No. 2 – October 1990

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80 BULLETIN OF THE MASSACHUSETTS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY explain how and why land-use patterns changed in response to European commercial trade activities in the Rhode Island region. It is hoped that the model presented here will help explain processes of culture change that took place elsewhere in the Northeast as well. CONCLUSION Late Woodland and Contact Period land-use patterns have been presented in light of current data from Rhode Island. Available data on Late Woodland and Contact Period site distributions has allowed for the evaluation of changes which took place in the early seventeenth century in response to the Dutch fur trade and the need to produce wampum. Three critical changes were noted for the Contact Period in Rhode Island: I) a decrease in the number of sites, 2) a decrease in specialized activity loci and a focus on high activity loci, and 3) an increased emphasis, relative to the total number of Contact Period sites, upon saltwater site locations. This data suggests that by the early seventeenth century, Native American populations were positioning themselves along coastal margins for extended periods of time to produce wampum and increase trading activities with Europeans. Future research should focus on the recovery and proper identification of wampum workshop areas, in particular, the re-analysis of possible wampum production areas which have been misidentified as shell middens. Secondly, a closer assessment must be made of Late Woodland/Contact Period multicomponent sites, to discern internal changes of activities from the late prehistoric to early historic period (Le., wampum production). Finally, I suggest that the land-use pattern described by Roger Williams in the 1630's had already been altered by prior Dutch commercial trading activities between 1610 and 1635 in the Narragansett Bay region. Acknowledgments. I wish to thank Denise Mowchan for her helpful comments and assistance in the methodology, structure, and content of this paper. REFERENCES CITED Bachman, V.C. 1969 Peltries or·Plantations: The Economic Policies of the Dutch West India Company in New Netherland. 1623-1639. Baltimore. Bellantoni, N.F. 1987 Faunal Resource Availability and Prehistoric Cultural Selection on Block Island. Rhode Island. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Connecticut. Bernstein, D. 1987 Prehistoric Subsistence at Greenwich Cove. Rhode Island.. Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York - Binghamton. Ceci, L. 1977 The Effect of European Contact and Trade on the Settlement Pattern of Indians in Coastal New York State. 1524-1665: The Archaeology and Documentary Evidence. Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York.
VOLUME 51. NUMBER 2 81 Cox, D. C., P. Thorbahn and A. Leveillee 1983 An Archaeological Assessment Survey of the Pettaguamscutt River Basin. The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc. Report #12-1. Providence. Dorr, H. C. 1885 The Narragansett. Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society. 7:135-237. Providence. Dowd, A. 1984 Prehistoric Ceramics in Rhode Island: An Overview. Bulletin of the Archaeology Society of Connecticut 47:1-6. Jameson, J. F. 1909 Narratives of New Netherland 1609-1664. In Original Narratives of Early American History. Charles Scribner's Sons. Reprinted, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967. Jorgenson, H. C. and A. G. Lawn 1983 The Development of the Narragansett Confederacy: An Economic Perspective. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 44:1-6. Kerber, J. 1984 Prehistoric Human Occupation and Chan2in2 Environment of Potowomut Neck. Warwick. Rhode Island. Ph.D. Dissertation, Brown University. 1988 Where are the Woodland Villages in the Narragansett Bay Region? Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 49:66-71. Leveillee, A. and P. Thorbahn 1984 An Archaeological Assessment Survey of the Sakonnet River. The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc. Report #46-1. Providence. Little, E. A. 1988 Where are the Woodland Villages on Cape Cod and the Islands? Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 49: 72-82. Morenon, P. 1986 Archaeological Assessment at an Ecotone: Route 4 Extension. East Greenwich and North Kingstown. Rhode Island. The Public Archaeology Program, Occasional Papers #14. Rhode Island College, Providence. Pagoulatos, P. and D. Ritchie 1988 Phase II Archaeological Survey Kettle Point Project East Providence. Rhode Island. The Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc., Report #149. Providence. Rider, S. S. 1904 The Lands of Rhode Island as they were known to Caunounicus and Miantunnoumu when Roger Williams came in 1636. Providence.
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