~n.r (SSP1 ictlact~on sun

mulrlple cncrg? ;re re~Ic\dhl~ whet, \ SP ddiit ar~ ICLIQI)TBI.~. ~nd wm thc n\rblahle acll
contn>l EUIIIC~~L~(~ ~III~c!~ nith fllc SSP ddl.3. \ SP dwaIy116 .md mult~/6 ~~I~ccII\II). In\cr\li>ll
drc cunxdercd dl d ~ gcri~rm n &r LO A&I~~I\C rpproach 11, multtpls idr.ntiliuot~nu and
Vlpp,u\,lon.
I hc rncrl~~~dnlo~y emplnycd rh~r .~nrl?i~r ot VISLII rull~.cl#\>ry in\ol\c\ .~pl,iu.~t#~~n
~d'h.lvi timu-rcqocncu ;~n.lly\ rnol, and u.mdad \v,rst,c nroLc.rln: hr,l\.i+ ru1.scr.d ti>
wrrnii. n.l(c pcop.t~~l~t~~t ulthln a I.I!L.Tc~ dmlz. It 11\11 he \IIUUII that ~n>ult$plt I.I~CI.L.! cim
he !dunntied 131 \SP d.lt.8 wing Ih!psrhul~c .cmhl.mcc \clt#c!i! .~w.~l!,l\. ~r.lnxc.l~nl~tr.d ,lath..
.md lucr. .~oa~currcl.~t~on,. Fi~rthci. 11 all! hc \htn\n 1h.a \SIX d.~.! c.7" hi. awd lu? alcntil!
I~L. (.11118 int~1l~i[116 L~II~I~! .~nd a150 IO ~~I~IIII~! IIIC nlcchdrl~\ni I~C\PUII*~~~C I~IWI~L. ~n~itlllpte
rcllecuon, Fur tbl\ p.,nsulnr L8Au \cud!. thl: con!r.nt#tlndl n,c.!hndr af mulllplc *apprc**i(,~i
h! prcdrrnn .tld ma\cour d~rcnrntwtnin are e\aIi~ntcd .1111119 n~ih $3" iiddp?ililon 111 .I Icdrt
\qaols\ in\cr\!on mctl~ad \I! mclhnd\ bcu Itn~~tucl succcr, due to !llu n;>tari. $01 rliu rnalc~pic
~oni.~rn~n.ii~m. hul ihc Inenll ; r n ~ l > ~amplr.rnr.nh ~ t ~
V~\hu inlcrprc!.aa>u ;~nd Il~cr~.h?
#n>lmncs I~kul~lnnad ofdnll~n$ ruccuar.

4C L\O\\LEDCEhlENTS
I an? giarctul a, e ~e~anc ~n\ol\~.d ~n 8nill.aing and rupportln. lhc ~tln~tot~~inr of
rcatrr. rr \I

To ;dl thc ~ ndurt~ rpclnwrr of blUSIC ft~rpm~lding findncval ruppon. wtrusrc.
ruuluns\. rel,nui. ddra. and rcsaich Jsccmn.
la L.tndm.vi Graph~c~ Corpor.~thon br pm>~d~ng lKSl(iH I "' wtia.~m lo~.ipn;,ll>
r tlstr
tic< Sci\n?n. Ln~r ISL "'I \uttnars I~bmr). .md tu Don Hmp\nn .ind Bn.\n Rur.cll Itit
IIV.~ !J:!?:\l !t \ T \ I". GLI "I. .>nd \YO "' x,l~,.xdr: T!Y:W \C,!~>..>P: p.i:L.v;z\ .:?: e.:d
lor rr.ind.~id SSI' VSP \~.lm,~c pmr.c\.;~ng pru*cntud I$> (hi, dr\t\.
TI, Bnon Huftc. Prul Bamcr. I1nming7Lu. Ci1. Slsitm O'llr>i.n.
Bmgusn Du. Irr'ne liell!. Undy Gr;mt. !urcc.my Pcng. Ii~nung Lu. \\ cuxjing \\ u. \!~r,> Oc!
Rtch.tnl \\ n$ht .~nd other* pd\t ,~nd prcrcst ~n tns dq~mnrnc iilr i.rc.tltn$ .I lrioiill\ .s>d us.
Grpur.tll\r. norl~ng cni~ronmr.nt III \I1 Sir. SpccwI tb;mi\ lo Jinmllrg 11111 .md S1111011
O'llncn Ibr slodclltng \ofiurre .~nd m.m! u\aIi~I \up~u\nt>n..
To thc G

TABI.EOF COWEYTS
ABSTRACT., ............................... 11
\Cli\lO\\LEDCE\IEUTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF FICL'RES . . . . . . \##I
LIST OF ABBRE\ I.ATIONS USED.. . . . . . . . . . .\I>
I. I'ITRODLCTIO'I. . . .
I I \\c\~cn> C.miJ~in D~.iat>l*n Plcum Rl'\r.r\o~~\ o
1.2 Data Pmcr>rtng Ohjr.cln~.\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,111
I .i \Iodell~sg .md In\ur\lon Ohjccl~\u\ . ..... I2
2. PROCESSI\C \IETtIODS FOR SURFACE SEIS\IIC PROFIl.BS . . lo
1.1 SSP Gcunlcp. Scrllnp. Strrtc*. and Dw~~!l\~~iuuc~n ... I Y
2.2 %I' Yulc,c~t! .\l~ill>rt,. CbIP Stil~Ltns. dnd \lult!pla lda11~0 . . j
2 j S\P \lulr~plc Suppie\%n>n . . . . . . . .
?.a SSP .\mpl~tudc lcrsur O!?kl .\wly\!r. .. . . . . >
3. PROCESSIW METHODS FOR WELLBORE DAT\ . . . . .63
1.1 \\.ullhor< I.og Sunoyr .md VSP ChecLblto~. . . . . . . M
5 2 \.Sl'n.t\ctieldS~p.lra~~on and Dmon\olutinn I
3 i VsP Corridor Stilckingmd Mulr~pla Ihnilt! ...................... 34
4. FOR\V.ARD \IODELLINC .AND REFLECTIVITY INVERSION ....... .RX
4.1 hclrmal Inc~dmur Synthrtlc Sei.;mogrums.. ................ $8
4.2 Ofkrr Modcllln$ ........................... 92
4.3 Pnmmlnc ReHecli>~ty lnverslon for Muluplrs ........................ .,I7

4 . 1 Least Squares Merhoda ................................ UX
1.3 2 In\cislun F

LIST OF FIGURES
FI~LIT~. I I I Rcpnwal \tiutlgmph> of L'ppr'r Ddionirn gc.ub,gy lhlm lhv \\CSB ~n \outit
(cntrdl \Ih~m . . . . . . . . . . .
F~puru 1.1.: T?pcal I ppcr Dcxonldn .enlon,r.al r.ro.5 recwon tiurn ihc. \\CSB ~n wuth-
r.cntlal \lhcnr . . . . . . . . . . . . .
il:urr
:.i i Kllu,l~p.ig,trion ~n Idycrcd rnedl.i.. . . . . . . . . I ,I
I'izur~. !.I.? Conicntlun.bl SSP l.ind acrju~slram dcrlgn .tnd ddt.1 miillplic~i! .,\\cu~;itr.d u111,
('\IPp"x.,"ing . . . . . ?I,
t~guru! I.; CLIP hlnninp .;tmreg) it,rCOF p.tt11r.n ICOFI . . -.
. . . .
FIU~L. 2 I I \C.III dt~tr~hx~c~t~n titir 5SP 1.1nd ~-PPPI.I.C I I C ~ U U U U ~ !J
I'igaru ? I 5.t CSP ~pruRli' m d i.L .pectru>n al amhii!m~nt 20
I:l;uie !.I 5h CSP protile and i-k \pcctmm Hrllos~np i-k .opprc.;~m of rctr.tc!los .tnd
\arlrr.e nadu, . . . . . . . . . . . ... !Y
I:ipure ? 1.h CSP plolilc ;ll,rl f-L ,p~xtrum a ~hclflucilllt~n ............ 1'1
F~gttrv 2 1.7 GLI in\ened ac;ahcnng \l;nlc\ ink,m~.tl~on.
......
Figure 1.1 X Prc-pmcrss~.d SSP I'OF .rsl>urr md .iatocom ......
F~gurv 2 2.18 Pmc

F~zurc 5.1 3 Llultiplc. rupprrr*lun hy deep prcdict~on dur~gn dpplid !io till1 otf\cl ShP ('OF
.r.ahcr\. dtd ;tua,~~rrcl,ll~nnr. .................... 1ZlI
Ftgurc 5 1 .h >car stdck ,~ul~xorrcbtiun\ helbrc prudict~on . . . . . . .
Flgerc i ).Ah \car >tack automnrlat~an. liar pred~r.la?n tor wpprLw~~ r i \uppru**a>s ~ os .!il *~litiion nloiilpic cri~.~g\, i 2.:
rlzurc 5 1 I-a Slant ,tech n..tn\liwm ~lf SSP COF

Fbgure 5 2 6 kmplitudc Lpeclre fb,r thcdoan-eu?ne \'SF savuletn . . . 141
Ftgorc 5.2.7.~ U..n eticld ~ I I I C L . \ ~ the ~ ~ reef ~ C W VSP . . . . . . I43
Fteurr. i 2 7h \bavr.liuld pmceqstng fur the bhclt VSP . . . . . . . I44
F~.arc 5.2.7c \Va\on* . l4\
tlgure 5 2 9;s tnregrnwd reel ndllhtlr~ d d ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.
Figi~rr. 5 2 9h Inteerotcd rhclf acllh~~ru dirt., . . . I it$ r8guie 5 ? clc In!r..r.~i~d .dnlnhaymcnt rcllhorc d.aa. lil
l.igurc 5.3 11 li~lr.gntr.r( SSP. \'SP..ind .!nthcl~c rucfd;a,~ . . 155
F~zuir. 5 3 I h ln!cgr.@lcd SSP. VSP. md *)#irl~altc *hclFd.ttd. . . . . . . 15-
F~gum 5 I,lc Inlegr.t$cd SSP. VSP. .l#ld \)11tl!u11s erllhil)nldnl d~lii . 15s
irguri. 5.4 1.1 S>!lllrr#cr Ih~m ruIlr~l!\lt) !a\cr*bon .$r reuf IRI
Fipum 5 4 I h ln\uncd Itn md RR RL)~IUC~L'CC CI ICC ... . 1112
Ftguri' 5 4 2.1 S?ntl~c!~cs turn rullvclr~~t~ ~n\c.rrh>n at rucf i\itb \\u>thunn~. irC
F~prr. 5 4 ?h 1otuni.d R,md RI ,equcnci.\.tt rci.fn!ll~ acathcnng . . . . . . . . lh-I

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LrSED
\GC Sr.~\m~c automatic grln olnrrnl
\I o "' ~emp,on .md uus\~.il ompl~tude br.i*ur otih .!~;II!\I\ \,,iinor~.
COF SSP c,mmmon nltaur grthur
CLIP SSP r.onmc>n tuld pohiit gil1hr.r
( ID?. ShP r.

SEG.0 Stmdard hinor) SSP >r.trmr darn. Iype'D'
SEG-PI Sl.mdilrd MCII SSPsunc! dm. t!pc'PI'
SSP: Surljce n.trm~c pruRlc
STR\T.\ "I. tliimp\un and Russr.ll strdrlgrilphc sel\m~c ~rnpedanri. ~ntcrr~on \olrn.m
S L: Scirrnl~ rlgal a, nu~\c le\cl
mu-p: .c~*~nr ilmc s.i rd! pardmutcr dorn'un
Ill \ \clrinlc true rvlol#\r. mlplilude
i\ D \\r.llhvri. true \crt~cal depth
T\\? SSP t\%o-nu) retkctlan tlme
1'1. \ SP lirrl brcal ti nu lo TRT
-TT \ SP FRT d\.mcd h* IT
,TT YSI' kl< dcl.~!ed h! Fl
\ SP. \uvilc;d ,o\mc pnllilc
\-1. 1dtc~l al%ut \\ sulrmr ,(me dorn;>in

CH.AI'TER I. IVTRODCCTIOI
\iAu t~.uipln!s ntthln thc De\onlan cnrho~l;l~c i.n\~mnmenr In Uc\unl c n>;!d.t
lhr\e pm\cn lo he uhsllunq~n~ varsut. 61 (om cnron.ti >c~,rn~c appl~csiotrr Thr. .~*wc~.isil
lh)dnx..shon 1ndlcator5 arc unpmdictrblc rlncr'anly ruhtli. \Lrt.ita,,,r m rurrnlc IC\PIIII*C
cxtrt het6r.cn on-rcf and oft-r~.~.ir~tuatinr arc absent from tllc ripnitl. the peal of thlr thc~lr la la ddupt .I pmcc.\lnz
rtntegy hat 3er.k~ to pruride reliahlc Nisku hydrucnrbon indicators in arh ~lrus.
The Lower Nisku fonat~on a d adjacent geolagtc mcmben arc too thtn s, hv aoli
rvsul\cd h) cesiisi~hle sctsmtc \~avcletr pmpagrting at high \ehcay alrh loa temporal
Buquuncr> at iar$edepth of bunai. This requires that rublls changs tn sc~smic r:rpon*c
Iwa$rfum character. tlmln$. md amplitude) must $rm rhc bais Br rercno~r lacto md
I

~pomuty d~rr~nctlon. Prr.%n~n$rhe\e hydmarhon ~ndeator* u\~nl the commotl mdpninr
iC\lPl mcthod rulles on retention at'upttmum hdndn~dth dur~ng prnr.cs,ins 1i.r \UI~.IL.C
canslrli'nc) ~n tme ddll\i anlplitude iTR.\l. rcfr;utaln stsrtu,. md su\i.lel dr.coo\olurlon.
IXSICIHT "' md SV "' roit\\are 15 usrd br rcnamtc pim~rrine. GLI "' v,Rnrrc I* ilruli Ii,r a ri'ir~ciar'tlon rlaric rall!!r~on and Blr .k rnc.al~n$iil nodel. t\me ~IcLL.~ dun"% \r.luc~t) dndly\~r murt hi. \;lltd.ltcd dr pl>n~.aric\ 1, CIIW~C c111.11
\r.tch,n$ \\111 ~rnprmd re\alu!~on and rlgnal-a>-nnlrc IS \I lc\ui h! ~nulliplc nlcou.won
.\dspl.mn!n oi~iilivr lnillllple >apprv.\sm li.~.hnlqor.\ hard 1111 ~dcnlhlied m ~ll!pl~
r.h.tni.rrirur\ dunng C\IP e~d \i.ncdl IL.I\~~~L. prtltile il SPj P~~cL.*\II>~ ,1111 it!n/>~.r I ~ L ~ ~ C C
~nrc~rctatlon pi~Blls
181 gcnerrl. miduplc .ttlr.nuiltr,n nled,ods are rditprcd 1,) ,hi. d!lljrr.slt.tl ni,r~ti.)l
mo\ut l\\l01 hch;n~oar har\ctn prcmrnv\ .~nd mult~plc~ \lulr$plc\ gcndrdll! lh.i\v
ercrtur \\I0 ch~n primdr) rctlc.~.tion,. Thc CLIP ,tach pn)cc\\ I;-t rprci. .c!r da .t
m~ncuur filtur h) prutcrentlrlly cnh.mcing "car-/em \ta\c.numharr \Vhun pl-trnoi) \\I0
LCIT(

For rhorrcr ptriud multlple~ rhnr ~n\cl in I.i\lr.r rncdla or i\trLnut *ientticw~ ~n*ul.ar
cornponcnt*. d~tti.rr.nital \\I0 hccorncr \milller and pitdtcrnm c.1" hc ~siplcmcnwd on .I
port-.iwcL Ir.r\i, under numdl I ~ C ~ ~ U dssumptwnC ~ C S LIultlpk inurg and I.si.r.tl \ .si~ar~l>~>
~n per~duir! arc ~dont~livd la lhitt >~~nbli~iml pr~mary cnr're) Gompancnrs bc u~cludcd ironl opr.ma,l
ilc\~$n lac, Pru-$lruL prcalcla,n may ruqulre oribn dr.pcdr.sc operalor dr.\lgl, llr i>t!rcl
l~rn~!at~on to ;!dspl cw d~i?c~~.nl~ill UCIO. hut IS ~dtallt,kg~~)~~ liilxc ,1.1~/111.1 IIU! i.!llli~si~i.
5 \ rsi r lh~gl>r.r Ic\vl than plat-\t.lr.L prcdlctlon. For uifssh ccmR>rn~~ng la I~~,IT>.II 181~1di.ni.r.
lcoii\t;tnr mult~ple pm~od \\ah .rff\tiet), prcdrton \houlJ hu rpplrahlc to hslttl~ prc-\t.li.L rsd
pun..ucL SSP dnt.~
\n ~ndu\tr) ddld wr limn hlhcnn I\ ani>ly\cd fiv 1hLu Da~cl~t~a~l reel \c!*ms
ii.\l,un\c Tlw acllhvw d.u& arvrc~arcd ailh thfr hu null colitn,l liv
tlircr. dlrtinct r

\igt~fic~ntly relatns to \uhrurlace ~narhed delay ~UUEVJ~C~ ~~tth fasicr media. Lrtcril
mel?r~s ofrnultlplu gcncrnton ~ndlcasjn hecornss roore d~llicult as \yrtcm curnplcuty
tncwors* S~gn~licttnl multcplc mo\cou, ~denutlrd .tt m olY-~~cll CllP lkr.t~n>n m;$! ht due
tn Irrcral \rildtton I" the vdy-palh ~conletry of!hr. wrtire mr.chm~mm. or s> *uh\urf.t:lr.c
~nrcrhudh dom~nittang mult>pli. rmponrc lo~.nll) Imprdmui. amtrJu\ a ~1/11t> 11113 Itriu
,)\tunl can ru\itlr ~n ;I \et\mh: ropm*c iha i, m,n-11nu.s ~n R.II~CII\II) .h IIIUIL~.IIU~
13)
IUohmn I I'lhij. dnd lharahy nluluple\ cdn occur a1111 ~&glrltir.dni r.sr. sl pl-1in.s)
IC~ICC~IOII,
The .?\ti.m m;ty sppc;$r n~m-ltnt.nr due 11, (he .apcrtlapr8np ,01 rlillcnc~~l
~nulttplc $r'nL'nbrlog mar.hm~mn~r. Thu rclrr!\c rrrcngrh ol cuntr\hi~r~ng nlcch.ttli~sl\ itildar
bclth c~rc~>m.t.~ncc> cm he cvpcc~ed h) cbdngd .I\ l.l!~r.~l cll.n~~g~~ III tllc ~CIUI.I: g~**ltlg)
wcur \lult~plu wppr

mort appmpriiltc mult~ple dtlcnuetton tcchnlque. The VSP r.orndor \mcL~ng techniqrlc
(H.~nlogc. 19S11 II>~IL..IICI prd~cl~nn dl\l;mce filrdc~t~n\01~11~~11 ~pe~ilt~~rdelilel~ dl 9611
locvrlclnr n?r. in$~.r\ton lili multlplcr mctht>d ILinc.. 19961 olremph cnn\lnrtioit t1S.1
rutli'r'rn~t? \p~lc reqacncc tu complcmr'nt mult~plu ~dentltical~un .tnd *upprc*\lcm. .bnd IIIC
mcthad docr nor rcl) un the .t.wmpttos of\y\tem Imc~rnt)
RLII~LIII 11) IIIICI>ICIIL 8. .~llpl~~d UO~CL IIC~III\C ILlI ~ Y ~ I CI;IIow~#~I,). I 1111,
dttcmptcd u s ~ r n maJilid algcr~lhnl ~mplcmcntrt~un .~r dc8cltlpcd h! LIII~.\ I lOc1hl. I hl*
.a,al>,,\ rcqairur the crnh mudel R,.(II rcqacnce dcrncd tic~~l It>$\ .181d SSP neatl~er~t~g
madcl. .I \ra\clo u(t). and lhc he\[ hmd-lirnttcd SSP u\rlmar. nFthc e.l#?lll, ~nomv.~l
iaczdunm i ~~ll ~mpulrc rcsponsu Rlltl SIR.\I4 "'coti\\nre ~r u5r.d Isit SSP 4.i\clr.t
e\riiaon VSP data pmide conrtn~ntr ior di.pih-a~-llmc Ibg Lnntcr\\on\. .> \~l~d;lt~on
pnrc\\ ILI. Ihg hll,ch~q. ;tnd direct melr~plc tdr.nr~tic~r~iw IF~ui.r.i.\~ti~l .,I thr. %ell Ik,r.~,tc~~>.
CTIIL.W h~ n?ulupIc d~enuat~tm te~hn~quc~ i-ixld hc ~UTI\L.~ lhlm lutur;ti u\lmpule!#on aould hc ~~llr.rpivtcd i~lr Idturd
\.lr~a~~ons ~n nv~luplc Zuneriltmg mcchintmir and Icrnlng clx!idctunwc\. It rhv u\cnl\
~.r~.ilt~~>?l
it muluple muchsn!.im could hi. mdpped. prcd~crnon di,t;~ncu could hc mo~l#to~.d
I~tcrdlly and uacd tu attenuate rnult~pl~r nn SSP data. .Alarnatibrl). *pcctrrl dl, \won
decun\olutlun em be used to rhape the ~nvened cmpulre responre R,(tl lo the ~nbertcd R,.ltl
C'nlltr. thu predictive mcthud. this tr%l>nlque attempts to rcmuvu mulllplr unorzy turn lhc

I .I Wertcrn Canadian Devonian Petroleum Reservoirs
Thc Lpper Dc\ontm geaiogyofrh' \Vr.rtcm Cdnodidn Sed~mcntrg B.i,tn I\\CSBI
mn \Ihen.~ I, spwad over bur units. uach hustlngcarhonnte rccencur mntr The fir\! ucitt in
thr. strer~_erdphy IFI~~L. I I I) IS the Udbdmun Cmup and thu r ~~ood untt 1s du \~\hu
rilrnlac8cin ul lhu \\.athcm \lhcn.t Shull. I,
ti~c I.vdu~ I-orm;kt~ur cot lhc \bnndhcnd Clmup. 1 hlr lorm.ttmo I\ repl.,cvd h) ll~u lrcrnn *I,.tlr.
ho\~naord The fi~anh unit I> thuS\\an tltII\ Formatia~ ol thr. Bva\crhtll Lahclxn~ap. Ihc
rcrcltt,lr ,one .avxstcd nllh !In. pw"'nt rtudy IS tn the LLI~I.I \I&I $13 ~L)UIII-LUIIII',II
\ii>cn.,.
The 11Au Fornml~on r.on.;l\ti (of lorer.~ily cont>nuua\ rcpc\\nc ~II/OIIIIII\L.~ >hi./I
c.>rban.ar.r ofI..m Tr.tsn8.1o .~gu 1-1711 \lo) dcpc!\~tcd .~n,ond the \\ ~ntcrh~ini R,!\III ~LITIIIS
isid cllnl.alc condltlo~lr. Thn untt c\tr.nd$ Jcrnlr ,\lhcna and Sa\L;ttsllc>\.sn in < ;m;bd.~. .lnd
ncldrs Ila~nlan,l ilnd \onh D;dut;! ~n the L'nlrd SWtw. 011 and .as occur ill ihv Ilrku andc~
.I taraty nl trdp L.L>II~I~~OI>\ -\TI ~.xnggeri~t~.d ~COIII~II. cn?\\ ~UC~IIIII (FI~LIIC I I 21
~..icnnpi~fier \hLu plnnilulu-island rccb rvhich are bmaus ic)r coolalnfng otl in dt~lom!ti.cd
hank i.d:i.r. P~nnxle recfti,mvilt~on I\ controlled by hdrin slope brat~on. hur athur Lctc>r\
contnhur to rr.*cnolr fum~atlan. r hw arc dusurthrd gcalageally III the \ \PG LIcnrnl~.
re~.~

dctcr.t~~.n ciltens m many L'ixser as ploten by poor succi~s rotlor e~peiianccd tn ~ndurtr)
dctlllng pnlgrnrn5
The rcikmc ohjmtl\er ~n ch1.i \irhu >tudy .,re trio-tidd. The fir\( ~ohjr.cri\i. I\ ci,
lduntlfy ihu I;I~cNI IllmL~Iltln B~llll cnrhon~te \hulfto r.slhdymeilt. i\hllv ihc \ICIII~~ ~lhjccll\~
i\ to ~dcntlt! pororlt). On the rhclt r stntgnphlc trrp I, i.reatcd h) .I light L pper \i\Lu
~o\crl!~n: ~hr. Loner \!rlu ahluh conta~n\ ,onnru\ ut~altcred cdrhooarr. or .~hercd cnrhonare hut #nu ~nh!drllic lill. \I the .bvii\L~pr.
tran\llon. YI~Lu r.idbolld1~1 dr~ rcplaced rr the *rmc \tlrll~g~i~phl~ Iu~cI h) \II~U \hdlc~ 01
tl~c rd\t \\~n~crhurn Sl,.~lc Rin~n. The leter~l tjclcr d~u~nctaut hcttrr.r.11 tlgl~t \br.lt: pon,a\
rr.rcm,~r. rnd cmhr)ment ma? hc ~dusifinhlr. !rum *rackr.d \t'hrrnlc ddrd on tbe urad h~r#\
ofrnnp11slL .mdnr ticqucncy chdngc. or hy da,u,ttc ~mpcditncr. ~rn~n~on. Pri'.rt:sh SSP
drt.l (mi) rl\o he UIC~ W 3cnt~& Iktl~c,l~yy LIII dl 4\.O haw Ili~n~.~ar. ~TC~OCIIC! CICI .,I.
~~,n>unutmicl rct\mic pmfile, ma) he tnsuI.licicnt a, rcv>l\c thr. key .iurmtc rclbcta,r\ ,lird n~.
tltc ,hull \bpe rrdnrllaln Zeomctry -\I%,. rnulllple retlec11081 IIIIC.IIUTC~FL. I* .) pl>lcnl~ikl
pnlhlum ~n mm-clrmc rcsmmlc rtrat~pr.iph) rincc suhtle amplaud< dircr~m(wn,n cilrcn.,
svay he mnrhcd \.Icthodr uf molrlplu \upprc\ron .md aicrcnrd hmda~dth ma) help 1,)
dcrna hncr cud Ix,nx>t) dtscrim!nation cnruna

1.2 Dam Proearring Ohjcctivcs
Thc 5olutlon lo thu Ulstu interprelat~onal pnlhlum ~n rha casc uudg TL.IIC\ c ~ ('\IP i
pmrcr,~op uiSSP Jato ru pro\~de pomwt~ crtt~'ria Tilt. malt con\cnr~onal oTrhi.\e ci!tcil.~ ~r
the rmpll~udr. and ch,tractur .ia>oc~atcd \wth il CLIP rtoch $r ah~ch I'K.\ 1h.n hccn prc,r.ncd
allh lhgh S \ nalo .>nd mortmisd h;md\ridth Thv fulindmluntall! hn\ rr..crlutiiv~ I\
cnh.lsucd hy urtuz~rn~n ot Ihrgh-cnd hrodr8dth. \\L!lr. ~'1var.1cri.r Intoin>.tla>n I\ cnlt.tni.ud h!
~ncrdll hand* ndrl~. Ho\\c.\i.r. edrc !\ rcqakrtd lo mm$ml\c the numhcr ofoi.va\c\ s~lhln rhc
.i.,\lnic h.bndnldt11 rlncc other wI rc~*sili. no#\u \\LII dcarnli#>c rhu qudllt) ~1'l)~lnlvl) ~nd nr tri.ur d~u#l~cl!~n
cncun;, in th~\ scolag~c senlng.
The LL.? 10 incr~i~~ins Xhlu cc>oIut~tm rO \\ilh ru~ttring dlld nl.~~nt.~~l)ln$ I~lgb
trcquenc) rpcctral somcnt. Duvun\ulut~on opcrdton. ~fnppli~t~hlc. muU h di'\,snc'd !nun
.;-I ;(rear ,,I Ion ,r.hmlc rnllre ~n d s ~~rti~~~~~n~~~lcnl
cndnner Optll,ndi \peclrrl cnh.incmne811
tucLniquc\ drr. 1r.v ctmstrstncd hy luc;tl +viogy hut u,mt phac ad~u.tment sntcnd murt hr'
dctinud. Il.tlnramln% hleh-end band\rdth ~n the riocL mlrr nn optcm~id \r;ltlc corruct#on\
and mo\cout vstlmiltlon. \rh~ch are ~nhurently relaltd pmcorcs rhn devrnllnu the \alad~t!
el 111~ CLIP rtilchlne ilssumptton.
Extsns~un ofthe ikw frequency ~niormution Is diftii'ulr 4hr.n rurtdcc mcrdua ~ntr.iti.ic
nlth retlcctron e\tnls. For this Naslu \tud). shot hules base heen drilled ccm.i~.itr.ntl> to .l
depth of 1Jm to rudusc ar hlast from hole hlos-out. md gcuphunr army\ prnb~de wrt:vx
raw sttenuat~un. This la Irnpun;mr since st;lcting may not altcnuatd lua irequcncy hand-
lim!tnl cohecent now Anti-alias spread drri$n attrmplr sufficccnt ,;trnpling uirctiact~on
10

cnarp! uh~ch ~.;m hi. rmcrbcrnt~rc. md a11asr.d nolie trams arc ditficult In rcmwi' a irl:..~:
cumpmrni\lng prima- rmplitudcr. Haae\rr. deep shot holur [hat do not pcnctmtc lhc *oh-
\~cstbunng 1s)i.r mil! inLr0dui.e rpul~vlly \anant arxelet ghovlnz $nun \utti~~cllll! lk)n
and \;~r>rhlc \\a;tthr.nn% \clocity ;a ~ ht shot local~on. For lh!, rta\on. i\li~lcning
dcclutinn dc\qn .hould attempt ro rr.mo\r. an! $hmtcog cticct h! c~tund~ng thu
II~FI~I~\ me, .>a\amc that the rho, 1h.v not pcnctiscd tIu i\r.ahr.rinz I.c)cr .;n b.lt lint
hrc,th* rcprc,cnt rr.tiocr~m> brthin .a I.lyr.rrd r.;mh. I Ihu m.w? 5SP d.11;) pwci'\\lng I>~>IL.L.II\I. i\
10 gr.nr.u!r. con\m!a,nal grrhen pn>cu\\r'd \urLtce canr~rlc~sly ha \ut~c\. I'R \. dnd
n.nr.lct d

cul-ktce puplue ~nt>l!>plv gcnemtur. .\ssumtng that d~von!olutiot> colrvl.t\ tili a.ni.lr.t
$ariation due to rho1 hurlal. i\aathenne trt~clt~me at rhi. rcccncr lucdrion .hlold ~nd~c:ao
prd~ctlun d#\rsncc Iltr pee-ley aucnu.nl!on. At the vamc llmc. \\all hurc b1.r ill14 VSP di81it
~III hc pri>cdsscd II) r.\aluate mult~plc pmblemr ahsh are ~ntcrdependentl) rcldlcd a, SSP
pnru\vng. The ~pplsdhll~ty of tanour muluplc ;atcnu;ltlon rncthod\ lo ~dent~licd mulrlple
pnihltmr \111i he arar.*rr.d tor methodulog$c;ti pmhlum\ Tnc huv appnl.cn vii he ~~!>IICU
~n rlx m t .$ppmpn;$tc ~ data dornatn tn conjunctton r ~lh \tmdmd SbP prc>r.c..~np ~nletbliir
1.3 lo dell in^ and In~errion Objcetl~er
Thu pro

Ftmrnurd modclllng has hccn applted br Dc\anv;m ampl~tudr bcrur otl.;r't [.A\ 01
iu,pun\e Lu md Llnrs (1405) h&\c ~llustratrd rhst AVO analyrlr rnq otkr r h.tm R,r
dlrt~neu~ibine lacrsl kcids fhdngcs in the Visku Fonvilnd AVO madcllin. under iull
rulluct~\~tv (1nc1t1d~n.r mult~picrl may cnhmci. the u,cfulnes\huc sltlchr Jr
.renenrr.d trim thc mult~plc ~oiltamtnatad data. Ho\\F\L.T. \I~L.U tidl ~UI~FLII\II! IO~C I?
andr.~ \\ U '" v>lra.rl-u 15 lhmitcd to ~oni. h!tr blth o~crhurdcn. thc rr.*ol~r tnor ~cddll!
.~ppl~~.ihls I,, \ilrhu c\plc,r.a~un \!t~.rnatl\eI>. .I i;idi.~l rrduu nwdul th.a ~ncludc. La,cppnv
i~lcul;nmsr and ti\! ordcr sulr~pla.; coald hi. gcncr;ttcd and ~~dllllll~'d tor -\VO clk~h. porrlhl! cc>n,ttlutln. .$ more %.tl~d ~ritcrid tor 410 .in,l?\!\ RUL.~~U\COWCI I+ IIVOI\C~ 111
thc tontard ll11ddlllnp01' \VO ~fhi-t\. niivi. pilr.!m~rers arc ~n\t>l\cd .md \clnbln (I!
incrurrcr. mallng merw mudellmg le*s rcilrhlr. and nut d 5tand.d cumponca of .\\O
rnalrrlr Inrteitd. in,tdnldncour runhuter (or raa .mlpl~tudcrl tmm scar-aft,cr \i.rh 4.s~
tk,lll>a~ll.r prcdr!~\r. mult~plr. etcnu;~aundu>~?ncd undur rr.tlr.c~~\~ty ~tnennln and or \ SP
cntcrra In,,? hu .I muie mhuv twl fi,rrt.rcn,>i dbstlnc~nm lh;m AVO anal!vr ~n thl. \\\ha
L.2C.e
Lurt \quilrcr pammernc rrfl~xr~\i~y Inwraaln $r muhipk\ hui heen dpplwd
\u~c~~$iull:i a, \ynthclxc data IL~nes. I'J'Jhl. The method fiht $entiales .I qntlluls lmpul\c
re*pon*c armg d known as\clct altl and r primary rcllcctlssty scqucncc Rp(tl detilivd h!
tixd r~.tlvi.lor posit!ons. Then. R,ltl rnapnltudn \\ere altered and In\cnl~mcon\c.cgcd In thu
correct r

hea nod el hloskine ~nk~rmet~un fc~r ~cncrat~un ut R,,(tl. I hr. hloch~nu pmci'as t.i \~l!dill~d
h) domlndnl uppomp retlettmna a\ !dent!ficd ton YSP Jav.1. md STR.\T\ " Ir uwd Lr
cpt~mol r?rlmdrnm oFa(t1 br ~n~err~un. If succe,rtul. r(0can .~lu> hc wed 6rr ti1lr.r dcr>$81
s> \h.~pr. \tuck \pci.rra LO [hut of the in\c.ned prlmdy r!nthms Tllnb n?ut~hi~~"ltcr \~t>uld
.~ttcinpr a, rcmo\c all multtpls ultccts n once md should ~ orh re11 t;,r nindo\\r COI?I.~DI~~~~.
on< mult!plc aa\clixrm Prcd~clrnn ma) hendit fn,m ,he m;bly\~< ~l'prcdo~lion d~\r.tncv ind
mulr~plc nrchali\m can Ihc d~nuti~d for ~ ~p~r~tor duszpn Hcmr.\i.i. \\hen colourcd prsin.,r)
rctIu~ti\t~\ ~xcup~t\ the r;~ni: rua~com~lrtion I.gg* JI the mulaplv. mon bopr. I\ placed $a .L
mittch~ng 1iitr.r ~opcr.ntioo sl prwrr,: undcily~ng prlmap cnerzy n rclat~~c ampliladc
Lorrndl ~nc~dcncu modell~ng h! Java Lnrserumn \\!\I hu onni>\cd tibr n~alltplc
acncrelnp mcchan~vn* th;a d~mn ths ~;s$cted pctmlr.t>m rv\ur\ oir tjvle\ \sccvr\
par.~sic~rtc raH~~t~!wty ,n\cranm lilr R?III .I[ acll lacdta~n~ qudI~liu\ n,ulupli. ICC~. I.I\
~nPirr.rl durlne \'SP ~nd C LIP pmccrrlng b k u int~lpretnta>n chould hc ~rnpnnud .da.l)
ihm .ell* artng pl.tmny mspon\u impm\ud ~n amplttudc dnd clrartctcr h) Iogi~dl
.~p(lllcota,n afmull~plc .tttcnu;ttam mdhod* Rv~olulton 5n.i) rem.twn ~nruflicrhl lhlr ,lcmrtzan From xrll bg> c.tn hu ~iltuil~\ciy ~ncorpomtcd
tnto the nludel to pmvldr suficlrnt laycnns This approach may CornpenYale hr Ion
re\olut~nn ~n ., >D Invenam. The must r~gnktiumt renson fbr invcrslon f.ulure msy he kick of
intrnhcd delny assuclated wtth hlocky models. In this Niaku caau study. ruccurr oFth~\
method aiL\ lirnltrd to an rpprrclatlon for the multiple-pncratmg role ofdornlnmt
rrllectnm in the CMP reponre.

In sumrnmy the resmrch ooal of this thcslr s ~\\u-told. Thv primar) $uol Ir to oht.i>n
rcli,~hlu h)dinvrihun indlcdturr from SSP data Ths heconday godl i, io Inrvgr,ltc aellhor<
~aRrmi$~~on into rho5 pmcurr. The meihcxlolo$y urcd on accompl~sh~n$ Ihccv pool* ~n\ol\u.
dcrn~ng r unique raatcgy ti,< th* appl>cntun ufriatlvhle signal pmcc\rlnp techn~rlue\ ~n tliu
,,~oa,ng of a pdrr,culur Nirlu SSP expcrlmcnt rhr. ptxllr of I ~ Ltbcslr S Jn ax neuc*\.tnl!
dunl;ald 111r. da~elollmcnt 01 L.YLI~!I~~ ~ C I thdllr) tlr 1~chn010~). hut IIB~C~U L ~ top#< C tu
~n~alt~plc ntienuatine nlu.ir hc tl~~~i~~~~@hl ,dnili)*cd III tlntwn \111I1 IU ph>r8~1 vf\e#\int~.
~nl.tplnp.md the ~ruplcmut~rat~nn ofpri>cr.durr.\ .t\all.,hlc 111 imp~ne \t~i~.~l-b,-nu~\c rii~~u
\c~\rn#c d.~t.t. C'on\dur.lhlc sthn ir dlrcced .!I ~tt;uk!n$ tltd d~llic~ll pnlhlcnl 01 1dcst11! ~ng
.III~ mm*n I"$ mult~ple retlivta,t>r 10 sclrms dxit Thts mquircr Ihc crs,tl~on god
gnphcc\ s, uppon the ~c~cnulic~lly round dtsctis~ton and d~r~umvntia~on $01 ouluplc
,upl,rcwl"~ ,,nJ ~mpmrcd nnrgc ~luallty .!r rcl.tlr.d .! prrticul.~r \IAU SSP c~pcnnlcnk.
Thonli~$b u\plormi

CHWTER 2. PROCESSING \IE'rHODS FOR SLRFCE SEIS\IIC PROFIL.ES
Surlici. .ei?rnic pruliling lhas hccomi. r rtandard mahod ~n the pcuphy\~cal dctcctwn
of 011 md ew resc.noln The nhpat\e ot [he pioccrimg strategy dppllcd to licld dam ~r to
prn\~du a rr.rp,iar. trom uhlcb hydrclcarhun\ ~ ;m hu dtccled. Ihlr ad1 gcncr;~ll! depuoil oil
ddlil qlldlll).. Wrgct depth. and target cbar.lctcnrl!cs. For ktnd SSP .tcqul.ltion. ~~?cL.\\III".
.ll?l?lrd to nn,nc \~pnal dlrr?nl,,o eai~rd hy n;~\clc, prnp:lg;*~on lJ1~l~~,\olc~t~a~el s,
rciran lmg thc diikrcnual rtmt delay .~su,cia!ud a ~th btc~al tdridt~o~~ ~n thc wrt:tcc lln-
\cllril) Ir!cr (hldll~

u~uBlncr\ ofeon\entoml ruppw,,ton techntrlucs. The arccaa ot the suppriwion all1
dctcmlnc if CLlP g.11hr.m can he urcd ~n mmunt~undl .AVO dndlyrlr
SSP dad br ,I Dv\onlan N~stu mcfpmspect arc arrurncd to he coolsmtn.~tcd h)
multipla ~nturt'crcnui: st the tdrqct ,one VSP anrly*ir IChaprcr 3) \\#I1 he u.ed lo i.mnlinn
uhulhur ~nult!plu gcncraran uccurr In chc. ncdr rnifdrc. Sin to ruducu rurttci: itrta r'nntiaitvslzt,n. !l~~'~lrrL i\ualhcnn$ In)ur I\ ru\pc.cc
Snoo111r.d aphalr. ~nli~imalion l~nnlr \urtai.c \clne~r! to the rrnyc Otllt-Ytlllm * 1 nder lhlr
connraml. iir\r hrual ~n\i'r\~on imlic~tc.; ;I \\r'ilthi'ns$ thiclnu.;r of 2-1 lo 4Om. or r r\io-u:,!
>~ath~rlnz dclily of 711 h) 1211m\. 4 \uh-i%~iith~ring \~IOCII? ~?i??(itlm * wgyc>t\ it
r~.tlr.cclon coefficient oil1 6. m;li~ng thc acathcnn$ iayr .i \b> clliclcnt pa.-lcg mulllplv
pvnvratar. Goun thc Isrp wlaclty contra,, n !hi. h.se of ~vurtlicr~ng. St1~11.r L.w plcdsr.
111ia ilia 5osl! cncrg! rr;m>m~rtcd hr.ynnd 11rc i\c~chur~ny /on< onytnavr Imm .~nall .111"/61 ~1t
~n~dtticr. Thr. Irrs~ ~(~.I~~~tycontrnst pruduccs d lo! of rcfr;rtcon and murf tlf the cncry! I\
1.9hcn up In tlic hiehur ;m%lc* of ~nctdence. Refracttan tiom a honronrel hibe of ac~tlbcnn~
I\ Ihe m.un .!rrumptlun hah~nd relincten st.~tt~. carreclams rppl~ed 10 SSP diltit. otii's ral~d
under cand~tton\ oflayercd ycolog? ~n thc WCSB. When thc auahcnnl lil)rn~al ~nc~dmcc. Undcr lherc condloan,. thc pcnad~~.~t) r;b cdn
be procvrrcd hr mult~ple rcrnu\al by predictire domn\oiur~on. Thc procudurr. ma) otEr .t
vlibhlc ilpp~ldch Ik? the mult~plr prohlcm ~n such uascs. Seeundav tnterhed multlplc
mechan~rms may require suppression methods harcd un dclyerential mn\cat relanje to
near-cutnctdsnt primaries. or based on other cntcria.
17

2.1 SSP Ccomary. Scaling. Statics. and Drcon~olutian
Thv SSP mdthad in\ul\~.5 prupa~~ltlng xuurtlc cnrry) fioni a 5urhi.c \r.l>mlc 5ourcr.
into .I polonc helfsp;lcc and racordtnp retIr.ctcd cnerpy by mulm, oirurf;cu muumcd
ecophoncs. Thcsc r$g,!ls arc rciordcd J\ n funcl~c>n of timu It1 and Irti.r:d ufl\er 1 ~1 frun? chc
.~~UIL.L. and r.dn pnn ~dc ~n(;~el~t lnro Illralhut,on< ui\~noas cml, pmpcn~c\. dc nnnr
!iind.tn,en?.~l o! ~ llwh >\ rhe rr.l:!i\c magnttodr. ol cllntr.\t\ !n ~vvt~rtu -mped.,ncc r!
~.ctlcr.tlng hu,. lo qil.!ntcf\ the rclarite p;~nilnn~ng of envrp) at m ~r.c>u\t!i. ~nacrl:>ci..
tl,a ed I%ncl>l~r~t,. I"IU1 ,!I lsrnlr ,of
.~ngic ,>I ~nc~dcncu (111 .tad lilkcr pn>punsc\ aicampro~ntm~l \ulc,cll! tcr). \hc.tr \~Ic>LII? 1111.
d~~rslt! (I,). ;md Poc\v>n r;qt~,r (01 In rhc c.hc ahi.rc rctlccI~.d P-\\r\t .mlpl~rudc\ rr.pri..cnl
nornl.11 ~nc~dcncr. pn,prg~tr,n tF~gurc 1.1 I I. ihu ~qudtiw tiu R, r~mplitk* 10
I1,-tI~-I1) tIlrlll oltcrc lit?er ~mpudancc (11 mr defined hy the prnducl 1p.t~ Ftril i.~)#~~picli.c
d~rcus*~t,~~. mtcr tu R~lh~nhtln and I'rc~lul I I'IXIII \CLun thi. tv.d ulnll c.$n hu i~.~iulitbl)
rrpraruntcd hy .I h~r~mnvlly ~tntntivd la>tnu~cnrui~\ larar reolsrlr. modr.1. the tncc, can hi.
pncc\red .IS gilthen rburing commnn m~dpoint tCLlPl hutnecn ahut ;and rcuencr t lclfwd
ct dl. 1077). TI113 method !~r.ldr cnh'tnced c\trnlilte, of~hc edrtll R, Ancuon linm ah~ch
clrhcr pmpmlr% such as pamritg and structure may be ~nbrrcd. For rclrshlc Intet-pidtiann ol
th,\ rdhponre. CMP methods ilppltcd tu SSP di~tumus~accommodatc lim~tutton?. duc 10 dilw
q~~di~ty und tulidity of assumptions recardine the nnrure ot'the r.itrt11 model and the
pmpagiltlng wilrc1r.l u(t1.
Pr~carlnp methods br SSP data bllow iiom the ideuoidaa mult~plir.tty ar*~~mtcd
!*tth CklP ilcquisltlun (Flpre2.1 21. In the CMP methad. thr. rccelver spread typ~call?
mwcb relilti\c to a central source location. At some point ~n the pmccsrlng stream. anew
IS

A, =incident p-wave amplitude
A, =reflected p-wave amplitude
A, =transmitted p-wave amplitude
I, =incidence layer impedence
I =transmission layer impedence
R=reflection coefficient= A, I A,
T=transmission coefficient= A, 1 A,
Energy is proportional to I A2
E,/E,= (A,/A,)2= R2 EII E,=(I,/ I~)(A~IA~)~=(I~/I~)T~
" For conservation of energy 1 = E, + E,= (1~11,) T2+ R2
T2= (I,/11)(1 - RZ)
Since the quantity (1 - R2) does not change with direction, transmission
efficiency is determined by impedence ratio.

are rnnd irom common shot ICSP! guthen to CMP rather? to Fdctl!tntc ))~OCCSIIII~ dnd
nnchiog. she mitin odrim~ilgc hc1n.r that the ruhwri~cr \.olumr. aampkd h? rcllucll~m
rrypsthr ir n>tn~~il~sed ~n (he CMP dumuln Scnw thcr helps ah\!rtl: dtticrutlcc.; In tr.n~ll~mc
u ~ otRr'td~xclon.
h
typical pre-\rack velte~ly nsly\ir and mult~plu rupprcr~n mclhodr
.,re .sppl~cJ to C\IP gatbcrs as opposed to CSP Hoaa\di. amcu r.nn\tn~i~~nal kmd SSP
.~cqu~r~l~on caplo!* .I *hot pnlllr tor uxury \ gcnpblne rrarlanr. < LIP !Id 13 rcduccd
rcldtnc s,CbP flild ;and .dl.iung hvcc>mc\ .I c5mr.r.m. holh .,I 1.w nlt\ct\ PIICIII rtIl~~.c~)n
mo\Lwut I.; grratcat. and at ol'trcl* %$hrn< \uii,icc mader dre prcrunr I'hl. II>.>! icqalru lllu
uw ot gn,up\ ofCLIVr n>ircd to common rhwluc uIf\attCOk I erhcrr. .> rclotlne pr~-~~.>r.h
an.!ly\t~d~~miun fb,r [lend .~cqu~n.d SSP kaa. I'hs m$alcad~ng term '('OF \r.tcV 15 a\cd ~n
~ndurtr! to rcprccnt rupcrgi~rhcr* crcntcd hy hcnn~ng $8 rirllii.ir.nt nurhcl'ol .td);tcr.nl ('\lP
c;tti~r.r, a> TC~~CICIII .!I1 ~Iihct(i .kid 1hi.n w~lng~,n oif\ct hefilrc *ilrnmmg atthin ri~igli.
rh\~~lutc-oll~~! hm. The nun~hciafCklP'r ~ncludtd in dCOF ndthcr dupcndr on lhr. hinn~ng
rtr.ltcgy 117guru 2.1.31 To uchie\e rucenur .ipaung ~n CLIP gatherr ahun d\hal oci.i,r\ .$I
C~FT?. lth rr.r(~.i\~~n.quir~.> lhilt U ddl.~c~.nt CLIP, hc yalhcrud. he 2N CLIP'\ arc a\~1.111!
h8nocd tar oh! lalu gtpr #n rhmt~ng peamclr)l. (In lhls caau ,rudy. IL.CL.I!UI I~BCI$ I\ I dnd
.;hot \p;lunp IS K5m prcrmpling li,r If! CUP hlnningl. Single offkt h>nnlng mtnm~i*cr
\trucLuml. imrlc. and dynamic stncarlng r.fit~rs hut ,fS.H nr ~nsuificiunr. rhen \iLlOd.m hc
appl~ed and subscqusntiy rernubcd aha more utFsctr areatacked an s~ch htn.'lhrs drrnltsr .I"
Osrrnndur gathcr ins cummunly lmplvmenled in .AVO ;mnlyra (Ostrander. I9S.I). dnd n1c11 ,t
gather i.4" he urcd to cnhmcr. ~.\aluatbon ofCMP oilenled procubang Icxhniqu~.\ in CLIP
space

- -
= --
: 6.6 s 5
2 g s
:.= > ,=
-"'
- :5
.> - .,
2 z i
2 , A
5.5 iii
=

Thc PanC,~nadtm \lalit! SSP ddtil*et uos rupplrd r, d1gil.31 SEG-D 41or recond*
nith oh\ar\cr\ 2nd linuiha>n~ng rcpon,. znd a dteltal SEG-PI rune? tor the ssa~:ll, line
,hoarme ecornrrry Fllna i.on\crston ufddla fi>rmat. CLIP prc-pr~xcsr!ng ..r.nei.>il!
~n\ol\c, dpplluat~un o~geomelry. tract cdll,. md gdln cclmpensnllun (Silmal. IUXi). Thc
comh~nud cffc~.~, ell rphciir.;~l dncgunce and ahsuption wp$c\t the u\c 01 ;I I' .un
rsctnr.p hut tht, I\ ~yp~cimlly r~duc~d IO I' "' rilr J~C~UZIIU ctmpcn~r~~m tn thi. \\c b8 I T:IC~.
~d~t~ng I* purt~rnnsd ~namct~\cI? ullh ed~t~ne unlerm and d.sr conditr,n~n. deww~od h!
d~t.iyu~lit! md no!\eul?rrsclcn\!~c* CSP r ahm ric tdllcd undcr full-h;td ;tsom,ttic ea~n
enncrcil (\(iC) corhl~tlom lo romaw 10% S \i tract\ ~n [he / O~U t~f~ntcr~.\~. ,111ik ct>l~,il~tin
raccncr gt,ilp\ tCCiP1 ncru corrcctad lirr poldnl! rt,erval ~n l1v.s dprt,btc regitin\ ot rl.~t~ \pace t~rr rutlccttun anrl!w \. illu\lmvd lh! .!
rlmplllicd \-I dlriiihui~m~ 01 abcntr I" ;I comprr.a*tandl SSP Ihnd cyxrlrncnt IFlgarc l I 41.
thlr ruplun \ha,uld c.;cludi. t1mr.s tor tint hrctl tncro) (c\enl\ I :and :I .ad olltcr ant-
rr.llccl~\c exne wc11 ar nnrund roll
Dcr,gs $\ tndtn\s uacd ~n LYT~;III cc~n~~~te!~~ *cdling and dcctm\olu~ion should
uxciudr. cot~ritmnnatsd replan, of I;-I \pidie. If this IS impu*slhle. or tf intermrdiatu pnru\\mg
\ruuld henctil A m the rrmoiai of thts mlsc. then some rejwtiuncr~tsrla arc ruqu~wd Shut
rcvordr Ix ,hi\ sur\ey endlciltr cuhcrmt mine in the brm afwrlici trapped RdyIetgb
\\avrs (gr~und roll]. re>rrbenring rrfracriun energy (bud W\CI). and other SOU~CC
gcnented na~sc whch 15 lilrgely incoherent. Gmund mil and herd savcs prapsgrre a* planc
saws hat m$ Ilnear movro~~t defined by apparent veloelty V.,,=vt. Usual yeelion cnttrl;,
fullu\\s tiom tiam~ml~onuf datd in f-k space where such events with linear moteout
23

Flqure 2.1.4 The expected trrnr-offset dlsrrlbuc~on at events ir. a
p-wave SSP land exper~men~. he drrecr arrl~al le;.enz 11 ~nrersecce
w:th the retracted arrrval (head wave, event 31 at the crossc-rer
drscance, and is asymptctic to the reflec~ed arr~val ~h~~erbollc.
event 21 at sufllclent offset. Total internal reflectien occurs at
the crxLicai dastance where event 2 intersects wlrh event 3. !,ate:
reflections levent 41 are distributed ~n r r space as a functron ot
.veloclry d;scrlbbrion wlch depth.
24

ir~n,b>rm to pocnts alonz vclccity trajectunas dctinrd by ik. la this domum thc nrcuru of
a\cnt rllrnnn~ and dispur,i

.nert~! i\~d> V., V,, Thc FL spectrum lFceuru l .1 .ibl rho~v, impnnud S \j hut rc.du.tl
hl.~rr noi>c occupier ncar-,em \\.trcnumhcrr 1% doer rctlrctnln unrrgkl dnd heconle\
\mearcdon the imcrce wnrti~rm
.\\hot pnrfilc fium the ,ilclflociltnon ~ndcakr boa. coherent sowe \ mta o\ui dw
uric) IF~uarr. 1.1 hl Hcrc. the rctiactd mode ir Ihlghly rt\crhi.ratni.. rnd 41nr 11erldr.11cd
I~III\C I\ ,tn,n% or nr'lr atl*et\. Rat11 af thc\e cohti~.nr now modu\ appr..$r dl\pur\~\c III 1-L
\pecc. as I\ cxpectcd $r ha\r. prupdgdtnn ashln h,*. ~ebcsy med7.t. (imund roll alrpcor,
tu he d~ructnnal naturu. wggestintJr litterill changu ~n .;urtjcc cnnJ>thln. md po\~lhl>
\ i $ i ! i b ~ ~ c 111 ~ ~ ,trr.t? l .tltCnui(inu>
\Ithuupl the *clnnr notre .lppcarr s!i

OFFSET
ace node (grtumd rolll, and 3) diepersive refraction
rbaratiws. IWraetion may appear aispetsive
0 mars than one reframing layer).

,cill;m ~\r.rv computed by aerilt~vr lear squares These rcalan ntrcmpt nl balance rellece,n
~ ~ ghefore n ~ computdiun l
of suitjce consirrent decun\oluta,n opcmtorr. the nc-t wxlucnt~.~i
51ep in SSP pruei'swnn
FIN hieol rcfrn.tlun mdlyr is typ!cally prrfom~cd hr.ti,rc any phitre cifi~t. at
decon\dlut!on .!re introduced Th< dararrs gcncrdlly p~dll) CL~IC~CIII~ 11)~ ~c~ra~t~vn h8c.A SI~LII
~nduqrg nlrmdl polrrir) Once o>mple~i.d. the plcL\ .,m m;dywd ii,r I.trer.~l \;lrl.si

g\en ~elrn~ty distnhution. and ai;b:n !h~cdcpth rancd the numhr.rofir.v.l>nblc: la!ur\ rr
.tilt,\\c.d ta \a? h) *pcc$fv#o; la)cr p~h-out 10 ?em rheknc$s In (he \\CSB. d,~. typsol
rtrtw n~ndcl conrtatr of I to 3 I.~)crn ahobr. .a h;mdruih hurtace. The pcchucl lint hrrah,
rcprcscnt refrxtlnn from the hare oiacathenng Idt layer 1 belucltyl. and h;~w of
.;uhai.iltllcnn$ let i@cr 3 vcloc~t). or hdnlruck ~ch~c~r).~. Thc ~n~uncd Gl.1 "' w.,thcnn$
modcl .tnd ,I\\IICUIL.~ dciily cl~ilritcicr~~~~~b ot thc prc\c.nt Il.;hu \ant.! rrr. 1p~.\~.n6cd ~n
[I~UTV ?.I i
The tnnr~rd mudellcng suhenw ~n GLI I" u,u\ a ray-rracing ;~ppnv.tch n, (hat chc
$logs modul rcqulrcs rmtmthing a, pictent ~srtuhiliry. hu~ ;t~nrequcntl) *;~cr~lichu!u rapid cll.ttl:cr a, il~sLnc\\
lhc ruci>~nmcnd~d depth ,rnm>thcr length I ton the arddr

z c
'paauasazd os~e are (b oy>e,s loqs jeao2 pue (21
panrxap ee la) siejap =am. 6urlaq2ean
~ilaels iai.~aaa> je>oj ,113 ~ 0 x 2
pag>oous ai pandmo= sr {pi iepp bur3soqs '1.13 "02) pauanul ST
i;i :~roaja-. I pup i ~a,:e~ pagaoowg 'ulyz 20 ijqdap aoqs jue'rauoa pue
sasr3 ajoqdn wo~g pa+.r~ap ST (ql mroolaa 1 xa.ze1 paq3ooulg 'sqeelq
1 5 ~ ~ ASS : w o ~ j pa>la.\ur (el .

conltrtr uf bn~r~a~elsngth r.ffr.i.tp irurnthc smnothcd dented canh rnudcl. ~ncloding limg-
ind shon-a.nr.len$th tlc\ation ntiltcs from topography Il pruccsslng datum Heocc. rh~.
dullrl amouther Icnprh 15 also usd lo di\tnhutu rtars hawucn short- i!ud Ionp-l\ikt ull'~~sth
componcas. hut il separilte rhon-\\a\elenpth aaic cnlculae,n ti>lIw\a thr. model h;!\ed
corrr.cton Htgh huqavncy ststss stlll cri~r~ nncu a rclal\c.l:. %n>all nunlhar ~,ll.!)r.n arc
u,cd. .~nd .~lw dike a, \mnoth~sgol mndcl I.lyur th#cJind.* mml ~~'luc~l! 113.11 the lnollul
rlr\cr dcwil.
shun a.nclsnph 5urt:tcc ~unr~\ir.nt ro*~Iu.ll \t;ttr\ nlll thnlugh thr. *prc.d (unl~li.
,lrsctural i.ompotiunr\ ur rr.rtdu'~l LMO ahich nu) hr. mlnikcn ti,r \rrrlcI. \I, lli.a \Ba .ad
iivr.c\i.r cilnlponentr mu., hr. vll\i.d to r.nrrui.1 rcplc%nlrtnu trxcr a~rhsn I LIP hlnr I b ~ld
,UIICI drc C,I~~UIC~ from \ tt~c carrcctcd reirri.!on plch.; dr \!mplu rurbcu conrl\t~)~~~ tlmu
dcij?* lo thc final rc.r$duill error. Ihcn ~navporatud me, tlh: \ulutztm t\\'#g.lalr CI dl. 1970.
than a~id JJLL~~ 1,. IOU1 I This requ~res xood qudl~ty ptcl\ dnd .uftii'iunt told md oifh
mprescntatlon k>i,r all .hotr md reiftrer*. hilt m.ly ~.l#mioetr rhu need 1c1r rc\~duill \ t ~ l i ~ ~
hdr~d on cilrr~.lntton ol ri.tlcctlon c\ene.
I:olbnr~ng thc ref~nctlon ,t.ttlc ;mslyai,. a rulticc mnrinunl rcrldudl rmtxc al!al>rlr
ancmpt. lo remote rfatlub hascd an currelrtnln of i'tl~~tnln c\entr relalnr. In the CCIP
rirck. Tht\ ruquxrus CMP yathers \wlh cyuslsed and dccot~ml\ud arnpliludcr c

~t m huntticr~l ro .;ol\r. hqh ircqucncy rtnrlcn wing rcfncttnn ~ntonniltlon *o a, ar d\o!d
~ter;tt!tc rctlcut~on \ratrs 2nd \cl~cltj ana1jsl.i
In cunimrt ro ueuc i.omr.ctlon ubing a Iiwd SRD alld LHii.l. lhc tl~~,~t~ng dinlusn 8dr.l
*r.eks sl rnlnlmlre the 101.11 Ustic .!ppI~~d\wth!n u 1'MP bin by thulv~'of tlii'w plrametcrb.
Folbu~8~g ~C~CII) m~lysi* m d N\IO appl!cdt~on. each CLIP I\ reti.ri.ncud to r li\cd dutum
ihck,re L ~ , dlct IIILLLC u>d >t~h.
181 llm wt,c d ll~~.~tc~v~ ddu~u wll ~W~IC~J~~CC
LIw IK~~,>IL.S~
\ICIUTC thlm .t \r.loc~t) anal>a~r tlmtng $ic!spo#nr. hut bu.tl *tdcklng \elor.lt> I\ I,.)
e\orn.sr.< \la~uld hc morea>rrw 4ncr ~nonnal ~ncndcnci. ci\o-sr)-rlme lt..) ail1 he nlor?
camcr In lhc \\I0 equ~tlon Hence. o floating datum $5 \uzgeslcd 1;v Iw-c \.r~at!on, III
tol;il \t;!t~u. .t ennd~t~on genc.r;\lly ilrrocrrtod tvlth Iarzi. ch,mg~r I" a~p,gmphj St~ch r..~.c\
mry 3l.o a.srao1 .palldl \arlanr.r. ~n telllptlral d~.*l$s afd~.cc~n\old~lm opur.llor\ m.,#ola~n
i.c!t~r~\tcnl rctluctlon crnlcnr
The ducun\olutarn op~mtor d ~ gohjcct~\v n
I\ a> mcludc thu >.!mi. i.c>llcrcnt
rutlcr!i>rr u~rhln thu dcrlgn a~ndon \\bile u\clud#ng rurlkc mode\ .$ad other nmer
.~nonl.tbn~\ *1gn~1 Fur near utllut\. lor\ trcqucnctcr arc Jml!ilaicd h) \url.>cu ra\e\
Rc.ll~.cunin$ undcrgo fiuqucnuy dcpadcnt .thnrrhl~on that incrudre\ a1111 frc,lucnc).. ltsr..
and umet Tuning olclorely $puur.d rellcct8ons al%r \unes aith offbct duc tn \\lo. For
dlc\c reaxws. high frequency components at marsmum allset and lor* trequrncy
cumponenrs at ne;lr offbets ma) hras apeetral crtlmutes "led ~n aurticr canxrrcnt
deconvolut!on opentor desl.n. The cunvonlional approach s lo include nl atYIet compot3cnt
in r lodst ,quan,r inveml~n but generally'th~n camponcnt rrprescntr iln arcrase c.o\er tlic
cnlm line. instead. \\,=\-elel spectramay bs better represented ~n the nrsr uftja rignul by
u\uldinp data space surptcted of being anomalous. Rrh.action and their reverhri.8tion<
31

typicall! cxlsr ibr all otTictr. hut pre-drcon\ulutron filter~ng to rcmo\v th~r undc*~rahlu
ctgndl \$III ~ntlucwu upumtur design Wavulet \pcc!rs should not he moditicd h) ;I") tilwr
iarponsr hetbru operator der~gn. Pnur to illld ilticr d ~~ot~wl~l~on. hmd\bldth 4i0~ld L)LII) h~
rcrtnctcd h! s lo\\-sur tihcr nhich rcnc\ tu rnmoxu hi;,>. .>nd trcqu~.ncxr.* \hould hc
~llo\rcd to v~leml a, ;I Ir.\ul coritrpondinp lo the .ml~-al~m field tiller \Iw. pm\ ~ded rh;ll
du~l~o n~ld. yic~~#ili CIIIIIIII~CI .>DL. ik.3
-L.n,clne to n~ III t6mpcl~ill ~tmlcnt L..IU*C~ h) \l.t1!1: clti.~c\. TI>>> I~>~UIU*\ .III

~ppmpr~atc lebvlr c;m be dsterm~ned b! rcl~o\c Ic\el ufhtgh ticquvnc) .;~gnrl aRer
drr.onnllutton. Tljlr IS hest dettmu~lcd h) .rmpl~rudc \pcctra ar ~opp>rud h~ dsocnnolil~on\
Prc-prucurrd SSP COF gthcrr (Figure 2 I S) rcpwacnr \li.hll! h~c)\tcd C\IP S V
cd~rii>n.i ibr th1.i \r>sLu \tt~dy At the hcgnnlng of I~nc IBOLI dnd rhdt lacnlunr.
wir~crtonr .~nd lhsir re\orh~aln,n s~~ggds(ing illtlc~ l111111.1t1t111 I" tlp~tatol.
dcstgn Othera~ac.. autucorrclnrnlnb *her a vrmcwhat umr~rtcl rhon-lrg i.h>>rdclcr mr.r the
rur\cy and lnd~csle th,lr r \timdard Xtlmaupcratur bngth rhould hc .tppnlprlsro kli .p#l~ng
dccocnolu~iun.
\\. hun dove qu;bl~ty la pour md nanrlard dcmn\oiua,o dvvgn erlrcru ledr h>
on,trhlc opcriltoi*. tril~r.-a~\~~pc~tr.~I halmc~ng~~ .tn optton. Thc RHO liltcr (Cllcrhou!.
lsS5, .~pplr.mon ~n\oltur \collng rpectr~l rmplltuder hy 111ulr pur~cred ficqucnc) \~lui. ~f'l
,mh thrr pc>\\cr \aluus (11 u.;cecdlng unlly incrcan. ;~mplttudr: mrn>vc thr hluhcr Imquenc~ua.
Awragud puat-whitening spectra mould >ndccare the requored potbenng A pnrblem I" th#\
"lethod 1s the lnab~lny ro balilnce high amplltsd? spzc(n1 r.omponcntr cawed hy monn-
licquency no~.ir sources or by event lunmg. A more adaptw sppmach ~n>olsu* divlstun ot
the hilndwidlh into revcnl components. each gained by AGC ~n rimc hcfbrc. reuornpuslting
hy addition. Rsluri\e vrnplltude can b~.mainmmed in tlmr by ~ubrrqu~.ntly remo\rng AGC
cfieetr. Frequency hands and tapcrcd overlap zones are selected by areragsd pre-wh11cni.d
spectra. and supported by port-whitmd specva based on mcovary of major spectral roll-
36

ofti. LVznclet phme s not atlk~d. md phase cumpensatcon typiuall!, iequlrch the rid ot n
,)nBui!c. mrktng th~r mcrhod Icsr atrautz\t mcnimum phs\c v~unccs thim krr ,cm-ph.t\r.
X,"rCC\.
Plva,r. .djustmcnt h,llu\wng spuctnl halancing could hcdctcrmind iron,m m,d)r~,at
Q riltur~ng c((ci.c~r wino .I rnildcl heqed &pprcvach add h) \ SP pn,i.esrng. In\cnc Q pllrrc
compelh.nln,n could hc applied. and any ru\idu.~l 1pha.e could hu delcrn~~nsd h? \)nll~r.lii.
~matrhing rh~\ .tppm.tch muld hr. .lllunlpl~.d anhoul m) Q .>n.lly\!\ lor ctlmpdrlxln. \ilui.
con,t;mt ph;nc. vd~uvmcnt plu\ rl.ttis \hilt I\ r.qe\dlcol s, phew \pvctr.~ that ~~ti.ru.~~cr
linurrly r 8th irr.qucnc) tin dwbg) lo 91. Fonunatul!. \piling decon\olu!tl>n pn,\~d~.\ .I
suhlc \wll-htha\cd rn~dual aa\clct tli thcs \~\ku .rud). ohx~rtms ~hr. curcd tbr Irc~jocnr.y
domiun mctbods.
Somu .~spcctr oir'an~c'nt8enrl SSP pw-pioccr\in% ha\< hucn ~ntroduccd In thn
,ccllon ~n .I generll contcr;~, The SSP drld tiom d rpccllic uyvnmca 1h;nu hvcn pre\cn!ed
811 !lie hrn, ,,fCSP rother\ to illurrrau (ha hasic c\unt\ recoded tn SSP retlcctlon
cypcrls!enLr. LC) ~II~~triltd diltil ~~mdtl!clo\. and tu ~llunratudcttu~lr ulp.tmmctur retcct!o~~ .I\
dppnq~rutc Furthcr dchals ieliltlng to prc-proccrsmg arc prc.;etltd ~n Chdptcr 5. t hu nc\~>lt*
Irum tirrt hrcak vni~lyrtr wen: preaunted I" th~r .;cct~an to ~lluatriltu thc potcnt~i~l ti~r pug-lvp
multiple pneratn,n tn the werthr.red I;lyCr. The cuncept oiCOF gathers Is ~nsoduccd to
iac~l~tnt~. the as.icssmcnt uf ddr;, qushty ~n the CMP doman. and thls proccrsmg t~uapoint
LVIII he carried lhnlugh the tc~l br the purporu of c\illuatlng multiplrs snd ~nultlplc
suppression

2.2 SSP Vclorir) Anal!sir. CbIP Stnrking. ond \lultiplc Idontif?
Ilultnpli. rctlcction* ~n SSP data can he idcnt~liud 111 $1 \ansty of a-a!pr'rhullc
\smhluncc \t.~cL~np \uloi.~ty andlyci* cdn ~ndicati. multipk~ on lhc hurl* c>imo\~.oul I'rc-
\ruck ;tutocurr~~iuuon~nl'~-r lor tau-pl pnhr'rr c,tn hc orcd tu ~dcnui? oh\ n,ar d~tTcrcnr~rl
VMO ,he rc*olt\ ~n chmpqnp pcrladtc~ry ofulcntr \\nth trlliot lor rsy pawndfrl. R.mpc
I~mltcd rt.ukr am rlao he ubed a, ldontlly mulriplc c>r'nta on J marcout h~r\lr. .md rr.rh
aua,r.urrclar,n.i can bc arcd tu ~dennh liitcral change- ~n mechiln~\nlr. \h~nduaed and
h.md-i~~ilhtp.atcng oc.s-
\arliru r~.lsd o~all~ples t.;atticu rclalvd.nolsc I\ .id~L'. Y I* rhr' lillcritl IIIY-L.~ and \ ,,.
15 the n.01 lmudn .;quare $clmlt? IDIT. 19551 Velnclly awl?ri\ ~n\ol\ur clnllccat the
uptlmum \L~I~sII) that nlilYNn165 sonle chtllen mea\ure ~fl~ypcrh~l~c i.t\hcwn~\i F~rpotlr
S N cand~t~unr ur whurepcoh,gy dr.\>u!es tium plane-pantllcl Ihycrlng. ad\antrger r.\~at tur
usinp pon-*mcl~maplnp crllrrla \uub ila constant or timetion YL.IWII~ stdcklnp methuds
IYilmu. 1'1871. Laterdl vnnatlon in vclucit) isi.hoscn buacd on $rack rebponsc sl o halle ul'
hypcrhulic muvcoub. Fur Plain, data with god SIN conditions. rhc vclw~ty spuclnlm I, XI
measure ofprr->tu~.h hypcrholiccuhcn'ncy drrivrd liomCMP gathen pmcusscd br nuuc*.
decunmluliun. bmnmp, and snpnal enhancement The coherency measurn la contoured to
39

indtc~~u ~ptlrndl ,Irekine \clucit) due that gtves maximurn coheruncy fb,r edch ,urn-ofliur
tcmc at r paniculi~r $shrurF~cr CVP lacanm This method is fi~raurahls uncu 11 alba*
rni. ~ nren~l rclw~ty dlstnhuiion hy pm\dcn9d~rr.nrntnatn~n apmi
mulnplc5 un the hart% oidtffL.rcnrial UMO
D~tfurunt mvarurr.\ of i.ohr.ri.nc) nra r\n~lahle tor comparatlan ol 1111. \clnc~l?
rpercrum Thc pmtuduru Ibr tllc h?pr.rhol~c ~cmhldnct \uIi>clty andl)rt\ rH\ >-\I rncdvlrc .st
C,IC~ t~ntcdl 1nclde11~11 t~mc a to \urn rlang a rer1L.r ofh~perholll.11 CUTLI. ctvr1.\ptlnd~r1$10
m c~pccled rin;c irt'RClS \cbc>tiur ihc ?c.olutnm 01 thu ~ncthtd 15 conuml1r.d 11)
\u~~>mrt~on r~thwn r properly ,111gnr.d llmc gate at aach otl\r.t. md I. Ihm~ted h? tllu .,mount
i~ic,~nrtrnt.\~l~>cit) LhlO .lrctch rtiw 8 ;!\en hdnd\rdth. \\~nda length ~nast ~screaru J\
\vloc~t! dccrcasc\). Thl. mmhod ut&n fine rcrolutn,n oiclorsly .p;lr.cd c\cnl\ and
db\~nn>in.tcr ag.tlnrt ur\r.ti>rn~ rmpl~idc tailrtlon. In ~uniran. the cncrg)-nann.tli\cd
r.nr.r.arrrr.lnon nxaurc ~n\crl\c.i applicat~on ,$the wtc ol cxpvcted ULlO cur\rc
ei,ncl;s~on n\er a \\ ~m>dmv c~ntrcd 011 tach \~nic,!i inc!d~.ncc time. Lnl~la tbc \un,hl;tnr.c
marhod. rhl. muthud IS nqat~bely hlru'd hy way< dmplitudr. \unullun> (ulthougil it 1%
sumnlnn pr.lctlce to apply ACC hdti)ie ~cloclty dnalysls] .ad I) limlted I" TCSIIIU~N~
h:
Ieqth ofcornelten tvmdo~r.. Wlth pmpcrly prepared SSP dr~a. hypcrhalr sumhlimco
,eluclry anitlyst, (HSVA) should

scteral ord ir.~m\c
to TLVU~ IUIEI. llllllllples ~CEIC mtlrc d~llicult lo intcqrcl 15 chmp;lrcd to \h~>ner ~L.TIO~
rc\crhr.nbtlan. Inrepls a

quaitry of the dctined \elos~ty dlatrihutlon. as tclocny dnaiy\ir and reticutam \mtccr
c~o~pltocnt cnch wher
GLI "' \talhc\ ;,re applied before HSV,\ nndl!sir 15 perti,mled. T!prcrll?. mal!*ir
bould pnrsreal rlong w!lh thc urerdll rtiltcs x~lutton. Inttl,~ll!. a .tsglr. hmtl: ,t.~k \cbic~t\
iinctr~n m~ht hc p~cked and applied to &I.> n lth only daum-ha,& ;lrr.trrctb,o mt,dr.l rt.tir\
.lpplld. Atrvi 81 Drura C LIP %tack and sarrdcu con\l.itcnt residaol relIccu~,ll rwller. .I t!p!c.tI
rpl!tl.ll $~.II~L.II~ .1111lys!> Illr.rcmL.nl tlf IlRIllm ctluld he ~nlplo)cd .md ~hecicd ;,s.tcn
li>lIoa~ny .acv rp;stal dm,rct? nfLc mal!vr all1 .~lloa
dl ~,l'\cL,c~r)
rn;ll!r~\ ~ncludc rccurd length. dticr nindot\. fnm-and rnutr.. srtl~r .~nd ,,ff,~t h~ns~np.
handaldth. iler md to identiiy ~ hc rtim$r. ~t'rcloc~t) \ilriillion atth~n ,wc\
of ~ntcm\t. 1idcr1n.d. trmpuml \anation I" \uluc~ty rJnge cdn be accon~modilted h? 11nc.11.
e.;lr.~p~~lzl~nn. bur a mns!rlently aide inltlal rang^. ,!lluns ~dcnt~lical~m of n.brn,aei \clo~.!t!
rimgv?; d~~oclnl~.d lvllh pnmimus und multiples. A constant bclocity rmgc alm rumn\c.i tha
p~~~~~h~llty
ofPlClO rtrelch due to bcluoay incrtnsc INhlO duvrcusc) tvlth nme. so the only
suurcu ofstrutch I" thu anulysls IS artr~hutd to ~hwging normal incldcncc tme. Cncn
typcal Plalns ilcquaitlan pnramctcm and durlm.~ties encountered. ZiMO *trr.tch etkutr .,re
usurlly absent ~n velclcity analysis but must bcfonsidercd ahen the hlocky V,,,,, bnctlnn ir
applied to the data. Once the relocity ran& has hccn relcctcd. the ~nclusl\u number ili
12

hypmholic trajtxtaricr arudcfincd for each normal ~nc~dince time by cquai d~~,\nm oithc
tcl~,c~ty r.mcc.. In gcoeral. tll~r ~hould hi. 3r.t to rllos the m;~~mum rrqr.ctor)-mo\auut
occunuy of one rdmple .~t the hr alYset. Hoae~ar. [his xcura2) 1s castl? 1051 in thc pruqcncc
of,tnsturel and sr.ltr components. and the prc~~\\t>i\iLIO ~trctch TL.~UClhia~n. aucLln; \elou~ry dwly. YLIU 13 computed rnd !he d)nmmr ~omci.!lun\
.~rt applied ru CLIP cuther* FJFC~WIC III~ICI~~ genr.ralI! ~ncicitrcs alrh depth lor tlnlc). the
\\I0 lilr pnmrr! cncre has thc nntural tendency to dcr.rc;iru aiih ~ncrc.>.;~ng ,cm ~,11\~.$
lin,i. B) anobp). lllc c1Ycct at NLIO application I, to csurc temporill rlraLlllnl.afncrll-mnl
~it,~t I.WCI mci. nn cbsnt laa\i'btor \ra\cleL .upcrp,ralonl $5 oiiinltc durntaln md nlit J
wncr c~irptlur dutin~ne n lhypcrhalii. tralcctor) III I-\ \(,dcr.. Ti14s '1110 >trhlfitd upnard cn rwnc nioru ril.8n t~alr.\ .I, tlr
end ot an exvnt. lhv ovnt *pan* mom than one nt>nal lnc~duncc umc r.tmple lhsncc lhv cnd
of the rwnt 1h.s Ir.s\ hClO rhan ~ta hegn~nlng lor the .s~su ~cloc~ry. I Ihi, L.RI.UI \II~IIIJ
hecornt more pmnounced i!r the tuloclt) cr.!d~cnt ~nur~scd aah dcplh. .md ~hr. c\ cnt lbrl
morc iruqucnc) hand \\ah uiiset due to ilhsorptmn and ph,~sc dub). .Altia,o.h co~ltnll 11i
"if0 \trctch I* prur~dcd by spcc~ticut~on of tulrrancc. this detin~tiun 8% not hued on u\ahle
selrmtc hundu-idth. Instead. thtr rrirn lo rhr mount by whlch the Nyquin ficqucnuy IF,)
cm be strached before tirnhcroffsct rmplus at that %cnsul incdu~lcu time ure mutud. Onur.
dynamic currrctinns have been applsd. the datacan he btitckcd.
Precessed COF pathen are used to ~llustrvtr the appltcvtlon oiHSVA and relilted
mulrlple identiticallon in thls Ni~ku study. The gathers (Figure 2.1.ittl rho* bu0,tr.d
43

lirquenc) cilnrdnt rhrr decuntolution. hut slnce OperdtOri habe heen dented tiom the
~CC~CI. ~~~RIOII i)t the dat~ 111 akoid now. the rhriio\v dmplltuder h;ne huun
o\elcon,pcnsated ~.!mIy due 10 t\ii\eii.t n~n-\tiltit>n~r~ty Deep rtindui! datucorr~la~onr
\hou mom tunlnq C~~CCIS with t ~fkt AI ihnn lags thon ma ddtr due to handa~dth. \hna .!I
luart inne malt>plv at the BOL bcatlon on A mu\uout has!.;. and \bar dom~nanr rhort penlid
r~~~ch~.rat>tln dl nc.t~-c?/jie~>. c~p~~ldii) .I, BL. rc~I.iu~.!ll~n. \ eitl~li) \~CLLT.! ~FI~UII. 11 in)
~nd~csm muinpie uncrsy near I 2s. md th~\ ~ndcdwr IS \tronse\l .>I BOL i\hcru d#li;.r~.n~~,ti
YLiO I, $rcillert .bnd rgrcv\ alth rewltr aht;nncd h) u\ln: \aioctty plrh. ~n thc 1\10
eqtkdlil~). ..\Rsr pntno~ \\I0 dppiiun~on (Figure 1.?.lcl. .tottemgcsg ~nuir~pie I)CI.~~~~LEII!
>$ah aif,st a 801.. Thew .t*pectr ofprv-rt.~ch mult>plc tndic;~!aln cm hc ti~rtilur .tnni)\~rl in
An cltic~unt nvunnL.r h) pmcc\r~n$ thi. ala>lu Iln~.uslng rhc pmeedlng strntcg). and .t~cllng
C\iP \t.sch~ng I\ gcnvnll) pcrhmned t~alng the n'th nxvt prlnclpit tllcP.>ddr.n FI .)I.
I')Shl. Thrr rncthod tn\tntr n wd to ,he n'th pover fhc S U ratln ~r
illcledhcd ~tdtl~t~e~lly hy thc square r00t (11 the number sf,smplcr. ~n\uhlng A r)ps.>l
po\\r.nnsot 501'',, Howrver. land SSP dam usually rufTer tiom \anrhle kdd requlnng .I
\tach pc)wer~f unlty to a\oid po*t-~lilch trmpt)raI hand~n_ruf;tmplitudc* hy ruduchilg the
stack e, il wnplr. arcragng prncusr ~n rime. Variahle hid cond~tonr arc cummon due to
laterally vrrylng fr

prl>hlr.m* ar~. hmdled h) a \errLon uitlmc-vrn;a,t raliny in cuillunctiun altll ;appnlpnrtu
nime rqcur~nn prnci.r\cs
Tlhu ~n~ctdl r.aolrnt,s midlx~wnt r1~cL.L prod~~ccd f ~ ,I ~ projcr.1 r line I\ ~r.lcl'rcd to .~r ~bs
hrulu \racL It I, guncnll) hnlra h~cilusc ~fmhu11 htilllc ~~liltl~ms. crude ~cltlclty EI~I.ICI.
rnd oght mutt tas~t~c~n\ Huaerc. thir \ray< IS rvr) d~agnohts olpn>hlcni\ r\.nc~~tcd aitL
,t.t:I< \.':.>I1 ~)l>,ll#V.. \I>) :,>h:2;lt
na.i.c tlla ~OCI ti01 %ICL cut ~ U to U d~lTcri.ntk.il ml~t mil) nqlv~rc .~dd~!~mi~~l ~TI.-V.ICL
lmcc,\tng. or \sggc\r litrer po\r-.imel atrenuarian. %nnc< ol rcllcr.r~\ 11) ;~nd *sl-uctari. i.ln hc
idcnlili~d \UI~VII~ im~ly\h. ;and thc hrure \tack .,Ira B>rnlr .I modcl lilr \orf.~w con\hrcnt
en ,t$rr\ I hh model may ruqutrr #n;r..;ogmg to make It m cftktl%r. Iool I;,r
rcrlda.11 n.tctr.r. hut the vnglc Ibrgc\t rff~vt xtll he h.tnd-l#m$lataln vnr~. los- .md 111gi1-
frcquc!~~) ih~gh-;tmplirudc ncii.ic [he ad

prsl~mlnsl) ,tag. The rcmtinmg procnsing srcp, t?picolly rcquincd ~ncludc ruh\urf;lcr.
cunrlrtce tr~nl nati~s a~thtn CLIP xathsn. The techn~quc is spplsd under tqhr contml .I,
thus* rrsucs are scnrlrally dependent un drtn qual~ty r .~nd
h,~ndl>m cii,ai~ng. .a>pl~tuJc Y~W~I~.~~LUII. d11d #i~igiltl~c~t~
To ~llu.tr,~t~. the CLIP \r.cL kl,r chlr \i\hu \tudk. COF g.nher9 am a) 1in.d
5litcL (Fgure 1.1 1.11 lhc brgc\t \;~ndt~on 10

NLL OFFSET STACK OF PROCESSED SSP - COF GATHERS'

P
1PONS OF NEAR AND FAR OFPSET WEOF F-X STACKS
- E M 6 A ~
SHekF REEF BOL
se-lo. 6 6 ~ 1876 ~ 19800. 3859. ~340. STATION
far %iac& destgnwiodow 880-1 I 5b
Ps excluded frem design. -es pa~r be attribu ted
raflrtiviey ebsnw, an4 to multlgle interferers ze
Lehallmer events (w. surf- pogl-1.

shslloa sectton hlru. prlmsb amplltudus m the dr.epsr br.ctlun \\ill domlndi. ~mpllti~dcq of
\urlicc pcelcgr In addaion. pnmnric, may bucumlal~ng at thc rnmc lagr 4 ,boil
russunelt!on $b~ndua (Fipure ?.I Ie) c~i.lud#olg the mulrlple hut ~ncludlng LIsnln llli' h,
\il,lu ~llu\tratcr thlt pnmanc- corrclrt~. itt laps zompari~hle m the tsa-wr) au;tther~ng
dr.kl). .tnd lint odzr haerhed mult~pler haaceil !he prlmartc\ all1 .>I%, correbri. JI lhc \.ai!~.
Ids, I Ihc \I~~ll~n~ CIBIIU~,IIIIIIII dlhpI1y r511gmg our llill~ns \~m~li~r 10 ddcpcr ~\enl\ I PI~UTC
? ? ?c. !r~ol ruurcr. ol ~nlurhud
nlnlttplus. A\i~tl,tblc multiplc rupprerslon nlshttds $\ill br rppl~ed ~n Cl,.tpt~.r i dupendcnt
on tdent~tied multiplc chm:!cfcnatss
Onc of thc most uldely used mrthodr ufmull~ple \uppre,rton Ir prvdrt~\u
d~wonrulutnm [Rah~nrun. lW7. Pracocl and Treltcl. Iljh'Jl Thir method has met nttll mo*t
\uccew ahcn applled to manne ddtavcth \aL.r bottom niult&ple\. hut is equall) appl~uahlc
to land dara under prupcr impltmcntdt~on. Honvcr cr. bccsusc pre-stack ~pplicdtton tu iand
davs Ir dtlfi~.ult due to chcng~np multlplc priad with otYsrt. predictive decon\nlution i\
usuully npplisd to post-stack dala. To improve the process. mavcuut effects may be
55

mo~lm~rd hy !
ac~shred ,racl~nc t5chhcnhcrgr.r. I'lllR~ l\hun ~tdr.i~ag I* in,alticicnt .~t maltqllr.
\upprr.\~nn. lprcd~cttc>o .~ppllcd 111 norwll)ivt J,I~J ma! 51~11 hv orctal lo ~>rnu .sc;e.
nitd llrat a prcdlct~on dvvpn crtturlon c.~n he durnsd titin> VSP'* tor R,I in\ur\u,n, lti
p.tnicul.r. \ SP dr.tuct~on ofintarhcd mult~plc.\ olidrlohlr. penadicily I, pu\rlhlc u\tn:
"~n\dc' od "outr~dv" corridor >tacking IH~rdrg~.. IclX3 1, hnothcr nlethod u\u* ;L prud!itt~~n
filer dcn\d tklm the doun$u!ng VSP \w\r.lield to dr.conu,l\e mult!plc* from SSP dn3t.l
I tlilrnp~tm eld Llcahon. I9831 Ht
rmpl~cullu rel~tionrhip, hct\\.ecn prlrnarlcr md rnult~ple~ as compared to VSP ~dircur,ud III
Chapter .:) Llultsplu mechilnwn md snurcc warelet dctcrmcnr ILL. comn~onillitr of tllu h,)rlc
opm.mw h qe but prediuurc opcruslr weighting should be deribcd frum thv SSP Jilt.,. Tar
q,pieatlon way trum thc well. prcd~ctiw optntura should bu baaed un Ihterrl SSP
mapping oltlie muit!plc mechanism events. Provided that the sampled \'SP dcpth intcnsl
cxren& ahuvt and belo$v these 'rents. VSP data can he used Ibr un~mhiguuus idmlilicat~on
of this mc~hanlsm a as to \alidiltr thcru prediuuon design cnlens.

An alternatlw multtplc supprr.\s~un method ~.ommonly applled lo prc-riack CLIP
gil~herr ~n\ol\c\ the Radon tmstom fium t-Y to rau-p spxc 1Tretrl.l i.t 01. 1118?1. In
!r;m,ti,m 'P~CI: the ma ti) rarlnab!; 15 choscn to delinu a ILncllonsl rclalnin\hlp tin Sncll'r
rs! prmmclur tpl ln tcnm of two-na) t~mu. ol'liet. and \cbclt! TII~~ rulat!on\h#p 13 LIIG>\F~
a, he,, ,UII ddt.1 conditc~m~n: and tmnrtjm perk~mmcc can he ~nlpm\d by .mon
cn;cnr lo~ru component vncrgy computrd ac lhc' run, a1 squared ~mplltudu dlttcrcncc*
heoti.~.~~ ,ha Iniunr. tranhtorm and the unsmxtl rccord cdn he m~ncm>red h! \tatlc componcntr do not confbm I

oo~sr. ;,to he added hack. Wen tist mult~pleseu~ncide with dccpcr pnm.q rctlucui>~lr.
mall d~lYl\r.\ i-I. *apis,tla\n tR!n.
Isu?) In this mcthod. 4 \;\I0 coriuut!im may hi. appl~ud his ~~incu a Ir IF** rens~lt~c 11%
.;rrucrural eibclr. hut npplicst

intermcdiute proce,,ing ads, and in may cases pm\ ~dc \uh.;tmtinl ~nq,m\i.mcnr I" lcrullr
nhun applud c.~rcfull>. E\cn if unaucccs\ful. there oethndr m.!y pm\~du rccopnltmn
un,o,a fix !I,< effects tlf "l~llillll. IC~~C.IC"CL.
1.4 SSP 4rnplitudr Versus Offrrt
In chc \\.CbB. AVO nldl)r#> iur pm\es ru hc a rciuhlr. hxli kt, !hc ~L.ICI.I~I LII
\lullur\ grr. Hi\lorle.!lly. con\cslus;!l CLIP rcllccuun Ihar hr'cn \accc\.lsl 8" $;I,
cxplorauon due ar 'hr~ght rpat' i

arter lo\\.pomr~ty carbonarc. lUppcr U~skul. Although normdl ~nc~dunca rvliecii\ity otTcrs
I~nlc ampl~tude disttnctcon due to lot, ~mpcdmw consaqts. the Po~rsun'\ rLt8o contrrrt tiiot
15 Id~cr tlrr the ponrus reef case st> AVO annlys~n 1s posrihlc. For .AVO madcll>nlon die
emhaymcnt \I.L.!~. dsslgnmunt of ao raiuc lo rhc Lotlur Ucsku rwll h~. ~ntiucnccd h! rlldlc
contenr TIm apun m.lnne memhrr 15 prednm~n;m!ly m.l.i\i\ uly heddcd dobnlltl.cd
mudrtonc. llut tis\llr. llkc II rhillr. 1p~rx1w81 communlcsl!un. Led Hunt. IclaZI I! I. ruamnahic
to uarumc heh.nIt,ur to he more l~kupomus dnlom8te a ~th rryardr to m Pa~\\os'\ mini 8.
ihoal I1 27 br doIomlt>rcd imhydnts cdrhondlc. and rhr I~L. pumur cure I\ .thou1 0 2s A
predumtn.m,ly ah.~lcapcn marcnL. mcmhcr nould Ihslv ,I much 1hlyhi.r n 1.m UIIIIIIBIC lor
Ihr;sl \II~Ic i\tI.41. ~ICIUJS ;an u~~.,llcrvd drrbooni' memhvr ra,uld he aharuc II 1Y-ll 50 It, the
mrumiir ,one. hlockrd rhur .)mi rm~c Ihg.5 sire n \~lucr tl~n cos~p~rc s) ,he* lprcdli.11

-\\O i.icruerully dcpundcnt on ddVe pripsralam. eton under d~\urtti. rr.tl~Yll\~I!
cond~ta,nq ruch as thc \\ell resol\ed Colony rand playa ah~ch occur in ihu \LCSB a 2
rhalloner .trsttgrsphh: Icrel th~n the UI.;~U. Current 4VO techn~que, iitr dcri\ine pilrorct!
rl~ntncu~~n crltcna rhuuld hu appllcd to multlple-ir~c SSP ddia or rkr ruccmrtul muluplc
ruppw.\~on ttem~tr a \ Au \VO mitl!sr bllon~ng prc-*i;wh nlult8plc ,I~IC\I)I ibtll
he hirrad 11 amplitude\ arc naL pre\cned \~ncL. (he uactlng pmcw srrilcidtud alth lilt
Osrrmdcr r~r1hr.r gr'ncration can \apprc.br rc\~dtml multiplu sncryy. prdicrire \uppic.slon
(nay hc more opplicdhle k,r AVO purporer as cornpiired lo ?D trdn.;L,rm\.
The *ucce\$ ot' \LO rr the laku li.\cl m.ly ruqulrc 21 #more \ig,n,u, appnlrcl!
~nclud~ns \oli~metnc anill!rts and L,n\anl rnodelltng ur>derahrumpl~ufir ai full rr.tIuctlt~I).
TIC ctlnlpIc*.it) ~>irctl~~t~r distnbut~~m rcqusc, mtne than th\o honmn* .!rc p.bnrnatun\cd
s, prcd,,~ -\VO rcrpr thl.
modr.lllng c;m hudurncd ~nltvslly trom lo3 dnd complcmr.nli.d hy R,ltl !a\er\lun of SSP
dsla .lazy Ih,m the acll (rveChaptor 31. The ~n\encd retli~tn~ty cm hc urcd th dcme
~mpcddncr. c.;ttmdter irom ~ h ~ hluctud c h mck prupenid\ cm he u.;tr;cted. The lhll
rctlcctaic~y .\VO rusponrc k m the block\. model could hr. cnmpartd to SSP dam. hul Ihr.
net A\ 0 rurponre ;I( Nirtu b\vl may he ~uu comple~ to alba n,hun modelling.
In Chaptur 2. I havc rcricrcd SSP processing techn~quus aith ernphas~, cm
applncntan tua Uisku experiment. Prel~m~nuy an;llyr~~oithr SSP data tllustratur thc
rncthod and conceprs. md multtple dnrcrlrn~nl~oh critcrh indralu thst suppression \v~lI he
dltlicult The prweaslng lechnlqocs prcscntcd m this chapter mi. nut new. but the .~ppm.tch
of usml COF lathen to factlitae multiple identificauon ~n the SSP expenmmt is "on-
61

cun\ent~onal. I hsrc rhoen that the multipler con he r~uoenlsed on Ihr hnrir of dllfircnr~nl
VllO from stuck Jutd. dui~ng HSV4. md frum auti~corrcbrnrn\. llorc ~rnponmtl) I hdic
4>cli\n that csch c>fthen. approachr~ hare rpcci.ltil: I~ma.tnms ~n,p>sr.d by thc dara Three
thin., arc s\idc~,t ~n rl~c tilioet lone. Flrd. dltl>ri.nrvai \\to IS rn~n~mdi Sccond. pnm;s!
retlccuonc *hau rlmllur rutclcurrelrliun lag, a~th multlpldr Th3. rhv rnultlple cn
\;,ir, incrdil) Ihe hct or;lenr rnuit~plc u~wrirnioal~tm ~rler,., pthu\ .I pnlhicnl ICII
multipir. \uppicr$aln In anekln to o\ercumc rliara ditiici~lliv\. t~cilhc~ru d.ar ad1 hr.
~nrmduccd ~n rhdpsr 3 tilr rhs pctcporc tof pm\tdlngai.our\c n ail1 hi.
tol1oai.d h) an ~ntnductnm to \ulrmr mndvll~ng .tnd tnwrrhon ~n Ch.~prir 4 Thc a\cr;til
d.tt.1 anal!\>r rnd cotugr.lt>on n11l wcl tn pmi~dc ;1\cnuur LI~.IP~R).IGI tvr 51111\1!1n. dilw
pmcc,h~ng oh,~crnr.s lithe mulliple mech;lnsm(\l can he ~balticd on the hark of
scllhorc data and confimcd ~n SSP Jilt& at ivcll iocmtunr. (hen rhu applicdraul ot cx~rrtng
ruppnerrlon t~uhnlques can he dhre,scd fbr impm\ement* to L~aku SSP rvsolutnrn.
RL.;L~ on SSP ~ndicaorr. multiple \uppre\non h? predelnr. dam>n\olutinn ma! he
the hc\t appmuch. I hare ntcmpmed to ehance the rl3n.d in tl~c *hsliow SSP se~.tinn tor tlir.
purpole ~,iprn\idin$ criteria for operator derls to suppress mult~plrr common lo horh rhu
shall~u and dcepcr (target1 ponlun,ufthu SSP data. The appllcatlon and funher sappwr of
rhts approach IS presented in Chapter 5. The applicat~onofcanventennl4CO modalltne
\wIi he deturm~ncd by the .;ui.ccrs of full-offset prr-stack SSP multiple

CHiPTER 3. PROCESSIVG METHODS FOR \\ELLBORE DiT \
\\hen nnn-nc\cnu~r fac~er rru cncountcrd during \~rLu SSP c~plu~.ntl~>n~ll drcllhllg.
acllhom dnal>vs ma) cl~rnfy p~tfall\ ~n the 5SP intcrprut,lt~un In thtr \.15Lu .tudk. i\cll,
film IBrec dlrlin~t ~XICI are projcctud onn, tlw CLIP \lack tirr this purport (we F19urc
?.?.?.,I. At each rcll. n\aiI;~hk ~ nL~na~un include* ~mpeddnce ~n depth and YSP ht.1 In
llllr ~Iiilpt~~. I~lldilm~ntd5 i~ldllng 10 tht dCqUl\llillll dnd pII)UC*sln~ ~lt tllll \\UII~IITY dlt.l .lrC
TL.\IU\IL.~ ~n ralrl8on ro as lnregrat~on n~lh ploccrd SSP diar. lhc godl ol'th~r L.IIJ~~BI I, tu
ure acllhorc dm .I\ .I ii>cll I" SSP mulupb ~denulicn~ion irnd rupprcwon.
\ SP duo ~ b ~ conrrthute l l s> nu avsr of 1111s re~cdlxb. Fsr.1. uell log pnru\rcns
.tlcmpt\ lo pnld~ce .I *)nihde .r.lrm!c trace ~n time tiom ~rnpcd.incu Int~rm,~ii~~ti ~n dcptll
ur~sg II>C ~.~~nol~t~~~na/
rnodcl. YSP Brst brwki are urcd I,, conmr,l vmc ;ad~o.o~lcnt~ dunng
tlic depth to time ~mped~tncu i.on\uncun cumponrm ~rfth~\ pmccrr \cci,od. multzpl~
\upprc\\inn nu) hcoutit from rncchanl~n~ ~d~.ailir.rt~on. Later .lrrsal. ol .i YSP c\purtli>cnt
.tx u.d to dtrungulrh up-goma and da\rn-gt>~ng uner?!, lhe~vhy ~dunr!l!tng n~eluplc
IN?. \cclu~\~t~on ad v>uxi. d~ltercncc\ hdnccu YSl' .a,d 851' .tic dlwu\,cd .ir illlr
rclslr.\ dlrcclly sl data inlegrdtnln ssd rnull8ple \upprv,nan. Further asc of Inlllud.rnc~
~nti~rmallon lbr rn

3.1 Vrllhorc Log Sune) and YSP Chrckshot Procrrrin~
ARcr drl8ncntmn o(swctur~l or ,triltlgmphr Imos um~g SSP runeyr. ncllr arc
drillcd ,tnd lag\ cw hc used long anh do\~n-hub rr\,m~c mahoda to Inlpnnu the
Ibndami.nvally bu rrsolur~otl SSP result,. Opcrrt~uwl pmhlemr drire due tn cilrod \ ur\a\
ancared nullh~~rur Puor hula~.ondltalns .md lhghly du\~.~rcd aullr moy rccjurru ci.muntcd
L.asng. pmductne anonldluus VSP mxru .!I depth\ ofpour ccmunt~ng condltlnor alrl-c
comprss~~nsel i\.l\c\ pmducc c&*tn$ r;.\urhcmtn,t>. Also. \ SP tahc \\.I\ c rewn.tncu in.,!
hecomc motc res6i2 m ti i.3,i.d htlle. C'd\dd hcl1e.i ax hen~lich~l hy illl~~~ln$ lb~. us2 0Tnlu111-
*ca,or dtwn-ht,lc \L.t\mlr. .$rr;,y lD5.41 tuolr to hc urrd 101. LSP C.irurg .md cement lhdr
ll~klc ui1ui.t 1111 VSP LIIUUL \hot stg~litl tfir~ hm.~Lsl u\ed ti>rtd~tcng iind calihr.a~tu~ ~hc
,c>nr .III~ dcnwy bg'. Llnw \chrc8ry i, bgpzd .tl a fine 8ncremcnL It)plc.dl! .a 11 :lUSml Ih!
n>c;t.;an~q refr.tctcd \brtca fmnl thd \\all DI th~ hill^ nhich must he done hct~lw tllc hqh
\r.hrtty >IL.CI cwng L? put in pln~.~. In g*J hole ccmd~tlonr. tomx!tnn\ citn he .!Itcrud b)
muduokc from ,hi. dr~llingpmcc*r brhich pmducur il dr~ruas ~n rhr. ilpporunt \ulcn\urr.d h? !hi* logging pnwrs VSP mi\ slr prnr~de rel~hlc compr)n\;l!aln Iitr vli~r drtti
~nducud hy horchaiu clli.ctr and alru hy funddmontal Requency dupcndcnt d~spcrrlos
Dirpcirnm dctiltv, thrl r 20 KHz sonic signal ail1 pmpagsro bwr rbn a ill H, rc.l*mlc
\ynul hy up to 6-u ~Scl~lumhurgcr. 1'18'11. The rhonest travel path of rci,rnlc I;.=\' C
typically on thaorder 01 IIK)ml rugsrts that VSP chvclr rhut dcpth, rhuuld hu bprced dl
IZlm marlmum (Hardage. IYS3l ah~lc. ~nclud~ng deplhr (tnccq ufchnlpes tn I~tLntog?
lbrmatlnn [ups). ho~holc conditions. SO~IL. charactc~.. driti dm. .md rhr. r,nxc log top YSP
recordins shuuld slau ~ncludr a selsmtc darum checkahat (ifbelo\\ topography) dnd ~ lnl hc
used to ldrntify th~. hose of senherlng and pussiblc svtiace multiple mvchan~sm, Strue
64

duto~ivd VSP check\hot ,Lcqulntcan 8ncn.rsr.s acll rhutdoan tlmr.. nu drtn .a pnnidcd h!
~.uo\vnt~onol c;>.;ed hole VSP chcruld hu \ nl~Jalcd heloru dr~ft conlpen..iten
Compuutnm ofr.iu drlti snd \ulcdutvd nclcctnm ~ofdrili cunv par.ls>clcrkr.~tllIn
prul~do adluumcnt ~n run^ lugs For chcrl. 41ot \ SP urilgu. $cuphone duprll 11 ivkr~nccd
LLI thc ~p~i~~.\stng d.mm md the profile i\ \hltrcd ~n tiae~ccordmgi! usmz an uppmpnolc
tcplnclmlent \ahre!ty Flrst hrcak sansn ttmc IS lhcn mearurcd md corructcd h) cruc \r.nti.il
r~me urmg d~\i.%ted holu md otfkt 9ourcr. ca.ordmrta.; Rm drcti I\ then tlic ~ntilgr.lted
(.urnmedl .~.n\c rime R ts1uc.i The chc.ck >hot correctam I. ti~~.n d$*lnhuli.d
to rhe rmw ttsnrs 0tr.r eilch kneu ~ntanal. and \al~d;aud h) chucking ~nwgr.tti.d u>cltc LII,~
dg.t>nr! ~k!ng VSP d vl~hlc t~tll 111 ~rfllillllg \c~~lllli.
IWIU~C, ctl gc.ltlgidl \ITUUIUT~ and cxtund~ng te*olur~*,n af 18npcdiacr. .~mrmallr'\ ~dcnttlied
h) SSP rcAc~lionr Fullna~ng .tcijljurtmcnl. the ~ntegr;ttrd 5onlc ~ntmal trsmll Iln~e* rrr. lhm,
uwd .a titv acil Ikreuon ro con\r.n SSP tlmu to dcprlr. ,md ID .i!txi>i.~~~ .ii.~\nltlgriln~
gcncrrtil,n ihr retl~wtlon c!vnt \r.ritication.
Thc milm ohleua\s ot asll lo% pnrcwng 15 lo pmduce .I ryehur~c ri.hnllc rr.lci. s
the ueil location liom the wnic trdnrtt tbmr usin8 the con~ulut~onal mc~dcl In this nardcl.
tile crnh ir ieprrsuntcd by ascrics oicquvl tmnr,t lime lilyerr purametcnred hy acuuruc
imp~dancu. In-sit" density mci~surcmentr an: typically acqu1rr.d using a nuutmn source. hut
if nut nwiloblr ;m cmptricrl relouonrhlp betai.cn bcluc~ty and denaay may hu uscd pruridd
the $rolo%y is dominantly elastic. The normal ~nctdencr primanrs-only rellectivity reququencr.
is then derived from the !,me impedance, and from this the reverberatoy ~mpulrc ierponrs ~r
65

campaad (Wuenrchel. lOh01 In gcnsrsl. mulllplcs may occure~thcr a1,r.n thc -a\< I\
mnelltng upnard or doanbard. >\lth muluplc nidur dctined b) the numhcr of huulircr ~n .I
wrcn In)er. l'hs process of includcng eysa path ira\srrc cffectr md) hu \~c$rud .LS tlie
addmtion oimaly dslay~ri and bcrlcd \r.rr$ons ofthe prlmay rutlecrnity Thc dcl:n I;,r i..tr.li
,accc\wc. muluplc component dcpeldron thc lao-ad) ~ra\~l-p~th acrhln thr. I.1)r.r i\h~lc
.;i..tllng I.; ga\en~cd hy cnur.) pmit~nnlng (In rc;!iKy. mulupie .calplltude\ .lrc dirl reduced
due to uytr., \pbiui-
path I F,,lloa~ng th~, cnmpa,,ttnm. s r.nclei c\tlm.lte I\ gencrsrcd .tndct,n\~~l\cd alth thu
rcllectn It) lo )lcU tbl: \)ntLalc 1r;tcc s the rcll hu.tlr>n Thc ~!IIIIIUIIC \~1\11111gr,m1 II 111~11
rn.~tchvd 1,) \emlc dd~a tn tdcnui? dn~pl!tudc ~ n p11r.s d mtrtlu\. iaulrlpic ~mmhlcar. and hc
~po>nt\ Ihr hnrm~,n*.
OIICL. J ,)ebeuc se!nnogr;tm 1105 hccn pmductd. J wdxd proce\\,ng prarucu !a tc>
dclerm~nr. iu~idu.tl phase tr thc SSP &at;, St.tcld trscr., tiom lhc aell \ictll~t) rri. I~OU~L.~
t!psall! JI th~ny-dcgrcv ~ncrcmvnl* md comparcd la the ,ern phrrc r)nll~c!~c. lhi.
cnmp.lr!nm me) hc mdc using in\unvd ~mpd.mco tnr'u.. hut .unurril) lhr. iinw rc*ptm*c
8.; umphr)r'd r* ~mped;mcc tnvcnlan may not be applicahlc. \bl?cn ,e\ersl acll\ arc
r\d~lnhlu. ldlcral \anatlo" ~n pha,u rdjustmunr suggc\l that r\crJglng hr' iippllc'd A), .I rchuit
CIU\CT ,em phisc ?or ~mpm\cd intcrprnuln,n.
Thi. rellbuw ddlasel uder maly.;is ~ncludrr comprcsrionrl arvc tri~nsil time IN~IC vehrlty ti). dcn\ity lp). and ,hear wave (1)) bell lugs rt thzs cased well Ikwdtmns. and dlro
VSP data These thme lacrrions tee the SSP dnn $vah rrawnablc closnr.,~. and (hebe
lociltlons are retcrred to as rert rhuli, andembaymen1 on the SSP dara prssnked ~n rhc tr.~!.
The logs may be used br AVO mudrll~n_e in u blocky scnsc. altiluugh I3 1s usually exrracrcd
66

only ~n !he \ii.$n~ty ofthe rcscr:o!r The \onkc and density logr are usudll! c~tracted ajar .t
more rurnplr.lcdeplh ~ntenal IFlgurn3 I 1.1 I ?.and .:.I 21. andu~ll hu u,dd tor \!ntl~i.clc
aul\lnml

3.2 YSP \Va\elicld Separalion and Dccon~olutlon
VSP acqu~,lr~un ~n\ol\i.r r R ~cd near-surhce rclrnuu raursc and An\ nhul:
gwphonu\ rvcu~d dl barlour depth, (Ftgurc 3 2.11 Thorough de\cnptn,n\ oiVSP mclhnd.
md lhe~d\inrrgc% arcautl~ncd hy Hardaxe I I9Sil tinllkc rurOcu-reccmded dots \SP
gcophonu> rurpond P) hoth duan-eocmg mml up-gome cneigy. ~llt~onr can he ~dunuiisd (11 ~mprn!~. ~hr'
\tructa.~l. .~~arier.lph~c md lithologic ~aueh lhc \%crdlerud 1a)r.r
Frcrlucn~.! i.antcnt doc, not saifct i.rfi.l,m 11e recnu;>tlon ultcctr oi;~ lull tao-a.,) ci.tir.l-p.sl~
In .mdIng! a? thc SSP mcthorl. rullcctorr mr) hi: 1dent8Red helo,, tha \\ell htsl~rn. Vcnlcsl
liorndtlrj \tdr'lrine m;lr hc uscd to Imprnw thc S \. i.~r!o s,d dlrr.nmln.u: ocllnrl moltiplc~.
B;sw VSP prucesslng dttcrnpr* la repitralc the up- dnd do$an-gmnp i.omprcr,mn.~l
sd\ctiuld~. d~*cnminace nca>n*t s,tsi.. and r11~tr.n ~ht *pur.tra d ~hc m\ult. Folhlainy
pmce\*tny. thu VSP selsmlc rc-ponsc rhuuld he 3upr.riur L) CLlP dl;, nt \\

B
land VSP acwiritim land SSP acquislrian
minilnun phase source
surface phones
simple u.rype simple peqleq simple peqleq
Figure 3.2.i In vSP acquisltlon both upqoinq and downqolnq '*a-es are
recorded whlle SSP records only upgolnq energy. Noce the tvrdamcnlai
differences m source slqnarure and surface placesent. ~ lsc, surrase
recorded multiples hold diEEerenr amplitude reiaircnsn~ps than 'IZP
recorded multiples due to redundancy IboLfoml.

iompurud to nlult~plc \,brator r\rscpr. hut DS4 ttwlr xu no! yet thh tcchntc&ll) dd\.~nccd
Fonunztuly. (lie v~uri.c ,Ipnuturr'dcr~\ed from d \~hrator source .,I .L tixed risldci. locat~ol, ~r
rclic8\r.l? cmn\i\lcnr Ihmm one toul dcpth to thu nc\t In compartron. rhi. SSP rcpalhc ~h.n I*
uaud to compare lo tile LSP rcrponrc IS d~.r~(~.d lion, iilnoll\ ,~rf.~~.e Itlc~llm~\ .!nd \hol
i.a~id~tion\
tor \ SP. ;m.~l!s>s of ~h; :i'n$c~l ;omprcsaional aa\:!iuld ~n:ol;c\ rr.>ci. ;dmr,g
2nd pol.trlir corrcctlnn\ heliwe an) fir-( hierh p~cktng The [prd-pru~e\scd ~cwrd\ 1n1.1)
rr.qt~~rc 5upprcwon nixfi.~ctnl r'nr'rgy thdr i-m rnd4 ~hr. dorm-galnp n.nc. hut pcn~.nll)
lint mt\.tlr rcprc\cnt dtm~1 path\ lilr it h~r!,c~ntillly Inycr~d model dnd \nlilll Y)UTCC-~U-
rcccncr lalr.rdl olfl~l.tt~. \cp.$r.bkh!n
dusl.i.oiny ~on>pre\v~,n.il cbcntr trunl up-goins ~'ncrs) l'hu cirluallon c~f llic ~cpa~.~f~o#~
lpnlcarr tmay hc ~mpnncd by fin1 arlvnu.br#n~ my cohcrcnl nolre cncrs)
ISP pmcca.~np ercalur ainalicld~ llvat arc ~.xpmsscd tn tcnn, ~>fd~f&r~)nr lune ctl-
ord~nxrr. or rnmc liomcr Flgun. 31.1 lluitl rIw\\r thl llw drrliill tlrna, tilr lhc do\\a-po~~p
aa\uficld ad1 ~ncrvilre da thu deplll of rvcarer 8ncrr.rrer. On Ihu othur Ihmd. up-po~ns
rcll~ct~on umc\ lion) ;I \uhrurl:ru harrlnm ail1 Jccru;i*r. \rrtll incrc;Luiip rcccncr depth \cni.c
111~. TCL.EIYC~ 11 mo\lngclorer a, !he tr.llccrui. In liuld record rtmc (FRI'l. ch,an-+unp
comprusrion an\als habe uppoallu tlmedlp from up-gum$ etcna SUi.gCrtlng lhi: urc nf&h
filtcilng ti>r rrparanon. Cuns~dcr TT to he the lirsc arriv~l trt\cltxm~. br du\\n-poinp
um\ala. Ah shown I" Figure 3.1.3 (right). u time irilmc I-TT) brmrrl hy adwnclnp FRT h)
litst arrival time. by submttmg tlmc 17. would flatten rhr. doan-gums ailye uhilc
incrcanng wavcnumhen of up-~olng nenu. possshly caustng rl~nsmg. Slmllarly. u tlmc
immr delayed hy tipst arrival rime (+TT) would flatten up-going events tbr zero source-a-
73

iqllre 3.2.3 uslnq VSP first breaks as a reference frame tacrliracrs
uavef~eld separation and lnterpretatlon of downqolng versus upga~nq
en'-"-. -n t-* -?me ~ln-nlnq events are posrcioned to the TWT at 'wnicn
~ . > , -. . . - - - . -
they are recorded at suriace. and vpgalnq mulrlples are recorded oni:
a= depths shallower than :he up-generating surtace. in -TT clme.
dowrigo~nq events are delayed relative to the nitl la: comgress:on b;
-he TIT of the generarms mechan~sm. and downqolnq multiples are only
recorded at depths deeper than the down-generating surface.

"SW1,1 LlrnC.
In cilc i'bP mclhd. I~IL. ma~n i.~ihcru>t nmw inwivr .ac ~uhr. ad\ ul.iuiLtcc generntcd R.tyle~~h a.3,r.r Tube v;~\r.\ n,.~! hv
~~~ntmll.Blu h! .I \)nchnmlrcd nrurue ;array. hut qcn~.r;lll! a \inglc \~hrriar unll I\ pl.cicncd
hi cnn~rtunl 5ourcc .~qiraiurc md pnrcurr~ng~* .~dapud la attunudtc tuhr. n.nu>. In c.14
lhhly lc,r thrt th.m
~om~rr.,ral!,dl ICILICII). Tlx tubc ~modc IS L~ISLI TE~~LXIC.~ .!I IIIL. huttorn ~ll'lhu hole vl ch.s IC
cvra;&ln> ar .m upolng nal>u >uurcu. Hdrdnge I IVX3l d~,currcr nth* i\s\u phc~armen~
iuhtlsu ar VSP acqulsltton.
ruhu \\,\I., po,~ a problem fir VSP mtcpwata,nr I" [\re bzty\. rhurc pn)hlcnh
hr~amc mum scr>our \bhcn \hallon nctl~~s~rs arc ~ncludcd. F~r\t. luhc ampllrudc\ ;!re ~olrcn
rpunous due tu c~ainqcond~t~ons. making them hard to attenuate under T R cond~ltonr
aztlnt~ut conipmrnl*tng underlym~ cumpress~onnl cvcnrs Sr~nnd, due tu panlfiunlng. dtwn-
g~nng uncrgy hsr ~nhcruntly higher S N than upgo~ng milking 11 beltur la Inacpret dovn-
p~ng multiple, ~n Ti timo. Hoaerer. rtncc common prupugation directtun lrnpllur
aavunumhrr r

tuhe I~IC cntcrkres only n~th rutleelions at drr!\al time* wcil beyond thc ,an< of tntcr~.\t.
\Gth thn 10 mind. thu donn-.otne ailrefield cal rthll be ~ntcvrctad lilr multlpli..i A~lloa~ng
tlk ,cm .a\cnumhcr rvjeutlun uFrhc doan-pung tuhc r\;cvu and ap-.olng i.i>mprer\~on\
.-\lw. tile dda! haraecn fin! hioak and tuhc arn\;tl ~ocrcilrer a~th dcpth. m,~hzng mhu aa\c\
leas al'a pn'hlen~ 10 rho" percad multqlc e\slurrI rcmn\ ~n:
,parveil) altraed cacrgy mod. In\crrc tw,\torrnu>g
.lad rr.mo\ing thc mo>cout Dorm-gutng compr

true. ~n -TTt1s~e \hauld be renltrcd by a tiller lungth cnrrerpundlng to I 5 a.nr.longth\.
Ho!\u\ur. theru 15 no r.onhtant aa\dnumhr.r ar~oc~oed alth up-p~ng energy ~n -Ti tune
unit.;.; nwc\ ofcon.tant \

ntII nor huhme opt~m~ll? $0 trlm starcs or dyndme corrections \I~uuld hs applwd sit~.i Ch
sepsr~tam m d hekrrc rhon nnsdun S Y tnhmccment.
stmdenl pmcars~ng ofVSP ddai~cquired a~rh a 8 ~hl.alor rouxc ~~rludvr a
aa\esl~dpi~lg opvmtion ahlch ~n\oi\r.r rhaplng rhr. tram spuctm sj ll,dt oh$ de\lrr.d rcrldunl
o,nr.lct. Th,\ pmcerr taker place ~n thr. fi~quunr.y dunlacl> h) rpsctral-d8\1.;a,n nlrlnn thc
I ~ C L . ~ hil~til~~dcl~ 111, I IT~CU-~IIM h.latr. Thc dc~rcd \ra\r.lr.t I* r cllsicn~d ~<
Juan-going ctrmprc\rtonal ad\i'tivld trinelr a \huncr path than thr. up-so~ng n;ni.tiuld .,I
an) gtvo depth nl thdt it ruifcr* the icost tiom Q-att~'nuilliun. Thc $n~llrl da\\n-ya
makcr thu h?st na\ekr dstlmute ti,r VSP deut,n\olutiun ofup-.n,~necnere! ~nsrcad idol
~moth~xl, (hat mahi: i~*,umpt~alar about rullcctn~~y and au\clct #pcctr;l. In~lmll~. r thruc-
pnmt nlcJan tiltc~ 15 applied in TT umc to hue* chi. S \, mllo. Thc rc\ult~n~ $r.nclelr
cat~ta>ntd wthln a \pucttiud txn,~. windoa centred on the timt hruitl ur~d 10 rlernc il?c
ticquunc) dum.un opantun xo apply to the \cpar.ttcd ap-going a;~~ulicld. Snncc tltu dcl~11-
gnnp a.ncticId hrr ,I d~rpl~ccmcnl polarti) oppoatlc rl Ihc up-gnnns \sa\r.ticld. ths up-
gulnp ducom~>l\ud n.rulr rcclalms polrnty chiinpe. If rlgnai m nolac ~r hn. Ihc*u ~\a\ulet\
coold hu \tuclud nl credld an a\tragc. but sace-al\c rpplicuunn het~.i r.irnlpr.n~.lle\ tor
pn,papntlon ettcar.
The prc-processed VSP dalil br etch well ~liustrdres the various time hmcs dppliud
in VSP pmccasing(Fipres 3 2..la.b.c). Thew &ail arc derurlhed ~n moredcta!l ~n ehrptcr 5
Curnpdrud to .iurLue pug-ItgotYects hctwcen SSP and VSP der. the daan-_eotng VSP
surbce source \\~vFIc~uIII be tbllowed by a mult~plc ofappor~tr polanly with lag cquill to
theTWTdelayofIhe weathered layer. The dew-going wabeia from thc reef\rell dirpliqs
79

ahifted fur display.

m ~ phue ~ nature. d ~ndicati~e of .B shon period mult!plc Rom abme~hc VSP start depth
Basd un thuGLI "' \larlc mcxici. thc ncathcnnp delay >hould bc cumpdrahle Rr the rucf
and umhryment locanms wh6le at the ihcll'lhs delay ir greater. Hose~cr. bath off-reef
VSPI do not rppedr to hr. mdilied in rhos l ag I, thr. same dc~ree .I[ the reui A\ no
\ourcu pitirmewrr \\ere pm\ided wth the reef VSP. .m b~hratur raucp n the ordcr of Illllm. .tnd thcr mr) limit the u\cklnu*r In \srt.tci:
mul!mle dcnrhfic.~th,n

3.3 \IP Corridor Stacking and \.lultiplc Identity
The VSP inelbod allaas ~nlhlenl Ld~,
he idcnufid lollo~\~n~ ae~eHuld ,cpur;stion Thta 15 dc~non\tm~cii fi,t tecfcxplomuoa h!
8~mm,n md LIIIC\ I 1~1vi1 Any ~\.~Iualh~n oimuiuplc rupplcsr~on mcrhadr nn hhP d.a.1
\hould be ~mpm\ad .tr a result ofVSP lnultlpla ~dcntlli~tttln.
Bolh thc up-going and d~*. \rrl~r~oil ~n rpcctral r.l>arilvtcr \I,ould he prcren! \\idlo .I >,rung ~nrcrhcd ::mc
.\~lplttudc \,nrl;lttun atthin thc ln~r~dl down-p>~ng cornprervun ma) olv, ~nd~c.)~c an
lnturhud muluplc gcncratnr. hut rpectrsl tndtc~tnrn nm leyr rcn\ltnc a, TR.\ prc\urut~on
In thu duan-going aa\ctield. the uppcrmo>t trace represenLr thc tors1 c.nel.gy
enturlng the rsmplrd mnr. This energy consists ofthe init~al doun-going crunt modtlicd hy
the neiu surf~cr rerpunsc. Thas tracecan he used to remow rhallorv multiplc.~ Crum ducpcr
tracer in bariour ways. Pmdlcttvc ducunrolutian can he used to succr.isibely wmow each
muluplc on a basts of dumlnant cncrgy or ~ncrcnring period rs desped from the
rus~urrclsrron. and thts is more applieablr to longer pcnd multiplrs. The r~mins relation 19

s~mpl? the drhy ufthc grnerallng laycr. so thal shon period mult~plss that cause aa\elct
dl>a,niun may nu be s ari~rhanne effect hut may comu irom ;myahr.re In thc 4>~lloa
\c.i.lnln Inrrcsd. the \\hole trrce could hc u5i.d .IS a \*a\r.lc.t tu he dc-phased iriom thr. dccpcl
rr,tccs laa\I' ~ntcnal.
In thc up-s~vng ~d(~ti~ld. mub~ple$ d~rc A d~mtldr !lntlng ~cldtlon 1t1 the d \rl,h
cohcrent cncigy in pharc cauacr the \~gnal Ir.\r.l ofthat uncrg? I,, ho ~ncrc~>cdorr.r crndom
na8.v hy the square root oCIhc numhcr of tracts ~nput. The .rhjuctnu I. thc rum< ~n .

domln;mtly prima? enerp The nacklng of nm\alr rhar appear htcr ~n tlmc nlll he c.>llcd
the "lung". "bach". ur "~ns~dc" colr~dur sti~ch. Thlr should lnclttdc ctYcctr t'ron~ mul!iplu\
lr~h perloll 111 evcrr ulthc dclily wtndoa. In comparlwn. the tcm 'tuli" VSP rorndoi
rtach 15 cmned ~n this ttrt a oh\iate the need of e~cludinp a \hnn dc1.i) uindoa (11 rlu
,u~.L~ngprocs*\ Thh \trch conaln5 rll ap-gamg cncrg) \u tlur mult~pli. ctii.st\ uttll (pr.it~ld
Ihngur 1h.s rile de1.1) ~rindov amd ~n ~hc oui*~uc naci may nc ~dcnu~id iiic IV:IOIV~
d~\~,~on hcn$ucn thc ~nridc .it.ti.L and thr. hll rr.lcl 15 r t~rhlr. tool in nuluplc
d~\cnm~nrlsm
The pmcu,\ uf~utocnmoluln~n tshcnlt: I'lsI I hos hccn .~ppl~cd to dvntbf\ lit!urhud
muluglc Gunlpnncna oithv dou!+-gng VSP i\arefield a thr. reef acll In lh~r \;~\hu \cud!
(Lli>l)ouu~ i.1 ul. 19U6). Intcibcd multiplr.~ pruducd r\.ltll#n I.l)crr asnc anal)\ud hr .to.llog)
a, thc rctnr+~m~olut~~m me!liod as applicd s, rutlacton SSP l;\n\lcy and Lcamm. I1l671. In
111c c.lre ofthe doan-go~ns w~\.~li~np
tisn.r$%rn,n and iilyputh rcdund;mnc? ctkctr rccclrdcd h! SSP.lhlr ldttcr cRcct \\as
tllurtrrtcd prut ~wu~ly ~n F~gurc 1.2 1 rnd FI~UIL. 3 2.2 lilrtllc cdsc ~lfdn ISLII.IIC~ l;l)cr ill .I
h~,rno~ei.nr.uu~ h.tlK\~ecc heundd by hurwntal I.~y~.ir i.hnr.!c~~n~rrl h) tloe-na) tr.mvt ll~lle
Conaiderfn$ ill1 pu.i.;~hlr. raypstl~r up s, and ~ncludin$ lir\t ordu malt~plcr. the up-g~ny
na\elicld canean, all duan-ptng raypaths plus cxtr;! raypshs due to t\$o-nag trdnrbt.
con*tsutm$ redundance in SSP ~cordtngl. One ofthcsc extra rayp;tths all1 haclanitid a\
s pcg-leg mulltplf. recorded by SSP as two r.\entr that share the ailme rdypdth .~nd delay.
S1ni.e the lrend k,r impedance is lo lnurrav with depth. it blloar that :mnsmi%siun rhould
he more eftitcent upwards (due to thedtreetional nature of R,I. Althuuph sercrcrt
rmnrm!sslon lasxs are included in the down-mini autoconvolution. the applieahtl~ty la SSP
86

prudictlan owrator deagn bmsd on nut~amiatiuns clf ~utucon~olut~unr ma \\~th
lncludlnu up-guln$ truncmlsslon and idcnr~l?mg the odcr ol the muluplc ar hu otlcnurlud \o
rs 0) rdluht the pnmsr).-lo-rnulttplc dmpltrude relat~on.
Ihr. mcthod 8ppltc.d hy Lblyncur ct a1 I I'I'Jhl $cu~.r on wpaiauon uf ~str.l'hi.d
mult~plr. cumpanenta generated \rith~n the tincly r;unplcd p,nl~un of rhi. VSP Iwc Flgtlre
.I ?.I) lo doth~s. the do\vr~-g~ns !\d$~.ti~.Id 15 sepamted and ul~~plc, The ;loarr.on\olution I, $cnurered .N each dupll, le\cl .~nd 81.n crhapud lo
rurtcrre the ,pcutr.t. then e;rL !mcu I\ ton\al\cd al!h n ,eilc\ 01 rullecu\~lic\ den\cd titm
,he a41 lag hutnicn cr.lcc dcpthr lupnardrl !cr moduh~e thr. prlmts) rmplirudr.\ a) rcl.s~\v
\ttrfjcc smpi~ludu, Smrc .asti~cuml$8llutl1ln cl&ctl\cl) crc;$tcr .t Ilmc fr.allc uqun.!ldr~l to
Tr ~,ac. tlw ddlr r..m hc rt.r!.cd lilicompritrin tcl SSP. Tlw .tndl~\~~~.o~~cI~dcd
lhiti
muluple ~nrcrturcncc ol (he red Ik*dom suacrurd hy a near rurtjce clkcr v~rb a pcind ol
1,11,n>.

CH.APTER4. FORII'ARD \IODELLIWC.AUD REFLECYI\ IT\. I\IVERSIO\
Thv uhpcrni. of th19 chapcur is lo prcbenl a rsrter ;md d~tl,,m \#nw thc th~n hcd
I, dnurn~lourl! htgh or Ion in ~mpedancc. Thib pair ufclortly spsccd rtt1rutor.i ~r rvierr~cl a)
as u dcpulu pas. In the case ot'rufticirntly small primary rellwt~vay (R,). thu pnmrry
rcrponrc uf5uch a dipole is thedlpalc effect on the wavelet plus the etYcct of the net
difference ~n Rp bctwcm both intrti>crs. The ~mpulscrrqonse ssequcncc (R,) ofan laulawd
88

Ir)w ~r linear in R, ior R,, - O 3 (Rob~nson. 19611. rnc;mhng that t ~ R, c ti 3. lbr. unhrl.a>scd
dipob can play ;I \!gnilicanr role In rnult~piu gencntlun. In th~c care rhu \hen lag inti'rhcd
rnulr~plc re~urh~~auon represm1ts the ~ntmhed ctTi.i.1 tSchuenhcipr.rmd Lain. 1'1741.
Hurrc\ur. m>,rilcr R,\uqucn~c thar :,dequdrr.lyde,crlhc\ Ihc prmm.lry rer(n,nru ihr~.~lI) In
ttmc m.~? IIUI ~munt tisr futurc onomllou* .~rnpl~tudc.\ ~n thc ,rut R, rr.qucm.c due lo ~lic
~n~\rcpre\r.nled rclle 01 tncrg? p.tniton~ng In Or ~mpul\< rc\pnn\c Hcncr.. In order to o>~!Ji.l
R, tbr ~rm-~l,~\!~c rcwr\c,tr Lsr\ .!nd ir~urhuiden i\\oci.>ced n lib Dc\~tn~an XLI
h)dn,s~rhlii pl.l)\. lhln bcdr ~rI'.mrnrrn.lB,u\ ~rnped.mcc all11 >afticlcat I.trcl~l c~unl did
ct,nilsalr! ola! i.nnhtlaac r .roniiiu unllr rbasld hu ncll rcprcwotcd 11, lhc
lorr\rrd ~n~od.i>

c.~l~ ol~n 3 .!t \!sku rercnoir duprl, rf IBllOm Thlr rupgc.l. char i rdmple rdtc llitl Llr
~.~mxar\axn tcr T\\T \urhuuc l~,~ng R,. ~nt;~rmatlon rhould hi. ahuui 6, ci=ll Im* t1~~~~c~i.r.
,cncr. IC lugpine tool 3s pbys~~.dlly lotlgcr 1h.tn6,. ;L minimunl bi n?u>l hc damrmcd a)
.itold .ll~,~,~ng. The d~en.r~ngaf~lonners (1 cu.,,.,.) ~mpoud hy the 1ag:ln.r tool i\
~lf~~t~\el! J hl:h,ut filter nith rcrponre dcpendenr on iccmcr ,r.pdrution, ot. and fr..., . I
llw ,>L \.iolpl~ng u\d ~n depth ru rimv logr.un\crrinn \hould hc i.h*r\c#l lo niwl#ma*r. .In\
all.tr!n$ In>#" thv logplng prucch,. \\.hen ..bmpling ihluh1r.r Imm la, to Inlr. tllcru I>
inclcrrr ~IIII ~pr~~n.ti~~., The ntl,,t JCCUTJ~C R, ~ ~~UCIICL. it%;!ll~hle born lo+ all1 .~~i,#cl
:ll.ll\cd illln hcd, n hllu prcrcning nm~lmun rev,lu!iun ~n c\cnt tlnltn: Olec .Ill 1h.h lhmr!
son\al\cd o~th the R,, or RI ,equencc.. the hlph li~.qocnr.y colllanl lr lurt .lad lbi. di1.l in.,! he
r~rsa~plcd io nlsi.1, rhc r;m>pllng 01 thu SSI' VSP data.
IKout~q~c c~~mpotrti~~n athnrsdhmd rynthcrlrr \hould hc c:brr~d nut urmg .i hl~rk-
.~rcr;lgl~>g I~IICT\.II ~U~CII~UB tm tb~ ~litlurc ~oftht log ~Sihtlcnh~rge~ md I.c(I~I. 1070.
W.~ldcn .~nd t1oA1.a. I1)SXl. In an ciluill T\\T mudcl. hlo~hln~ \ltoc~Id hi: .tl lo.1 In>\ I \ \I
rmce ILlrger \alur.a \uII gcner~ll) unduitrt>mat< bud! dclry due to ~ntr;thd nultiplc, .lnd
a!tcno.~tloa due s, trdnsmasiun loc

(i,, Y I cannot he resol\cd om net response). 1 his ernai>an 1.1 hdscd on m ~mpvdanw
.~nom.tl! atrh~u un>ti,rn> halfsp~ce and ncglccra cneqy pdntrion~ng h? .r\anlbnp ~~8ftic1cntl?
rmull R, \olue,
that RI 15 a Ihnear tuncrlun of R,lllr.nce nu sgn~ficiua nlaitlple\l. 1 hh ,md ~oilwi rcx>lul~un critcriu ,IS de\~*cd hy Raylulgh md Rhcler h,nc hcen *un,m.~rtrr.d h)
K.illae>t .md !\nod I Ic)S?) 4lthuugh rhc.ie criici~il arc n~~dwrc, 111~1 IIIWW the rewl\~~tg
~p~'n< "1 nncicr dcctln\oi\r.u JS? \ Sf'. titu) arc ~n>cao~nglli ~,oi! ai>uo rppitd a, ~pwl
ampllrudi. .lnd ~.~m~.p~,nding I\C'l c.v~rnct~.d ircjnl ~v,Lti.d tr;tr.c. Iioru. 111c t.trL CIT
~mpIemr.nilnp there Gr!ti.n,l In tilt Inrvrprcr;tlaln ol nilo-~.Ia\lu \CL(U~IILUI i\ lnura>n. la mult~plv cscrpy In $i.nur.ll tur b>d >i.inn~c. nhcn conrparcd tn dbcp~.~
whaurbcc rvllu.~cran I lorgu 01 tbu* rcducrng .md dtrtontng conmhutconr Ihrm glrortlng md pus-icg
tnc.clian~mn\ In rdd~r~on. the ~cin!l~cr;r) trrugulitr dur. 10 >sh-
\\c.lthr.nng hrp,lgr;lphy ;and itr cnhcr on owrhurdtn under bc;cl dcp~,*~tionol bcaln. ~hor
decrcsr~ng the cunlrthur~on ru ~mulUplca hy energy acrltcnng. Hence. the ctfcul> 01 .tn
anamaluu\iy Ion impodmcc wrtjcc 1ilyl.r may he wry d~lficulr to pr~ldtcr h! nvmldl
incdencc aodcll~ng. Th~s rugge.its that qcrmie mod~lling irum topography rhould hc
daptcd to \urfiice rnultiplr~. The scmpler normal ~nudcncc approtach I.; lo include a free
surtjcu .rind aei~thcnng ~llcclnit). Ghon~ng due tu ,hut hunol ill the wcsrlxnng layer citn
hc included hy urhitt and wale process. Uotcher ~n SSP darn due ro nctudl phort~ng (st
irequrncies n6tC,~,=n,2T.,,) L\,III he somcahar ~ompensned Lr by wuvelrr dcuon\olut~on
YI

\o phost~ng ~r omcrrud irum ihc \mrhut~c (Ghobtcd 5ourcr.s ma) call ihr rltumari\c ~p~crral
t\l~~tcn~np pi~cdurc\l Forthcre and othcr rcamns. rhc ohjci.1 of ?)nthct~c rnalkrls I, to
dcLcrnm~nr J much het>\ucn sclrrnnpramh and the rcr\#?lic daw In th~\ Xlriu md). a 3511,
R~clcr r?nrhcte tom RI c.iclud!n$ surface rnulrbplc~ m.~rchu\ Jccomol\r.d SIP r.har.tctr.r 10
d \dll\i,tcl

4.2 Offyet Hadelling
\lore r.un>plr.l; rmponyes ruch n, huurlng due to gco!nutriu horimn dhtnhut~~n #>>.I!
lih~ r rcciynitmn cr!em)n and modcll~np m~~ht dsmand mcrhod, in~plcmcnung lltu a.nc
cqwli~on S~m~lerl!. utYcct\ araocratrd atth the ~nrcrfcrcncu ofmuluplc\ and pitrnonc. a111
rcqulrc r.;rrli~l recanrtntcltcln dnd ~mrln~pulallon ol ~ynthcle ~athcr, It) rc-i.ic.ttr. tlir.
~.ttui.t ,,I rtr~.!.mg on ihc d.ir.b Ern,* in V..,. %nlluuncrd hy mulurrlc\ .lll trlodun* In la~vr;tl mo\r.clal in\;!rd ~mtll 01lllcr\, .b ~~C~LICIIF!-OII~CI {I-?I \\.I\< tq~#iil#~)~
method RJ* conr,di.rd Thia nlr.$hod 8, adequalv fi>r c,,mplr.x ,aac!urc .tnd $l\i'* bcltar
rcprocerdtlon t,l.~orr~.~~ amplitude- lhun L~l~emntw ray rr;ic~a$ uhrh pn,duc~'\i.~mrr.i!ri
~mpltrudc tor .dl dlpr The appnldch I, >lmllrr sl tlic 6x rnigrdllon .3lgontlim hut amdcl. ~IIL.~
hcrth \ourcc md I.LVL.I\L.R &re up\~.~fd ~.~?ntinucd 11) th~ ~~OCC.. K~lld~t~~ 11) i\ ~nrmduuvd .A!
each upnnrd rtop ulculntl'd a, tl~u matgnitudc ofthe grtdient ufthr \clnc#t) Oald \\xtl> llic
*ign orthe \unlral dcrtr~ttre ulthc \eloc~ty tield. Shol s~.omr.rry Ir dcfincd dnd \dr~hlc
*urfacu ropogmphy I* intruducd \\ah >urhcc cu-urd~n;acr Thv \r.loc#ly licld I* dclinvd h)
dupth h

hut n pr~utlcai approach that ~ ntlud~~ muluplc* is preferred. One wi.11 mcthncl ~n\ol\cs the
use ot .kutt,i.on!oiilt~on and thc mdiai rrdce rrm5li7rnl.
rhc mshcmatiual ~.onsept nilinerr ma\i.our is hung de~vlopud .ts .L direct ~sdsaoi
ot \'I, and as .I mt>lt>plc dnrl!r~, ti~oi (pennnsl ci~mmunciltam. Smon O'Rncn. 1'1'171. \
rddvsl trrc~ sthor Is defined ar ~dci~~mi;lt~on ot a dymm>call? una3rrcctcd \-I pllicr rcl .>
\,,,,.I galher. \~harc rrdul \r.hrll! ~r p~\cs hy I~nr', 131 coiat.al! \ I. \\.hen ~ottwr lid,.,
r.l,nqd* n~th CUP ds\umptnlilr. Sncll'r rs) pilrdmscr (pl u\pre%rn dlc \It,ulrr* 1x1
hor~,~>nt.nl tr;m4.\tirn,~,n a5dll ibr ccrmpcn..stton oi$$~de.anplc latl~.crn~tr\. .>n $rnpcwr.!l,l
ionjporwnt of po.l;rrt~a~l a.~~i.r-h~>tt,~cn nult~plc\ ihc (n\sr\i. cr;mrR,nn c.)n hc itrvlul (11
\-I rh,,t mrnrdcll~ng. rlic r~di~i tmce tar m~rnml ~nc!dcncc prnpdpataln 111 -01 8, dclinvd h! lilt
R, ,cqucncu guncratcd hy auto-cnn\olutn!n nfthu R,. ,r.qurnci.. The Intunc pmcar, ~ouid hr.
urcd tu dr.rc\r. K,that ct,n\ul\v, ~ith 11\~.lf LO match tllu pre-.;rirl CLIP r~d1.11 a.rp hetaeun pnrnarlca and mo1t1plc.r i\ ni~riuprr.rcntr.d ~n
thc ~utcrtln\olutiun oi R, due to ncglcctud trsnsml*r$on eil'ccrr .tnd wr, tlr.1 rhapnng h) the
cuniolutlon pnlt~.ss (squdred amplitude rpccm). To ponlally eumpcnsdta ti, thew ~.tTccr,.
ntcnuauon due to energy pmltionmg should first be ~ncarporated based on ~mwdancc
crtlmetur. Thcn. hlluw~ng thc nutuconvotut~un. ws\cler shaping rhuuld stamp1 lo ie*toic
tllu ampl~tudc rprytn. In any care. the pnmaq usagc ofthts method 1s to ~n\e\tipalu thr.
tim~ng charscrciistic oimvltiples for identitication purpose$.

S~mpb shot rynthetcs rre computed ~n the radel mlcc domom usme lhctcropcneou~
mudl.t pa'n~e~ctiwd ~n lllni h) o and Ir. and ~~pl~onull~ h? 1% lilr rdn.lhk n Radlrl rb-.cc
dam.un \cloclr~er IT 11 ark. ~nc~rncnrcd nlth~n extrL.mool o. n h ~b the r~rnu p.tisnlr.ar
rcnl;!>n* unchimged on thr. h)n\ard translivm On the in\vrrc Iranaliml. mmneaia ~r
c~lcal.rt~.d urln~ r~mple h)pcrhol~c ULIO uqusllorn, alllli. ampl6tudur are dcrernr

\\O "' ~ncoqumtc.* .AVO r.tkci.i ~nn, prc-\mcl rhnt 2,nthr.r rnodcllu~: ol thr.
pimar). and firs1 order inturhed mslitplt rcllect~acn Zsnerslvd Irns~ J rin.1~ I.t?cr rnodcl
rl,~ reiluirement tr In Lnun thc o\crhuidcn ond hycr psidmi.lvr\. nh~ch ~nipi~c\ th.31 lilt
ntulupk nuul>im~\rn h

1.3 Pnramelrir Rrflecthil) Inversion for \lultlpler
TI) cnmplem~.nr the inrerprecnrlon of SSP data. opt~m~scd R. mudtlr can lhe gcneratd
had on \uhrurr;lcc. I111 mtomnlic>n. Thc \ourcu ui8nbllal modcl par.trnctenratlarn i!ld the
nzcarc ot thr. illterprctman pmblcms n ~ll dercmtne lh~. n,bu*murs of the murhnd. Thu
innrc Jrpccrs or any *mti:mph~c wirrnic play In p~nrr.ill,~i. ,111'
~lhlccllld lllrtilll \ludy IS LLI dentlf! 111~i11pk ~ll~~hdnlhm~ ClCCUPTln; LI111110 .I L.~~~>~IIc.III.LI
rctlv~tn IN! d8rrnbutinn dnd c\ d1u.11~ muIUpld \apprc.;\lun ICU~I~~~UUI.
rllr. In\crrlan nethod cmplen,vnied tn rh~r \cctton nar rntld~liad Inml .lo .,ppro.$r.l,
.ippltd to mulrlple cnnldmiwwd r!nthelr rul\mmqremr (Llncr. 14461 lhe ohlucr I\ in
~na~di$ C\IIIII.II~ Ir
pnrami.hcrh B~rkhaul lhds rmcr. de\eluped In\cr\c \culturing method, iclr rc.rno\di ot wr1.tr.u
rvlerd mult~plv\. Llnu,' I lLr)b) rnctlnld ,huulJ he "lare u ~I~whl< lo ~nttrhed multtplv.. htil
ihc ~nc~rpor~~tcm of a pn11r1 ~nfurmilrion on thc: numher of ri.llcctt,rr 2nd porlttonlng as11
dcturrnnnu lh~s purcntral.

J.1.1 Least Square >Icthods
Lci~\t rquarr., opt~mi\.itlon murhoda \cr\u tu ~deslfi .I hot lil~nudd icrpon.~! g ~cn
~n.tccul;~v. ~n\ullic~ts. and i~uon.i!stcnt dad. Tha bi$gc\t underl)cog ar\umptldcr an ~ IUIC or irinctt~)n,!l error can\ergcnce cntcrlon
Ilihc modcl trace Ir Ihnear ~n paramcrr.rs. then .s punurh.mn>n ~nfcl>u mc~dcl tnec
.hour the tct~tg~l UC

Thc .;elution \cutor conv~tnr uplarcs to ~hc pnramevn. snd rhr. diicrcpmc) tr'ctur cnnralsr
d~fici.railuilr hrtacun the data .md the model reapanrc. Thc Jscnhvm m.ltnx ufmi.mhr.r\
-\,,=dy dg, 15 eolnporcd oin ma.\ and nl cn cwlr ti,r;ach panmr.ti.t. S8ni.e tach column rupruicnts thc dcrn.a~ii. of rhr
Jar.) \i.~ltlr \\llh rcyect 111 rdurahle vtli,n I, .~rroct,~tcd a~rh compurlng
di.n\au\r..i u\mg d~ttjrenc~ng opci.ls,r ~.~lr.ul.n,~m\ 113 lngc ~nushr.r ill p;>r;trn,ctci\ .su
reqa~rod. lli~n .$I> ~~>\?T~\~~,IS>IIL>II II~J? he rcqu~rcd or m m.8l!rlc .i~~lur~o~, mi^ hc rile h ~ i
sypn,ach Once J.rohidn and madel d~,crcpmcy ulcmi.str .trc cc~mpo~cd. the par;tmr.rcr* rlv
.~dj~~\ted 10 d lca~ \qulrn\ \cnw untll rhc cun\urec~~w cntcrwn 8.; met. Tbc conicrgcncc
rr thsr contrthulc a) rhi.
*ulurion. Thh ~IL.L.

4.3.2 In\crrion Farmslirm
lo u\c dc I~\L.RIC~ P~IC~S* to owrl b~ IIILI~~I~ILIL. the n~cthod 15 to oht.un .I R.
mudci th.>t .deyuotclg dcscnhc\ sr.~\mic Ilats. The cilmpanwn ~r midc h) ti~rilrrd
modcllmp urlug thu~,t~u.d~mun~en~l can,olutnnal e;mh ~nrrdei prrmlcranwJ h) R,lii. 11,
!htr aodrl. the pnmane\-pIu\-mu~lt~pI~.c >r.~.;nla rrdcr. I, r~prcrc~lturl .i, )~tI;attl*K~(!~
u hucc ' ~L.I~~>!cI CU~\OIU~EV~ tit the dtttl?~d i\li\~.I~r \I(O nllh thc L.,ILI~> III~~LII\C rr.\pul>ri:
iunuton Irn>.ll ~quzlltonr \ g h mu\! hc
rgl1,i.d In tlw\ km>ol.n~ion. ~hud!lYerncr. toctor i.; solnpo*r.d of'd~Cl .>nd t l ~
dirrlnr.tlon hctiraun altl*R~(tl mnd attl'R,Iti ma! not hc s!$n6tic:mt. lhc rnadr.1 nlli lhvn hr.
almo3t lhnuar ~n psr.tmutcrr and thc apprnx~mainm R~lkR~dt) albun&i\ai\a to tr
.ts,iyncd .~lnpl) ir \.nelct caallic~uno dr, dl r.uIams
cwtr tor each prr.,mr.tr.r (ri.tlcctor1. Thc hcuhlan ~t,lumn.; cm then hr. u(udI~*td d\\~tlplc
ua\eletr dr.la)rd hy the rttluutor puslt~on nah~n data \puce.
In thecase \rhcrc multiples conmbutc ,~gn~ticantly to SSP dsra. the appru~imntion
Rdtt-R,(tI does not Ihald Themodel 15 then non-linear tn Rp(r) coetliclent? a d reqaincr
it~rilt!~~ appliciltlun of ienst squares. In rh~s cae. Jacobtan elements dre dernatiws clltbe
drra \=tor with rrspcr to each pammclrr. This denvatiie em be apprormatrd hy thu
dltLiencing method which muulvrs perturbing each model parameter individually by s
100

pliy,icrlly \uhjceri\e amount and compuunp the rcsultln% dttYercncc \ectar. Tht* cdn
hecome tompat.~t~on.~lly intensi, c dependmu on I~L. number ofprrsmrnl .l Ihlorv cilialwra ton the qtz.~lic>
nt the ~nir~;>l gac\s 2nd the nrlutnln. :\Ithiw:h Ihg gcncrat~d R, \cqur.nr.es Iyplcrll! d~\pl.b? .I
nct F>\LII\" fntc.gr;alao hc.cau\c \FIIICII) "~11~lilll) lnErd.1.w% n1111 depth. !It< ~rclld lix
n ~ndnscd and hloclcd Up nnldelr ~ivuy sot agrci.
lhc rn~wng high frcquencj inI>rmat~on iupru\unt\ ~>nri.\t,l\d lliiu li!i.i cIPck. .tsd
thcs 15 pan nf the Inturprutarn,n pmhlent at hand .\lthouph thu hurt cxpcctcd ien,lutnm
could he rccord!n$ tu a na\clcngth cilltrwn. ur.haract~.r ,dcnt~fisruan crisram Ir \1t1I
rcqu~rud a> .I~IIC\L. &ilvh/~ TL.IIcc~~\N? d~.ti~~!t>~n 111 ~.lisdn~e. !hn ~n\er\n,n ICC~~I~LL li,mm\
rucl, J critcrian. hut thc dctdol of th~. tnttral gucrr dcfinr., thh polent8al Thin hvd dtpnlv
rcllei.torr that dfkt dnfr$y punttlonlng may pm\r'clvf~nl to the rc.111!1~ ofw~i.erri\c
~mbencd R, ,equenccr Hcncc. modelling n butXclmt number of Irycrr rrrlaces the
Iotcdr.tcminru( nrturc ot'th~? tshniqur hut increases the underderem~nd nsrurv and lhencc
\ulutlun amhtgn~ty.
In the cuntaYt ofthc prescnt problem. this ruaeso a limit for allo\\rhle rutluuttun
codficient .iizr Hot\-ever. it'the layer (hounded by multiple genuraang ,utiaccr) had
\uftic~ent delay [bun thc non-llncar cffcctr may not be rign~ticitnt ~n the ~anc of intcxu and
101

;L I~ne~r r)rtem nould hold \\%en a mull~ple domlndls\ pnmng ri'lIcct!on energy a ,he
,am< record tlmc. the ~n\di\lt)n ~NLII.SS CWU BLIJUL thc~~c~md~!~ primal) to ~ohratn a hi.\[-
tit ;nmplitudc apwnr.nr 1nrtc.4 of modilycng rhe rhrllo\wr pnmsne, ro\punr~hlr tivr thc
~m~lu~~l~. Thv dcgrca a) ~ h rmmpll!udr. h hnr hccn prewncd .md tk, nhch mult~plc~
dc>n~~n.t~c 111u rr.i.ord >r ill dmr.munv !LI\ tuadenc! br knlure. In .I"! Gat. thc I~ncdr ~n>cr\a,n
~pprn;~l~ tnarr he .lppi#ed lieialneiy 11>sc,mhir tilt noo-l~ni..s n.!lurc III'I~C mauul I hr. ~io.~l
Ip.irmmter.n,non ntll hc. IWCI lhul >till ilmh~gu0~11 t>t>ly 11 (he modcl I\ a-uly llnuar
Thu inpat ddla requtrcd lor ~n\cr\ion tirr mulup1r.r trkr. three k>nor F~rrr. \\tt1 ~r
ncdsd a) i.on\ai\e bit11 RI(CI hufhn: lent rqudrca m~nim~~.llon hctaeus rhc ~nic,dr.l ru\pon.a
.\nd the c LIP Jnt.!. inttlally a ljtl/ Rlcler ail\cl~l lilllmr In lunolh a;,, u\ud lu pnducc .m
.ICL.U~I,I~~C mitch I,, cijs dat.! Thr. match !\as impnned urmg .tn rpprupn.%ru ~nn\tsn( pl~.l\;
n;ncln c\tbm.sc d) cxtrilctcd fnm thc W ~ > d.1~~ C md con.ll.itlncd \IC\~ 10s IIII~U~.I~CC
u\lnp STR:\14 "'. Sincc Ihi\ c.;lr;lction mcthud rr*umcr pnmarr\ olll!. lllu L.XI,ICI
\r#odau s~ LIIO~UII to CVCIU~C 111~. mult~pi~.~ontitm~llilt~d ~clnc ncill I\uII 1 D \\ cxpdct~d.
the i.or,t

muothlng \\.~thour !he dnmilgc aasucriltcd alth trxc mwng Hormur. ~f the tixu\ing
ab. Falb\\!n_e llllr prcparatlon. thc suck amplltudc\ ucre
1, ~nihrsvd mer 1) 8-1.2s.
1 he Rn.d icqulrcd ~nput IS thc pr1m.p r~tlcct~\~t~ ,qoL'nca in time. \, ~n .I"! IL..I\c
.qudrc\ ~~ptlm~\ilttc)n PIIICC~UT~. this pa?m,etur \tcalr rcqulre. nl ~n>l>al zur-r Sotirr.~. ot
inlttdl ictlceutity pdramctun\nuon alll hi. dercnn~nuri h) the rewlutlon requ~rcd h! ilic
~nturpratat~~>t~ pmhlcm \n! comh~n~t~cm oistacktng \r.Ioc>tlc*. acll lush. t,r otLr
Intc,nnaunn im.~ he ~n~orpanted a, dutinr. or i.on\!nln .~n ~n~uai pur. lien cLr.clrb~t
,calcd vloc s.~hiu> \lioi~ld v\cn hc ibnd ta mcut tranun~r\ion dcla). gn~ng \i.br.lr>c< ~IOICT IIKIII d~.titi!l. In ciirhond(c
rcqum~c~ nhurc Q-fillcrinp I\ ururll! ~n~~ld. U.I\CICI zmpl~tude \pcclr.t \I>oald not *IIII(\
vsnlA~.tnt i.h.tnge 0,r.r lhm~tud drpth c~tvno unlesr ~emhvd mitlt~plcr arc rr.\crr..
In an) uo\r.. (LC higllcsl rcrolutiao ri.llcr.r~%~r! c%t~m;tte .~\~dshld COIIIC+ iriltn ncII Ihg
inlpcd;,ncu ct>n*tia~ncd ~n timu h? VSP shuck ,hots corrected thr wurcv ~olt\tt and lholi.
devr.~i~un 881 c.xh \\ell IUCIIIIUII. Once thl- mudel dt logplnp rc*olution has hcen cunrrrucrcd.
thu numhar oirellecton murt be reduccd tu u reir*onnblu numhcr In il hlouly ,cnru esmp
.ippmprlalu cntcn;~. In~t~dlly. L.O~L. ~FVCI

ilmine ,huuld be teatcd rgslnrt thr. depth equi\alr.nt ufrhtrspnstrd apg.olng VSP noivtield
to ~mprn~e rcli.th~llty. The VSP ~nti,nnation was uacd to \alld.trs tmli.-~mpcd~ncc hbr.L~nx
jnd ~mh,~lanci.d d~pule> acre designed tu mtmlc dot;t chdr~~ter I I" 1r.rm.i of d~polu
dilfcrent~dtin~. effect) Ar mentn,ncd. thtn hcd r.lt;.et?;r.ould rundur thc ~n\en#tm un\vohlc
acid 4~l>old hc intcrprcted n~th i'dullnn
rlptmn;tlly. one clluld u,v a ni;acli nctautn dau hon/os umc, md p~~marr\-onl!
,!nthr.!~c ttmcs a, dernr. prcdo-chcrkahora urm; a a.t\clet dhllmato Thh !8>8
rpp~~~zb unrll ,ynthur~c ttmc char:tctcr clohrly maruhcs dsia ihz~r;lcrar dr rbal rnna Ic\vl.
rlil, IIICL~C~ .LIIU~I. .111d
pr~ni.sr\ .ITC hi.,". mi~tched, This pn,cs\r \\a* ~nctiiar.d a tliu Vlhln~ peak .md prucccdcd 11,
thr. slp afralt rrounh ThcwLhr.ckrhot paws can ha ral~decd at~r~nrr tr.m\il tunu mlvor:ilit~n.
\\1t11 thv ~.cqutmd >cdlc lrctorr opttonally npplled ro Iran.;,, ~lnlu* hctauvn cl~r.ch~h~~tr L \>I,:
thl, methnd. .dl .c.~lu facsm aerc atthbn ten percent dc\~c~ti~m. Thlr method cclold he
irnplu~ncnred dnd ~nlprnwd fix the caw abcn: VSP chech.hur\ arc not .naul;thlc
..\I~crnrtnr.ly. *ai.L~.d rrwmn* could he tn\cnud ti~r acourtic impedance land Ihencc
rr.tlcct~\~t)) hilred un the r.ond>tnmcd tvcll dad ustnn 4TRiT.4 I". but !n p~.nr.i.ll thl\
~!~ren~nn 15 not nppllcahle ~u dais contsmrnutsd h) mulliplcr. VSP ch~ksh~~rr dru .n ;,il~hlr.
Ijr (hi, study so thc pretkrrcd msthod 19 lo map %one depths lo VSP ttme and thcreh? uwid
driti correci~on herwen checkshot depths. If VSP checkshoo wcrc d~stnhuted ;IS
ri.cummcndrd. then more reliable drift could he computed to optimirc wnic tntegrataln.
When sonic logs are blocked in depth, rlowncss is areraged instcad of,cloc~ty so ni.
to preserve liming olthe lag. but in this caw the t~me-cmpdancr \.cn~on tr hbcked snd
10.1

llrnlng 15 contrul1r.d hy the chrvksh~rts Folloaing rhe manual hlocklne dl acll pvrluor.
thew data me? hc ~ntc~olatud using honzunr tr~ckdd from the amplnude cn\dlopc ~oftbc
,ctmlu dau. Wcth will diltil. the algonlhrn cim restore crmr? in ~mplitudu tu ,ornu liqrcu
hut EL)II\L.~U~CL. undci non-l~nrar cond,lens IS enhsn~cd gnen r qudltt) uiit~dl gut\*. OI~CC

Cll.\PTER 5. PPLlC\TlON OF hlETHODOLOGY. RESL LTS. .A>D D4T,.\
INTEGRATION
In tlitr chapter I r.vsmlns the ilpplicution of thu mL.thodolog~er folltnr~ng tnlln tile
c\ploratlon data ~ntmduuud ~n prn leu* chaprcra The mtcg.Jtlon and cooq>ar>ron
TL.\UI IS .I nun-t(~\ml c.ii.rulu: 1nt1ur.ncr.d hy dlffcruncur hscaccn c~cli mcthod. and
compounded h? condaions ol &&ti! md gcolagy. In lqh~ ul ~hc SSP muluplvcond~t~mn. the
rtrsteg~es &doptr.d mill tjs~lltrti. both (he intcrprcratlon nf md e\nlu;rcon of nlulliplv
~de!~litic.>uun and rupprewon The tirrt pal ot th~r chaptcr I.; la pmducu a a~de hand
prinuric*-onl? CMP \mch tinm SSP data hy remo, ~ ng ihr. elli.ct\ ot mulllplc wtlccta>n*.
lhu rrcuod zoel ~r to pnrrcdr. rnultlpld dlsunctlan uriterlr ro ar at atald i>>#*~t~lerl,rr.l.tl~hn
rhe lhlrd goal I> dcr~vu a hbcl) prtmq ~ f l r ' caquencc t ~ ~ ~ that ~ hcrt ~ durcr~her rhc SSP
ac~rc~1tlr.t \I.ICL at &\ell I~IC.I~IC~*
10 ~~ccompl~hh tbche %)dl\. llic lirhr I~~JCCII~L. 13 cu
alainmln drrr cntcyr? o\urr nidc irc.qacnc) hrnd\vid~h ahtle rlcalls. nntl> ar n\crclirn~n.
any lim~t;tt~cmr imporcd. The aucond ohlr.ct#ve ,* to iunhcr rmnr. \cnty. ond .UP~TFII IIIC
n~altiplu conditlcrn ~n the SSP dilta urtnx u\,~~lahlucntens. The degw to ah~ch tlicw goal,
irr. tirltilled k~r tb~s SSP erpunmcnL ~ ~ dcrcrmmc 1 1 lltt dqrw LC> all~cll ~ltc !hc\t\ p.tl~01
~n>pm\ce to ~IU-~T

crqtori,~ fbr prrilict~\e dccan\olut~on dcr~gn. 4 Rdon trm.rform lechnique 1s .,ha .s\c\rcd
fbr applc~h~lay. Thc ,tack data hcfi~m nlulrlple suppression 15 ured I" dala Inrcgrarnn ft~r
cc~mpdret~\e lddnlttication ofmultiple ~ntcrfertnce.
In the 5cvond bcctiun afChuptcr 5. lugdntddnd VSP ddta arc pmr.v*,ed in ~rcldl~lll It)
Chap~er .? tn ~'trlaatc mulrlple generacon and thou\c of aellhorc data ~n 2SP oiolt~plr.
~U~IVCC\ILMI tiw th~s cypurkmcnt. Surtjcc relned multlpl

5.1 Starhcc Scirmir D ~ra 4nnl>sir
The pruccaung .;rriltvs) idopted k>r thj, S~shu SSP m;dy,~r is uu~l~ncd In Figure
5.1 I Folln\r~ng geomnr). .tppiicnrawt. SSP pmccrslnp bras 1nitl.1tr.d hy ~ntor.lcti\c plchlng
aT tirat hrcA ~lmc,. 411 \hot> and .,I1 e~IBr.a (.:.I-?Ojiml acrv pel4 Blr Irnpnlr ed rt~~r~\tlcr
texcluding nudr ntiscr prL~ ~nwrpreted is dlrcct arn\rlrl TIFIP data .~IoII~ h 1ti1 U ~ G )
gcomctg. .ae aqulrcd L,r GLI '" rcfc>i;sttnn ~ndlysl.;. \ ~\ual $$lrpcctlon ol rutmclud JrrL\.klr
wpponcd .J t11rr.c Ihyur uonh mudcl. With topoprrphy \ilr).mg obcr 803-878m. a SI

12400% STRUCTURAL STACK (N)
client: Paacir.adian Fecrolevn LL~. I Area: Llisku
-- - - -. ,
i Line: ccn:idolt~al BE'S: 1\16 -871
'SSP ACQUISITION PARAMETERS
Zcitrlccor: ?nnildenc:al
laic icqu.zt':1: 199: in5:ruaen:: I i :s:an .
L~FI :orma:: 2.5 oyLe SEGD Lapi? densic:: '115'1 spi
, IOVCYC f~:ter,slepe: 3h: B -d~,ocr ant>-allas trcq: 1211 2:
1 ~BCCI~ length: 3000m5 sample rare: ~ns
nunbsr channels: '40 dara - 1 aux nom~na? fold: 21
qoopilane ype: 3cnsor C CI A qeaphone frrquencg. :Ah:
qccpnone-. uroilp: 9

dcmt $taw ~djurtmentr. Thc stntw cuntnbutions frum thc surfi,cu ac~rhcred Is)u ~ndsillc
slgnnficant povnrial for pcg-leg muiliplc gcncratlon (we F~gurc 2.1.7).
\\ ~tb thc GLI "'solution appl~erl. therc ~wre no stvtlcr hubts or high &~LICIIC~
hraticr i.\dunt un \hot. rcyclwr. or CLlP machs. Surface con*lrrent ntwdual rutlcca

unlng are ~dcnritisd on raa autocamldt~on, and excluded m trour ut a new aKc1
rcrp~nce Also. 1800m 1s eons~durud sutfictcnt otfiet tilr HSV4. .AVO .lad mulr~pic
~drnufica~un.
In rbc. dccc>n\olulion proces,. r rlnuk c>pcrar,rr dw~n from rlw .but and rvmncr
damam.; simultancou4) aar tcslud sealncr an ;tppn,;!ch ~hurv ~l,c dcvgo \\.la id\c.ldcd In,lll
rhr. rlnu damo~n nl

first l0l) CCIP's were sktpped so as to stan al~h full hld coverage 12.It111'1~I. then .I, On spacing to csrurc tb.,l all
~lllisrr are reprcrcnttd $n the analynlr. In ducordamc r ah rhc h~nn~ngpmcusr. tilnhur
cnhancemsnt ar S V ratlo IS gamed hy hand-l!mltaa>n I I5 211-711 $11 HI). 1'6 now rqcctlon
tnt,n-h?pcrh~ll~c e\mtsl. front-and mula ttirst hredks and esrl~et dmpl>tudesl. .!nd .hen \G(
*crllng t.'tilmiq. Ilhs prucsrrmg Impmrt, rhc \umhl;mc< c~lculerion J, ~ntiuunccd h) chc
rctlucta,n \~gnal \;r.~t. p.1rarnctr.r \alucr n.c requ~rcd to dctine rhv appropr~.~~ quite pvrbdn: Irdlrctoncs.
I~,vt~slly. tl,e hypcrholic I-" semhldncc \w* cslculated tiw glohi~l \ubcit? L.\ILI~U~ r;mgcd frlln, ISIIII-i.7titlnr \
increacnlmg .$I 11111111 s 10 I~~G~~UCL. .idmbl~mcc from XI hypcrholil: tkitlc~101-ICI .I[ ~dcb l~rli
,olt\ur ~lnw I., mo!cout ~nuicnlunt near Sm\ li,r thu \~\Lut. Pn?r.c\rr.d C OF sathi.r\ .rod
\eloc~ty rptctril ISW Fagure 2.2.1 I ~ndlc;lte> pnmsty Snurg) Crm YIHI-I Itlllm, and
.;&gn~fic~nt rulatcd lo$r-order mulupb anerg) uf \arlablc nature uccurrtng 8 hler tlmc\
t I ltltl-12Stlm\l and loacr \rh,clty Lill.L ofdrvct lndtuat~on ofrhmcr p~rl~d n~~ltipk, III
he rhallun *w!~on wgprtr that thudcepcr muluplcr ;ac ~nrorbudr Hoou\i.r. thu \h.tllon
prtmnric* Q\u ICSS otf>ct md less attmueuon .io that the scmhlance ofa near-nom>,nl
~ncidunt \*eurhenng pcp-leg may nut he rrparnted from prlmarles m the dsgreeuf pug-lcgb
from dcepcr rctlcctorr. Sull. the shallu~v sacking vclucity semblance structure should
reprerent the same peg-leg mechanism rs cmhcddrd ~n thedeeper mne.
Subsequent drtallrd vrlwity analys~s aur drsigncd tu uptlmlse Nk10 corrcctiun at
the Nsku level. With local stackmgvrl~c~ty near 35Mlmts at a normal inctdcnec TWT of
1100mr. chi. semblance was pvrnmecrised by a vclucity range fmm ?OUU-ljMIm s wtth IOI
I I?

tehca! stcps afIlm,s to pnc the nlsrimum ilccuracy tlf~lne >an?pl~. (2m\l hct~wen
rr;~jwton

Thr. sear atfrr.1 atdck (see Figure ?.I Ibl used fir !va\dlet cxlraetion i STRT4 "'I
11 each acll s~t~.prildueud ~v\.a~c.lr.ts atth near-?uro rcndmi phase at the re~.C -5lldcgror.r at
.;hslf. dnd 511 dqrecr dl emhymen! This \arbatton muld hr. 1nt1uenci.d hy \ariou, fjctar,.
\.lcnur mtluence 15 rnnhuthl ro !hc de\iin!lon af the off-resf \\r.llr and thi. rurtjcc otKm Rlna
the SSP. \isu. thc *ynthctlo usvd by STRXTX to u\tncl tliu \ravulcB ~ C Lgcncmtcd K unr.i
a 2rn. dc.pO~-t~~-timc. con\errlon. ahnk u Imr hloch \I,< a% constdr.rr.d morc .,ppmpn.ac
Hdj(>r ~ntlucncc can he ar1rihutr.d to !he ditYercnt t~esthcilne delay dnd phort~ng pcilod st
L..LCII SSl' lucdlon (anal" scc Flgum ?.I 71.
Bared an c\ ~duncc *uppnnn$ .i rurtjcu pcp-le$ mult~pli. cund~tnw. thc pn~\rcd (.Or puther. arc dceonrnl\ud trlth operator id$ act .IS thc GLI "' modcl duli~y I-hl\
.ippl~caitoo ha* hecn erumpted ~n rhrec dtffcruat durtenr. Fint. ~ ncu deeper prim.~nc\ .>re
hnonn I,) ct>rr~lilrc ill li~g \lm~Idr it) \v\.c.~thi.nne Jela). 41oll~>a \~tndn$u
wcurr ~n correlnt~un obrr thc rarget window 'The desired vtYcct 1s w rcmaw only the pee-
leg cnmpmcnr of the ~ umiiltt~n U\CT the 'fl>i.anc iilg \vendow (mar I(lllms1 ahurc
pr~milr~cr arc known to coriclutr. The reef nutu.mrrclu~ons arc ml* morc cumpilrahlc tu the
,hrlfdnd ernbuyment locauuns but the process has liale effect a\cnll.
The post-prdetion near stack (Figure 5.1 Zb) shows little change ~n data uhmactcr
as compurcd tu brfurc (Flpre 2 1 Zh. m~ddle). The multlpla (M4) that mlvr$ just atter the
Nisku reflection should be suppressed. but only suhtIr.ehanpcs can be ohwned. At tht reef
114

Iocnt~un. asuhtle change 'occurs at the N~rku. This appuxs to he a heal ciiecl rclatud to
rhunsr pcg-lug perlodr ~n thlr arc&. Stack auto;orrrlat!ons (Flguru 5.1 ?cl .hua mcnor
Impm\cm

ion
Oms

5.1.2d Baadllmited au-relatiena (12/15-35/45~~) of
t Prediction near offsot f x stack.
119

Inconsistency in Wlitudea of th% prrmarzes comelatinq
of 100rss and 200- ax% lrkely to be caussd by surfaae
ItzpLCs. ShllllgY dc8ign aaBwnae that shallow reflectlvzty
=thin the seis-c baDdwrdth. Deep w m U cant-nation
multiples could be causing ieconslstent wlitudcs
a21

on the n~rrua bilnd ,rack (Figuw 5 I.&. bottom). and appran to tcminutc laterall) hehrru
rcxhlng u;uh olt'rccf well locnlon. Removal of \uriacc rrrcrhcmuon appedn w bs\e
prnb~dcd .t untcrtun fbr rfcf idcnutivattan gnen the apriort halalcd~t of acll result\~un ~nuol~e, th~. Radon Iranqti>rnl. TI><
.Imr $lac!. wnabrm ofthe COF a;llhcn'lFigurc S.l.5aI in!olucs tranrlbml~tie polntr in Y-I
*p.~a B, Ihncq ~n tau-p \piicc.. Hypelb~liic tranrtonn to cll~pacr hut ahan rnulrlpl~~ and
lpr~n~.~r>c\ arc ~.c>~nc!dcnt blth llttlc ~ O~L.VL#I d~tk~cntc. the cc>rr~.\pt>ndmg ci>i.rg) 1. rnor ncII
.r.p~~~~tcd ~n mu-p rpdcu. Thu hyputhulcu \cloccty filter IHVF. Slirhcll rnd liclsmlr. l')',Ilt
s;m,tiirmr pulne In line* rcrt~on nhcri. mo\r.ouL n ~ lhi. r jreatcst. hut the rc\crbcmi~on ~r rull itnlna .a chc
ruef HSVh ~F~purc 5 1.54 ~nd~crte* rcducud multtplcscmhlmc~'. hut ~lnly
., trr otRut .I.ICL
can henelit from th~s S N impm\sment mdoniy tbhurr: mebeout 15 r~%n~lir.anr. Ihc
parahcdir. Redon rr.!lr$nn (INVEST '"I ads testcd md li~und to he i.unlparuhls hut
\orncnLat less i.flittl\r. thdn the HVF dppmdch. Isrpciy duu hypcrhule dl,lnnnro cuurcd h!
ZiMO rtrctch.
In ihts scct~an. some results hdrebern prusentrd from the lcsrcng of cun\enttoni>l
multiple suppresston rcchniqucs applid to pr-pra,ccsscd SSP COF gathers In ,urnmap.
convcnuunal prrdlctlon and moveuu! discrlminot~on mrthudr hruc bccn ~llustraled a, hc Ikrr
than rucccsrf~~l tn pmvidinp conhstent treatmcnr ofpeg-lcg multiples la8zr;tlly. In some
cases. u fur slack w~th Radon multiplr rupprers~on may kof use if fruquvncy cuntcnt can he
sacrificed (loss with offset) However. predictmn can be useful tn suppresrlng domlnilnt
I?4

'r1Pla~ MOT sa-dsdds saumD3lsd dm 2nq '(qr.z.z am6yd o2 arP(imoo) %8a'4poz5 ey
2nQadnn slay nor'4e3oT: 108 eq'4 '4s mlena aTdy'4~nu sse~ 67 axsu .syueq syw no uoy'4enrwms.yp MQ~-[P
0'4 2oersy&znsuy sy '4noanool *snPaeq 2uex.~dde TTr3S sy 1s-T 3aex le awazapeqq eTUyqxnm eq&
norseexddns a~dyq~nrn q'4rM Vlsq'4e5 do3 ass mas3 8nasds hyaotan aauqqms ar.[oq~ae ~.r.g -dyd
~q

pnmarlm for thc purpore ufldent@~n$ %vr.dkcr mulriplc\ .I, Bficr'rr'nt lap. and thlr
\up~r.~tcd mulrtpb ~ntcrfcrrncc ~n ~$icr.ment anh aurii~ce pcp-ley duld! Illlrc impanantl>.
,L iohuat pr~.dii.ttun dcslzn basd on thcrsrumptlun ofrindurn retlwt~\ay dg\tnhuta,n ~n rhc
nadr (iurt;lce due, ~RI\I~L. im Xkdu rc\pn\~. with ilnoenaluus hchil\~our .I( th~ rwf I~IcL~I~~
.~nd 4 morc hai.>ncud .~uucxamilion atcr ILL' deeper \\~ndo\\ The rynll~r.l~c \c~mlopr.bni.
prc~c~~t~d I" II~C nc~t ~~vllon IU$:W~ 11.11 Ihls Xi&" W~~OII\E I\ ~n I$TUL.~~CII~ allh lllc
prrm,w? ~)I>~!>cIII. lmm both oir-ici.l'lucata~n~ ahere the Iruton and Ledue fi,rm.lton< irc
pencrmtrd. Thc emhaymcnt punaratc* thl: iunhea. and ~uppon5 rlgniticant pnmrr) uncm)
a (hat la\el. TI>$\ wpponr the usc arahdlloa daa Rlr thv prcd8crnc \uppre\\lon al pep-lcp
2rnh~ddi.d ~n the dcuocr \\t!ldtn\.
5.2 \\cllborc DaVa nnlyrir
Thc C U ~ C ~ VSP L . ~ ch~.cL\h~l I~IIICII~ 1s used tll map dcpth bg.; ar tlmc l'hlr
dona urlner Imr hlnch-rwu. ~nd Ihv ru\ultlng log, ncre hl~ivd nioru co.!rrr.l) tFigon.
5.1 la.h.i.1 to define nctlcctia~ty model* tor ~n\,cs.;lon Thu sppnlprl;!lc hlwh\~,i. &r
conwr,ion sns tertsd usmg synthcucs ulrh sampltngs u i 11 1.11.5. 1.0 dnd 2.llmr II'tpurv
5.2.h.b.c). In [has dnclys$a thu tlmc imprddnce tr;lcc IS mput ma, normll ~nc~dcnct
rutlactisiry $cncrdtlon br prtmar~er-only Inghl) and for pnmiricr piur all n>uluplec 1 Ichl
follow~d by i.onralution with d 35H~ Rlcler anclet hribre resampltne to 1ms. SurLcv
rctlcctor* are r~cluded ~n the model by puddiny sultir'lent ,ewes bciuw thc qtim of the lag
Autocorrclvt~ons (attached to each traoc) show rirntlarity between primancs-only and
irnpulsc response rynrhcucs. rlplrinlny ditlieulty in predicttan dm,$". Sl$nlticanr
diffi.runces

periumr.d tor ,111 nondlastc cnvlronmenlr lmm~mum 2mr s typtcal of 8ndurtry suhwarel.
Thc In), hlocllng war churcn to rartrfy ant,-altaslng rcqucqurnce. Multtplc mshsn~smr are crprctcd to involve !he Wabamun
carbonate and the undcrlymg sail A1 Wabamun deprh of about 1640m (1050mrl. ~nterval
reloct~~cs Increase lo about 6OOOnvr frum 320Onvr W~th~n lOOm shallouer m the recrlon
tnenr IIKlnmsl. the M ~ r n md ~ aanffunl~r ~ ~ ~ bath ~ rt.aerene a ~ velocity change to SIMlmir
lrum 42lJiJm.s. , of J~OYI iU>Um s comparcd 10 the 6UOOms baclg~und In addllion la
,t#n~ti~mi changer mu. the p dtsrrtb~tton ~n the rsctlon s clrarly not relecd lo a by
tirrdnei's cqurtion. ad thw ,.>urce of lmpedancs enntr~s rr,~st be conrlisrrl. Meanwh~le.
the surt'acc veloctty from uphak limes s estura:rd lo range fmm 7W to 95Wr wllhln a
4Um thtcl layer that ratnabove a rchct~ng layer wlrh velocity of 27CUm1r. In addition toal
luut Rnr order ~nlerbed'mulrnpler mvolvtngthe Wabmun. stgniticsnl ~nlr~beddelay and
rmng surtacc related peg-leg multlpler can be expected to occur.
Bared on well log impedance. the complci~ry of overall rnul::plc interference is
rppvcnlly caused by unrelated lunmg delays of vanow interbed rneehan~sms. These
mechtsmr become related by productng fist order multiples at an midenec time adjacent
136

11, re,p>nrr.. For thls rrason. \\ell lop rynthctn: rclsmo~nmr &re pmnc lo
n,lrrr.pic.cntatlon oimuliiplsr hccau*i. the rlrnlng oilhe

I-i tuhc nn\c reicct~i,n h) uslno .I three pole rempt~ri\l mcdlan ti1tr.r lrp~he rujccr>t>ii)
lulli?acd h\ tnm rl.11ea hcbic s tinal ~1lrr.u poist lorcia1 ~n>ud~an lil~si T1m iq~crdttan
rcduicd rc\idunl luhc modc th~t nouid other\\ ~ru dcii.rtor.ar. \uh\cqoi.o~ p!i)cc\,~tlg \GI tuhu
>\me rnlxl~. ur\ pw\uor R ~ L ~ Ithe I ~ unctimtd) .,tmplcd dr.ptl> r.mgu :or ihc ri'i.1 vcll.
~orlrmi.u pn,i.v\i#n. i\d\ ctlx~\c\t~nt &r .,I1 \SF",
1.1 Inlll.it< ~n;llyt* thr. .brnpi!ludc yottn11I rhr.,lln\n.plr!ag,~:t~etil.lrl incr:
.11i.tl!\i.11 tor ,lala>n.tnr) hetore u;~>e3ll.~p~ne(T,gorv 5 ?.h) Tltc II~III.,~ comprc\,~nn s.>,
~\ol.~tr.d .lltd lI\c rc\ull\ne sp~ctn \hni\cd rbot wmc trcqilcn~) .avnu>)rltv> inci.ur\ .r:~du.lll\
r\ c~pccted due st V-.atala.it

Tht pmrcncc ofenere). tratlcng rhc lntttal \r;l\ulr.l on thu rh.iIh~aurr ITJL.L. III eiwb
\ SP ~~LCIICI lh~t \i%nific~nt doan-qomq nlult~plu encrg) ..?!.my ~d \hoit pcrtud i*
cnrcicn: the ,mmplud ponlon ofrha ncll tinm ahrr:J zn;,rz
d~r~~~l! r.~~n~p,iii~hI~. 111 SSP 11.11.t dnd ~CCOIIIC I~IOTC L.CIC.
~nd~uarer a mulllplc dom8nat1n: there la:ss nll dtprhs. This mulrrplc unglndlcl ~n rllc liuor
aurfdcr. nndmrrelatea sllh the SSP slallc model delay betseen the bae ofaeathcrin$ and
the lice \arf~ce. The third udrr rr\crbcrationut'this multiple ha, J pr..~k a lSum\ dcl~) 4
116

ihng ~pmud mult~pl~. \\,ti> lhllss dulay I\ alw gcnemlud rt m dn~higunu\ dcph 18t the ncsr
.$\
,~~riac~ ~~>lmpntcd I pcg-Ic$ h~tnden 111~ ~cdlh~r~ld I.y~(r .md :$ ruhbv.ah~.#ing ittlur.a,r.
To tmprtnc tbc ct~lui~ta,n ut thw multi
I~~ICUI ~ncludcd (dl-1l)tlm cunip.,red to tlw un~hrn~ wnplcn$ ot d,=l;nlt. and citi\ \.licdsrcr
a nc.~i,aridce n>i.ch.mi,m. Each of rhr. \ SPI I!) F~gurs 5.2.7 1h.o~ hccn prt>ce\\cd 11) L ~ C ~ U ~ C
,~#LLLIIIUI. illl~li ~\h#iJ ili 1n2.ii ?lIl!111 J~l~tli .it lllc ~hcit ,lild i~il. .old rim ~bdl ijlllllil .it ilk
~~1ha!1nr.111 E.tih ,r't afi.hccl;\hot\ \alld.iti.* rhon pcilt,d n~ult!pla ~n~lt,tnut>,~ct~,~> lnm lliu
,,ex .,,rt.,cc.
-\ ~li1,~ldl. I~T~I~$ \t~illc$! dpplicd till 5UpdMtn)" 01 ,he ~q~-~1,111~i(.~~~li~ld
(Il$ali. i l 7,.h.c. h%ita,rn! \\ c.ipr.cti.d lht lhc oiidc\~rtcd icct ~ ~~11. llxu up-p>#ng
u.netir.ld ~~htbll\ I~ttIe mo\~.~nll ~tli.~t\~~>tl?pilri.d lhc d~\t.ncd n~ll, \ till1 order
mlxcl,ut auri.i.n I kl$ari. 5 2 - IIIIJJIL.~. .~nd i\
io~l,~dcncd \ILII~CICIII
111 1111' T . I ~ g1!~!1 ll?~ \m;lll roal.Cc-rcccner olhal* ir.lallic lllc I.!rgcl
depth (aitb~ogh 1u.r !h.m ~npt~mdl lilr tile r.mha)rncnt VSPI Re\lduill dllutl-g)lng cncrg) Ih.~r
been n-iacd. aid S \ ihar hcvn hotatid h) r 3 potnr mcdiiln liilur I he *;$me i\cnulul u ~ a, d
dc-pilare !he donn-$

INTEGRATED WELLBORE RNALYSIS IEMBAYHENT LOCATION)
lm sm) . . . : . .: - - - - : = ;
IMPEOENCE
.. - ...
..,......... ..
8260 1m/..sm/ccr
.-
Mi5sisnippian
'J :j
Y-i
NlSk" 3
- .- . - - - . .- - . .
15794
IMPEDENCE
ln/n.sm/cc)
ITT
IS1
ilqure 5.2.9~ Integrated wellbore data from emhapen: :ocar:ca. ~ z r
~pqolnq VSP ,wauetield ~n ITT rrme iewlvalenr :il emxrace recorded l?
I~ael 1s compared to mpedence logs I" depth IiT;D, SRC=WOml ana 12
~hectsnoc consrralned tine. The concepc of an ailis13e i 5 :ir:idor ~
1s
..lus:rated oy deiayrng the flrst break rra2eccary rn :me t611rns r, :-::
exanplei. it least one event 0:) 1s svspecL as 6n ~nrezbed multzgie.

pornrlr! lncar I12iIrnsl. The VSP character oithi, energ! rc\cmblcr .i rc\i.tse polant! ,cn,
pha\r' n.nc1r.r scntrcd ut I l-lllmr Both off-wet lo:> ha\c penemaud the Ircton .~nd Ledoi
Fnnnamnr. hut unl? rhu umhil!mant \\ AI tllc \\dh~nlun depth .tnd lag,
!hi. &h:tn,lln pnrn.!? b] .,ln.~!i I.llmr ,\I.;) 111 ~dli#l!t~i?. !I,. ~ct~lld 1-2 01 t!11\ 2. liit :.):I h-.
Iull~a\r.d h.xL ru llw dcplh ~of\.llr .lid l.i.* rhc \.tic pnnl.>r) h! rhuol hllar 1\14! I ihe
Il~-.~r*lpp#.m a~d kmit c\cnt\ .llvl .hw r \~rnilai uifcct aitll ~.ompsr.,hlc 1.15, iu\ciilr \I I
.ind \I>!. Thc inlt-rccl VSW olrl) ~mdsatc an up-somg ~nulr~plc helan the
Uunng lnltl.tl prnccaslng. m ;i\eragu a;,\clr.t ao. uwd I;,r na\~\l~,lp~tl: md 111~. \li
mull!plr. c iea ~ncruarhomun dcplb. .ussu.rlt?g ~nturhed mcch.m~,n~
111.a u,rrel.ltr.d alch rhi. r~ming~~itl~u \\,~h.tmun a~d rhc Lltmn\ lllc cn;ll rhc. vaold ,oppcq
clval the illturl!>ng Il~-\~r\~ppiim dnd Brnn relloc~on do not pb) .I \ignlIiral, n~lc ~n
\\rh,lnuil leult~plcr. Br.c.!uru hot11 the \\ aharnun .md cual rcllvctmn\ Ibe a d,pl,l.s nlturu
of thc \done polarll!. .> lirr, erdur multiple nithln I~L.*L. ~ntcri.~cc* nould lhi\i. .I dll>l.s up-
~~i~n~di~plrr.umuni rc\p

that chc don~lnnnt multiple ~on~m~n1~011 II ~UL. ICI .I *UT~CL. ~CCIWIIIII~ HLN\C\ UT. t>t/l~r
tmult~pl~~ ma! be a>smhurtng 10 ~hc mult~ple cncrp? ar ih~, Ir.1 el.
S~ncc the asre\hrpln. ohjti.t~\r. ir ru urc rhc VSP tu e\alurts ~ hc mult>plc pmhlcm
r.\ocl.ttcd ntth the SSP data. and .tncc 11x SSP dru ditycn duu ro .I hurbcd raarcc 01
d11Telen~ phd% rrundard \ SP \\.t\c\hapin: and dc~un\hlt~t~on mulhod\ .sc nut rc;td~l!
dpl~l~L.hlc ill ilir SSP p~dil~o~ ~llc~i i-utlj~c ~oslil(ll~ I, ru,~>c~~ ~YICIIIIIIIV (ILL il~~illll.
rcldtlon ~ rf the *i!rtaII dcpund, on .ilrl:li.u dulilict~oo h) rclr.tctlt,n \?.tcri.\
In \iml~~li>l). \ SP .m~1!*1\ lhd\ hcrn u\clul III tht ptescncc of r durnpngcbent rrom n reflcct~on drepcr 10 tilt s~.etton. Thc
rhon period 1n1erhr.d muluples hct\$ren the Wahsmun and neishbuunnp rr.llr.cen do w l
.IpFar to hr'algn~ticmt ~n Ihu prercncuufth. rurhcc pep-leg but may sllll ~untnburc tc)
n~ultiplc wrponrr. Retle~.r!vrty !n\r.nen cm ~ndicate (hi, effect. Fnt. CSP con~don. SSP
aiack,. 2nd a)nthc.tscr are ~ntcpratrd hr robust muluple c\aluariun crircria.
153

5.3 Inteamtcd Data and \lodclling analysis
In tlil* rr~llon. VSP corridor \tacks md ~uk!c~~rrulat~unr sru ~nteeratcd into .I rltrpl;!!
1\111> r.m:i. I~inntcd SSP ~ achi and ar.11 lo: ryntllel~cr lu pm\~d~. n,huat ~niult~plr.
~d~nrlli~dt~un cnr~ln,, The C L ~ ~ ~ L I T ~ WJR C ~ oiex~.~II~nt
I qudltt) .~nd rprcr. nlrh thr. C\IP
d.a.9 tlnlin. and C~I~T~LCIUT L~UNC \~c.ll .I, cdch Ih~tttu~. CI.C~)I l i UIUIU~I! ~ Ihgb .IIII~II~U~C\
hciw ti>< i\~.ii h~~lctm IIIC ha\< lit,( IIC~II J~I~IIIU~C CIIIIIPC~)~II~LI II~I UL.(IIII. 11111 .III
INI~L~~ou~? I..III> IUIIL.IIIIII h.b\ hccn .~ppl~cd h? th~ i~~dil*tr) COIII~.ITCLIT ,L) ~TC-~~>LL.,*III~. I IY
.c.~cL~ng pn,ce*\ I\ \uy?~~tr.d rnui. aonr.dtrna>!l ~r .,ppl~cd h.lrcd (ln ol~inatd *.inlplc\
I ni~hc tlir .iorbcc d;na ~h~ch I" ~1115 t.15~ I\ n~lt IIIUI~ thrtluph I~L. ,one 101 I~IL.TC\I_
limpl~c~idc* tm c~~l~ldtlr 'UCLI ma) hc .~tlcctcd b! chc nlurc xonc. Ih~n~.u ll~u~r u\.tgr. III
tii~~lt~plc .UP~~C*LIL~ rmlp he I~~IIL~ 10 CINT~I~~ C~.~~IC~CII\~IC\, ro dcn\~. PTC~ICIIIIII opcr.~tun
u*lllp 111101711dll~~ll fi$\ 1n1cgr.111011. 11 1. de*tr.lhIc 11, m,lllllilln ,lh\tllutr. .IIII~~IIL!~C
i~l*tn,n\ll~p\ hccacc~t SSP rnult~plc\ and pnnl.ln~.\ If s~ult~ple ,inlingci>n hc dricm>~ncd h!
ctmilor \L.ICLS. iilcn the mui> Itr\ wth ttrcll The hc\t appn~tch ~n thi*r.asu. ~lpmcte.ll. ir ruppvit opr.r.>tor
dc\cp Bi,m nwr oikd SSP hy nmplitudi.~ delinud h!, ~n$r.~rr.d K, and tao-\\.B) r.nn\ 01 thu\c stitchr
ilm li.s$ rc\.caling. largely due to lasur fkquuncy c~xlltc.nt allh oWet The \ SP corridor
srilcks suggcst mulllplecuntem~nat~on st rhr ,dm< lebel. and suggcva a muluple period ot
I54

'SXOPTIIOJ ~ SA am 30 she1 n02Y nT aeonare33rp uo Pesoq rnsoy~ dpnra3agqne
aq wo ad 'sc'r-L'O s? Mopurn oBrsap ~ 0 ev& 3 'Pa'laedens ~ sy rlhsene eTd?aInrn iuear3mBrs essqa
eoez P~BP aqa UUTO~QOJ XPI_IBAO xaq am .I~LEO~-OOZ) )(SO%* ~3 11n3 PW 'I~OQOT-OOP) xsszs am soon
'("0002-OOOT) X**%e dr(3 IW3 'ItaV7s IOPF1103 dEA TIR3 '10PTZ103 dSA BPT'd7n0 BUlOOZ 'YJ-aaO IOPTXJ03 d8A
weyeano Em09 '(zawyn ~WSE) a?aeqanXs drpvrrsd ' fsoa3sr1es aasrznn bmlaerbsu aanadear asrnhn
E.0 C'O
1s) ,
m
1'0 1.0
2.0
0.n

nlorc lln,\ hut lkr, th.1" llNimr Corndar ruck autacorrelntiaw 5ugSu.r .I pcriod nu,!i
Xilm\. 1 he pnnlar) r)nrhcuc doc\ m,l :I, deep vnouzh 10 rhna .ic~rrnic rc*p~n\c hcl.m tltc
11.k~ rerunutr. hul ~ho ~rnnulrc rcsponrc prcdstb mult~plc cncro) ar ~hir Ie\i.l lhc pol;s~r!
011111\ rmi~lt~pli. dnca not dgrr.~ altli the rul ditvil. Thi, *ugge\b tba~ lhi. mcchanlrm m ~sh
not he .I IL)L.,~ ~nterhcd $.r.ni.iatur. S)ilthoiic itutucorrc.l.monr arc 1n1lur.nci.d tu .I .moll ~I.(ICC
i,) ~lllilbii/ ~llcillllli~\ .ll i/il> 1h%d11ull. did ltli 118I lli .IILLIIIL#II ~(tiil i/lc IC~II d,~I.t jt
thu rhtlf md i.mha)rnanr lucauonr (F\~urc\ 5 .I ih.cl. d.aa tntcgrdualt lllu*tratr., .i *lo~~l.s
\lruelton of mullipk r.un!.~mtnslon The b(lnlr and ?lltlrnr rb~,ri corndor vdci. .ad
r.nm\pond~ng ~utor.urrslilta,nr \hcja criers! d~tkrcnci.~ .tt lil.ra caire.pondtn. to th~'
ac.shenngdcl.t). lhlr i.nr.r~) ~arrcrponds a, millr~plc r.nntamln;lr,on ~dcnt~ficd h? ri.\tdn.ll
SSP rnuxuaut :mrnudm!cl) hchn\ thc \~rku le\d S~gn~tic.ltlt pnnl.x! cncr:) I, ;>lw
u\pc"cd .\I tht\ Ie\el. hrtr thh I.; .appned anl! .s rh* emh.i)~t~ent Inci!t~on
O$r.r.tll. rhc SSP. VSI' .~nd ~pnmer! ynthcts da.8 JII rli.trr. rhi. rhpowd a r..~i.b
nvil lnc.acon cxeqr, at .alt and \hLu Iktclr. 111~. ~~~tegr.!lic>n IXO\I~C* \~gnnlica~>t IU\I$~C 10
mm~lt~ple ccmlrmlln;nuc,n Ho\\cicr. ~\~thour detin~nx ihc mult~plu suc~~.nn~~o~. rhc ~IU~I~IIIIII
d~viniu p8cL1.d from the dua,corrr.lrtoilr s \uhjr.ct to emor. Slncu chi. nluchan8,rn r..,nnelr he
deRnr.d hy thl. rncrhod. cr Ir dnngemur re apply prcd8crlon hwcd an there crticn.! alone It
In&) hc hcnvlic~al m cnlurprer the t~rn~ns and polant) ut"~awconr.l,t~iun r.\c.ntr haad on .\n
undcrrtand~ng of the ~h~n-bed rctlecl~~~t) \\arh~n th~r carhonatc-clr,tic scquencr.. Thtr nlit!
he dltli~ir.ulr but may ywld u more appmpnatr. prcdrt~on opcruror. Allvmarl\~cly. ~hr.
in\crsion method seeks to driibr. hesr Rr pnrnar). acquencr that can be usud ill prr.d~ctc,,n
apcrdtor desl~n. or ~n a rpecwl shap~ng pn,r.edurr to rerno\r thl, rnultiplu.

'SE'I-L'O ST XODYW -TIDO WJY 'UOTaRJOI
3pqS eqa a031 waaoq) SUOJY puw (aoq) waep >raqul~.~s PUS 'ass pea~lbaaa~ 9r.c.s anbra

5.1 Reilcrtltity In\rrrion Analysis
Prcl~mii~ar) tn!r.,tlga!on ~nto thc ~mplemcn!dten oiln\r.nlon klr multlplc~ a.h
~..irncd

thc Leduc. from SO0 to I?l)l)ms modelled usin% I5 to 20 pnmdnc\ The h ~re Ir.\el of IS o.1~
drrncd haredon m.muel lug blocking against the up-gomg VSP na\r.fir.ld fix dtrccr
prlmar). ruppun rubject to \#sual thmbhuldlng hasrdon rralsblc rcrolution. and to guolilglc
lnrultlun reeilrd~ng thm-bed dipoles. Nlrhu prlmdty respun% at rccf b\cl a ~ omitted s
~n~tlally In light ofmultiplc cuntam~nat~on there Thc ~ntcrrion did not Ikrd s, sulrahli.
.~,lt,rl~,n illldcr !here cnnd~r~,n\. pnlmptlng ti,r the 1ncli8von ot Ioaci m;k$altuilr ~mpcd;tnr.~.
dcrall fi~ilr .L mal;lmnm of?h tctlcctom is~thin 1h3, n~ndo\\. in gmcnl. II n.~, found ,hat
\hclncr amdaar mi'lud~ng thc shalluaer c\cntr in tblr ,on< cnrurvd a bwr snlri. -ublu
r.on$ergvocc CY~CCIC~ $!\en thv \;lit-W.lh;tmun ~~rncng. hut chc re\alting ulr rullcct~\il!
~p~~;~lly aar tiwcud to changc from the c~peclrd rcrponcc ofi rutersu d~pnle.
TI~LL~C 5 4.111 \lx>n\ ~n\cncd qynthctmr gencratd alter cach Iti.r.trltm urlng 21,
ILI~~L.L.~~IR~L.~~u~
fiilm thc hluuly dcouhte model at I~F rceilncilrion. .rind uwlg 5 swr-
\ui&r.r. pnmanar p;$r.~mc!r.nwxl h.rr~rl on (he \IJIIL.\ modcl .~nd \ivallun .it.teh c\ ce\ fhc
SSP nc;w \eel hetora PIC~LC~I\C. ~UUO~~~~~UIIUII ftr11c.r \uridc~. n>~!lt~ple. t i,tt lvttl I* a d la
dm\u sc>n\cr:cncr. cnti.il.1. Flgurc 5.4.1 h compare, the lnltlal hbcl? rctlui'tl\a) r'rtlln;itc*
,~gs~nn each Ittmt!~>n. and 81%) rhoar rhe ~mpulsc wrpnnsc wqurncus. Uutc thr. d~pale
nrturc ofthe rellcrt~\tty that could only bedercnbtd accurately ~n any detd~l by ,~pr!oi~ UCII
~nk>naicm. The milin primary oent is the Wabmun carbonutv nedr 1OStlms. ahtch
rcmnins relatiwly atahle thmu$hoat the tnvmiun. The deeper gmup oievcnts rcprcscnts tho
Stusler sillt un top ofthc Upper Nisku anhydntr that brmr the seal fir the Luaer Ncriu
puroua curbunarc. Figurer J.4.Zu and 5.-l.lb are uarlatlonr of this lnrrnion whew unly the
26 wtlcctun frum the targn window are used to match !he SSP following port-stack
p~dictivc deconvolutton to suppress near surface multiples
!MI

Far I5 rellactors. cn\enon forced hare of salt to change polar~ty a~th larnr.
amplitude ahllr fix ?6 reflectors. the ~nvcrsion pmdacer a nut porcrl\r. \uh-halt prlmor?
rcrpon~c B, account thr mult~plc energy When the surtjce peg-leg mcch.~n?.;m 1s ~ncludcd.
tl~u ramu rctl~torr dominarc. rhr response and cunxergenve a not ~mprntd Cuar \ari.lcc
ietlcr.it,~t! plry ,t mlr. in mult>ple gcncratlon hut11 IS hard sl datine \uftiusunt rcmpordl
di$tnhor!un g.fl-ltwi) trnped~ncr. ~n !hr.rh;$!l~~~r rccllon. Tn ~~ncn rile +?%I1 .rsihlc fits; order lacrhcd multiplc gcc.nr.n1111$ mcr.han~\~n\. :\
cnmhtnaian olthcsc and other mr.chan~smsfould interierc ulth the rcfli.cr~~~n tiom rucf
poiuslly. First. !he Mannvtllc Gmup contams a low ~mpcdancu layer rcpilr~tcd Vrom lhc
Wahumun hy about I~tllms. the same Irs as from the Wahamun to the multlplt. Sccund. rhu
Wahamun and top of salt are repdated by about 4Oms. the same lug as irom the aslt to the
multiple. The lnrcrbnl mechnnirms appear ro h.tw prrlodr mnium3lc utth prcdict~\u
dccun\olu;~on. and the anulyns could lndlcate the delay uithr dun>inant multlplr tu he usrd
as prediction dlstancc. If the methanam could be isolated in this wag. predi~.tion distance
165

could he c~tc~ided l,~leinlly hy horimn plcls from the SSP prob~d~d operator dcslsn could
r\oid prlmrc .~mpl~tudr'r.
In rummdry. rusultr oFihi5zh~ptr.r do not pm51du the pcrkct wlutiun to 1112 LI~Lu
lmngingprohlem Due lo [he natureulthlr SSP data. a has heen ~lluslrated that i.on\cntron.~l
multiple .upproanon mcthudr art d~tiicult ro apply ruccr.rrfully, lbc purl ofpmdu~~ng a
,?.ld: ti:qaunc) hdnda~dth prlm~r:es-t,nly C\IP rtnck hns hucn p~r!rdll) :;n:hi.d. .mil th;
nsrrcia hand ~ndeae, nnc,malc,ur \;ialu rer.frclleuti\ try Thi. \ucoml p0.11 ~f prin ~ d~np
mulripludi~t~ncrion crbturiij ha, heen \ucc~~rlLI at \*ell lcm~t~ona. VSP ad\r.field\ act2 urud
to ~llustratc that ,ignlticdnt VSP mulupb contamlnrtlan unptwtr., liom .~hu\i: i(lll~n duprh.
LVl~tlc rhtr repre,cnts the major ~nuluple hntcrfcr'icnr'c. e\ dunce ulro u~isr tor ~ntcrhed
mulr~plr.\ and sugpu*h that actl%~ty ~n\oi\e\ the W.lh~mun. The thcd goal. dcn\,ng a hll,cL)
prrma? tcllecti\~ty \L~UC~CC thst h ~ dcscnbu\ ~ t (he SSP no:v offset *t,tcL ,~t ncll bc~irnt~r.
lus on! hccs ,tccc>nlpli,hed to r sill~\lctog dtgr~~. rll~ inla~ch i~ not .~ccupnhiv aalu2h to
arrrilnr na!ehtpms oflhc nnpulrc rcrpon,c ro ~hc pr~rniir~cr only *yntllct~c. Olumll. thew
methl>dr hd\r. heen illu\ti.trr.d to pnn ~dc \#pnilicanr b~olr ~n mult~plc ~dcntiticar~on .~nd
r.\aluat~

CHaPTER b. C04CLUSIONS .AND DIRECTIOhS
The 9n.tl oitI11.; thcvr is ru pr~n~de rrlvilhl~ Dr.bt)nvm reef hydmc.shc,~l ~sdrsl,>n
lnlm SSP dava Thu mn\entewl dppruach a, itccumpltrh~ng rhl* godl \\dl m,m>.!ll) ~o\al\u
pmcchr~ny ot'CLIP ssthers surkce conastenrly tiir ~mtcc.i. TR4. a.nelr.r dcconic>lulnm.
.md line-1usi.d *r.~ci$ne \elec~t) dnalyst,. In men) 2nrr.r. 3s r.tXti,n all1 hc taqulrdd lo
I,\crccs~tc Ih~~~~c.a~i~rn III)PU~L.LI LIII .IC/IIC\III< LIII) rl8ai ~ Y C L~I~ILI~~L~M~~ 111 iun ~i.mp~%~di
rnrllurlt,n. lo\\ C \I. .md rmulllplc ~nturkrrl #n\~>l\ud Ihu \.r~~ticu
I.~tr.rsl ruv,luuoa h) rr;>i.u hinncneel pmduci. COF dta pmide ~n>pm\d %silplnng
~ondiion.; .ad 5 L r,luo ~n thu CLIP dunlilcn Tiw ,tl\o Fk~ltva~.r Fk rupprar\n>n t,I'\~.~\alc
m~~.c 111 lhi. \h~lla\\~\cct~on. The ohlectl\u of this rpprorch ~r to in>pm\c ~naltt~lc ~nd~cdorr
vn Be hs\b cot \>I0 ilnd dulocurmllrl~m. The o~)~.EII\L. tlllmpnl\ I"&! ~ nt~ll~pb ~lldlciii~l~\ I\
tu all,,a i.ttir.pws~~on
.~ppl~cata,sr mnd puric>rmancc otar ~ hc runuy cxtcsr in an attcrnpt to rcrr.1) the rhr.r~r p>.!l.
Dq~ndtng on $e rnulupls pruhlcm. rulumiltud rnultiplc attunurtun mvthudr h.wd 011
d~ffcrct~ll;!l dynrlnlc nluvtout me? he more stfccusr md carlcr tn ~mpkmcnt ulrn rpplrd
to COI 5;shcn. nh~lu prudictam dc*~xn mry he marc rrlvahlc due 10 Impm\vd 5 C $11 thc
,jotocunc$ta,n.; In th~s Uisku study. nclthcr con\unrbnal mcthild rppL"m !a pro\ ~ dc
d~quatc >uppms\~on usms thc abailahlc cnrcnu.
SSP davir few th~a Dc\unlan rsufpmrpcct are lhmitcd in \e~\mlu rcrolut~on md .IX
sunraoinrrrd try muittple nntcrsrencc at the YISLII Ic\,cl. For tach ofthc tllrec \\c.llhlw
~nalyrs I~al~ona. multiple ~nlarfer~nce m Ihc SSPuccua e or hllghtl) helon the asgi.1
rune. SSP trace auacurrchlton. panial slacks. and \rlocity analysis lrchnlqucr us~i.i! tn
rndiculin$ the presence ofthis mulriple energy su as to wold rh~r ~ntrrprctstion paF~ll
167

Cl>lttured rcll~ctiitty O~CC the dilcpcr s~.cuon modc multtplc char;rten\tlcr d%fficulr I%>
~duntli! hy .tu~ir.orruiotton. hut mulnple and pnmuty enersy cnuid he dirt!nsut\licd ;a\
ha\~ne r~nular /em-off\r.r Idg" a\er chtr \\~ndtn,a at the BOL locdl~un. Th~.t~mc mrpon,e ~nt
panull rtaclr hndicrtes mull~plcs on the bwa oimo\cout. hut loss ot ticque!lc) contcnt n1111
~oifkt rcd~ccd I+I~CL d~t(~c~nddl~~n ~tti.ctlii.ne\). rhc ,hdlltn\ diltil dtl~s ntll pcrmbt
tltiwr u,*cn~~~~nauon oimu~c~ple, n! \tr!uc oiilin~ud i>li\r.t Arrurnlns 111ac ~Ilc *ix.~il~~\r
ruacun 15 not coluuicd. hzmdlimtrcd ;uicrcorrel.tt~onr ~ndrai~d mulr8ple cncrgy \\111> *I~ILIJI
1.g rllc rnultaplc ~dcnulicd .~tdcplh Thi.; vlurcv nidcrign cntcrril fir ~sult~~~lr. \up()~d\~mon
h\ ~TL.~~CII$C dc~tm\tllt~tit>n ails more itppmpnec thiln R.bdon ~mrlilrrn* .,\en thu
i.,,~,d~tn>n ini\n,ull hut \allehle d~ficrentinl \iMO utcr the lltlc ~ ~tcsr. Pot* u,lnurr.~ru ~\L.I-
~hr. ~$;illdhll ~TC~UYI~I.!. hl\Od in the \III~IIO\l \L.EIlllll ID b\ fi>ld dnd ltlV 5 \J Tnant conhnderstn,n>
cn th~\ respect, Thls tntcna did wppon the o\.trilll indicator.; uid iuriice peg-lap multiple.
hut dso and s!r~n$r~ph~c conditiunr make rnech;m~sm ~dent~ticnti

md VSP cilnndor mucks nerr'cumparcd directly by diltr intcgmrlon, trbngd pnxcrslng
rlrunm thdr puqk,ssly preaoned ,url;lcc relal~rl mmulttplus !n the na$etield. the ~ntidc and
oatrdc CSP a,rndor 5rack.i conlirmr.d mult~pli' priwncc ~n agrcumcnt ujth multlplu,
su,puctcd I" SSP nngc l~lmtud .itu~.L~. Thlv lmplics gec'nfricillly that in1crhr.d mulrlplcr can
dl\n he dcrd~tcd h~ curridor \tackr if prucerrlngcm ho dpp1ti.d dppmprMcl? to rcmo\c
,i,.tlioa ~n~ulupl~. ii,l#i~ llle $rdrclicld TIIN. 8llurtlr~i.r 118.11 \ SP LLIIII~IIT ,c,liilllg plll\$d~~
opur.ltt~rdr.rbgn Lrilcrla dml prot~du, .1Itc111.1tc cntcn~ BX S\P pred~cttill not ,~ptuc nllh
SSP ddta 811 guncral. -\Is". Ihc technnqae docs not dcrt~n$utrlt tblilch nl~~I~.m~jm I\
ri.';pr>t>.;~hlc 11n't/18 multlpl~ rntr.rfcruncu. \ \~lriict multiple ~nuld hv anmgly ~dcnc~liud ;I,
;an ~ntcrhd mult~plc gcncratcd hnmrahcr~. .~hn~. br. reef \\let> tl>u penl>dlctt! of~hv
nlulliple nlcchln~rm \anch latcmily. ;~ppl~a.l!lun of L'SP multtplc pcriodl~tt? cracn., rn.1)
from thu \\.ell rullea on mcchimsrn idcntlficatwn us~ng huth ap-go~ng ;md doan-smog VSP
ao\uticU\.
VSP ad5ericld rparatnm and ailrlyrls pnnlded the hc\t tndrrtlen ~~imttlt~plr:
mchan~rm,. \I mch n.~.ll Iosalcon. the domgo~ng \varelicld wggerrr rh.~ dunllnanr
mulrlplc gr'ncmuan uccur, ~n the ncarssurf.tcc. At lhe recil~xettnn. subtle ind~eai~mr
suggest ,hilt each retlrctor I" the strat~grrphy that ~.umrihutcs tu the up-going rsrctield has
arocldti.d tra~l~ng uncrgy of simililr delay. This condition Is rupp~vt~rl ~n the dorngc>ing
wa\rlicld hy thc presence of uncrgy !hat sad, thc inilirl down-gomg \vawlct. 0,erilll
multlple lnterferrncc at rreiluvrl could be attributed in pan to intrrbed responve. bur no
direct e>idmc~ mists for strong interbed multnples ofsirniln~ psnod~cay. The ~ndlcators ~n
169

oth aarcficids ,upp,?n a \urfdss peptee mult!ple mruhm~rm ~n rgreement r ~th 1\\11-i\d)
SSP \\snthurmedcli~y S~nr'c thc thick acathunng I.t:r'r u sn*pacred rr hc~ne thc
mechmism. \'SP C~CFLILOI trilcr.% dre pmre\svd along \\ith dr.n\r.l) ,smpkd VSP tr.rvr rs
\huld he
eonrunt ondcr ~.ond~tkiar of^ ullticsnll) 118 ncdtlwnlle lhydr. TIIN\ dpprtlilc11 15 m
.~d.~pt~\r. .~~~IIc~II,II ol .I" old muthod. i!nd lhc pmccduru ut dvrt\ln: c~p~rittt~\ lrt>il> *II.IIIIIU
FSP d:!~ #nay otbr .I wllc ~ppmech to the n>ulrbple pmhluni in such crsc.\, rhlr I\ her!
~ccompl~shd usmg s pnresrtng rtiatcgy [ha pmenes TRA nannsl-incidence itnpkllsu
rrspansc in CMP gothen. S~uondar). interbed multiple mechan~sms ,nay require altenudlion
methods bescd on different~ill rnnveuut relaiur to near-co~nctdmt prirnanr*. or h;la~.d on
~ntuncd rztlectivity.
4hx,iute rcllecrivily inversion of \'SPsunstnincd wull 10% mudels hm SSP num~al
mcidunce amplitudes requtres wearher~ne based near rurtsce constratnu in this Nnhu cmc.
Other bhalluu ;rcous:lc buundar~rs must also be included to preserve sbsulute rcllsct~\~ty ~n
170

\)vem* that itre non-llnvar ~n retlcer~\tly or appear non-llntai duc ti) rupcrpasltlon of
multlplu inrcrt>rcncu. VSP'r should arternpl ro sample the sa\sticld rr rellect.IsL. and ;~mpl~tude urmz rhu unhbuitd ~mp~muc. I hr. .dlurtment nl thr.
~ntwhed rcrpoii\c a cach Iti.rill#trn cuuld .&pt r hlock~nz 5trstegy iiti ~rnpl~ludu
;otnpalratn>n. In gr.ner,~l the ~nrclhcd ~ficct all1 he undcrc\tim,trd hy !

Follu\\lnp SSP pnwr.rring. rclsmlc msolat~on at \i\ku Ic\cl remilin, 8ilrutticlcnt to
rundw rcwnoir ttclcs Wllh tii'ld .uqulrlta,n d!n.~mlc rmge nt (he currcnt mil\imatn ul 24
blt datitrbilrd rlrc (I 0 >yrtr.m I 10 this Xwku rtdyl. 31 a rcarooahlc to rucurd sb1n&7 a Im,
,mmplu rill< a, opposcd to A Ims rampllnp \\h$lc. malntamlng 40 dB oiticld %lgnal
rmpl~tude Thlr miby dllon thc dntt-alid\ tkld tiller lo be \ct higher I 120 tl, rii rhcr lirhu
nud! I. 11 !may he po~\chli: tv s~tand the henda~dlh hy halt an acl;k\i. h~pl~crt 12-l?ll-I,l In
SC-dr.c~mmolurlon \r~!hour dcgrildlne the S \i 1;t11, $n J high-k>ld nsar-utt\cl SSP %ch.
l,m-l~nu;s \~hraor \\vucpr could he reared to 125 H/ la march or u.rcur.d SSP hdndtr ~dth.
(icl,phonea of loacr ru,un;mr frcqucncv than i-lh, wll slnr help tu r.\icnd the harldardrh lclr
Iknl ,xta\r.\. Thc.~. tield ;on\~dcr;ltlons mny wrm ichcr "kt!?-gnlt). hut msll cr;;cii*lonr 11,
hand~tdth nlr) pn>ducu hig dltkrcnccr tn NiAu rev~luuun In the ult\plc
~oir.rtcrcrcu ~t ma) hc nloru ;!ppn,pridte 111 look k>r haku alomuliur I" thu Ircqaelli!
l#mltcd nl>rnwl ~ncdcncc rc\pomi.. a* illu.;tratr.d lix chi, SSP cvplo~~t~us.
(it\i.n lihqcchanncl capdclt) ot current .tsqa~rlknm r!*remr. as ru\~lur) bmk ai
shimncl, rhuuld he cmpla)ed hi,r enl,ancc.d near rurf.lhlcm ru;itlar~n~
0rea.i Spvc~lically li,r thlr SSP sun'cy. r t111cL lu~\-vuh,cay aadthcrrd I;t)~r ;ct\ or pep-
lug lnul~iple gencntor. and other shallos retlcctlv~ty presents a nrurci.olru\

~mplcmcniatlon ufn mom theoretical mdtlplc atrenuillton appro.tch hesed on m)-trdcinz Rlr
prcd~cclon-\uhtmct~~\n.
The ~u;~l ut this thesis ii..;r.;lrch iwr w pnnlde rcliahlc NIAU h!dmcarhnn ~nd~cforr
by \uccc>rtul mult~ple wppressron dppliud tcr mrxlmilm handn~dtl~ SSP dints. T11r.r~
indi~na,rr nauld hc dcrncd Ihrou:li amplttude dnd tlnilnz ch.~ractcr ~n thc \tecl. throu:h
\LU 1vchnlqur.s pic-black. ind hy o~hur coll\cntlon~l mrimr. I hc ramr.nlaln.li ~pprn.lch to
ths\ xuol did nncd
Thc YSP data did eolti.r cuncrere cnteirr B>r ~dentlh.~ng muluplv prurcncc .~nd mult~plc
mcchani\nbs. but the ninlure of [hi: pmblcm did m,r allow VSP ditto a, hc wed ihr rvlt;thlc
551' multlplc suppmr~iun .a ur awy tiom the \vull In rhu Ilsht aftherd I~m~tsla,n.;. ti~lurcr.
and *hc~ncammgs. the rumntlnry gcval ofpmnding porortty d~rtinctbun crttcrii! hy ;my ot the
con>cnuundl merhuds st111 rcqulres a ,oluton.
O\erall. this thc.;ls represents the results of conadcr~hlu eitiin directed at sttacking
the ditticult problem of 1denu4insilnd wmavcng mul!~plc retlsct~on\ in \r.nrmac dut.1. The
uxcrci,~ ui$nr.umorating VSPs rnto SSP interpretation ccrta~nly ~lluminatcd thv risk iactnr
rssocrnrcd wtth ?itsku nplor~fi~n Tht tvork thoroughly explores thc pmblcm and many
small but impanant nuances are ~nrertiyatrd that relate directly md indlrirrctly m the
173

.~uhtr.\ument of the thc~s guals Thc ctYbrt oicornpldcncrr ~n dlccaartan gcsuratcr .I avoltl~
ilf techneul and pmctiusl tnk),m~l~on. and resronehls >ui.cers has heen ~sl~~ctcd ~n
rnalnlslnln~ \~~~.ntifie \oundne.;a uf these mtthudr. I lhrnl the rundur filr r.ndurus$ ,he
i.omplc\~t! aithc wnnun problem. and I hope thtr enidurance pals oif h! dlat\>i>g
r\o~dsnceof thc w~brn~~. muluple plthll. I hul that th~, rhcsa research rhould pmxidc ;m
cxccllr.al ~nnght tnto {he proccsscng and tnlcrpi~'!.%t~onat m) ~ rtdc~. \d~*mti. c~p~.n~t>cnr.
md ,l~cruid dur prn\idecrlr.nrlw suh~cct rnalcr tilr tiiturc sclrmlc rcsrdrch.

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reso-corrclugrilm. Geophystcal P~ospcctkng. 14(41.38'1-420
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dl>$ cdlc lh~~t~o~s. IHRDC. Bo\hln
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r.ondvr *t.~~h#ng. GL.CI~~~IIL.\. 61(1l. 1 hlU-lh.?j.
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s~R\T.AI''I. IC~CTUIIUO n~anudl.
tlampron and Rus\cll Soltanre Scr\cc\ Lrd. +mpllrudc \'r.rsur Vitret 114LlZ \\.0~"1.
IC~L.TC~CU manual.
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i 1'rv-l LILID''I. rcierr.n~c mAno.tl.
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tl.lrdog~. B . 19x3. \hnicnI rclrmlr protihny P;m A Pnnc~plu\. Irt cd~c~on.

GcopB!acr. 4717). 1075-1046
tiuh13r. 4.K.. 1987. Seismic ~ntcrpretatiun ut'rreti. The Lusdin: Edse. 6lXI. 60-65
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TC~C~C~LY nunwill?..
I.~nsr. L.R.. dndl'ieltcl. S.. 1YX.I. \ ra\$c\v ui lcarr-,quilre, Inwrscan and I!\ .tppltcat#o~i to
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ip~~~~h~l#c~~'\.
TIU I.c.d~ng Edg. 188). 41')-8x1
Llisd.l. R \I. 1'141. Ju,t a hnphc ,put!. Canadtan Soouty of E1plorrtc8rn GL.I~I)\IL.I~\
Rectlnder. Llamh. 1,. 0-1 I
Ilaync. H.. I%?. Common rvtlcct~un pamt hunn)ntal Jatr rtscilne ~chnlcpc\. Clr.aph!
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177

Prvspucting. 19. 4.211-458
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Pott\. \I. Schlmch~r. h: . \Varun. C md Ellcndcr. 5 . 1482. Prc\t;rh \>a\clr.t dw1111~01ui1~01.
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Ryu. 1.. 1'182. Dcc~~mpor~l~on(DECnlll1 ~pprosch dpplid a) ad!cfiuld it!?alg\!r alth
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178

Geophgrics. .;9121. 178-241.
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,I\ .I
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