Sanskrit for LATEX2ε Version 2 - CTAN

Sanskrit for L ATEX 2ε
Introduction
Version 2
The package contains the font files and pre-processor for printing Sanskrit
text in both devanāgarī and transliterated Roman with diacritics.
Some features of the devanāgarī font:
• Font available in three weights and two slopes.
• The i-hooks connect to the consonants at the correct positions.
• Accents for all Vedas (R. gveda, Sāmaveda, Taittirīya), etc.
• Accent marking in colour or grey shading.
• Choice of character forms (e.g. /) and sam. yoga (e.g. /).
• Range of intra- and inter-syllable spacing.
• Dynamic option selection.
Some features of the transliterated Roman:
• Full accent marking and stacking in basic transliteration mode.
• Four ‘cases’ (as per S M Katre) in technical transliteration mode.
• Each transliteration mode has four styles: Roman/italic × bold/normal.
Indebtedness to the earlier work of Frans Velthuis and Dominik Wujastyk is
acknowledged: the overall structure and encoding is based upon theirs.
Upgrading from Version 1
Every file in this package differs greatly from the Version 1 release, so all need
to be replaced, and all related pixel files (e.g. skt*.pk) should be deleted.
While this is essentially a major upgrade to Version 1, there are some changes
that impact on the users’ files (those with a .skt extension):
• The accent marking symbols, < and >, have changed.
• The punctuation marks ! ‘ ’ [ ] no longer pass through as Roman.
(But see page 12 for producing them in version 2.)
• The option file (skt.opt) is no longer used; instead the selection of
options is included anywhere within the .skt file.
• Any direct access of the skt font (e.g. \symbol{128}) should be checked
against the new font map.
• Any direct use of the \Z* commands which are defined in the style file,
should be checked against their new definitions.

Illustrations of Input and Devanāgarī Output
The following brief samples demonstrate the available styles of devanāgarī
font and their encoding. In this mode upper case characters are disallowed.
Note that the ‘larger’ option has been selected so that, in this 12pt document,
the devanāgarī is printed at 14pt.
{\sktb te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|}
{\skt te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|}
{\sktf te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|}
{\sktbs te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|}
{\skts te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|}
{\sktfs te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|}
The intra- and inter-character spacing options give six steps of horizontal
density; the extremes are:
Illustrations of Basic Transliteration
The same input may also be used to produce transliterated output. Note
that the ‘iitalic’ option is selected, but not ‘xitalic’.
{\sktx te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} tejasvi nāvadh ī ıtamastu |
{\sktX te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} tejasvi nāvadh ı
ītamastu |
{\skti te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} tejasvi nāvadh ı
ītamastu |
{\sktI te_ja_svi naa_vadhii!tamastu|} tejasvi nāvadh ı
ītamastu |
It can be seen from the above examples that sktX is a boldface version of
sktx (i.e. also upright), and that sktI is similarly a boldface version of skti
(also italic). The only difference between sktx/X and skti/I is that they
may be independently selected as italic in the style file options.

The Western accent marking system may also be used:
{\skti tejasvi’ naava’dhii‘tamastu|} tejasví nāvádh`ītamastu |
In this basic transliteration mode (sktx/X or skti/I) uppercase characters
are allowed: these do not affect the transliteration encoding, but facilitate
the printing of capital letters, for example:
{\sktI Bhaarate Raamo vasati} Bhārate Rāmo vasati
Illustrations of Technical Transliteration
As in the basic transliteration mode, there are four font styles selected
through sktt/T or sktu/U; however, in this mode only the Western accent
marking is allowed. This technical (grammatical) mode follows the style of
S M Katre in his translation of the As.t.ādhyāyī, having four ‘cases’ of letters.
Uppercase is used to indicate IT letters (e.g. pratyāhāra aC): note that in
this mode a mahāprān. a spar´sa (e.g. Bha) must have the ‘h’ in the same case
as the previous letter. In the example given above, Bhaarate would produce
an error: it needs to be bhaarate or BHaarate. The uppercase letters in this
mode are slightly smaller than those in the basic transliteration mode.
In this mode only, letters may also be preceded by the underscore character
‘_’. The effect that this has depends upon the case of the following letter:
if the letter is lowercase, it will be underlined to indicate that its presence
is for the sake of pronunciation only (e.g. jhaL); before an uppercase letter,
it will reduce the size of the uppercase letter to the height of the lowercase
letters to indicate technical words (e.g. IT). For example, the Pān. ini sūtra
may be encoded in the technical mode as
{\sktT c_a-j-o.h kU GH_I_T=.NyaT-o.h} to produce
ca-j-oh . kU GHIT=N . yaT-oh .
This translates as: A substitute kU replaces c or j before N . yaT or [affixes]
with GH as an IT marker.

Vedic Accent Marking
Since the significance of the devanāgarī accent marking may differ between
Vedas (e.g. is svarita in R. gveda, but udātta in Kāt.haka), the character
used for encoding is, where possible, vaguely similar to the form used in the
devanāgarī, and this form is largely retained in the transliterated output.
R. gveda etc. marking system:
use option 6 to enable these in
the basic transliteration mode.
input skt skti sktt
a!
a!!
ı
a error
ıı
a error
a_ a see note
a"1 a ı
1 error
a"3 a ı
3 error
a.1 a1 error
a.3 a ı
3 error
Note: The underscore character is
is used differently in technical mode.
Western (and technical) marking.
input skt skti sktt
u
a
u
a
a’ error á á
a‘ error à à
a^
Sāmaveda and other accents:
use option 7 to enable these in
the basic transliteration mode.
input skt skti sktt
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
1
a error
2
a error
3
a error
2r
a error
2u
a error
3k
a error
ııı
a error
ă error
ă error
˘
a a error
a a error
˚
a error
a ˚˚
a ı
a a error
â error
a aj´ error
The pre-processor only allows accents after a vowel, Vedic anusvāra, or n;
where the vowel is nasalised as well, the nasalisation must be after the accent,
i.e. a_# to produce
.

The devanāgarī accent marks themselves may be printed in colour (red is the
tradition) or grey. This actually makes the text easier to read: the sample
text from the R. gveda on page has the accents in the first four verses
the default black, and in the next four verses they are ‘lightgray’ (using
pstricks). To set the accent colour redefine the \ZK command anywhere in
the .skt file as \renewcommand{\ZK}[1]{{\lightgray #1}} for example.
In transiteration, the accents should stack correctly and track in italics, e.g.:
˘´¯r. and ˘ ´ ¯r. (signifying a long or short udātta r. used for pronunciation only).
Dynamic Option Selection
The selection and deselection of options may occur anywhere in the preamble
(but after \usepackage{skt}) or in the body of the text. By default all
options are deselected The options are used by the pre-processor and not
passed to the .tex output file: be aware of this when using L ATEX \include
or \input commands.
Each option comprises a numeric string in the range 0–199 followed by a
+ or - to respectively select or deselect the option: the options must be
enclosed within square brackets to distinguish them from the rest of the
text. Multiple options within the same square brackets should be separated
by one or more spaces. For example, [40+] selects option 40, [40- 49+ 44+]
deselects option 40 and selects options 44 and 49. (Details of the effects of
the options are given in the next four sections.) The option selection must
necessarily be within a {\skt...} group since this is the only text that is
actually parsed by the pre-processor.
Note that both square brackets, [ and ], need to be on the same input text
line. For example:
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage[larger]{skt} This will
{\skt [40+]} % select alternate a print as:
\begin{document}
{\skt ak.sa.na [40- 49+ 44+]ak.sa.na[49- 44-]}
\end{document}
Note that once an option is selected (anywhere in the file), it remains in
effect until explicitly deselected, irrespective of {\skt...} groupings.

Control Options (0–11)
The control options are all those that do not affect character shapes in
transliteration or devanāgarī.
Option 0: Set all options to known state.
In documents such as this one, where the options are changed very often, it
is useful from time to time to reset all options to the default state. Option 0+
will select all options, and option 0- will deselect them all.
Option 1: Set intraspace less than interspace.
Option 2: Reduce interspace.
Option 3: Minimum interspace.
These three interact to set the horizontal space within devanāgarī words:
options 2 and 3 provide three levels of interspace (the space between
syllables), while option 1 selects the intraspace (space within a syllable,
i.e. when the syllable vowel adds an extra vertical bar).
Illustration: 1 2 3
– – –
Option selection: + – –
+ = selected; – + –
– = deselected; + + –
x = don’t care. – x +
+ x +
Option 4: Raise accents (less significant bit).
Option 5: Raise accents (more significant bit).
These two adjust the minimum spacing of devanāgarī accents above the
hortizontal line, and may be used to minimize or eliminate the variation in
the accent’s vertical position that arises due to vowel hooks etc. above the
horizontal line — this is particularly important for the Sāmaveda accents.

Illustration: 4 5
– –
Option selection: + –
+ = selected; – +
– = deselected; + +
Option 6: Enable R. g/Tait ◦ accents in basic transliteration mode.
The pre-processor treats the use of these accents in the basic transliteration
mode as as an error unless this option is selected. The form of the accents
approximates those of the devanāgarī.
Illustration:
dhātarāy ı
antu sarvatah. svāh ıı
ā | prative´s ı
osi | pra m ı
ā padyasya ||
Option 7: Enable Sāmaveda etc. accents in basic transliteration mode.
The pre-processor treats the use of these accents in the basic transliteration
mode without this option selected, as as an error. The form of the accents
follows those of the devanāgarī, but in Roman script.
Illustration:
m 1
ah 2
ivrat 3
ah. ´s 1
uc 2
ibandhuh. pāv 3
ak 2
ah. p 3
ad 1
ā v 2
ar 3
āh 2
o 3k
Option 8: Enable sam. yoga warnings.
abhy 2r
et 3
i r 1
ebh 2
an ||
This enables the printing of warning messages by the pre-processor when
using a virāma in forming a sam. yoga. Given the range of sam. yoga supported
by the font, this warning should only occur with very exotic syllables.
Option 9: Enable obey-lines.
Long lines to the output file are normally wrapped to limit their length to
eighty characters (i.e. the output file will have more lines than the input
file), but with this option enabled the output follows the input, line for line,
irrespective of the resultant line length: a warning message will be printed if
the line length exceeds 250 characters. It is helpful to have obey-lines active
so that L ATEX errors refer to the source line number of the .skt file.

Option 10: Enable discretionary hyphens.
Without this option enabled, the pre-processor will discard any discretionary
hyphens, \-, in the input text.
Option 11: Enable auto-hyphenation.
The auto-hyphenation is extremely crude (it adds a discretionary hyphen
after every vowel!), and should only be used for drafts.
Transliteration Options (20–38)
The following table illustrates the transliteration options available:
option input default option
20 a~m a ˜m. am.
21 a~m a ˜m. a ˙m
22 a.m am. a ˙m
23 a"m a ˙m am.
24
25
26
a"m
.r/.r.r
.l/.l.l
a ˙m
r. /¯r.
l./
an
¯
r. i/r. ī Monier-Williams
¯l. lr. i/ lr. ī
27 "s ´s ˙s transliteration
28 .s s. sh scheme
29 "d ..d l.
30
31
32
33
"d
"d
"h
.o
..d
..d
..h
O ˜m
l
¯
d
¯
h
¯
Om Where multiple options apply
34 .o O ˜m OM to the same input (e.g. 33–37)
35 .o O ˜m OM the highest value of selected
36 .o O ˜m AUM option will apply.
37 .o O ˜m AUM
38 a# ã ă
The last option has a twofold application: firstly, depending on the font and
size used, it may be used to overcome the difficulty distinguishing between
the macron and the tilde (i.e. ā ã ă); and secondly, it may be used in technical
grammar to indicate an explicit short vowel (ă) or long or short (˘ā)

Devanāgarī Character Options(40–79)
The table illustrates the basic character forms available: where multiple
options apply to the same input (e.g. 65 and 75) the selected option with
the highest value will apply. Although ks . a and jña are strictly speaking
sam. yoga, they are nevertheless included here rather than in the next section.
option input default option
40 a
41 .r
42 jha
43 "da
44 .na
45 tha
46 la
47 a~m
48 a~m
49 k.sa
50 j~na
51 "s
52 "s.r
Devanāgarī Sam . yoga Options (100–199)
option input default option
61 1
64 4
65 5
66 6
68 8
69 9
75 5
79 9
The table illustrates the basic sam. yoga options available. In general, the
default sam. yoga is the most compact, and the options use a looser form:
the latter may be easier to read, particularly when the combination is more
unusual.
In forming a complex sam. yoga two or more options may interact: for example,
in forming the sam. yoga for ktya, options 103 and 108 both come into play
so that there are three possibilities ( ). The Sam. yoga Table at
the end of this document illustrates all varieties available.
For those sam. yoga where it may appear preferable to use a virāma (typically
those beginning with or ), braces may be used. For example,
{\skt a"nk.s.na a{"n}k.s.na} produces
.

option
101
102
input
kka
k"na
default
option
103 kta
104 ktra
105
106
ktva
kna
107 kma
108
109
110
111
112
113
kya
kla
kva
khna
gna
ghna
114
115
116
117
cca
c~na
cna
chma
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
chya
jja
jna
~nca
~nja
~n~na
~nna
.tma
.thma
127
128
.thya
.dma
129
130
.dya
.dhma
131 .dhya
132
133
.nna
.nra
134 tta
135 tna
option input default option
136 thna
137 ddya
138
139
140
ddvya
ddhma
ddhya
141 dbhya
142 dma
143
144
145
dya
dhna
nca
146 nja
147 nna
148 pta
149
150
151
pna
pla
phna
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
phya
bna
bba
bva
bhna
mna
mla
159 yna
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
lla
vna
vva
"sca
"sna
"sla
"sva
167 .s.ta
168 .s.tha
169
170
.sna
sna

option function
0 Set all to known state
1 Intraspace < interspace
2 Reduce interspace
3 Minimum interspace
4 Raise accents (lsb)
5 Raise accents (msb)
6 Enable R. g/Tait ◦ accents
in basic transliteration
7 Enable Sāma ◦ etc. accents
in basic transliteration
8 Enable sam. yoga warnings
9 Enable obey-lines
10 Enable discr. hyphens
11 Enable auto-hyphenation
option input default option
20 a~m a ˜m. am.
21 a~m a ˜m. a ˙m
22 a.m am. a ˙m
23 a"m a ˙m am.
24
25
26
a"m
.r/.r.r
.l/.l.l
a ˙m
r. /¯r.
l./
an
¯
r. i/r. ī
¯l. lr. i/lr. ī
27 "s ´s ˙s
28 .s s. sh
29
30
31
32
33
"d
"d
"d
"h
.o
..d
..d
..d
..h
O ˜m
l.
l
¯
d
¯
h
¯
Om
34 .o O ˜m OM
35 .o O ˜m OM
36 .o O ˜m AUM
37 .o O ˜m AUM
38 a# ã ă
option input default option
40 a
41 .r
42 jha
43 "da
44 .na
45 tha
46 la
47 a~m
48 a~m
49 k.sa
50 j~na
51 "s
52 "s.r
61 1
64 4
65 5
66 6
68 8
69 9
75 5
79 9
Where an input has multiple options,
the highest value selected will apply.
SKT Options
Summary Sheet

The Pre-processor: skt.c
This ANSI C program processes the source text file (with a default .skt
filename extension) to produce a file suitable for L ATEX 2ε (with a default
.tex extension). For example, the command skt test will convert test.skt
to test.tex; fuller filenames may be used, e.g. skt foo.bar will produce
foo.tex, and skt foo.bar far.boo will produce far.boo from foo.bar. If
no filename is specified, you will be prompted for input and output filenames.
The program passes the text from the input file to the output file unaltered,
until it finds the string ‘{\skt’. It then checks the following character(s) for
the acceptable modifiers b f s bs fs x X i I t T u or U, and this must
be followed by a space character: if this test fails it reports an error, otherwise
the program converts the following input text to devanāgarī or transliteration
format as required, until the matching ‘}’. The cycle is then repeated.
Within the skt text, the following punctuation characters will be passed to
the output as roman:
( ) * + , - / : ; = ?
Furthermore, two successive periods ‘..’ will be passed to the output as
a single roman period. This technique of repeating the character twice
to produce a single roman character applies to the four characters [‘’] as
well; and the two-character string ‘.!’ will pass through as a single roman
exclamation mark. You will need to use {\sktx ‘‘a’{}’’} to produce ‘á’
(see Supplementary Notes for explanation).
L ATEX command strings embedded within the skt text will be passed to
the output file unchanged — but beware: command parameters will be
converted ! Thus commands without parameters (e.g. \clearpage) are safe,
but commands with parameters (e.g. \hspace{3mm}) will cause problems
unless the parameters are meant to be converted (e.g. \underline{naaman}).
A complete list of the input encoding scheme, together with the resultant
devanāgarī and transliterated output, is included at the end of this document.
Note: This program will stop passing text to the output
file as soon as an error in the source file is detected; it
will however, continue processing the input file until ten
or more errors are encountered.

The skt package: skt.sty
The following statement needs to be in the preamble of the document:
\usepackage[options]{skt}
where ‘options’ may be any or all or none of the following:
larger This will cause all devanāgarī text to be printed at a larger size than
the prevailing environment.
xitalic Text transliterated by sktx or sktX will use the italic font cmmit;
the default is the upright cmr font.
iitalic As for xitalic, but using skti and sktI.
titalic As for xitalic, but for the technical modes sktt and sktT.
uitalic As for titalic, but using sktu and sktU.
This document uses the first, third, and fifth options, that is to say it has
the statement \usepackage[larger,iitalic,uitalic]{skt}.
This style file also allows page numbering to be in devanāgarī by using
the L ATEX command \pagenumbering{skt} — as has been done for this
document. The size of the numerals will follow the ‘larger’ option.
This package makes use of David Carlisle’s ifthen.sty which is included
in the standard L ATEX 2ε distribution, and Donald Arseneau’s relsize.sty
which you may need to get from the CTAN archives.
Supplementary Notes
The program can be simply ‘fooled’ when necessary by inserting a L ATEX null
string ‘{}’: for example ‘{{}\skt >}’ will not be ‘seen’ by the pre-processor
and thus passed to the output unchanged. L ATEX will ignore the null string
but respond to the \skt command and print (which is the devanāgarī
character in the position of the ASCII ‘>’ character). (A map of the font and
access codes is included at the end of this document.) This requirement may
arise (as for example in producing the font map) because the pre-processor
requires that there be a vowel before an accent or anusvāra.
· · · · · · · · · · ·
For those rare words that have two successive vowels in devanāgarī (such as in
) that the pre-processor would misinterpret (and this only applies to the

combinations au and ai which the encoding scheme defines as single vowels,
producing for example), there are three ways to fool the pre-processor;
only the first of these is carried through to the transliteration modes:
{\skt a{}iu.n| .r.lk| eo"n| aiauc|| pra{}uga pra{uga} pra%
uga||}
Note that, for the third method, there must be a newline immediately after
the % — this is the TEX line continuation method.
a.i.un. | r. .l.k | e.o˙n | ai.auc || pra.uga prauga prauga ||
The same trick may be used to split any multicharacter input, provided that
what is either side of the {} is still valid, for example:
{\skt tha t{}ha} produces .
· · · · · · · · · · ·
Some L ATEX commands are ‘fragile’ and balk at having skt commands
within their arguments, e.g. \section{\skt bahuvriihi} produces the
error message Undefined Control Sequence. To get around this sort of
problem, define the skt argument outside the fragile command, e.g.
\newcommand{\bahuvriihi}{\skt bahuvriihi}
\section{\protect\bahuvriihi}
· · · · · · · · · · ·
Finally, the simplest method of producing larger sizes of the font is to add
the command \font\bigskt=skt10 at 46mm for example, in the preamble
to the document, and then use {\skt \bigskt tattvamasi} in the text
body. The result (in ‘lightgray’ to save ink) is:

Installation
If sktbugxx.txt files exist, you may want to implement any changes or
patches first.
Run the metafont program on the eight font source files (the typical
command would be mf "\mode=ljfour; mag=1; input skt8;") to produce
the .tfm files. If you are using dvips, then the .pk files will be produced
automatically on demand; if not, then you will need to (1) Convert the .gf
files with the command gftopk skt8.600gf (the number ‘600’ depends upon
your printer resolution and the magnification) to produce skt8.600pk which
must be placed in the appropriate subdirectory. (2) Repeat this process with
all eight fonts. (3) For the six skt*10.mf files the whole process needs to be
repeated with the mag value in the mf command set to 1.095, 1.2, 1.44, 1.728,
2.074 and 2.488.
The mf_inputs path needs to point to the files with a .mf extension;
the tex_fonts path should point to the .tfm files; the tex_inputs path
should point to the files skt.sty and ot1skt.fd. The tex_exe (or other
appropriate) path should point to skt.exe.
To test the setup on this documentation file: first run the pre-processor
skt sktdoc and then latex sktdoc. The files ifthen.sty, relsize.sty
and multicol.sty are also required. (If you are not using dvips and
pstricks then comment out line 12 in sktdoc.skt first.)
The files in this package are:
readme.txt An ASCII version of these installation notes and part of the
introduction.
skt.sty Style file (L ATEX 2ε) for the skt-series fonts.
ot1skt.fd Font descriptor file for the skt-series fonts.
skt.c Pre-processor source program in ANSI C.
sktdoc.skt Source file of documentation and samples.
sktdefs.mf Common definitions of pens, macros, etc. for skt-series fonts.
sktchars.mf Common character source file for skt-series fonts.
sktligs.mf Ligature codes (in fact access codes for non-printing ASCII code
characters) for the skt-series fonts.

skt8.mf metafont source file for skt font at 8pt upright.
skt9.mf metafont source file for skt font at 9pt upright.
skt10.mf metafont source file for skt font at 10pt upright.
sktb10.mf metafont source file for skt font at 10pt bold upright.
sktf10.mf metafont source file for skt font at 10pt feint upright.
skts10.mf metafont source file for skt font at 10pt slanted.
sktbs10.mf metafont source file for skt font at 10pt bold slanted.
sktfs10.mf metafont source file for skt font at 10pt feint slanted.
skt*.tfm Eight .tfm font files for above.
sktbugxx.txt There may be a series of such files, where ‘xx’ is a two-digit
number, listing reported bugs and (possibly) fixes or patches.
Suggestions and bug reports to:
wikner@nacdh4.nac.ac.za
17 February 1997.
A 600 kbyte 600dpi PostScript print file of the documentation and samples is
available by anonymous ftp from ftp.nac.ac.za/wikner/sktdoc.ps600.
Beware: there is a very thin piece of wire to South Africa, and it is stretched rather
taut, so the best time to ftp would be Sunday morning local time (GMT+2:00).

input skt skti
a or implicit a
aa or ā
i or i
ii or ī
u or u
uu or ū
.r or r.
.r.r or ¯r.
.l or l.
.l.l or ¯ l.
e or e
ai or ai
o or o
au or au
a.m am.
a"m a ˙m
a~m a ˜m.
a.h ah.
input skt skti
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
input skt skti
ka ka
kha kha
ga ga
gha gha
"na ˙na
ca ca
cha cha
ja ja
jha jha
~na ña
.ta t.a
.tha t.ha
.da d. a
.dha d. ha
.na n. a
ta ta
tha tha
da da
dha dha
na na
pa pa
pha pha
ba ba
bha bha
ma ma
ya ya
ra ra
la la
va va
"sa ´sa
.sa s.a
sa sa
ha ha
Encoding and Transliteration Scheme.
(default options)
input skt skti
.a ′
| |
|| ||
.o O ˜m
"h
"da
"dha
a@
..h
..da
..dha
a◦ .. . .
a# ã
a! a
a!!
ıı
a
a a
a"1 a ı
1
a"3 a ı
3
a.1 a1
a.3 a ı
3
a^
u
a
a’ — á
a‘ — à
a
a
a
a
a
a
ı
1
a
2
a
3
a
2r
a
2u
a
3k
a
ııı
a a
a
a
ă
˘ ă
a< >
a
a
˚ a
a
˚˚ a
a ı a
a
a
â
aj´

Sample Text from R . gveda 10.125.

Sample Text from Sāmaveda
Sāmaveda Sam . hitā (Kauthuma), verses 523–528.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
A0
B0
C0
D0
E0
F0
Font Table: skt-series fonts (at 17.28pt).

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
00 i0 i3 i4 i5 i6 i7 i8 i9 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
10 ‘0 ‘1 ‘2 ‘3 ‘4 ‘5 ‘6 ‘7 ‘o ‘x ‘X ‘w ‘W r8 r9 ‘>
20 R2 ‘8 r1 k1 j1 P1 h1 r2 ( ) * + , - . /
30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
40 – A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
50 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ L1 ] H1 R1
60 – a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
70 p q r s t u v w x y z r4 L2 m1 s1 l1
80 k2 k3 k4 c1 C1 j2 t1 t2 t3 d1 n1 p1 l2 S1 S2 h2
90 t4 d2 m2 y1 y2 y3 h3 h4 h5 – – – ‘! ‘s ‘u ‘w
A0 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
B0 @0 @1 @2 ‘r @4 @5 @6 ‘R @8 @9 ‘A ‘[ ‘] ‘J ‘N ‘T
C0 – @A @B @C @D @E @F @G @H @I @J @K @L @M @N @O
D0 @P @Q @R @S @T @U @V @W @X @Y @Z – – – – –
E0 – @a @b @c @d @e @f @g @h @i @j @k @l @m @n @o
F0 @p @q @r @s @t @u @v @w @x @y @z – – – – –
Font Access Codes: skt-series fonts.

1 c kka
Sam . yoga Table
This lists the sam. yoga tested by the font: the first shown is the default; where
it is affected by user-selectable options, all the possible forms are shown. The
sources used in compiling this table, in order consulted, are:
c Michael Coulson, Teach Yourself Sanskrit, pp 22-24.
m Monier-Williams, A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, p 2.
p S.C.Vasu, As.t.ādhyāyī of Pān. ini, (Riddled with typo’s.)
a J E Agenbroad, Difficult Characters: A Collection of Devanagari Conjunct
Consonants, Int. Assoc. of Orientalist Librarians, Bulletin 38, pp. 17–53.
2a kkn. a
3a kkya
4 a kk´sa
5 c kkha
6 a kkhya
7 p k ˙na
8 c kca
9 p kcha
10 a kja
11 p kt.a
12 a kt.ra
13 p kt.ha
14 c kn. a
15 c kta
16 a ktca
17 c ktya
18 c ktra
19 c ktrya
20 c ktva
21 p ktha
22 p kthna
23 p kthya
24 a kda
25c kna
26c knya
27 p kpa
28 p kpra
29 p kpha
30 c kma
31 a kmya
32 c kya
33 c kra
34 c krya
35c kla
36a klya
37c kva
38c kvya
39p k´sa
40p k´sla
41 a k´s´sa
42 c ks.a
43 m ks.n. a
44 p ks.n. ya
45 c ks.ma
46 a ks.mya
47 c ks.ya
48 a ks.ra
49 a ks.la
50 c ks.va
51 p ksa
52 a kst.a
53 a kst.ra
54 a ksd. a

55 p kstra
56a kspra 57a kspla 58 p ksra
59 p ksva
60 a khkha
61 a khta
62a khna
63a khnya
64a khma
65 c khya
66 c khra
67 a khla
68 a khva
69 a kh´sa
70a khsa
71a gga
72p ggha
73a gghya
74a gja
75 x gjña
76 a gjya
77 a gjha
78 a gd. a
79 a gd. ha
80 a gn. a
81 p gda
82 a gddha
83a gddhva
84a gdya
85 a gdva
86 a gdha
87 a gdhya
88 a gdhra
89 a gdhva
90mgna 91mgnya
92a gba
93 a gbha
94mgbhya
95p gma
96a gmya
97c gya
98 c gra
99 c grya
100 m gla
101 p gva
102 a gsa
103 a g+ha
104c ghna
105c ghnya
106 c ghma
107 c ghya
108 c ghra
109 a ghrya
110 a ghla
111 p ghva
112c ˙nka
113c ˙nkta
114c ˙nktya
115 a ˙nktra
116 a ˙nktrya
117 a ˙nktva
118a ˙nktha
119c ˙nkya
120 p ˙nkra
121 p ˙nkva
122c ˙nks.a
123a ˙nks.n. a
124 a ˙nks.n. va
125a ˙nks.ma
126a ˙nks.ya
127a ˙nks.ra
128c ˙nks.va
129 c ˙nkha
130 a ˙nkhna
131 c ˙nkhya
132 a ˙nkhra

133 c ˙nga
134a ˙ngma 135
c ˙ngya
136a ˙ngra
137a ˙ngla
138p ˙ngva
139c ˙ngha
140c ˙nghya
141c ˙nghra
142 c ˙n ˙na
143 p ˙nca
144 p ˙nja
145p ˙nn. a
146p ˙nn. va
147p ˙nta
148p ˙ndha
149 c ˙nna
150p ˙npa
151p ˙npra
152p ˙nbha
153p ˙nbhya
154c ˙nma
155 c ˙nya
156 a ˙nra
157a ˙nrva
158a ˙nrvya
159 p ˙nla
160 p ˙nva
161 p ˙n´sa
162 a ˙ns.a
163p ˙nsa
164p ˙nstha
165 p ˙nspa
166 p ˙nsva
167p ˙nha
168p ˙nhya
169p ˙nhra
170 p cka
171 p ckta
172 p ckha
173 c cca
174 a ccya
175 c ccha
176 m cchya
177 c cchra
178 p cchla
179 p cchva
180 c cña
181p cta
182p ctrya
183 a cna
184 p cpa
185 p cpra
186 p cpha
187 c cma
188 c cya
189 a cra
190 p cla
191 p cva
192 p cvya
193 a cs.a
194 p csa
195p csva
196a chna
197a chma
198c chya
199 c chra
200 a chrya
201 a chla
202 a chva
203 p jka
204 c jja
205 a jjña
206 a jjya
207 p jjva
208 c jjha
209 a jjhra
210 c jña
211 c jñya
212 a jñra
213 a jt.a

214 a jd. a
215 p jda
216 a jna
217a jpa
218p jba
219 p jbhya
220 p jbhra
221 c jma
222 c jya
223 c jra
224 a jla
225 c jva
226 a jhjha
227a jhna
228a jhma
229 a jhya
230a jhra
231a jhla
232a jhva
233p ñka
234 p ñkva
235 p ñkta
236p ñkha
237p ñgra
238 c ñca
239 a ñccha
240 c ñcma
241c ñcya
242 a ñcva
243 c ñcha
244 a ñchya
245 a ñchra
246 c ñja
247 p ñjña
248 a ñjma
249 c ñjya
250 p ñjva
251 a ñjha
252 p ñña
253p ññya
254p ñt.ha
255 p ñn. a
256 p ñda
257 p ñdva
258 p ñna
259 p ñpa
260 p ñbha
261 p ñbhya
262 p ñma
263 p ñya
264 a ñra
265 a ñla
266 p ñva
267 p ñ´sa
268p ñsa
269p ñsna
270 p t.ka
271 a t.kha
272 p t.ca
273 p t.cha
274 c t.t.a
275 p t.t.ya
276 p t.t.ha
277 a t.t.hya
278 a t.d. ha
279 a t.n. a
280 p t.ta
281 p t.tra
282 a t.tsa
283 a t.tha
284 p t.da
285 a t.na
286 p t.pa
287 a t.pha
288 a t.ba
289 a t.ma
290 c t.ya
291 a t.ra
292 p t.rva
293 p t.la
294 p t.va

295 p t.´sa
296p t.´sva
297p t.´svya
298 a t.s.a
299p t.sa
300p t.sta
301
a t.sla
302p t.sva
303a t.ht.ha 304a t.hn. a
305a t.htha
306 a t.hthya
307a t.hna
308
a t.hma
309c t.hya
310 c t.hra
311 a t.hla
312 a t.hva
313 p t.hsa
314 c d. ga
315c d. gya
316c d. gha
317c d. ghra
318 a d. ja
319 a d. jha
320 a d. t.a
321 p d. d. a
322p d. d. ya
323p d. d. va
324 p d. d. ha
325 a d. d. hva
326 a d. n. a
327 a d. na
328a d. ba
329a d. bha
330 p d. bhya
331 c d. ma
332c d. ya
333a d. ra
334 a d. la
335p d. va
336p d. vya
337a d. hd. ha
338a d. hd. hya
339a d. hn. a
340a d. hna
341a d. hma
342c d. hya
343c d. hra
344 a d. hrya
345 a d. hla
346p d. hva
347p n. ka
348p n. ca
349 p n. jya
350 c n. t.a
351 a n. t.ya
352 c n. t.ha
353a n. t.hya
354c n. d. a
355c n. d. ya
356c n. d. ra
357c n. d. rya
358p n. d. va
359c n. d. ha
360c n. n. a
361 p n. n. ya
362 p n. ta
363 a n. tha
364a n. thya
365p n. da
366p n. na
367p n. bha
368 c n. ma
369 c n. ya
370 p n. ra

371 a n. la
372 c n. va
373 p n. vya
374 a n. sa
375 a n. sma
376 a n. ha
377 a n. hma
378 a n. hya
379 a n. hva
380 c tka
381 a tkma
382 a tkya
383p tkra
384a tkla 385 a tkva
386 p tks.a
387 a tksa
388 p tkha
389a tkhna
390a tkhra
391a tga
392a tgha
393a t ˙na
394a tca
395a tcha
396 a tja
397 a tjha
398 a tña
399 a tt.a
400 a tt.ha
401 a td. a
402 a td. ha
403 a tn. a
404 c tta
405 p ttka
406 a ttks.a
407 a ttna
408 c ttya
409 c ttra
410 a ttrya
411 c ttva
412 c ttha
413 a tthya
414a tda
415a tdha
416 c tna
417 c tnya
418 p tnva
419 c tpa
420 a tppha
421 c tpra
422a tpla
423 p tpha
424 a tphra
425 a tba
426a tbha
427c tma
428 c tmya
429 c tya
430 c tra
431 c trya
432 a trva
433 a tla
434 c tva
435 p tvya
436 a t´sa
437 p ts.a
438 p ts.t.ha
439 c tsa
440 a tska
441 p tsta
442 p tstha
443c tsna
444c tsnya
445 p tsma
446 a tsmya
447 m tsya
448 a tsra

449 p tsva
450 a t+ha
451 a ththa
452 a thna
453 a thma
454 c thya
455 a thra
456 a thla
457 p thva
458 c dga
459 a dgya
460c dgra
461c dgha
462c dghra
463 a djha
464 p dd. a
465 p dd. d. a
466 a dd. ha
467 c dda
468a ddba
469a ddbra
470c ddya
471p ddra
472a ddva
473p ddvya
474 a ddvra
475 c ddha
476 a ddhna
477 a ddhnya
478a ddhma
479c ddhya
480 p ddhra
481 a ddhrya
482 a ddhva
483 c dna
484c dba
485p dbra
486c dbha
487c dbhya
488a dbhra
489c dma
490a dmya
491c dya
492 c dra
493 c drya
494 p drva
495a dla
496c dva
497c dvya
498a dvra
499a dvrya
500 a dhda
501 c dhna
502c dhnya
503 a dhnva
504 c dhma
505 c dhya
506 c dhra
507 c dhrya
508 a dhla
509 c dhva
510 a dhvya
511 a dhvra
512 p nka
513 p nkta
514 a nks.a
515p nksa
516p nkva 517 a nga
518 a ngla
519 a nghya
520 p n˙na
521 a nca
522 a nja
523 a njya
524 a njva
525 p njha
526 a nt.a
527 a nt.ra
528 a nd. a

529 p nn. va
530 c nta
531 a ntta
532 a nttha
533 a ntma
534 c ntya
535 c ntra
536mntrya
537p ntva
538 a ntvya
539 p ntsa
540 a ntsya
541 a ntsva
542 p ntha
543 a nthya
544 a nthva
545c nda
546a nddra
547a nddha
548a nddhya
549a ndma
550a ndya
551 c ndra
552 p ndva
553 c ndha
554 a ndhma
555 a ndhya
556 c ndhra
557 a ndhrya
558 p ndhva
559 c nna
560 a nnpa
561 a nnya
562 c npa
563 c npra
564 a npha
565 a nphra
566 p nba
567 a nbra
568 p nbha
569 p nbhya
570 a nbhva
571 c nma
572 a nmya
573 a nmra
574 c nya
575 a nyva
576 c nra
577 a nrya
578 p nla
579 p nva
580 p nvya
581 p nvra
582 p n´sa
583 a ns.a
584 p ns.t.ha
585 c nsa
586 a nst.a
587 a nst.ra
588 p nsya
589 a nha
590 a nhya
591a nhra
592a pka
593a pkha
594p pca
595a pcha
596a pt.a
597a pt.ra
598p pt.ha
599 a pn. va
600 c pta
601 c ptya
602 p ptra
603 a ptrya
604 a ptva
605 p ptha
606 c pna
607c ppa
608p ppra
609a ppha

610 a pba
611 c pma
612 c pya
613 c pra
614a prya
615c pla
616a plya
617a plva
618c pva
619 a pvya
620 p p´sa
621 p p´sya
622 a ps.a
623 c psa
624 a pstha
625 a psna
626 a psma
627 p psya
628 c psva
629 a phja
630 a pht.a
631 a phta
632 a phna
633 a phpa
634 a phpha
635 a phma
636 a phya
637 a phra
638 a phla
639 a phva
640 a ph´sa
641 a bka
642 a bga
643 c bgha
644 c bja
645 a bjya
646 a bjha
647a bt.a
648a bd. a
649a bd. ha
650a bta
651c bda
652a bdya
653c bdha
654 a bdhya
655 a bdhra
656 a bdhva
657 c bna
658 c bba
659 c bbha
660 c bbhya
661 a bbhra
662 a bma
663 c bya
664 c bra
665 p bla
666 a blya
667 c bva
668a b´sa
669a bsa
670 a bhn. a
671 a bhda
672 c bhna
673 a bhnva
674 a bhba
675 a bhma
676 c bhya
677 c bhra
678 a bhtya
679 a bhla
680 c bhva
681 p mn. a
682a mta 683a mda 684p mdha 685 p mdhva
686 c mna
687 p mnya
688 c mpa
689 a mpya
690 c mpra

691a mpla 692 a mpsa
693 a mpsya
694 a mpha
695 a mphya
696 c mba
697 a mbpa
698 m mbya
699a mbla
700p mbva
701c mbha
702 a mbhma
703 p mbhya
704 a mbhra
705 a mbhva
706 c mma
707 a mmya
708 a mmra
709 c mya
710 c mra
711c mla 712 c mva
713 p mvya
714 a mvra
715 a mvla
716 a m´sa
717 p msa
718 a mha
719a yna
720p ypa
721a yma
722c yya
723a yra
724a yla
725c yva
726 a rka
727 a rkka
728 a rks.a
729 a rks.ma
730 a rks.ya
731 a rks.va
732 a rksa
733 a rkha
734 a rkhva
735 a rga
736 a rgga
737 a rggha
738 a rgya
739a rgra
740 a rgha
741 a rghya
742 a r˙na
743a r˙nks.ma
744a r˙nks.va
745 a r˙nga
746 a rca
747 a rcca
748 a rccha
749 a rcpa
750 a rcya
751 a rcha
752 a rja
753 a rjja
754 a rjjha
755 a rjña
756 a rjpa
757 a rjya
758 a rjha
759 a rña
760 a rt.a
761 a rt.ta
762 a rt.ya
763 a rt.ha
764 a rt.ht.ha
765 a rd. a
766 a rd. d. a
767 a rd. ha

768 a rd. hd. ha
769a rd. hya
770 a rn. a
771 a rn. n. a
772 a rn. ya
773 a rta
774 a rttya
775 a rttra
776 a rtma
777 a rtya
778 a rtra
779 a rtrya
780 a rtva
781 a rtsa
782 a rtsna
783 a rtsnya
784 a rtsya
785 a rtha
786 a rthya
787 a rda
788 a rdda
789a rddya
790 a rddha
791a rddhya
792 a rddhra
793a rddhrya
794 a rdra
795a rdha
796a rdhda
797a rdhnya
798 a rdhma
799 a rdhya
800a rdhra
801a rdhrya
802 a rdhva
803 a rna
804 a rnna
805 a rpa
806 a rpta
807 a rppha
808 a rpba
809 a rpya
810 a rpha
811a rphya
812 a rba
813 a rbba
814 a rbbha
815 a rbha
816 a rbhba
817 a rma
818 a rmma
819 a rmya
820 a rya
821 a ryya
822 a rra
823a rla
824a
rlla
825 a rva
826 a rvya
827 a rvva
828 a rvha
829 a r´sa
830 a r´sya
831 a r´sva
832 a r´s´sa
833 a rs.a
834 a rs.t.a
835 a rs.t.ya
836 a rs.t.ra
837 a rs.n. a
838 a rs.ma
839 a rs.ya
840 a rs.s.a
841 a rsa
842 a rsma
843 a rssa

844 a rha
845 a rhma
846 c lka
847 a lkya
848 a lkha
849 p lga
850 a lgya
851 p l ˙na
852 p l ˙nya
853 a lja
854 a lt.a
855 a lt.ra
856 a lt.ha
857 a ld. a
858 a ld. ra
859 a ld. ha
860 p lta
861 a ltha
862 a lda
863 p ldha
864 a lna
865 c lpa
866 a lpta
867 a lptya
868 a lptva
869 a lptha
870 a lpya
871 a lpsa
872 a lpsma
873 a lpsya
874 a lpsva
875 a lpha
876 p lba
877 a lbha
878 p lbhya
879 c lma
880 c lya
881 a lra
882c
lla
883a
llya
884c lva
885 a lvd. a
886 a lvdhva
887 a l´sa
888 a ls.a
889 a lsa
890 c lha
891 a lhya
892 a ..dya
893 a ..dha
894 p vja
895 a vjha
896a vd. ha
897a vda
898a vdya
899a vdha
900 a vdhma
901 a vdhya
902 a vdhrya
903 a vdhva
904 c vna
905 a vbha
906 a vbhya
907 a vma
908 c vya
909 c vra
910a vrla
911p vla
912 c vva
913 a vha
914 p ´ska
915 c ´sca
916p ´scpha
917c ´scya
918 a ´scra
919 p ´scha
920 a ´schya
921 p ´sja
922 p ´sjha
923 a ´st.a
924 c ´sna

925 a ´sta
926 a ´spa
927 p ´sma
928 c ´sya
929 c ´sra
930c ´srya
931c ´sla
932 c ´sva
933 c ´svya
934 c ´s´sa
935 p s.ka
936 a s.kya
937p s.kra
938a s.kva 939 a s.kha
940 p s.jha
941 c s.t.a
942 a s.t.nya
943 c s.t.ya
944 c s.t.ra
945 c s.t.rya
946p s.t.la
947 c s.t.va
948 c s.t.ha
949 p s.t.hya
950 a s.t.hra
951 a s.t.hrya
952a
s.t.hva
953c s.n. a
954 c s.n. ya
955 a s.n. va
956 a s.ta
957 a s.na
958 c s.pa
959 p s.pya
960 c s.pra
961 p s.pha
962 c s.ma
963 a s.mya
964 c s.ya
965 a s.yya
966 a s.ra
967 p s.la
968c s.va
969a s.s.a
970 c ska
971 a skya
972 a skra
973 a sks.a
974 c skha
975 a sga
976a sgha 977p s˙na
978a sca
979a scha 980p sja
981 p sjha
982 a sña
983 a st.a
984 a st.ra
985 a st.ra
986 a sd. a
987 a sd. ha
988 a sn. a
989 c sta
990 a stta
991 a sttya
992 c stya
993 c stra
994a strya
995c stva
996 p stvya
997 c stha
998 m sthna
999 a sthya
1000a sda 1001a sdha

1002p sdhva 1003c sna
1004c snya
1005a snva
1006c spa 1007a spma 1008a spya 1009p spra 1010c spha 1011a sphya 1012p sba
1013a sbha 1014c sma
1015c smya
1016a smra
1017 c sya
1018 a syya
1019 c sra
1020 a srya
1021 p srva
1022a sla
1023c sva
1024a svya
1025a svra
1026a svva
1027a s´sa 1028a ss.a 1029c ssa
1030a ssma
1031p ssva
1032p sha 1033c
hn. a
1034c hna
1035 a hnya
1036p hnva
1037a hba
1038 c hma
1039 p hmya
1040 c hya
1041 c hra
1042 a hrya
1043 c hla
1044 c hva
1045 a hvya
1046 a hvra