The Effect of Globalisation on Nation State: Extending the Nation ...

<strong>The</strong> <strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Globalisation</strong> on Nation State: Extending the Nation
State or Excepting the Nation State?
Abstract
Ass. Pr<strong>of</strong>. Selahhaddin BAKAN
Ass. Pr<strong>of</strong>. Gökhan TUNCEL
Capitalism, which played a vital role in the emergence <strong>of</strong> nation state and its being a
determining actor <strong>of</strong> international system, paved the way for questioning the nation state
constructurally and functionally. Its area <strong>of</strong> sovereignty has also been questioned and this area
has been, though slowly, eroded. <strong>The</strong> erosion and questioning <strong>of</strong> nationalism has been,
sometimes directly sometimes indirectly, caused by the system <strong>of</strong> capitalism. <strong>The</strong> process <strong>of</strong>
globalisation has changed the dimension <strong>of</strong> the relation between capitalism and nationalism and
the state <strong>of</strong> the nation state has been deeply questioned primarily in economic, political, social
and cultural fields. Despite all this realities, it is an inconsiderable fact that most <strong>of</strong> the critics
brought by the defenders <strong>of</strong> the nation state to capitalism made over the process globalisation.
In this study, the future state <strong>of</strong> nation state as an important part <strong>of</strong> international system
and its evolution process will be analysed related to globalism and capitalism. Besides, the role
<strong>of</strong> nation state in the capitalist development and in the widening or narrowing effect <strong>of</strong> the
process <strong>of</strong> globalisation.
Key words: Capitalism, <strong>Globalisation</strong>, Nation State, International System,
Closed Nation State, Open Nation State.
KÜRESELLEŞMENİN ULUS DEVLET ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: ULUS DEVLET ÖTELENİYOR
MU YOKSA ÖRSELNİYOR MU?
Özet
Ulus devletin ortaya çıkmasında ve uluslararası sistemin belirleyici aktörü olmasında
önemli bir rol oynayan kapitalizm zamanla ulus devletin yapısal ve iĢlevsel olarak
sorgulanmasına ve egemenlik alanın aĢınmasına zemin hazırlamıĢtır. Ulus devletin
sorgulanması ve egemenlik alanının aĢındırılmasına kapitalizm kimi zaman doğrudan, kimi
zaman da dolaylı bir etki yapmıĢtır. KüreselleĢme süreci kapitalizm ile ulus devlet arasındaki
iliĢkiyi geçmiĢten farklı bir boyuta taĢımıĢ ve ulus devletin ekonomik alan baĢta olmak üzere
Ġnönü Üniversitesi Ġ.Ġ.B.F. Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü, e-mail:selahaddin.bakan@inonu.edu.tr
Ġnönü Üniversitesi Ġ.Ġ.B.F. Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü, e-mail:gokhan.tuncel@inonu.edu.tr
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siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel alanda yürüttüğü faaliyetlerinin tüm boyutlarıyla sorgulandığı bir
durumu ortaya çıkartmıĢtır. Oysa, kapitalizme yöneltilen eleĢtirilerin bir çoğunun ulus devlet
savunucuları tarafından küreselleĢme süreci üzerinden yapılmakta olması da yadsınamaz bir
gerçektir.
Bu çalıĢmada uluslararası sistemin önemli bir aktörü olan ulus devletin geçmiĢten
günümüze geliĢim süreci ve gelecekteki konumu kapitalizm ve küreselleĢeme bağlamında ele
alınacaktır. Ayrıca ulus devletin kapitalizmin geliĢiminde ve küreselleĢme sürecinin etki
alanının geniĢleme(me)sinde oynadığı rol de bu çalıĢmada irdelenecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kapitalizm, KüreselleĢme, Ulus Devlet, Uluslararası Sistem,
Kapalı Ulus Devlet, Açık Ulus Devlet
Introduction
It is generallyaccepted that economic and technological changes that started after
the geographical discoveries paved the way for industrial revolution and then the
process <strong>of</strong> globalisation has begun. Mercantilist and imperialist thought and the
technological changes that gave chance to mass production strengthened the bourgeoisie
economically that never seen in history <strong>of</strong> human kind before. Bourgeoisie had to
produce more and sell this production to broader markets in order to earn more. To
realise that aim it needed more raw material broader markets and cheaper labour. For
that reason, Bourgeoisie sought an economic, political and social environment. Raw
material brought from the colonies established after the geographical discoveries was
the cheapest way <strong>of</strong> a sustaining the production. Besides, bringing slaves from those
colonies and contributed to increase the production and the pr<strong>of</strong>it <strong>of</strong> bourgeoisie.
Another important amount <strong>of</strong> labour force gained from the rural areas. Bourgeoisie
realised that the only way to sustain the economic power is to secure an autonomous
economic area which is free from the political authorities <strong>of</strong> nation states. Bourgeoisie
also realised that economic arrangements will be insufficient without new political
arrangements. For that reason, Bourgeoisie sought a new political system freed and
liberalised from the bosses <strong>of</strong> its assets –kings, boroughs, feuds, lords etc.-(Türe
2008:11). <strong>The</strong> most important expectation <strong>of</strong> bourgeoisie from the new political system
was to guarantee the security <strong>of</strong> the process <strong>of</strong> production and marketing <strong>of</strong> goods.
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Hence, Wallerstein has emphasised the importance <strong>of</strong> centre-periphery relations,
(Wallerstein, 2006:28).
<strong>The</strong> new political system had to have a strong military power in order to sustain
an economical production and marketing in a secure environment. It was a necessity
that all the production process –raw material, manufacturing and marketing- needed a
secure environment. This political system must be designed in parallel with the interest
<strong>of</strong> bourgeoisie. Political systems that based kinship and feudalism and also based on
religion was something that bourgeoisie never wanted. Becausethe church and the
feudal structure hampered the economic development and the interest <strong>of</strong> the newly
emerged bourgeoisie. Thus, demolishing and reducing the effect <strong>of</strong> those traditional
political regimes suited interest <strong>of</strong> the bourgeoisie. <strong>The</strong>re was a vital need for a new
political system to substitute the traditional and religious one. <strong>The</strong> system or model that
bourgeoisie would be effective and determiner on its source <strong>of</strong> legality, structure and
functioning was the Nation State.
Capitalist economic system has been a determining factor in the emergence <strong>of</strong>
nation state. In the United States, England and Scandinavian countries the process has
been gradual and smooth. Whereas, in the continent bourgeoisie gained economic and
political power through revolutions and harsh changes. This difference between the two
has caused the emergence <strong>of</strong> different kind <strong>of</strong> nation states. Nation states have emerged
in a wide range from constitutional monarchies to republican and federal ones. As far as
the interest <strong>of</strong> bourgeoisie was concerned the different designation <strong>of</strong> nation sates was
only symbolic. <strong>The</strong>y carried more or less the same features in economic matters and in
their capitalist and imperialist behaviour. <strong>The</strong>refore, even the federal structures were not
historically against nation state. Contrarily, it was a subcategory <strong>of</strong> nation state
(Akbulut. 2011:34).
1.<strong>The</strong> Concepts <strong>of</strong> Globalization, State, Sovereignty and Nation State
In social sciences concepts, institutions and processes are closely interrelated
with each other. <strong>Globalisation</strong> process has deeply affected the sovereignty and the
function <strong>of</strong> state and especially nation state. Defining those concepts will probably serve
to this study to understand the effect <strong>of</strong> globalisation on nation state.
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1.1.<strong>Globalisation</strong>
<strong>The</strong> concept <strong>of</strong> globalisation stresses the interdependence <strong>of</strong> nations which goes
back 1500 years before (Modelski.2005:3). It also stresses that the development in
communication and transportation created a smaller world and the interaction between
the people <strong>of</strong> different nations has increased. This created a new world consciousness
(Robertson, 1999:21). <strong>Globalisation</strong> is a process that formed the capital relations
(Habermas, 2008:11) and eroded the difference emerged from distance. It is
unfortunately not grounded on value judgments and ethical codes. However, it created
an environment for the rapprochement and the resemblance <strong>of</strong> values and ethical codes
(EĢkinat, 1998:7-13). <strong>The</strong> main problem is that capitalism has the power to erode the
existing values but it does not replace or repair it. A valueless society is in the process
<strong>of</strong> emergence. <strong>The</strong> main question is that whether globalisation can composenew and
justifiable values or not. Whereshould the nation state stay in this
composition?<strong>Globalisation</strong> does not only create close relations between nations and
compose international or regional economic organizations, but also it does give to
nation states a new role in those newly establishing organisations. <strong>Globalisation</strong> does
also leave nation states with new risks and dangers (Giddens, 2000: 153) which are
beyond the traditional perception <strong>of</strong> enemy.
1.2.State
State has the priority in political science as it is a main political actor and also all
political activities and struggles are being made on it (Özipek, 2003:71). Deep in
history, most <strong>of</strong> the political writers and thinkers thought that state is something holy
and inevitably necessary organisation. Max Weber defines the state “a human
organisation that claims to have the right to use legal force in a piece <strong>of</strong> land”
(Heywood, 2011:93
State has always been in the centre <strong>of</strong> politics as it has deep roots in history and
it has been powerful and surrounding in modern times (Heywood, 2011: 91). Main
features <strong>of</strong> a modern state are:
-to be the only power in controlling violent means
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-to have specific border
-to have a sovereign political body
-to have an independent constitution
-to have non-personal power
-to have a functioning public bureaucracy
-to have a widely accepted authority and legality
-to have abiding citizens and
-to have the power to put tax on them (See, Pierson, 2004: 6).
It is understood from those features that state puts itself in the decree that it
thought it surpassed (Kahraman, 2002: 5). <strong>Globalisation</strong> process has been subject to
question about the future <strong>of</strong> state and especially nation state which is an important actor
<strong>of</strong> international system.
1.3.Sovereignty
French writer Jean Bodin first used the term and emphasised its importance in a
state organisation. He produced the term from the Latin term “superanus” which means
supreme or utmost. French lawyer used the term “souveranité” (Bodin, 2003:1) to
emphasise the absolute and the everlasting power <strong>of</strong> the state. According to Bodin
sovereignty cannot be bounded and it is absolute. It is the main component that
differentiates modern nation states from medieval political organisations(BeriĢ,
2003:493).
<strong>The</strong> term “sovereignty” practically came out after the Act <strong>of</strong> Westphalia signed
in 1648. Undoubtedly, modern state, which feels the right to have force by establishing
national armies and to have the right to put taxes on his citizens, gave preference to the
term sovereignty to come out. After the thirty years wars, princedoms in Europe
accepted to use their own land freely and to respect geographical boundaries the others.
Respecting sovereign power <strong>of</strong> the others laid the foundation <strong>of</strong> modern nation states
(see, Philpott, 2001: 4). As far as modern states are concerned, the most important
results <strong>of</strong> Westphalia Act are that it created a relation between the land and authority.
Thus states’authority was accepted in all parts <strong>of</strong> the geography that state had the
sovereignty on (for more see, Philpott, 1999: -144-167).
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Before the First World War Wilson principles added a new dimension to the
term by aiming to design a world in which all independent states had the right for self-
determination, security (Smith, 1995:62) interrelated to each other by the power <strong>of</strong> law
and economy and democracy (Heckscher, 1994:104).
1.4.Nation State
Nation state emerged as continuation modern state (Heywood, 2011:92) and it
dominated centrally both religious and non-religious institutions and groups in 15 and
16 centuries in Europe. It became widespread state model in the world. While in
capitalist free market economies <strong>of</strong> Europe created the nation state functionally, in most
<strong>of</strong> the other parts <strong>of</strong> the world because <strong>of</strong> the lack <strong>of</strong> free market economy and capital
accumulationstate nations emerged instead <strong>of</strong> nation states. It can be said that
emergence <strong>of</strong> nation states are mainly related to mercantilism which brought out after
the colonialism.
However the emerging economic system (Wallerstein, 1974: 391) named as the
capitalism beyond the nation or international capitalism (See, Robinson, 2004, p.18, and
p.23-24), the phenomena <strong>of</strong> nation state has historically been perceived as the political
form <strong>of</strong> capitalism Wallerstein, 2010:143).Nation states like Portugal, Netherland and
England played important rolesin the formation global system as effective actors (see,
Modelski, 2005:21).
Nation state which can be said that it is a political formation <strong>of</strong> capitalism is
divided into two subgroups as united one and federal one. Federal state is not
historically against the nation state, contrarily, it is a sub-categories <strong>of</strong> nation
state(Akbulut, 2011 34).
<strong>The</strong> term “Nation” can be analysed and scrutinised from the ethnicity debates
that derived from German romantics to French Nationalism <strong>of</strong> territorial nationalism
that derived from geographic consideration <strong>of</strong> borders. In the definitions <strong>of</strong> nation state
one can see objective (!) elements (to live in the same geography and to speak the same
language) and emotional elements (the common destiny and common race) (See, Eken,
2006: 249).
However different methods they might have Federal and united nation states
intensely tried to build a homogeneous population (see, Wallerstein, 2010: 146-170).
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French revolution <strong>of</strong> 1789 was starting point in the formation <strong>of</strong> a homogeneous
population (Sarıca, 1969: 104).
<strong>The</strong> ease in the transportation and communication costs paved the way for the
emergence <strong>of</strong> a new and powerful bourgeoisie(see, Gereffi: 1994) in international level
and this played a crucial role in the formation <strong>of</strong> nation states. Industrial revolution and
the emergence <strong>of</strong> bourgeoisie in the West created the nation state. In contrast, in some
other parts <strong>of</strong> the world (especially and generally in the East) where the industrial
revolution did not take place or delayed bourgeoisie did not emerge and the state had to
take initiative economy and investments. In those places State Nations or imaginary
nations (see, Anderson, 2011) emerged.
2.<strong>The</strong> <strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Globalisation</strong> on Nation State
It is generally accepted that globalisation describes the fast change and
transformation (Capra, 2003: 113) in the world size and wide. Although it has a long
history, it emerged after the industrial revolution and globalisation process fastened
after 1980’s when new forms, rhythms and relations(Hall, 1991: 19) developed in
international system. Main characteristics <strong>of</strong> globalisation is that individuals, images,
technologies, technics and similar objects are in a permanent move and they are always
mobile without being bounded by any boundaries (see, Appadurai,1999: 229-238).
Time saving developments in transportation and communication means on the
one hand resulted in the signing <strong>of</strong> the act <strong>of</strong> Westphalia which was a turning point in
securing sovereign rights <strong>of</strong> states. On the other hand, those developments paved the
way for a new international system that somewhat started to erode the sovereignty rights
and area <strong>of</strong> the states. Hence, nation state is to go beyond its boundaries. European
Union is one <strong>of</strong> the most important regional economic organisations because it slowly
eroded the boundaries between European Nations without demolishing or humiliating
the nation state. Nation states are still important and indispensable actors <strong>of</strong> today’s
world as long as they stay open to the world and integrated to regional (continental) or
international economic system. This will secure the nation states and at the same time
eliminate any danger to the nation state and to the international system. Thus, the term
“nation state” itself neither is to be proud <strong>of</strong> nor is it something to be ashamed <strong>of</strong>.
Problem is how to design or how and under which conditions open and non-dangerous
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nation state will emerge instead <strong>of</strong> closed and authoritarian ones.<strong>The</strong> next section will
try to analyse the effect <strong>of</strong> globalisation on nation state and seek an answer to the
question mentioned above.
2.1.<strong>The</strong> Economic <strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Globalisation</strong> on Nation State
<strong>The</strong> intense economic and political competition between nation states which was
started in the second half <strong>of</strong> the 19 th centurycaused two big wars that human being never
saw before: <strong>The</strong> First World War and <strong>The</strong> second. Perhaps the main but unseen cause <strong>of</strong>
the wars was that closed nation states built by functioning <strong>of</strong> capitalist process did not
meet the requirements <strong>of</strong> capitalist economies any more. Comparing to city states,
nation states were pr<strong>of</strong>itable in size in order for capitalism to repeat itself. But extra
ordinary development in industrialisation process necessitated capitalist system to have
bigger areas for marketing and raw material. Nation state was an optimal size for the
new economic system. <strong>The</strong> new system required continent wide loose (but not weak)
organisations and even worldwide arrangements and agreement with the prior colonies
and so called with third world. After the Second World War, the world mainly divided
into two: <strong>The</strong> West leader <strong>of</strong> which was the United States <strong>of</strong> America and <strong>The</strong> East the
leader which was <strong>The</strong> Soviet Union. This polarisation started an economic competition
between the two. <strong>The</strong> capitalist system <strong>of</strong> the West underwent through some crisis the
biggest <strong>of</strong> which was in1929. Income distribution was one <strong>of</strong> the biggest illnesses <strong>of</strong>
capitalism. It was not a crisis <strong>of</strong> shortage <strong>of</strong> food or goods. Food and goods were
abandoned but people did not have enough income to buy them because <strong>of</strong> low wages
for labour which resulted from harsh competition between employers. <strong>The</strong> supply <strong>of</strong>
labour was increasing more and more because <strong>of</strong> improvements in health service and
there were not enough social security and social policies. After the Second World War,
it was realised that unless some measures are taken by the states and beyond the state,
socialism in the East will continue to gain more funs and capitalist system will stop to
repeat (recirculate) itself (Bakan, 2009: 2097-2107). Keynesian policies were accepted
by most <strong>of</strong> the Western countries in order to get rid <strong>of</strong> those illnesses (Kazgan, 1995:
42). Another development in the newly independent third world countries was that those
countries equalised the imperialism with capitalism and rejected a western style political
and economic system. <strong>The</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> capital accumulation added to that and those
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countries mostly produced state initiated national socialist systems. In those countries
state nations emerged instead <strong>of</strong> nation states. This did not in any way help for the
globalisation <strong>of</strong> the world until 1990’s when the Soviet Union and <strong>of</strong> course communist
system collapsed. <strong>The</strong> collapse <strong>of</strong> the Soviet showed us that the state initiated
economies could not renew(Bakan, 2009: 2097-2107) themselves. <strong>The</strong> competition
between the two poles during the Cold War was generally seen as political but the
economy and economic model was determining factor. As a matter <strong>of</strong> fact, the reason
for the collapse <strong>of</strong> the Soviet Union was its economic weakness. For the first time
perhaps in the history a super power collapsed without any foreign intervention due to
economic inefficiencies. After the Cold War, worldwide economic inequalities and
problems between the North and East became one <strong>of</strong> the main problems in hand. United
Statestried to design a new world by the project <strong>of</strong> New World Order. However, the
new world order was not something to be put by the order <strong>of</strong> United States. United
States did not give up its habit <strong>of</strong> military intervention in order to give an order to the
world. It is understood that the realist foreign policy <strong>of</strong> the United States is not a reality
<strong>of</strong> today’s world. Neither does it help the globalisation. For a justified globalisation, a
worldwide economic policy that includes social security, employer-employee relations,
income distribution and so on should be discussed. <strong>The</strong>n a worldwide functioning
economic system might gradually arise. National socialist or authoritarian states will
perhaps turn into open nation states. What is happening in the Arabic world is really
spectacular. Arab spring is about to be Arab winter unless something done economically
to ease transformation process. Perhaps in the other parts <strong>of</strong> the world, Arabic like
uprisings will emerge. <strong>The</strong> easy but a long time prescription for those states is to try to
integrate them to the economies <strong>of</strong> the West. This requires states’ good will and the
prosperous countries <strong>of</strong> the North should give up their habit <strong>of</strong> colonisation. Otherwise,
capitalist system <strong>of</strong> the North will continue to face new crisis and this in turn will harm
the nation states <strong>of</strong> the North. <strong>The</strong> zero-sum game <strong>of</strong> the West(economically the North)
in the long run will put their economies into crisis because <strong>of</strong> the shortage <strong>of</strong> market in
the East and that in turn will make the Western countries close their border in order to
prevent their political and economic system. This will not in any way help the
globalisation <strong>of</strong> the world.
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2.2. <strong>The</strong> Political <strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Globalisation</strong> on Nation State
<strong>The</strong> state was one <strong>of</strong> the (perhaps the only) actor keeping in hand the right <strong>of</strong>
sovereignty in modern times. In that time, even the use <strong>of</strong> individual right and
freedomsin social relations was granted and permitted by the state (Ağaoğulları,
1989:204). Fast technologic and economic developments caused to some changes in
international system and especially the state <strong>of</strong> the nation state.
Those changes in technology and economy have also affected the social,
political and cultural areas. On one hand, those changes veiled local, regional and
national differences with their generalising specialities (King, 1998: 30); on the other
hand, they allowed local specialities to be recognised in global size.
<strong>Globalisation</strong> process has a major affect on the statute and functioning <strong>of</strong> nation
state. This process has affected the thought <strong>of</strong> nation and somewhat eroded the thought
<strong>of</strong> state (Konak, 2011: 154) which once was indispensable and unavoidable. This
process has also a weakening effect on the decision making capabilities <strong>of</strong> governments
(Bauman, 2006: 11).Intoday’s world it is impossible to maintain nation state depending
its authoritarian source <strong>of</strong> modern and classic times. Decisions that once were taken
according to sovereignty and authority <strong>of</strong> nation states are not acceptable any more in a
globalised world (Korbin, 1977: 157-159). Internationalsociety does not accept such an
independent! Application as it does not suit to human rights and to the emerging global
understanding. Citizens <strong>of</strong> those states are also rejecting such applications because they
know with the help <strong>of</strong> communication technologies what is happening outside their
countries. What is happening in the Arab world, especially in Syriais quite dramatic and
a good example <strong>of</strong> this.
Liberalism which is a pushing power <strong>of</strong> globalisation emphasises on one hand
the importance <strong>of</strong> free market economies, on the other hand, it does emphasise the
protection <strong>of</strong> individual rights and freedom <strong>of</strong> citizens by the state (see,Heywood,
2011:86). Contrary to emerging times <strong>of</strong> nation state, Liberal ideology in a globalising
world has caused a decrease in the power <strong>of</strong> nation state (McMichel, 1996: 197-207)
and it has also made us question (Evans, 1997: 82-87). In this context, Nation states are
facing new social and political disturbances in national and global size (Rodrik, 1997:1-
6). As nation state sought to secure stability, it tried to use all means in order to create a
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homogeneous society by removing (sometimes in some countries by using harsh
methods) the differences. Whereas, the process <strong>of</strong> globalisation on one hand is creating
closer and more similar societies and people, on the other hand, it does help to bring
back and reanimate different local and regional differences which nation state tried to
remove and homogenise (Bilig, 2002:151).
<strong>Globalisation</strong> process led to a lot <strong>of</strong> new economic, political, social and
environmental problems that are beyond the national size. It does
necessitatedinternational organisations in all aspects <strong>of</strong> the life. <strong>The</strong>n nation state will
go beyond its border without being harmed. Especially the process <strong>of</strong> integration
through fragmentation in Europe has created powerful, sustainable and stable
international bodies that pushed nation states beyond its border. Member states <strong>of</strong> the
European Union had to give up and transfer their authority to the bodies <strong>of</strong> the Union.
Besides, the same member states gave up their authority to local authorities as
subsidiarity rule acted in Maastricht.
<strong>Globalisation</strong> process has also created a base for non-governmental
organisations to function in a wider area without struggling against the rules and
limitations <strong>of</strong> nation state while functioning. International system –especially regional
economic integrations- has granted non-governmental organisations a lot <strong>of</strong> advantages
in this struggle. <strong>The</strong> increasing effect <strong>of</strong> non-governmental organisation has also eroded
the power <strong>of</strong> nation state.
2.3.Socio-cultural <strong>Effect</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Globalisation</strong> Process on Nation State
Although capitalist system has caused to a big economic development, it has
also created some <strong>of</strong> its illnesses such as: unequal income distribution. This chronic
disease we call it world crisis, the world crisis <strong>of</strong> 1929 were the crisis developed
capitalist nations. Whereas, the crisis started in the United States in 2008 and now
continuing mainly in Europe has a deep global effect as the world got more integrated.
People in the South <strong>of</strong> the world know very much about any development in the North
thanks to transportation and communication means. However, they cannot catch up
those developments due to economic weakness. This situation in turn creates a lot <strong>of</strong>
social and political disturbances in those countries. <strong>The</strong> people <strong>of</strong> the East face poverty
and even famine. <strong>The</strong>y then try to go to the Northern side <strong>of</strong> the globe by using any
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means which are mostly illegal. To prevent human smuggling, nation states <strong>of</strong> the North
are co-operating and that is eroding the effect <strong>of</strong> the nation state without helping the
globalisation. Most <strong>of</strong> the time northern nation states use harsh visa applications and
close their borders outside. That does not also help the globalisation process; on the
contrary it damages the process. What should be done is to co-operate to bring up the
economies <strong>of</strong> the East to a level that they can continue, maintain and develop their
economic activities with the North. This will be in the interest <strong>of</strong> both. Political and
social results <strong>of</strong> those economic relations then will follow. Otherwise, nation states <strong>of</strong>
the North will close their border not to share their wealth with the others. Nation states
<strong>of</strong> the East in turn will close their borders to North in order to protect themselves
against imperialism! If the North is to avoid that narrowing effect, it has to do
something beyond the nation state and even beyond the regional economic organisations
and do something global. Otherwise, cultural clashes between different parts <strong>of</strong> the
world will and the paradox between national identification and global pluralist culture
will continue.
4. Is Nation State Being Deferred or Buffeted? (<strong>The</strong> Future <strong>of</strong> the Nation
State)
In Europe after the Treaty <strong>of</strong> Westphalia in 1648, the nation-state which is the
political structure <strong>of</strong> the international order has provided a great contribution to the
development <strong>of</strong> the capitalist system. However, the nation-states' preserving the
ordering power in their hands and nation-states' politics' not overlapping with the
demands <strong>of</strong> the global capital which always aims to win have led to deterioration <strong>of</strong>
cooperation between nation-state and capitalism. Capitalism wants a nation-state model
whose interference in the economy is possibly limited. Limited authority <strong>of</strong> the state,
even if it might economic, means malfunctioning in the sovereignty <strong>of</strong> nation-state
model. From the one hand, although the capitalist world economy is very well
organized, while nation-states on the other hand are becoming functionless, despite their
guarantee, it seems quite difficult for capitalism to ignore the extinction <strong>of</strong> the nation
states which have great importance in terms <strong>of</strong> living area and large pr<strong>of</strong>its. (Habermas,
2008: 11). In addition, the formation <strong>of</strong> the economic crises that are effective on a
global scale and in a dimension beyond the nation state out <strong>of</strong> these crises, this crisis
1097

even managed to become smaller but more powerful (Fukuyama, 2008: 140) will also
serve as a safe haven for citizens <strong>of</strong> nation states.
Increase in the impact <strong>of</strong> the international and supranational associations in the
international system which the globalization caused them to emerge in the political area
has led to the restriction to the impact <strong>of</strong> the nation states. However, the situation that
should be considered here is nation-states' continuing their existence as the most
important actors <strong>of</strong> the system. Thus changing the nature <strong>of</strong> globalization and nation
states cause crisis in the nation states, in a way (Saribay, 1998: 15) this does not
eliminate the nation state’s having no alternative. From this point <strong>of</strong> view, nation-states
for a while they may seem trivial, and harmful to world order but the most important
factor establishing and supporting this order is still the nation state (Modelski, 2005:
24). After all, a stable supranational structure which continues its existence in the same
power as nation state has not still been developed (Jessop, 1994: 199).
<strong>The</strong>re is a change in the hierarchy <strong>of</strong> values <strong>of</strong> nation states with globalization. It
is necessary for nation state that it should renew its legitimacy and sovereigntyresources
in parallel to developments in human rights and it should develop mechanisms which
will rein itself. Because the historical past <strong>of</strong> the nation states shows that the nation state
has got flexible adaptation ability in terms <strong>of</strong> surviving. Forming these mechanisms
means that the nation state defers itself not nation state's being buffeted. It is difficult
for a state, whose activity area has narrowed and national identity has become doubtful,
to supply its legitimacy need with its old habits (Habermas, 2008: 102). In the past,
people used to find a close relationship between the state and violence (Lipson, 2005:
90). However, international system deems it necessary that the state should put a
distance between state and violence, even its own citizens, in the context <strong>of</strong> basic
human rights
It is observed that the development <strong>of</strong> the EU transactional structures causes the
gradual erosion <strong>of</strong> the concept <strong>of</strong> sovereignty (Barry, 2003: 72). However, the political,
economical and social events which emerge both in EU and other parts <strong>of</strong> the world
causes the improvement <strong>of</strong> nationalist movements by fostering racism and the increase
in the impact <strong>of</strong> the nation states (Modelski, 2005: 26).
1098

5.Conclusion
<strong>The</strong>re is a partial truth in the idea that the nation state has shrunk, weakened and
its authority and sovereignty has deteriorated with globalization. However, the partial
truth <strong>of</strong> this thought should not give the impression that the nation state will bid farewell
to the stage <strong>of</strong> history. Nation states still continue their operations as the most important
actors in the international system. Nation-states must renew themselves by giving up
some old habits in the areas <strong>of</strong> economy, politics and social. Although some nation
states implement these renewals with democracy in the right time, some other countries
implement them not in the right time and with methods out <strong>of</strong> democracy.
<strong>The</strong> problem that socialism is not able to renew itself and the situation that the
capitalism is not able to recur (repeat) itself have caused these two ideologies to go into
crisis. While the socialism could not rescue itself from these crises, capitalism has gone
out <strong>of</strong> each every crisis as powerful by renewing itself. Also, the nation states as the
structures which have the potential to go out <strong>of</strong> the crises will go out <strong>of</strong> the crises by
implementing the necessary renewals.
1099

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