AP Chemistry “Things To Do” Summer Checklist

Common Ions
CATIONS
+1 +2 +3
+
ammonium NH4 2+
cadmium(II) Cd
3+
cobalt(III) (blue) Co
copper(I) (green) Cu + chromium(II) Cr 2+ chromium (III) Cr 3+
hydronium H3O + copper(II) (blue) Cu 2+ iron(III) Fe 3+
silver Ag + cobalt(II) (blue) Co 2+ lead(III) Pb 3+
iron(II) Fe 2+ nickel(III) Ni 3+
lead(II) Pb 2+ vanadium(III) V 3+
2+
mercury(I) Hg2 mercury(II) Hg 2+
manganese(II) Mn 2+
+4 nickel(II) (green) Ni 2+ +7
tin(IV) Sn 4+ tin(II) Sn 2+ manganese(VII) Mn 7+
lead(IV) Pb 4+ vanadium(II) V 2+
vanadium(IV) V 4+ zinc Zn 2+
ANIONS
1- 2- 3-
acetate CH3COO −
2-
carbonate CO3 3-
phosphite PO3
−
C2H3O2 hypobromite BrO − chromate (yellow) CrO4 2- 3-
phosphate PO4 −
bromite BrO2 arsenate AsO4 3-
−
bromate BrO3 −
perbromate BrO4 hypochlorite ClO − 2-
dichromate (orange) Cr2O7 −
chlorite ClO2 hydrogen phosphate HPO4 2-
−
chlorate ClO3 2-
oxalate C2O4 −
perchlorate ClO4 peroxide O2 2-
cyanide CN − sulfite SO3 2-
−
dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4 sulfate SO4 2-
formate HCOO − −
hydrogen carbonate HCO3 (bicarbonate)
−
hydrogen sulfite HSO3 (bisulfite)
−
hydrogen sulfate HSO4 (bisulfate)
bisulfide HS
2-
thiosulfate S2O3 −
hydroxide OH −
−
nitrite NO2 −
nitrate NO3 hypoiodite IO −
iodite IO2 −
−
iodate IO3 −
periodate IO4 −
permanganate (purple) MnO4 thiocyanate SCN −
STUFF I Need to Memorize in AP Chemistry
Solubility Rules of Common Ionic Compounds in Water at 25°C
Soluble Compounds Exceptions
alkali metals (H + , Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + )
ammonium ion (NH 4 + )
nitrates (NO 3 ─ ), bicarbonates (HCO3 ─ ),
chlorates (ClO3 ─ ), perchlorates (ClO 4 ─ ),
acetates (CH 3COO ─ )
halides (Cl ─ , Br ─ , I ─ )
fluorine ion (F ─ )
2─
sulfates (SO4 )
Polyatomic Elements
(Diatomic)
hydrogen H2
nitrogen N2
oxygen O2
fluorine F2
chlorine Cl2
bromine Br2
iodine I2
astatine At2
phosphorus P4
sulfur S8
oxone O
Ag + 2+ 2+
, Hg2 and Pb (APH)
Pb 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ ,Ba 2+ and Mg 2+ (CBS/PM)
Ag + 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
, Hg2 , Pb , Ca , Sr and Ba
Insoluble Compounds Exceptions
2─ 2─
carbonates (CO3 ), chromates (CrO4 ),
2─ 2─
oxalate (C2O4 ),sulfides (S ),
sulfites (SO3 2─ 3─
), phosphates (PO4 ),
alkali metal ions and NH4 +
hydroxides (OH ─ ) and peroxides (O 2 2─ )
8 Strong Acids (H + )
(all other acids are weak)
hydrochloric acid HCl
hydrobromic acid HBr
hydroiodic acid HI
perchloric acid HClO4
chloric acid HClO3
nitric acid HNO3
periodic acid HlO4
sulfuric acid H2SO4
alkali metal ions and NH 4 +
*Ca 2+ , *Sr 2+ and Ba 2+ (CBS)
Metric Prefixes
kilo- k 10 3
deci- d 10 −1
centi- c 10 −2
milli- m 10 −3
micro- µ 10 −6
nano- n 10 −9
(CBS/APH)
8 Strong Bases (OH − )
(all other bases are weak)
lithium hydroxide LiOH
sodium hydroxide NaOH
potassium hydroxide KOH
rubidium hydroxide RbOH
cesium hydroxide CsOH
calcium hydroxide *Ca(OH)2
strontium hydroxide *Sr(OH)2
barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2
*Limited solubility