GRAPHIS SCNIPTA - Universitetet i Oslo

GRAPHIS SCNIPTA 

Volym 7, hiifte 1, T995 

Nordisk Lichenologrsk Forening

Nordisk Lichenologisk Fiirening (NLF) 

Nordic Lichen Society 

Ordfdrande President: Vagn Alstrup, Institut 

for okologisk botanik, O. Farimagsgade 2D, 

DK-1353 Kobenhavn K, Danmark. 

Vice ordforande Vice President: Roland 

Skyt6n, Botaniska museet (mykologi), PB 47, 

FIN-00014 Helsingfors Universitet, Finland. 

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Botanisk Museum, Gothersgade 130, DK- 

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Framsidans teckning Frontpage: Ulf Arup. Stockholm, juni L995, ISSN 0901,-7593.

I\vo further bipolar lichens 

DAG OLAV OVSTEDAL and NIEK J. M. GREMMEN 

@vstedal, D. O. & Gremmen, N. J. M. 195: Two further bipolar lichens. 

Graphis Scipta 7: L-3. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

Mizocarpon copelandii and Trapeliopsis granulosa are reportd from the 

Argentine Islands, on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula Descriptions 

of the til(a are given, including chemical data 

Dag Olav @vstedal, Botanical inst'ttute, Univercity of Berge4 All€gaten 41, N- 

5007 Bergen, Norway. 

Niek f. M. Gremmen, Netherlands Inst'ttute of Ecologt, Cenne for Estuarhe 

and Coastal Ecologl, Werstraat 28, NL'4401 M Yerseke, The Netherlarrds. 

During the 1990/\991southern summer a collection 

of lichens was made as part of a study 

of the ecology of plants in coastal areas in the 

Argentine Islands region, Antarctic Peninsula 

(Gremmen et al. 1991,, Huiskes et al. 1992). 

An ortensive collection of lichens was 

made in the Argentine Islands region, especially 

in the Argentine Islands (65o15'5, 

64"15'W), Yalour Island, Petermann Island, 

and Cape Ttxen and Rasmussen Point on the 

mainland of the Antarctic Peninsula, as well as 

a small collection of macrolichens from Signy 

Island, South Orkney Islands. 

The mean annual temperature in the 

Argentine Islands is well below zero (-5.0 oC), 

but the warmest month is on average just 

above freezing point (*0.2 "C) (lnngton 

1970). The mean annual relative humidity is 

% Vo, and precipitation occurs on an average 

247 days per year, giving a total equivalent 

rainfall of.323 mm. 

Although the relatively mild climate of this 

area makes the occurrence of moss banks, and 

€ven of both antarctic vascular plants possible, 

the vegetation of most areas which become 

snow-free during the summer is dominated by 

lichens (Smith & Corner 1973). 

Hertel (1984) mentioned a number of 

problems in antarctic lichenology; one of these 

was that due to lack of knowledge of arctic 

lichens, a number of bipolar lichens were 

described as new species from the antarctic 

region. We have scanned the relevant literature 

and do not believe that the presently 

treated species are described from the Antarctic, 

and they are probably rare there. The 

number of bipolar species in the antarctic 

lichen flora is steadily increasing (compare 

Smith & Qvstedal 1994). 

Rhizocarpon copelandii (KOrb.) Th. Fr. 

Thallus crustose, delimited, up to c. 2 cm in 

diameter, pale grey, areolate; areolae pale 

grey, moderately shiny, scattered to contiguous, 

up to 0.9 mm in diameter. Hypothallus 

well developed, greylsh-black Medulla KI-. 

Apothecia up to 1 mm in diameter, plane to 

weakly convex and marginate, a few strongly 

convCI( and immarginate. Epithecium reddishbrown, 

K- or faintly K+ rd" Hymenium 

colourless or faintly reddish-brown. Proper 

exciple with a narrow reddish-brown rim and 

a broad brownish yellow inner paft, K- or 

faintly K+ red. Both epithecium and proper

2 Dag Olav @vstedal and Niek J. M. Gremmen 

exciple contain crystals which dissolve in K, 

giving a faintly yellow reaction. Hypothecium 

well developed, yellowish to reddish-brown. 

Spores 8 per ascus, l-septate, soon becoming 

greyish-green, 23-27 x 1.1 -12 ltm. 

Chemistry: Stictic acid complex with a 

trace of norstictic acid (TLC). 

General distribution: circumpolar Northern 

Hemisphere. 

The specimen is similar in most details with N 

European material, except for having a 

reddish-brown epithecium. The pale grey 

areolae are typical of specimens growing on 

extreme sites in arctic and alpine areas. Timdal 

& Holtan-Hartwig (1988) extended the 

delimitation of the species to also include 

specimens containing stictic acid. 

The species was found on a west-facing 

rock face, 30 m above sea level, in the windscoop 

of a N-facing hill. It grows here in a 

relatively species-rich lichen community, 

dominated by the macrolichens Usnea antarctica 

and Pseudephebe pubescerzs. The habitat is 

characterned by low nutrient levels. 

Specimen etamined; Antarctica. Argentine 

Islands, Galindez Island, Woozle Hill, alt. 30 

m, 65o15'N, 64o15'W, Gremmen DIHO-G165 

(BG). 

Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) 

Lumbsch 

Thallus crustose, effuse, thin, up to 3-4 cm in 

diameter, grey-green with pinkish parts, areolate; 

areolae 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter, sometimes 

sorediate. Soralia greenish, confluent 

from several areolae, up to 2 mm in diameter, 

convex. Soredia grouped in consoredia (see 

Tonsberg L992), consoredia 40-50 pm in 

diameter Apothecia few, in groups, variable in 

colour (grey-green to black-brown), thin, 

sessile, flat, lecideine, with thin, elevated 

proper margin which is concolorous with the 

disc. Hymenium colourless, 40-60 pm high; 

epithecium colourless, K-. Paraphyses thin, 

anastomosing, without enlargened tips. 

Hypothecium colourless. Spores 8 per ascus, 

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (1e95) 

simple, colourless, 8-10 x 5-6 pm (L0 spores 

each of 3 apothecia measured). 

Chemistry: Gyrophoric acid and a small 

amount of lecanoric acid (TLC). 

General distribution: Cosmopolitan. 

See Purvis (1992) and Tonsberg (L992) for 

further descriptions. 

The specimen is similar in most details with 

North European material. It may differ in 

having a lower hymenium and smaller consoredia, 

but these are usually variable characters. 

Coppins & James (1984) gave spore 

dimensions of British specimens as 9-L4 x 4-6 

Itfr, thus the antarctic specimen appears to 

have more broadly ovate spores, but more 

material is necesmry to clariff this. 

The species was growing on extensive 

Polytichum mossbanks, LZ m above sea level. 

The habitat is characterued by an abundant 

moisture supply from meltwater seeping 

through the moss banks from the nearby 

mountain slopes. 

Specimen examined: Antarctica. Argentine 

Islands, Cape Ttxen, alt. LZ m, 65o16'5, 

64o07'W, 199L, Gremmen DIHO-G455 (BG). 

Acknowledgements 

We are indebted to Dr T. Tonsberg, Berg€$ 

for TLC analyses and comments on the 

Trapeliopsis specimen, and Mr J. Holtan- 

Hartwig, Bergen, for the determination of R 

copelandii. Dr S. Peglar gave valuable linguistic 

advice. 

Publication nr. 659 of the Netherlands Institute 

of Ecology, Centre for Estuarine and 

Coastal Ecology, Vierstraat 28, 440L EA 

Yerseke, The Netherlands. 

References 

CoppinS, B. J. & James, P. W. 1984: New or 

interesting British lichens V. Lichenologist 

16:241-2&. 

Gremmen, N. J. M., Huiskes, A. H. L & 

Francke, J. W. I99L: Ecology of lichens in 

the coastal regions of the Argentine

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (lees) 

Islands, Antarctic Peninsula a preliminary 

report. Circumpolar lountal6; 3-1.0. 

Hertel, H. 1988: Problems in Monographing 

Antarctic Crustose Lichens. Polarforschung 

58: 65-76. 

Huiskes, A. H. L, Gremmen, N. J. M. & 

Francke, J. 'W. L9922 Ecology of macrolichens 

in Antarctic coastal area. Circumpolar 

lournal 7: LL9-L23. 

Iongtor, R. E. ln0: Growth and productivity 

of the moss Polytrichum alpestre Hoppe in 

Antarctic regions. In: Holdgate, M. 'W. 

(d.), Antarctic Ecologl, Vol. 2, pp. 818- 

837, Academic Press, l,ondon and New 

York. 

Purvis, O. 'W. l92z Trapeliopsis Hertel & G. 

Schneider (1980). In: Purvis, O. W., 

Coppins, B. J., Hawksrorth, D. L., James, 

P. 'W. & Moore, D. M. (eds), The lichen 

Two bipolar lichens 3 

flora of Great Britain and lreland, pp. 

612-614. Natural History Museum Publication/The 

British Lichen Society, 

[.ondon. 

Smith, R. I. L & Corner, R. 'W. M. L973: 

Vegetation of the Arthur Harbour 

Argentine Islands region of the Antarctic 

Peninsula Bull. Bit. Antarc. Sttw. 33134: 

89-L22. 

Smith, R. I. L & @vstdal, D. O. 1994: Solorina 

spongiosa in Antarctica: an e:rtremely 

disjunct bipolar lichen Lichenologist 26: 

2W-215. 

Timdal, E. & Holtan-Hartwig, J. 1988: A 

preliminary key to Rhizocarpon in 

Scandinavia. Graphis Scripta 2: 4l-54. 

Tpnsberg, T. L992: The sorediate and isidiate 

corticolous, crustose lichens in Nonray. 

Sommerfeltia I 4: I -33 1.

Exkursion till Uralbergen, Ryssland 

Finns det intresse f6r en lav- och kryptogamorkursion 

till europeiska delen av Uralbergen 

under juni L996 (alternativt augusti)? 

Efter flera resor i Uralbergen har vi 

m6jligheter att arrangera en resa fOr att 

studera lav- moss- och wampfloran i de 

o6ndliga urskogor, som finns inom reservatet 

Pechoro-Ilych i ostra Komirepubliken. Vi 

planerar en vandring frin floden Pechoro till 

h6gfidllet forutom i skog kommer vi att kunna 

studera arter 6ven pA kalkartade klippor och i 

canjons. Kinnedomen om lavfloran nedanf6r 

tundraomrtdena i Ryssland iir d6lig, trh vi kan 

garantera en fascinerande natur. 

Totalt giiller restiden 10-14 dagar, f6r det 

tar tid att komma till Uralbergen. Totala kostnaderna 

frln Stockholm kommer att vara 

mellan 12-14 000 kronor. 

Intresserade kan anmiila sig till Janolof 

Hermansson, Grangiirdwigen L9, 5-771 60 

Ludvika, telefon hem 0240-39597, arbete 

0240-{ffi38, fax 0240-{36743, eller till Per 

Angelstam, Glisundet 5546, 5-771 98 Ramsberg, 

telefon 0581-660433, alternativt till 

Przemek Majewski, telefon 058L-92A7 5.

Dictyonema interruptuffir new for the Pyrenees 

JAVIER ETAYO, PAUL DIEDERICH ANd EMMANUEI SENUSIAUX 

Etayo, J., Diederich, P. & Sdrusiaw, E. 1995: Dictyonema interruptum, new 

for the Pyrenees. Graphis Scipta 7: 5-6. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

The basidiolichen Dictyonema intemtptum has been recorded for the first 

time in Europe outside the British Isles and Macaronesia, in a small area in 

the French Pyrenees. The species is also recorded from Gomera (Canary 

Islands). 

Iavier Etayo, Navarro Villoslada 16, 3a dcha, E-31003 Pamplona, Spain. 

Paul Diedeich, Musie national d'histoire naturelle, MarchC-aur-Poissorrs, 

L-2345 Luxemboutg. 

Emmanu€l SirusiauX Research Associate F.N.R,S., Ddpartement de 

Botanique, Sart Tilman, 8-4000 LiCge, Belgium. 

The basidiolichen Dictyonema intemtptum 

(Carm. ex Hook.) Parmasto was known last 

century in some points in the British Isles 

(Killarney, Montgoil€ry, Denbigh, Island of 

Mull), but seems now to survive only in north 

Kerry, southwest Ireland (Purvis & Coppins 

1992). Outside the British Isles the species is 

also known in Europe from Macaronesia: the 

Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands 

(Arridsson & Wall 1985, Etayo 1992, Topham 

& Walker L982). In Madeira the preservation 

status of D. intemtptum is good, and, 

especially on rocks, it is possible to find it with 

a well developed hymenium on the underside. 

In Tenerife and Gomera abundant material 

has been discovered by Topham & Walker 

(L982) and Etuyo, respectively; these 

populations seem to be in good condition. 

So far Dictyonema intemtptum has not 

been recorded in continental Europe outside 

the British Isles. We recently discovered it in 

three localities in the French Pyrenees 

(Pyr6n6es-Atlantiques). It is best developed in 

the Gorges de Kakouetta. Here it is possible to 

find it on branches and trunks of Buxus 

sempervirens and Quercus robur, covering 

mosses and lichens (e.g. Leptogiun). Normally 

it forms small, sterile thalli reachin g 2 or 3 cm 

in diameter, but in the base of a shaded oak, 

we found one thallus of more than 20 cm in 

diameter. Although it probably exists in other 

nearby stations, its status is very vulnerable in 

the Pyrenees and, due to its lack of 

reproductive structures, it is probably in the 

risk of extinction. 

The thalli of D. intemtpum are not 

showing well-formed brackets but only 

intenvoven tufts of Sqtonema surrounded by 

hyphae. One of the samples from the Pyrenees 

(Diederich 9246) showed a few clamp 

connections, the major feature of Dictyonema 

irpicinum Mont. (Parmasto 1978). Because of 

the tropical distribution of. D. irpicinum and 

the presence of scanty clamps in European 

material of D. intemtptum (Coppins & James 

L979, Fig. 1A), we consider it as belonging to 

the latter species. 

Specimens examined: France. firinCes- 

Atlantiquesi au SSW d'Oloron-Ste-Marie, 

prds de la route de Arette vers I'Espagne, du 

sud de la Mouline, "I-acets d'[Jrdette", 1990,

6 Javier Etayo et al. GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (r99s) 

Figune 1. Current distribulon of. Dictyonema inurturyn in Macaronesia and Europe. 1, Azores: 

Faial" Pico, Terceira, Sao Miguel and Santa Maria (from west to east); 2, Madeira; 3, Canary 

Islands: Gomera and Tenerife. 

Diederich 9246 (herb. Diederich); south of 

Tardets-Sorholus, Gorges de Kakouetta, 

below the bridg€, c. 550 m, 1993, Etayo 5792 

(herb. Etayo); ibid., near the entrance, L993, 

Etayo 5798 (herb. Etayo); ibid. L99'1., Etayo 

2574 & Diederich (herb. Etayo); S de 

Tardets-Sorholus, crevasses d'Holgart6, 750 

m, L985, S6rusiau 7613 (LG). Spain. Canary 

Islands: Gomera, Hermigua, Garajonay park, 

Tajaque, 1300 m, on Eica arborea and Myrica 

faya, L994, Etayo s. n. (herb. Etayo). 

References 

Anidsson, L. & Wall, S., 1985. Contribution 

to the lichen flora of Madeira. Lichenologist 

17:39-49. 

CoppinS, B. J. & James, P. 'W., L979. A British 

species of Dictyonema. Lichenologist 11: 

103- 105. 

Etayo, J., 1992. Adiciones al cat6logo de 

liquenes de la isla de Madeira (Portugal). 

Lazaroa 132 179-181. 

Parmasto, E., 1978. The genus Dictyonema 

("Thelephorolichenes"). Nova Hedwigia 

29:9-144. 

Purvis, O. 'W. & Coppins, B. J., 1992, 

Dictyonema C. Ag. (1821). In: Purvis, O. 

W., Coppins, B. J., Hawksrorth, D. L, 

James, P. W. & Moore, D. M. (eds), Th, 

lichen flora of Great Britain ard lreland. 

Natural History Museum Publications, 

[.ondon. 

Topham, P. B. & Walker, F. J., 1982. Field 

meeting in Tenerife, Canary Islands. New 

and interesting lichen records. Lkhenologtst 

14:61-75.

Some peltigericolous fungi and lichens mainly from Poland 

JOLANTA MI{DLIKOWSKA and VAGN AISTRUP 

Miqdlikowska, J. & Alstrup, V. 1995: Some peltigericolous fungi and lichens 

mainly from Poland. Graphis Scripta 7:7-10. Stockholm. ISSN 0901-7593. 

One new species, Zwaclchiomyces peltigerae, is described. New localities are 

reported of another 19 species in Poland and other countries, of which 10 

species are new to Poland, L new to Denmark, 1 new to Canada and 1 new to 

Finland. 

Iolanta Migdlikowska, Department of Plant Ecolog and Nature Protectioq 

University of Gdarish Al. Legiondw 9, PL-80-441 Gdansk Poland. 

Vagn Alstrup, Department of plant ecologl, Univercity of Copenhagen, Qster 

Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen I{ Denmark 

Up till now lichenicolous fungi have received 

little attention in Poland. Some publications, 

mainly from the nineteenth century, included 

lichenicolous fungi as a supplement to the 

lichens, for example Berdau (1876), Boberski 

(1886), Eitner (1896, 1901, 1911), Hellwig 

(1884) and Ohlert (1863, 1870). Only two 

papers deal exclusively with lichenicolous fungi 

in Poland: Zieliriska (1963) and Starmachowa 

& Kiszka (1965). Faltynowicz (1993) included 

a list of. 72 lichenicolous fungi in Poland, but 

that number is surely much too low, and 

Alstrup & Olech (1995) report 23 species from 

the Polish Tatra mountains. 

Lichenicolous fungi are very common on 

some species of Peltigera. Hawksworth (1930) 

reported 40 obligately lichenicolous fungi on 

Pekigera, but also a great number of occasionally 

peltigericolous fungi are known. In 

Poland only 8 species have been reported on 

Peltigera so far, viz. Corticifraga fuckelii, 

I llosp oium c arneuffi , Lib e rtie lla malmedyensis, 

Phoma peltigerae, Polycoccum peltigerae, 

Pronectria robergei, Scutula epiblastemica and 

,S. miliaris (Mattick t937, Ohlert 1863 and 

1870, Starmachowa & Kiszka L965, Stein LS79 

and Zieliriska 1963). 

Material 

The Polish material was found by the first 

author during revision of the lichen herbarium 

in Gdansk (UGDA), Stupsk (SLTC), and 

Krak6w (KRAM), as well as during field work 

in Poland. The foreign material was found in 

the Botanical Museum in Copenhagen (C) 

during the first author's stay at University of 

Copenhagen in May-June L994, at which 

occasion the collections were also identified. 

Zwackh iomyces peltigerae 

Mi4dlikowska & Alstrup, sp. nov. 

Pseudothecia L70-200 pm diam., fusca vel 

nigra, singulatirn sparsim orientia. Excipulum 

7 -I0 pm diam. Elementa hamathecii minus 

quam I pm crassa. Asci cylindrici, ffi-70 x 

1.L.5-13.5 pm magni, 6-8-spori. Ascosporae 

circiter 13-16 x 3.5-6 pm magnae, uniseptatae, 

ad septa non constrictae, parietibus 

laevibus, non halonatis; cellula superiore inferiorem 

magnitudine valde superante. Figure 1.. 

Type: Poland, Western Carpathians, Nony 

Sqcz area, Gorce Mts., Wladysfaw Orkan 

Nature Reserve, Kopieniec, by tourist track to 

Turbaczyk, ah 1000 m, on Peltigera praetex-

8 lolanta Migflikowsl

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (Lees) 

I(arcteniomyces peltigerae (P. Karst.) D. 

Hawksw.: *Poland. NE-Poland, Wigierski 

National Park, W-shore of Pierty [ake, 

on P. canina, L984, Faltynowicz (UGDA- 

L-4506). Western Pomerania, 

Wysoczyzna Polanowska, forest district 

Warcino, on P. praetutata, t976, Izydorek 

(UGDA-L-4515 ex SLTC). Western 

Carpathians, Beskid Zywiecki, G6rna 

Okrqglica, alt. 1100 m, on P. praetutata, 

1965, Nowak (UGDA-L-4503 ex 

KRAM-L). 

Leptosphaerulina peltigerae (Fuckel) Riedel: 

f Canada. British Columbia, Lubbock 

Creek, 3 km S of Little Atlin l-ake, on P. 

ponojensis in Pinus contorta forest, alt. 

700 m, L982, Goward & Ceska (C). 

Libeniclla malmedyensb Speg. & Roum.: 

Poland. Western Carpathians, Gorce Mts., 

S-slope of Twarogi-Skalki "Nad Kucami", 

on P. rufescenr on mossy rocks, alt 740 m, 

1967, Glanc (UGDA-L-4498). NE- 

Poland, Puszcza Augustowska, forest district 

Pfaska, on P. didactyla by road in pine 

forest, 1.958, Glanc (UGDA-L-4502). 

Eastern Carpathians, Bieszczady Mts., 

Jaworniki by Solinka stream, on P. praetutata, 

1955, Glanc (UGDA-L-4508). 

Lichenopeltella santessonii (P. M. Kirk & 

Spooner) R. Sant.: *Poland. Eastern Carpathians, 

Bieszczady Zachodnie, Puszcza 

Bukowa, E-slope of Paprotna, on Peltigera 

sp. (cfr. P. polydactyla) over deacaying 

stump in beech forest, alt. 900 m, 1956, 

Glanc (UGDA-L-4518). 

Nanostictb peltigerae M. S. Christ.: Denmark 

Fyn, T[singe, Bregninge Bakker, or P. 

malacea, 1865, Rostrup (C). 

Nonlinia peltigericola (Nyl.) Theiss. & Sydow: 

*Poland. Western Pomerania, between 

Wejherowo and PiaSnica, mossy slope by 

road in beech forest, on P. praetextata, 

1994, MiQ,llikowska (UGDA-L-4507). 

Denmark Bornholm, Vellensby, stone 

fence, on P. canina, 1936, Gelting (C). 

Phaeospora peltigeicola D. Hawksw.: 

f Denmark Bornholm, Aakirkeby, 

Baunebakke, on P. canina, 1936, Gelting 

(c). 

Peltigertcobus fungt and lichens from Poland 9 

Polycoccum peltigerae (Fuckel) VEzda: 

Poland. Western Carpathians, Gorce Mts., 

Wadyslaw Orkan Nature Reserve, 

between Hala Czoto and Turbaczyk, alt 

1100 m, on P. praetextata, 1961, Glanc 

(UGDA-L-4509). Eastern Carpathians, 

Bieszczady Zachodnie, Puszcza Bukowa, 

above Beskidnik, ah 740 m, on P. praetextata, 

1967, Glanc (UGDA-L-U96). 

Denmark Anholf Flakket, among 

Empetrum, on P. membranaceq L962, 

Wolder & Wolder (C). *Finland. Pargas, 

Ao, Ersby, on P. neclceri, 1989, Alstrup 

(c). 

Qrenidium actinellum Nyl.: *Poland. Western 

Pomerania, betrreen Wejherowo and 

PiaSnica, otr P. praetextata on mosqy slope 

at road in beech forest 1994, Miqdlikowska 

(UGDA-L-4504). 

Refractohilum pekigerae (Keissl.) D. Hawksr.: 

f Poland. Western Pomerania, Wysoczyzna 

Polanowska, forest inspectorate Warcino, 

forest district Zielice, on P. hymenina in 

pine forest, L976, Izydorek (UGDA-L- 

4512). 

Scutula miliaris (Wallr.) Trevis.: Poland. 

Western Carpathians, Beskid Zpviecki, 

Pasmo Policy, G6rna Okraglica, nHala 

Sidzinskie Pasionki", alt 1100 m, on P. 

praetextata, 1965, Nowak (UGDA-L- 

4503 ex KRAM-L). Western Pomerania, 

Wysoczyzna Polanowska, forest district 

Warcino, oD P. praetextata, 1976,Izydorek 

(UGDA-L-4515). Both collections also 

contain the anamorph Karsteniomyces 

peltigerae. 

Stigmidium peltid,eae (Vain.) R. Sant.: 

*Poland. Western Carpathians, Gorce 

Mts., between Hala Dltrga and Kiczora, otr 

P. canina in a meadow, 1959, Glanc 

(UGDA-L-4499). The ascospores are 

9.5-1.0.5 x 3-3.5 Ffr, and oildrops are not 

seen. 

Thelocafpon epibolum Nyl. var. epithallinum 

(I-eight. ex Nyl.) G. Salisb.: Poland. Western 

Carpathians, Gorce Mts., N-slope of 

Lubari, by Rudnicki stream, on P. neclccrt, 

1960, Glanc (UGDA-L-4500). - This 

lichenized species is common on Peltigera

l0 Jolanta Miqdlikowska and Vagn Aktrup 

species in arctic alpine environments, but 

has not been reported on Peltigera in 

Poland before. 

Vezdaea aestivalis (Ohlert) Tscherm.-Woess 

& Poelt: Poland. Western Pomerania, 

between Wejherowo and Pia5nica, on P. 

praet(rtata on sandy slope by a road in a 

beech forest, 1994, Miqdlikowska 

(UGDA-L-4507). This is the second 

report from Poland of a lichenized species, 

which is more often found on mosses. The 

type collection is from nearby Gdaf,sk- 

Polanki. 

Vezdaea rheocarya Poelt & Dobbeler: 

*Poland. Eastern Carpathians, Bieszczady 

Zachodnie, Puszcza Bukowa, S-slope of 

Dzial, on P. praetex,tata, 1958, Glanc 

(UGDA-L-4501). This is a lichenized 

species mostly found on mosses. 

Acknowledgement 

This paper is a part of a project financially 

supported by the University of Gdaisk. 

We wish to thank Dr Tyge Christensen for 

translation of the diagnosis into I*atin. 

References 

Alstrup, V. t993: News on lichens and 

lichenicolous fungi from the Nordic countries. 

Graphis Scripta 5:96-104. 

Alstrup, V. & Olech, M. 1994 ("1993"): 

Lichenicolous fungi from Spitsbergen. 

Polbh Polar Res. 4:33-42. 

Alstrup, V. & Olech, M. 1995: Lichenicolous 

fungi from the Polish Tatra mountains. 

Polish Bot. Stud,In press. 

Berdau, F. 1876: Liszajniki izsledowannyje do 

sich por w oblasti Warszawskogo 

Uczebnogo Okruga z ukazaniem na morfologiu 

i fajologiu liszajnikow. Tipogr. K. 

Kowalewskego, Warszawa. 

Boberski, 'W. 1886: Systematische Ubersicht 

der Flechten Galiziens. Verh. Zool.-Bot. 

Ge* Wien 36:243-286. 

Eitner, E. 1896: Nachtriige zur Flechtenflora 

Schlesiens. Jahresber. Schles. Ges. Vaterl. 

Cult. 73:2-26. 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (199s) 

Eitner, E. 1901: II Nachtrag zur schlesischen 

Flechtenflora. Iahresber. Schles. Ges. 

Vaterl. Cult. 78: 5-27. 

Eitner, E. 1911: Dritten Nachtrag zur schlesischen 

Flechtenflora. f ahresber. Schles. 

Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 88:20-60. 

Fattynowicz, 'W. L993: A checklist of Polish 

lichen forming and lichenicolous fungi 

including parasitic and saprophytic fungi 

occurring on lichens. Polish Bot. Stud. 6: 

I -65. 

Grube, M. & Hafellner, J. 1.990: Studien an 

Flechtenbewohnenden Pilzen der Sammelgattung 

Didymella (Ascomycetes, 

Dothideales). Nova Hedwigia 512 283-360. 

Hawksworth, D. L. 1980: Notes on some fungi 

occurring on Peltigera with a key to 

accepted species. Trans. Brit, Mycol. Soc. 

74:363-386. 

Hawksworth, D. L & Atietua, Y. 1994: The 

lichenicolous fungi described by Veli 

Riisiinen. Acta Bot. Fenn. 150: 47 -55. 

Hellwig, F. 1884: Bericht tiber die vom 16 

August bis 29 September 1883 im Kreise 

Schwetz ausgefiihrten Excursionen. Ber. 

Versamml. Westpreuss. Bot.-Zool. Vereins 

Daruig 7:58-XJ. 

Mattick, F. L937: Flechtenvegetation und 

Flechtenflora des Gebietes der freien Stadt 

Danzig. Ber. Versamml, Westpreuss. Bot.- 

Zool. Vereins Danzig 59: l-54. 

Ohlert, A. 1863: Verzeichniss preussischer 

Flechten. Schiften Konigl. Phys.-Okon. 

Ges. Konigsbery 4:6-34. 

Ohlert, A. 1870: Zusammenstellung der Lichenen 

der Provinz Preussen. Schriften 

Kdnigt. Phys.-Okon. Ges. Konigsbery 11: 

1-51. 

Starmachowa, B. & Kiszka, J. 1965: Grzyby 

paso4rtnicze wystglujEcg na porostach 

zebranych w Beskidzie SlEskim (Karpaty 

hchodnie) l. Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 112 

631-637. 

Stein, B. L879: Flechten. In: Cohn's f-ryptogamenflora 

von Schlesien. f ahresber. 

Schles. Ges. Vaterl. Cult. 2: L-4C0.. 

Zieliriska, J. L963: O kilku pasozytach 

porost6w z rodzaju Peltigera Pers. Monogr. 

Bot. 15: 427-432.

Cladonia peziziformis new to Nonray from a burnt Calluna heath 

TOR TONSBERG and DAG OI^AV OVSTEDAL 

Tonsberg, T. & @vstedal, D. O. 1995: Cladonia peziziformis new to Nonray 

from a burnt Calluna heath. Graphis Scripta 7: LL-tz. Stockholm. ISSN 

0901-7593. 

Cladonia peziziformrs is reported as new to Nonray. It is common on naked 

soil in a burnt Calluna heath in one locality in Lindes, Hordaland, southwest 

Nonvay. Well-developed specimens with abundant podetia occurred in a 

heath burnt two or three years earlier. Cladonia peziziformr.s is a new host for 

the.lichenicolous fungus Anhrorhaphis aeruginosa. 

Tor T4nsbery and Dag Olav Qvstedal Botanical lrutitute, University of 

Bergen, AllCgaten 41, N-5007 Beryeq Nonuay. 

In Lindts, Hordaland, southwest Nonray, 

Calluna vulgaris has been subjected to controlled 

burning as a part of long-term studies 

of the ecological consequences of the traditional 

agricultural management regimes of 

coastal heath in Nonvay. Burning of Calluna 

heath was commonly practiced in the old agricultural 

heath landscape (@vstedal 1985, 

Kaland 1986). Cladonia peziziformrs, which has 

not previously been found in Nonuay, was 

recently discovered in a burnt heath, and 

proved to be among the commonest early 

colonizers on naked soil at the site. 

Cladonia peziziformis (With.) Laundon 

The species belongs to the Cladonia cariosagroup 

and is characterued by the rounded 

primary squamules, the short (up to about 5 

tr), usually simple, entire to fissured podetia 

with a usually single, large apothecium, and 

the chemical constituent fumarprotocetraric 

acid" Scnidia are often present on the primary 

thallus. 

The Nonregian material was easily identified 

in the field by the typical podetia tipped 

with apothecia. Even colonies consisting 

merely of primary thalli were readily recognized 

due to the rounded $quamules which, at 

least when wet, had a characteristic tinge of 

green contrasting the colour of the squamules 

of associated Cladonia species. 

The Cladonin paizifurmrs-specimens 

were observed in February and March 1995 in 

several separate Calluna fields burned two or 

three years ago. The tallest (up to about 5 

mm) and best developed podetia and the richest 

colonies (up to about 40 podetia per cm2) 

were found in the three year old fields. The 

primary thalli were here already partly overgrown 

by the hepatic Cephaloziella divaricata 

(Sm.) Schiffn. Cladonin pezizifurmis was not 

found outside the burnt fields. It is apparently 

a short-lived organism on more or less naked 

sil, easily competed out, e.g. by bryophytes, 

especially Hypnum jutlandicum Holmen & 

Warncke which is cornmon in old heath 

(@vstedal 1985). 

In one specimen (TOnsberg2t752), several 

podetia and many basal squamules were 

aeruginose due to infection by the lichenicolous 

fungus Anhrorhaphis aentginosa R 

Sant. & Tonsberg (see Santesson & TOnsberg 

1994). This is a new host for the parasite.

LZ Tor Tqnsberg and Dag Olav @vstedal 

So far, Cladonia peziztformis has only been 

found in recently burned Calluna heath in 

Nonray. Are there populations in the vicinity 

- outside the burned fields - from where the 

diaspores, probably ascospores, are dispersed? 

That question should be considered in future 

studies of this enigmatic lichen. The observations 

made so far suggest that Cladonia peziziformis 

might have been quite common in the 

old coastal heath landscape of northwestern 

Europe, with a population dynamic related to 

the burning cycle of the Calluna heath. 

In Great Britain and Ireland Cladonia 

peziziformis has been found on peaty soil in 

undisturbed, coastal to montane heathlands 

(Purvis & James t992), whereas it in southwestern 

Germany occurs on acid, often sandy, 

dry soil in open forests in hilly and submontane 

sites (Wirth 1980). 

Cladonin peziziformu is a rarely collected 

species in Scandinavia. From Sweden there is a 

recent record from Halland, southwestern 

Sweden, and an old record from Sk6ne of 

uncertain status (Arup & Ekman L992). It is 

not known from Denmark (cf. Alstrup & 

SOchting 1989). In the British Isles it is said to 

be "nery rare", having "few recent records" 

(Purvis & James 1992). It is also stated as very 

rare in southwestern Germany (Wirth 1980) 

and in Italy (Nimis 1993). Today, C. peziziformis 

is apparently a rare species in Europe. 

Specimens seen (all in BG): Norway. Hordaland: 

LindAs, Luro island [Lygra], 1-1.5 km 

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (L99s) 

NW of Utluro, UTMen: 32V KN 86 35-36, 

t995, Ovstedal s.n., Tonsberg 2L7 52, 2ll 53. 

References 

Alstrup, V.& SOchting, U. 1989: ChecHiste og 

status over Danmarla laver. Nordisk 

Lichenologisk Forening, CoPenhagen. 

Arup, U. & Ekman, S. L992: Nyheter i sodra 

Sveriges lavflora. Graphis Scipta 4: 81- 

86. 

Kaland, P. E. 1985: The origin and management 

of Nonvegian coastal heaths as 

reflected by pollen analysis. In: Behre, K.- 

E. (ed.) , Anthropogenic indicatorc in pollen 

diagram.t. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, PP. 

19-36. 

Nimis, P.L. L993: The lbhens of ltaly. An 

annotated catalogue. Museo Regionale di 

Scienze Naturali, Torino. 

@vstedal, D. O. 1985: The vegetation of 

Lind6s and Austrheim, western Nonray. 

Phytocoenologia I 3 : 323-449. 

Purvis, O. W. & James, P. W. 1992: Cladonia 

Hill ex Browne (1756). In: Purvis, O. W., 

Coppins, B. J., Hawksworth, D. L., James, 

P. 'W. & Moore, D. M. (eds), The lichen 

tlora of Great Britain and lreland. Natural 

History Museum Publications/The British 

Lichen Society, [,ondon, PP. 1.88-21.0. 

Santesson, R. & Tonsberg, T. t994: 

Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa and A. olivaceae, 

two new lichenicolous fungi. 

Lichenologist 2 6z 295 -299. 

Wirth, V. 1980: Flechtenflora. Ulmer, Stuttgart.

The distribution of Toninia sculpturata in Eurasia 

EINAR TIMDAL And MIKHAIL P. ZHURBENKO 

Timdal, E. & Zhurbenko, M.P. L995: The distribution of Toninia sculpturata 

in Eurasia. Graphis Scipta 7: L3-t6. Stockholm. ISSN 0nL-7593. 

Toninia sculpturata is reported as new to Nonray and Russia (Yakutia and 

the Altai mountains). Some previous reports are confirmed, and a revised 

map is presented. 

Einar Timdal, Botanical Garden and Museum, Universrty of Oslo, Trondheimsveien 

238, N-0562 Oslo, Norway. 

Mildtail P. Zhurbenko, Laboratory of Systematics and Geography of Fungi, 

Komarov Botanical Instilute, ktssian Academy of Sciences, Prof, Popov Street 

2, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia. 

The taronomy and distribution of Toninia 

sculpmrata (H. Magn.) Timdal (qyn. Catillaia 

sculpturata H. Magn., T. flavid.a Tomin) was 

recently treated by Timdal (1992), who confirmed 

material from Uzbekistan, China 

(Gansu), and U.S.A. (Colorado and Utah). 

The species is also reported from Austria 

(Kilias 1984), Turkmenistan (Dzhuraeva 

1975), Tadzhikistan (Kudratov 1985), Kirgizstan 

(Baibulatova 1988), and Mongolia 

(Golubkova 1981.), each from a single collection. 

These collections were not available to or 

unknown by Timdal during his above mentioned 

study. There are, unfortunately, some 

erroneous reports in the literature due to confusion 

with T. lutosa (Ach.) Timdal, and older 

reports of this species generally require confirmation. 

During recent field work we have discovered 

the species in Nonvay and Russia 

(Yakutia and the Altai mountains). This 

prompted us to make a new effort to locate 

reported, but unconfirmed material, and to 

present a revised distribution map for the species 

in Eurasia. 

Taxonomy 

The species is easily recognized, being the only 

Toninia with the combination of a yellowish 

thallus and ellipsoid, l.-septate spores. It is 

further shortly charactefized by having small, 

roundish squamules with a cracked upper cortex, 

and black apothecia which are usually 

covered by bluish white pruina Toninia sculpturata 

may be confused mainly with T. gobica 

Golubk., which also has a more or less 

cracked, yellowish thallus, but this species differs 

in having larger squamules and acicular, 

3-septate spores. It may also be confused with 

T. lutosa, which has a pale grey thallus and 

mainly bacilliform, (1-)3-septate spores. For 

more extensive descriptions and ta:ronomic 

discussions, see Kilias (1984) and Timdal 

(L992). 

Distribution and ecologr 

The new finds extend the Eurasian distribution 

of the species significantly: From having confirmed 

material only from arid areas, mainly 

mountains, in Central Asia, w€ now know it 

from the boreal zone of Europe and Siberia 

(Figure L). The boreal localities are more or

14 Einar Timdal and Mil

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (rees) Toninia sculpturata in Euroasia 15 

Figure 1. Toninia sculpturata. Distribution in Eurasia O: confumed material, O: literature 

records (from Dzhuraeva 1975, Baibulatova L988). 

Specimens examined (Russian text translated): 

Norway. Oppland: Vang, north shore of lake 

Vangsmjosi, c. 2 km E of Vennis, 61o09'N, 

8"35'8, alt. 600 m, 1993, Haugan & Timdal 

7829 (O). Austria. Tirol: Rhiitische Alpen, 

Samnaun-Gruppe, der Htinge SO unterhalb 

Serfaus, alt. 1100-1400 m, L972, Poelt (GZU). 

Russia. Yakutia: Moma region, along the river 

Indigirka, c. 48 km NNW of Tyubelyoh, 

65'48'N, 142"53'8, alt. 200-300 m, t992, 

Haugan & Timdal YAKL7l30 (O), Zhurbenko 

9279 (M), 921,14 (LE); c. 52 km NNW of 

Tyubelyakh, 65o50'N, L42"54'E, alt. 200-300 

m, 1992, Zhurbenko 92I06b (CANL), 92LL5 

(LE). Gornyi Altai: Kurai Ridge, by the road 

between settlements Aktash and Kurai, 

50"14'N, 87"46'E, alt. c. 1500 m, L993, Zhurbenko 

931 (LE). Uzbekistan. North slope of 

Alai Ridge, Shakhimardanskie Mts, alt. 1450 

m, L948, Shafeev 14 (LE), 101 (LE, lectotype 

of T. flavida); Alai Ridge, right bank of 

Kadamsai, 1949, Shafeev (MSK); Alai Ridge, 

Khandarkan Canyon, 1949, Shafeev (MSK); 

Alai Ridge, left bank of Ak-Sai, 'Shaljanga', 

1949, Shafeev (MSK); Alai Ridge, Kulsai, 

1950, Shafeev (MSK). Tadzhikistan. Central 

part of the Zeravshan Ridge, left bank of river 

Fan-Dar)a, urochishche Obi Rapeft, alt. 

1600- L700 m, L978, Kudratov 2921, (LE). 

Mongolia. [Ivs; 10 km from Erd6ne- 

Khairkhan somon, upper part of river 

Khungui, Mt Tsakhir-Ula, 1972, Tsogt 1090 

(LE). China. Gansu: Yii-ehr-hung, alL 

27W-2800 m, 1932, Bohlin 80 (S, holoffi of 

C. sculpturata). 


Our thanks are due to J. Poelt, Graz, for loan 

and comments on the specimen from Austria; 

to L. I. Bredkina, St. Petersburg, for valuable 

comments on the manuscript; to the curators 

of MSK and S for the loan of specimens; and 

to Reidar Haugotr, Oslo, and Ulrik SOchting,

16 Einar Timdal and Milchail P. Zhurbenko 

Copenhagen, for company on our expedition 

in Siberia in 1992. 

References 

Afonina, O. M., Bredkina,L.I. & Makarova, I. 

I. 1980: Distribution of lichens and mosses 

in forest-steppe landscapes in the middle 

reaches of Indigirka river. Bot. Zhurn. 65: 

ffi-82. 

Baibulatova, N. E. 1988: Lichens of Sary- 

Dzhaz river basin (Central Tien-Shan). 

Bot. Zhurn. 73: 349-354. 

Dzhuraeva, Z. 1975: Likhenologicheskie issledovaniya 

v raione Meshed-Messeriana 

Izv. Akad. Nauk Turkmensk S.S.R, Ser. 

Biol. Nauk 4: 56-62. 

Golubkova, N. S. 1981: Konspect |lory 

lishainikov Mongolskoi Narodnoi Respub- 

/i/

The lichenicolous fungi on Thamnolia vermicularis in Nonvay 

PER GERHARD IHLEN 

Ihlen, P. G. 1995: The lichenicolous fungi on Thamnolia vermicularis in 

Norway. Graphis scripta 7: l7 -24. Stockholm. IssN 0%L-7593. 

Lichenicolous fungi occurring on Thamnolia vermicularis in Nonray include 

Cercidospora thamnoliicola Ihlen sp. nov., Polycoccum vermicularium 

(reported as new to Nonvay), Stigmidium frigidum, and Thamnogalla crombiei. 

Their host preferences are discussed, and distribution maps are provided. 

Notes are given on the distribution, ecology, and relative abundance of the 

two chemotypes of Thamnolia vermicularis in Nonuay. 

Per Gerhard lhlen, Botanical Institute, University of Bergen, Alltgaten 41, 

N-5007 Bergen, Noruay. 

Several lichenicolous fungi occur on Thamnolia 

vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer., and they have 

occasionally been mistaken for the ascomata of 

T. vermtcularis (Punris 1992), but the species 

never dwelops ascomata or pycnidia 

(Culberson L963, Poelt L969, Sheard 1977, 

Purvis L99\ and Krog et al. 1994). 

Thamnolia vermicularis comprises two 

chemotypes, one with baeomycesic and 

squamatic acid, and one with thamnolic acid. 

Filson (1972) and Krog et al. (1994) treated 

them as chemical strains, but specific rank was 

assigned to the chemotypes by Culberson 

(1963), Satd (1965), and Poelt (1969), as 

Thamnolia vennicularis (with thamnolic acid) 

and Thamnolia subulifurmis (Ehrh.) 'W. L. 

Culb. (with baeomycesic acid and squamatic 

acid). Keissler (1960), Sheard (1977), and 

Santesson (1993) recognized them as var. 

vermicularb and var. subuliformb (Ehrh.) 

Schaer. These chemotypes cannot be separated 

morphologically, other than in the herbaria, 

where the thamnolic acid containing specimens 

change colour to pink or rose over a period of 

several years (Culberson 1.963). 

Thamnolia vermicularis has almost a world 

wide distribution (SatO L965, map) in the arctic 

and alpine areas (Culberson 1963, Poelt 1969, 

Filson 1972, Sheard 1977). In Norway, the 

species is common in the alpine areas, 

descending to about sea-level, especially in 

northern Nonvay (Krog et al. 1994, map). 

The aim of this study is to identi$ and 

describe the lichenicolous fungi occurring on 

the trnro chemotypes of T. vermicularis in Nor- 

*oy, to discuss their distribution, and to 

provide a distribution map for the two chemo- 

Upes of. Thamnolia vermicularis, with notes on 

their relative abundance and ecolory. 

Material and methods 

All Nonpegian specimens filed under the name 

Thamnolia vermicularis in BG, NLH, O, 

TRH, TROM, and UPS were studied, as well 

as two specimens filed as Thamnogalla crombiei 

(BG and UPS), altogether 349 specimens. 

About lUVo of the Thamnolia collections had 

been analyzed by thin-layer chromatography 

(TLC) prior to the present investigation, and 

as the chemistry proved to be constant, the two 

chemotypes were here identified mainly by 

their reaction to UV light: Strain II is UV+ 

due to the presence of baeomycesic and

18 Per Gerhard lhlen 

squamatic acids, whereas strain I, with thamnolic 

acid, is UV-. 

Detailed microscopic examinations of the 

lichenicolous fungi required sections cut in a 

freezing microtome, mostly 15 pm thick; 

squash preparations were made for routine 

examinations. To stain fungal hyphae blue, 

lactoglycerol-anilinblue was used. Only specimens 

with mature ascomata containing ascospores 

were positively identified. 

Thamnolia vermicularis (S*.) Schaer. 

In the Thamnolia material, 82 % belonged to 

strain II and t8 % to strain I. Both strains 

show largely an arctic-alpine distribution. In 

southern Nonrtay, strain II also occurs in the 

coastal lowland in the westernmost parts 

(Figure 2), areas with an oceanic climate. 

Strain I, on the other hand, is lacking in the 

westernmost parts, but is more frequent in the 

easternmost parts (including the inner {ord 

areas of western Nonvay). Consequently, 

strain I appears to be somewhat more continental, 

and also with a more typical arcticalpine 

distribution, than strain II. Both chemotypes 

have been collected up to the high 

alpine region. 

According to the label data of the herbarium 

collections of T. vermicularis, both chemotypes 

prefer wind exposed sites, mostly 

alpine heaths with Racomitium spp., Potytrichum 

spp., Dryas octopetala, and Salix herbacea, 

and they occur on calcareous as well as 

acidic soil or rock. In Dovre National Park, 

Schei (1984) mapped the chemotyP€S, and 

found strain I to be most common on inter 

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (r99s) 

mediate to rich localities, whereas strain II was 

indifferent. 

Lichencolous fungi were observed on 

L6 Vo (57 specimens) of the Thamnolia collections. 

The percentage of the collections of the 

two chemotypes of T. vermicularis with 

observed lichenicolous fungi is listed in Table 

l. Cercidospora thamnoliicola and Stigmidiam 

frigidum were only found on strain II, but the 

number of specimens found is too sparse to 

indicate host preferences. Thamnogalla crombiei 

and Polycoccum vermiculariam shows no 

absolute host preferences, as they were found 

on both chemotypes. However, P. vermicularium 

is more common than T. crombici on 

strain II, and the distribution maps show that 

the species is more frequent in the areas 

where strain I is absent. Opposite, T. crombici 

is more common than P. vermiculariam on 

strain I. 

Cercidospora tharnnoliicola lhlen, sp. 

nov. 

Fungus lichenicola in thallo Thamnoliae vermiculai 

immersus. Ascomata perithecia, 

parietibus superioribus brunneis. Hamathecium 

filis sparsis. Ascosporae triseptatae, 11- 

14(-16) x 4-6 pm. Figure L. 

Typet Nonvay, Nordland, Steigen, Prestkonetinden, 

UTMED: 33W WR 01.35, map 

2030I, Norman (O, holotype). 

Ascomata perithecia, 95-L20 pm in diameter, 

immersed except at the ostiole which is 5 pm 

in diameter; wall in lower part light brown to 

hyaline, IL-17 pm thick, indistinctly delimited 

Table l. The percentage of collections of Thamnolia vermicularis with observed lichenicolous 

fungi in Nonray. 

C ercidospora thamnoliicola 

P o Iy c oc c um v e rmic ul aiu m 

Stigmidium frigidum 

Thamnogalla crombiei 

2 

24 

5 

26 

Strain I Strain II 

i.* 

10.5 

3.5 

40.3 

8.8 

35.1

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (rees) Lichenicolous fungi on Thamnolia vermicularis L9 

Figure l. Cercidospora thamnoliicola. A: Perithecium (bar 50pm). B: Ascus with ascospores 

and tholus, phase contrast (bar 20 pm). 

towards the host; wall in upper part brown to 

dark brown pigmented, l2-I8 pm thick; pigments 

restricted to the cell wall. Hamathecium 

of paraphysoides, sparse, at least in the lower 

part, only slightly branched, l-2 pm thick. 

Asci broadly subcylindrical, sessile, 37 -4L x 6- 

8( 12) Fn, with no amyloid reaction, 4(-6)spored. 

Ascospores more or less distichously 

arranged, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid with 

rounded ends (upper cells broader than the 

lower), hyaline, 3-septate, halonate, smooth, 

1l-14(-16) x 4-6 pm. 

The following characters shows that the new 

species can be placed in Cercidospora as circumscribed 

by Hafellner (1987), Triebel 

(1989), and Grube & Hafellner (1990): 

Brownish pigments located at the cell wall; a 

shallow ocular chamber; a hamathecium of 

paraphysoides; and 3-septate, halonate spores 

which are broader in the upper part. 

Unlike a typical Cercidospora, the new 

species differs in having sparse hamathecial 

filaments, at least in the lower part, and somewhat 

broader asci. I think that some slight 

variation in the abundance of hamathecial 

filaments and the form of ascus within a genus 

must be allowed. Cercidospora thamnoliicola is 

probably most closely related to C. stereocaulorum 

(Arnold) Hafellner and C. lichenicola 

(ZopD Hafellner, but is distinct, for example, 

by its spore size. Cercidospora lichenicola also 

has 4- to 6-septate spores, while C. stereocaulorum, 

according to Hawksworth (L982, as 

Metasphaeri"a stereocaulorum (Arnold) Sacc.), 

has much larger asci: 50-70 x 10- 12 pm. Cercidospora 

thamnoliicola is further distinct 

from the other species in this genus by its 

combination of brownish pigments in the


upper part of the perithecia, and the 3-septate 

ascospores, 11-14(-16) x 4-6 pm. 

The genus Cercidospora is represented by 

seven species in Nonpay according to Santesson 

(1993), but none of these are known to 

occur on Thamnolia. Cercidospora thamnoliicola 

is only known from two coastal localities, 

both in northern Nonray (Figure 3). The altitude 

range is unknown. 

Host: Thamnolia vermicularis strain II. 

Additional specimen examined: Nonray. 

Tromsz Tromso, Mikkelvik, 1910, Lynge (O). 

Polycoccum vermicularium (Linds.) 

D. Hawksw. 

Ascomata perithecia, 80- 110(- I22) pm in 

diameter, immersed except at the ostiole which 

is (12-)L7 -19(-23) pm in diameter; wall 

brown to dark brown, 8-12(-18) pm thick. 

Hamathecial filaments poorly developed, septate, 

L.2-2.5(-3) pm thick. Asci elongateclavate 

to broadly clavate, 60-66 x 20-25 Fn, 

with no amyloid reaction, 8-spored. Ascospores 

more or less distichously arranged, 

ellipsoid, brown, L-septate, weakly verruculose, 

14-19(-21) x 6-10 pm. See also 

Hawksrorth & Diederich (1988). 

Polycoccum vermicularium is distributed in the 

mountains of southern Nonvay, in the inner 

fiord district of Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane, 

and by the coast of Mgre og Romsdal, 

Sgr-Trondelag, and Finnmark (Figure 2). Its 

altitude ranges from about sea level in Berlevtg 

(Finnmark) to 1650 m in Dovre{ell 

National Park. Potycoccum vermiculaium is 

new to Nonray. 

Hosts: Thamnolia vermicularis strain I and 

u. 

Specimens uamined: Norway. Buskerud: Hol, 

Ustevatn, alt. 1000 m, L954, Eckblad (BG); 

Nore og Uvdal, Geiwassdalen, UTMpp: 32V 

MM 407778, alt. 1180 m, L994, Ihlen 480 

(BG). Telemark: Tinn, Gausta, 1.856, Fries 

(UPS); Kalhovd, UTMBp: 32V MM 652589, 

alt. 1100 m, 1994,Ihlen 485 (BG). Hordaland: 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (Lees) 

Granvin, 1897, Havaas (BG); Nesheimsborgen, 

L90L, Havaas, Lich. Exs. Norv. L9L 

(BG); Odda, Roldal, Svandalsflona, alt. 1080 

m, 1939, Hasselrot (UPS); Ullenwang, 

Griberg seter pA Hardangervidda, LX)1, 

Havaas (BG); Ulvik, Finse, Bukkeskinnshjellene, 

1977, Gauslaa (NLH). Sogn og Fjordane: 

Luster, by Prestesteinwatnet, UTMED MP 

4526, alt c. 1400 m, L94, Ihlen 476 (BG); 

Ardal, Utladalen, E of Fuglenosi, L980, Sekse 

(BG); Inter Murane-Birdal, 1900, Havaas 

(BG). MOre og Romsdal: @rskog, N for 

Nrerenstindane, alt. 820 m, 1983, ROsberg 

(BG); @rsta, Festoykollen, alt. 850 m, 1983, 

Rosberg (BG). Sur-Trqndelag: Brekken, 

Kvernberget, alt. 950 m, 1967, Elven (O); 

Oppdal, Armodshoi, UTMED: NQ 3505, alt. 

1300 m, t977, Sorensen 5L44 (O); Nordre 

Knutsh6, UTMsp: 34LL, alt. 1650 m' L977, 

Sorensen 632L (O); Rissa, Sgrvikvann, L960, 

Rui (O). Nord-TrQndelag: Royrvik, BOrge{ell 

National Park, Mt. Jitnemensnjurhtjie, 

UTMED: Vltl 6t24, alt. 1400 m, L974, 

Tonsberg 894 (O). Nordland: Hatt{elldal, 

BOrgefiell National Park, Mt. Store Kjukkelflellet, 

UTMsp: VN 3924, alt. 1000-1300 

m, L972, Tonsberg (O); Grane, Lille{ellet, E 

of Majavatn, UTMEp: VN 2324, alt. 640 m, 

1979, Tonsberg 3709 (TRH). Finnmarkz Alta, 

Revta5vfurfi, 19L7, Lynge (O); Kaa{ord, t86/., 

Fries (UPS). Berlev6g, Vargviken, alt. 15 m, 

L966, Santesson 18958 (UPS). A total of 24 

specimens were seen. 

Stigmidium frigidum (Sacc.) Alstrup & 

D. Hawksw. 

Ascomata perithecia, 55-70(-78) pm in 

diameter, immersed except at the ostiole which 

is (6-)9-17(-23) pm in diameter; wall brown 

to dark brown, 6-10(-12) pm thick. Hamathecium 

absent. Asci elongate-clavate to 

broadly clavate, 40-50 x 13-18 Fn, with no 

amyloid reaction, 4(-6)-spored. Ascospores 

irregularly arranged, ellipsoid, hyaline, t-septate, 

smooth-walled, L2-15(-16) x 5-6(-7) 

Itm. See also Alstrup & Hawksworth (1990).

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (Legs) Lichenicolous fungi on Thamnolin vermicularis 2l 

Figure 2. A: Thamnolia vermicularis strain I (o) and strain II (o). B: polyocctutt 

vermicularium (O).


The species has been found in the mountains 

of Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane, and at 

one locality in Troms (Figure 2).On the Hardangervidda 

mountain plateau it was collected 

up to an altitude of about 1400 m. The species 

is new to Hordaland, Sogn og Fjordane, and 

Troms. 

Host: Thamnolia vermicularis strain II. 

A specimen from Oppland (I-om, Jotunheimen, 

Visdalen, W-exponierte H6nge c. 1 

km NE von Spiterstulen, c. 1100 m, L984, 

Hafellner & Ochsenhofer 12779, GZU), not 

seen by the author, was published by Hafellner 

(1ee3). 

Specimens u,amined: Norway. Hordalandz 

Ullensvarg, Nasane, Hardangervidda, alt. 1400 

m, LW7, Havaas (BG); Dimmedalen, 

UTMED:32Y LM 096700, 1980, Sekse (BG); 

Ulvik, Finse, L9I4, Nordhagen (BG). Sogn og 

Fjordane: Ardal Inter Murane-Birdal, 1900, 

Havaas (BG). Troms: Tranoy, Middagsfiell, 

Normann (O). A total of 5 specimens were 

Thamnogalla crombiei (Mudd) D. 

Hawksw. 

Forming galls on the host. Ascomata perithecia, 

100-150(-160),nm in diameter, immersed 

and with the ostiole below the surface of the 

gall; ostiole 20-25 pm in diameter; wall brown, 

13-15(-18) pm thick. Hamathecium formed 

by paraphyses which are sparsely septate, 

branched, and l-25(-35) trtm wide. Asci cylindrical 

to elongate-clavate, 55-70 x 5-7 Ffr, 

with no amyloid reaction, 6-8-spored. Ascospores 

irregularly arranged, narrowly ellipsoid 

to ellipsoid with rounded ends, hyaline, simple, 

smooth-walled,9-11(-12) x 3-5 pm. For a 

more detailed description, see Hawksworth 

(1980). 

Thamnogalla crombiei is apparently common 

in alpine areas of southern and northern Norway 

(Figure 3). The vertical distribution ranges 

from about sea-level (Berlev6g) to 1500 m 

(Ulvik). Thamnogalla crombiei is new to 

Hedmark, Telemark, Hordaland, More og 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (r99s) 

Romsdal, Sor-Trondelag, Nord-Trondelag, 

Nordland, Troms, and Finnmark. 

Hosts: Thamnolia vermicularb strain I and 

II. 

Two specimens, one from Oppland 

(@ystre Slidre, Valdresflya, between the road 

and Rasletjern, UTMED: MP 87-8906, alt 

1400-1600 m, 1.985, Santesson) published by 

@vstedal (1986), and one from Sogn og $ordane 

(Luster, Sogne{iell, S der Stra0e von 

Skjolden nach [.om, W von Hervassbu, c. l32O 

m, \98/,, Hafellner & Ochsenhofer 14300, 

GZU), published by Hafellner (1993), were 

not seen by the author. 

Specimens unmined: Nonray. Hedmarkz 

Alvdal, Osterdalen, Tronfield, 191.0, Lynge 

(O). Oppland: Nordre Land, Spitind, Synn- 

{ell, L979, Gauslaa (NLH); Sel, Rondvatnef 

t948, Dahl (O). Telemark: Tinn, Kalhovd, 

UTMED:32Y MM 652589, alt 11.00 m, t994, 

Ihlen 485 (BG). Hordalandz Granvin, Nesheimsborgen, 

1901., Havaas (O); 1915, Havaas, 

Lich. Norv. Occid. Exs. 80 (BG); Ulvik, Finse, 

Sauddalsnut, alt. 1480 m, 1972, Ehen 

(TROM). Sogn og Fjordanei Aurland, Steinbergdalen, 

L969, Vevle & @vstedal (BG). MOre 

og Romsdal: Sunndal, Hafs6s, 1902, Havaas 

(BG); Rodsetkimma, UTMpp: MQ 73ffi, alt 

760 m, t978, Holten (tRH). S4r-Tr0ndelagz 

Brekken, Dalvola, alt. llm m, 1962, Rui (O); 

Oppdal, Blesebekken, UTMED: NQ 3207, alt 

1150 m, 1.978, Sorensen 1401 (O); Kongwoll, 

L870, Zetterstedt, (UPS). Notd-Trundelag: 

Lierne, Raudbergklumpen, UTMED: VlvI 

4944, alt. 820 m, 1981, Holten ORFI). 

Royrvik, Borge$ell National Park, Mt 

Tonder{ellet, UTMED: M{ 4317, alt. 550-650 

m, 1974, TonsbergZl3 (O). Nordland: Ankenes, 

near river Rombakelven, below Katterat, 

alt. 150 m, 1986, Santesson 31618b (UPS); 

Hattfielldal, BOrge[ell National Park, Mt 

Viermafellet, UTMED: VN 5325, alt. 920- 

980, L974, Tonsberg 975 (O); BOrgefiell 

National Park, Mt. Rapestinden, UTMED: MtI 

6936, alt. L300 m, L973, Tonsberg (O). Tromsz 

Bardu, Vargeneset i Altevann, L9L4, Lynge 

(O). Milselv, l,appeskardet, UTMgp: DB 

2838, alt. 740 m, 1986, N{Orkved GROM);

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 7 (r995',) Lichenicolous f"ng on Thamnolia vermicularis 23 

Flgurc 3. A: Cercidospora thamnoliicola (O) and Stigmidiwt fngidum (O) B: Tharnnogalla 

crombiei (O).


MAlselv, Qverbygd, Skrubben, UTMED: DB 

4443, alt. 800 m, L979, Borgen (O); Troms, 

Tromso, FlOifiellet, Norman (BG); Tromsoysund, 

Sollidalen, alt. 450 m, L968, Santesson 

20122 (UPS). Finnmark: Alta, Store Raipas, 

1917, Lynge (O); Porsanger, Kistrand, alt.20 

m, 1968, Santesson 19958 (UPS). Berlevig, alt. 

1.0 m, 1966., Santesson 18924 (UPS). A total of 

26 specimens were seen. 


Thanks are due to the curators of BG, NLH, 

O, TRH, TROM, and UPS for loan of, or 

access to material, to Dr Josef Hafellner 

(Graz), Dr Rolf Santesson (Uppsala), Dr Tor 

Tonsberg (Bergen), for advice and comments, 

and to Dr Per Magnus Jorgensen (Bergen) for 

help with the I-atin diagnosis. 

References 

Alstrup, V. & Hawksrvorth D. L. 1990: The 

lichenicolous fungi of Greenland. Meddel, 

GrQnland, Biosci. 31: 1-90. 

Culberson, W. L. L963: The lichen genus 

Thamnolia. Bittonia 15: 140-L44. 

Filson, R. B. 1972: Studies in Australian 

lichens II. The alpine lichen Thamnolia 

vemicularis (St".) Schaer. in Australia. 

Muelleria 2: 180-187. 

Grube, M. & Hafellner, J. 1990: Studien an 

der flechtenbewohnenden Pilzen der 

Sammelgattung Didymella (Ascomycetes, 

Dothideales). Nova Hedwigia 51: 283-360. 

Hafellner, J. L987: Studien tiber lichenicole 

Pilze und Flechten VI. Ein verf,ndertes 

Gattungskonzept ftir Cercidospora. 

Henogia 7: 353-365. 

Hafellner, J. 1993: Uber Funde von lichenicolen 

Pilzen und Flechten im siidlichen 

Nonregen. Hercogia 9: 749-768. 

Hawksworth, D. L. 1980: Notes on British 

lichenicolous fungi: III. Notes Roy. Bot. 

Gard. Edinburyh 38: 165-183. 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (r99s) 

Hawksworth, D. L 1982: Notes on British 

lichenicolous fungi: IV. Notes Roy. Bot. 

Gard. Edinburyh 40: 37 5-397. 

Hawksn'orth, D. L & Diederich, P. 1988: A 

synopsis of the genus Polycoccum 

(Dothideales), with a key to the accepted 

species. Trans. Brit, Mycol. .Soc. 90: 293- 

3r2. 

Keissler, K. von 1960: Usneaceae. In: Keissler, 

K. von (ed.). Dr. L. Rabenhorcts fsyptogamen-Flora 

von Deutschtan4 Osterreich 

und der Schweiu 9, 5, 4: l-755. 

l*pzig. 

Krog, H., @sthagen, H. & Tgnsberg, T. L99,4z 

Lavflora. Norclcz bwk- og bladlav. Second 

edition. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. 

@vstedal, D. O. 1986: Nordisk lichenologisk 

forenings ekskursjon til Norge 1985. 

Graphis Scripta 1: 14-25. 

Poelt, J. 1969: Bestimmungsschlilssel 

europiiischer Flechten J. Cramer, Vaduz. 

Purvis, O. L992: Thamnolia Ach. er( 

Schaerer (1850). In: Purvis, O. W., Coppins, 

B. J., Hawksvorth, D. L., James, P. 

'W. & Moore, D. M. (eds.), The lichen 

llora of Great Britain and lreland. Natural 

History Museum Publications/The British 

Lichen Society, London. 

Santesson, R. 1993: The lichens and lichenicolous 

fungt of Sweden and Nonvay. SBTf6rlaget, 

Lund. 

Sat6, M. L965: Distribution and ecology of the 

lichen genus Thamnolia. Bull. Fac. Arts 

Ibaraki Univ., Nat. ScL 16: 25-35. 

Schei, A. J. S. 1984: The macrolichens of 

Dovrefiell National Park. Gunnerin 50: t- 

LL7. 

Sheard, J. 'W. L977: Paleogeography, chemistry 

and tiu(onomy of the lichenized ascomycetes 

Dimelaena and Thamnolia. Bryologist 

80: 100- L L8. 

Triebel, D. 1989: lrcideicole Ascomyceten. 

Eine Rwision der obligat lichenicolen 

Ascomyceten auf lecideoiden Flechten. 

Biblioth. Lichenol. 35: !-278.

Epi:rylic lichens on conifer logs in four natural forests in Finland 

SANNAI.AAKA 

I-aaka, S. L995: Epixylic lichens on conifer logs in four natural forests in 

Finland. Graphis Scripta 7: 25-3L. Stockholm. ISSN W0L-7593. 

The lichen flora on decaying conifer logs was studied in four old-growth 

spruce forests in Finland. Thirty-nine species were found to grow epirylic, 

most of which are common epiphytic or terricolous species. In shady, humid 

forests with epirylic bryophytes dominant on the logs, the number of lichen 

species was rather low (11-26). In such forests the lichen cover on the logs 

was also rather low, less than lSVo. 

Sanna Laaka, Department of ecologt and systematics, P.O. Box 47, 

FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. 

Natural boreal forests are complex ecosystems 

with a large variety of microhabitats (see 

Mladenoff 1994, Kuusinen L994a). Recent 

investigations of old-growth forest lichen floras 

have concentrated on epiphytes both in 

boreal (Kuusinen et al. 1990, Tibell L992, 

Kuusinen 1994b, 1994c) and in temperate forests 

(Rose 1985, Goward L994). Although 

decaying wood is an essential element in natural 

forests (S0derstr0m & Jonsson 1992), the 

epirylic macrolichens growing on this temporary 

and patchily distributed substrate have not 

been systematically investigated. 

In shady humid forests dominated by Norway 

spruce, Picea abies, decaying logs are 

mainly covered by mosses and livenrorts 

(Soderstr6m & Jonsson t992). A number of 

lichens do, however, frequently grow on 

decaying wood in spruce forests (see Riisinen 

1927, Koskinen 1955, S6derstr6m 1988a). In 

this paper,39 lichen species found on decaying 

conifer logs in four natural spruce forests in 

Finland are listed with comments on their 

abundance and species composition. 

Study aneas 

The epirylic lichen flora was investigated in 

two south boreal, in one middle boreal, and in 

one north boreal (see Ahti et al. 1968) upland 

type forest dominated by Nonray spruce. The 

study areas are natural old-growth forests 

located in protected areas: Multiharju is a part 

of the Seitseminen National Park in Kuru 

parish; Kotinen in l-ammi parish is a forest 

reserve; while Vesijako, in Padasjoki parish, 

and Viirri6, in Salla parish, are Strict Nature 

Reserves (Figure 1). The surface areas of the 

forests (Vesijako: 35 ha, Kotinen: 16 hq 

Multiharju: 10 ha and Virri0: 50 ha) here 

refer to the investigated sections with a superficially 

similar microclimate. 

The mean annual temperature is +3 "C to 

+4 oC in the southern boreal Vesijako and 

Kotinen (Alalammi 1987). In Multiharju ging 

on a watershed area on the southern limit of 

middle boreal zone, the mean annual temperature 

is somewhat lower, +1 "C to +2 "C. The 

mean annual precipitation is benreen 650 and 

750 mm in all the three southernmost sites. In 

Vtirri6 area the climate is rather humid, 

because the mean annual precipitation (500 

hn, Alalammi I9S7) is high in comparison

26 Sanna Laal

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 7 (lees) Epixylb licherc on conifer logs n 

Table 2. Occurrence of 39 lichen species growing on decaying logs in four natural spruce forests 

in Finland. Abbreviations for study sites: Ve = south boreal Vesijako Strict Nature Reservg Ko = 

south boreal Kotinen Forest Reserve, Mu = middle boreal Multiharju (Seitseminen National 

Park), and Vd = north boreal VArri0 Strict Nature Reserve. Asterisk (*) shou,s lichen species 

reported as epirylics in northern Sweden by Stiderstrdm (1988a). 

Species Ve Ko Mu vii 

*Cetraria pinastri 

*Cladonia coniocraea 

*Hypogmnia physodes 

*Platismatia glauca 

*Parmeliopsis ambigua 

* P armeliop s is hyp eropta 

*Cladonia funbriata 

*Cladoni"a botrytes 

* C I ado nia b ac ill ifu rmis 

*Cladonia cenotea 

Cladonia cornuta 

*Cladina rangfurtna 

Peltigera canina 

Lepraia sp. 

*Cladina arbuscula 

Cladina mitis 

*Cladonin cameola 

Cladonia crispata 

Cladonia deformis 

Cladonia furcata 

*Cladonia grayi 

Cladonia ochrochlora 

Cladonia pleurota 

I c m adop hil a e ric e to rum 

Nephroma arcticum 

Parmelia sulcata 

Peltigera aphthosa 

*Cladonia chlorophaea 

*Cladonia digitata 

Parmelia saxatilis 

P s e udev e mia furfura c e a 

Usnea hirta 

Usnea subtloridana 

Cladonia gracilis ssp. rnrbinata 

Cladonia subulata 

Bryoria fuscescens 

Cladonia macilenta 

Cladonia squamosa 

My c ob I a.rtus s angu in a riu s 

Total number of species 

Average number of species per log 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

t6 

2.6 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

tL 

2S 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

L2 

2.4 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

26 

4.6

28 Sanna Laaka 

following units: 0.1 Vo, I Vo, 5 Vo, L0 Vo,20 Vo, 

30 Vo ... 100 Vo. Average lichen cover on the 

logs was calculated for each of the study areas, 

and for each species. 

Results 

The total number of lichen species found 

growing on decaying conifer logs was 39. The 

species are listed in Table 2, with their occurrences. 

Number of species recorded was 16 in 

Vesijako, 11 in Kotinen,12 in Multiharju and 

26 n V6rri6 (Table 2). 

Cetraria pinastri, Cladonia coniocraea, 

Hypogmnia physodes and Platismatia glauca 

grew on conifer logs in all four study areas 

(Table 2). Species found in all but one of the 

areas were Cladonia botrytes, C. funbiata, 

Parmeliopsis ambigua and P. hyperopta. Species 

with occurrences in trro areas were Cladina 

rangiferina, Cladonia bacillifurmb, C. 

cenotea, C. cornuta, Lepraria sp. and Peltigera 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (1995) 

canina. The majority (25 of the 39) were 

found on logs in only one of the four areas 

(Table 2). 

The average number of species on each 

log was 2.6 in Vesijako,2.5 in Kotinen and 2.4 

in Multiharju (Table 2). In Virrio the average 

species number per log was 4.6 (Table 2). 

The average lichen cover on conifer logs 

was relatively low: in Vesijako only 0.9 Vo of. 

the logs' surface. Average cover on conifer 

logs was highest in Kotinen, L5.4 Vo, and in 

Multiharju and in Viirrio, average cover was 

7.0 Vo and 6.7 Vo. 

In these humid forests the lichens form 

small stands with low percentage cover, ranging 

on average from 0.L % to 7.5 Vo (fable 3). 

However, for single occurrences of. Cladonia 

canteola and C. grayi in Viirri6, percentage 

cover reached 20 Vo and 30 Vo. On average, 

the most abundant species were Cladonia furcata 

(7.5 Vo), Lepraria sp. (6.8 Vo), Cladonia 

subulata (6.1 Vo), C. coniocraea (5.2 Vo), 

Table 3. Abundance measured as average percentage cwer for 39 epirylic lichen species on 

conifer logs. Species in alphabetical order; species with only a single occurence indicated [ #. 

Species Mean cover (Vo) Species Mean cover (Vo) 

# Bryoia fuscescens 

Cetrarin pinastri 

Cladina arbuscula 

# C. mitis 

C. rangiferina 

# Cladonia bacillifurmis 

C. botrytes 

#C. canteola 

C, cenotea 

# C. chlorophaea 

C. coniocraea 

C. cornuta 

C. crbpata 

C. deformis 

# C. digitata 

# C. funbriata 

C. furcata 

# C. gracilis ssp. farbinata 

# C. grayi 

# C. macilenta 

0.1 

0.1 

3.7 

0.1 

3.8 

0.1 

0.4 

20.0 

1.3 

0.1 

5.1 

0.5 

2.3 

1.0 

0.1 

3.4 

7.5 

0.1 

30.0 

1.0 

Cladoni"a ochrochlora 

# C. pleurota 

# C, squamosa 

C. subulata 

Hypogmnia physodes 

I c madop hil a e ric e to rum 

Lepraria sp. 

# Mycoblastus sangUinarius 

Nephroma arcticum 

# Parmelia saxatilis 

P, sulcata 

Parmeliopsb ambigua 

P. hyperopta 

Peltigera aphthosa 

P. canina 

Platismatia glauca 

P s eud ev e rnin fu rfu ra c e a 

# Usnea hina 

# U. subfloridana 

0.6 

0.L 

10.0 

6,7 

1.5 

0.8 

6.9 

0.1 

0.4 

0.1 

0.1 

0.4 

0.8 

0.1 

0.6 

0.7 

1.0 

0.1 

0.1

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (lees) 

Cladina rangiferina (3.8 Vo), C, arbuscula 

(3.7 Vo) and Cladonia fimbriata (3.4 Vo). 

Discussion 

The total species number of epixylic lichens 

was 39 in the four natural forests investigated, 

but unequal sampling intensity does not allow 

comparisons of species richness between areas. 

The lichen flora is, however, poorer than is the 

epirylic bryophyte flora (99 species) in the 

same areas (S. laaka, unpublished data). 

The exceptionally high number of species 

in Vtirri6 as compared to other areas (Table 2) 

is probably caused by higher number of logs 

investigated. The average number of species 

on each log was, however, higher in VSrriO 

than in other three areas (Table 2) thus indicating 

presumably higher diversity. 

In other studies on epirylic lichen floras, 

numbers of species are even lower. Frey 

(L921) reports 28 lichen species on decaying 

wood in central Sweden, with only five of his 

species found also in this study (Cetrari^a pinastri, 

Parmeli"a sulcata, Parmeliopsis ambigua, 

P. hyperopta, and Usnea hirta). Soderstr6m 

(1988a) lists 16 epirylic lichens occurring both 

in natural and managed middle boreal spruce 

forests in northern Sweden. All these species 

grow as epirylics also in Finland (marked with 

* in Table 2). Koskinen (1955) lists 287 lignicolous 

lichen species inhabiting bare wood on 

living tree trunks, including many of the species 

listed here. However, Koskinen's study 

does not include fallen, decomposed trunks, 

which form a microclimatically different substrate 

than do dead trunks remaining upright. 

The species composition of epirylic lichen 

flora differs between the boreal forests of Finland 

and the cool temperate forests of eastern 

Canada dominated by Tsuga canadensis, Pinus 

resinosa and P. strobns. However, the number 

of species in common is high. Of the 23 

lichens reported on decaying wood in Canada 

(Lambert & Maycock 1968), 20 grow also as 

epirylics in Finland. [n contrast, only four of 

the 20 epirylic lichen species in deciduous 

forests in eastern Canada (Muhle & kBlanc 

1975) occur in boreal spruce forests in Finland 

Epixylic lichens on conifer logs 29 

(Cladonia chlorophaea, C. coniocraea, C. 

squamos a, and Hypogmnia physodes). 

The average cover of epixylic lichens is 

low in all the four study areas probably 

because of the humid microclimate, which 

favors the growth of bryophytes instead of 

lichens (see Riistinen L927, Muhle & I-eBlanc 

L975).In such forests, the lichens grow mainly 

on newly fallen tree trunks, so that a considerable 

number of the lichen species are epiphytes, 

including Hypogmnia physodes, Platismatia 

glauca, Pseudevemia furfuracea, 

Bryoria fuscescens, and Usnea spp., which may 

remain until the bark begins to fall off (see 

also Soderstr6m 1988b). In late stages of log 

decay, these epiphytic lichens are replaced by 

large, primarily terricolous species such as 

Cladina rangiferina, C. arbuscula, Peltigera 

spp., and Nephroma arcticum (ground flora 

species in S6derstr6m 1988b). 

The Cladonia species form the major 

group of epirylic lichens in the humid spruce 

forests, but difficulties in identification of 

commonly sterile squamules obscure the true 

picture of the species distribution. However, 

the large number of species, L9 among the 

total of 39 epirylic lichens, indicates the importance 

of decaying wood as a substrate for 

Cladonia (see also Thomson 1967, Santesson 

r993). 

Although the fragmentation of natural 

forests and intensive forest management have 

caused a serious threat to many old-growth 

forest cryptogams (Esseen et al. 1981, Sederstr6m 

1988a, I-aaka 1992, Niemeld et al. L992, 

S6derstr0m & Jonsson 1991 Kuusinen 1994a), 

none of the epirylic lichen species listed here 

is considered threatened in Finland. Even so, 

the epirylic lichens are an essential component 

of the cryptogam flora of virgin boreal forests, 

and their protection requires sufficient knowledge 

also of the lichen flora. 


I cordially thank Dr Soili Stenroos for identification 

of many lichen specimens and for 

comments on the manuscript. I also thank 

Mikko Kuusinen, Lic. Phil., and Henrik Lind-

30 Sanna Laaka 

htg, M. Sc., for comments on the manuscript 

and for discussions on natural forests. Dr 

Carol Norris revised the English language, 

which is cordially acknowledged. 

References 

Ahti, T., H6met-Ahti, L & Jalas, J. 1968: 

Vegetation zones and their sections in 

northwestern Europe. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 5: 

169-21L. 

Alalammi, P. (ed.) 19872 Atlas of Finland, 

Folio 131: Climate. The National Board of 

Survey, Helsinki. 

Esseen, P.-A., Ericson, L., Lindstrom, H. & 

Zackrisson, O. 1981: Occurrence and 

ecology of Usnea longissima in central 

Sweden. Lichenologist 13: 177 -190. 

Frey, E. 1927: Bemerkungen tiber die 

Flechtenvegetation Skandinaviens, vergleichen 

mit derjenigen der Alpen. In: 

Rubel, E. (ed.), Eryebnisse der Intemationalen 

pflaraenge ograp his c hen Exkurs ion 

durch Schweden und Norwegen 1925. 

Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanbchen 

Institutes Rtibel in Ziirich. Hdt 4: 210- 

259. 

Goward, T. L994: Notes on oldgrowthdependent 

epiphytic macrolichens in 

inland British Columbia, Canada. Acta 

Bot. Fenn. 150:31-38. 

Kalela, A. 1961: Waldvegetationszonen Finnlands 

und ihre klimatischen Paralleltypen. 

Arch.,Soc. Zool. Bot. Fennicae Vanamo 16 

(Suppl.); 65-83. 

Koskiner, A. 1955: Uber die Kryptogamen der 

Biiume, besonders die Flechten, im 

Gewiisseryebiet des Ptiijtinne sowie an den 

Fltissen Kalajoki, Lestijoki und \thAioki. 

Floristische, soziologbche und frhiiioki. 

Akademische Abhandlung, Helsinki. 

Kuusiner, M. l94a: Metstitalouden vaikutus 

epi$ryttijakaHhj iston monimuotoisuuteen. 

M e t s ii ntut kim us I a ito lcs e n t ie d o n an t oj a 4 82 z 

75-81 [with English abstractJ. 

Kuusinen, M. 1994b: Epiphytic lichen diversity 

on Salix caprea in old-growth southern 

and middle boreal forests of Finland. Ann. 

Bot. Fenn. 31: 77-92. 

GRAPHIS SCRTPTA 7 (re95) 

Kuusinen, M. l9,4c: Epiphytic lichen flora 

and diversity on Populus tremula in oldgrowth 

and managed forests of southern 

and middle boreal Finland. Ann. Bot. 

Fenn. 31:245-2ffi. 

Kuusinen, M., Mikkols, K. & Jukola-Sulonen, 

E.-L 190: Epiphytic lichens on conifers 

in the 1960's to L980's in Finland. In: 

Kauppi, P., Anttila, P. & Kenttflmies, K. 

(eds), Acidification in Finland. Helsinki, 

pp.397-420. 

laaka, S. 1992: The threatened epixylic bryophytes 

in old primeval forests in Finland. 

Biol. Conservation 59: L51-L54. 

Iambert, J. D. H. & Maycock, P.F. L968: The 

ecology of terricolous lichens of the 

Northern Conifer Hardwood forests of 

central Eastern Canada. Canad. f. Bot. 46: 

1043- 1078. 

Mladenoff, D. J. L99,4z Spatial analysis of 

forest landscape pattern. Metsiintutkimuslaitolcsen 

ticdonantoj a 482 : 33-38. 

Muhle, H. & I-eBlanc,F. L975: Bryophyte and 

lichen succession on decaying logs. I. 

Analysis along an evaporational gradient 

in eastern Canada. f. Hattori Bot. Lab. 39: 

1. -33. 

Niemelii, T., Kotiranh, H. & PenttiH, R. 1992: 

New records of rare and threatened polypores 

in Finland. Karstenia 322 8l-94. 

Rtisiinen, V. L927: UUer Flechtenstandorte 

und Flechtenvegetation im westlichen 

Nordfinnland. Ann. Soc. Zool. BoL Fenn. 

Vanamo 7: L-202. 

Rose, F. 1985: The old forests of western 

Europe and their epiphytic lichens. Bull. 

Brit. Lichen.Soc. 56: l-8. 

Santesson, R. 1984: The lichens of Sweden and 

Noruay. Swedish Museum of Natural History, 

Stockholm and Uppsala. 


fung of Sweden and Norway. SBTf6rlaget, 

Lund. 

S6derstrOm, L. 1988a: The occurrence of 

epirylic bryophyte and lichen species in an 

old natural and a managed forest stand in 

northeast Sweden. Biol, Consenation 45: 

L69-r78.

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 7 (Lges) 

Soderstr6m, L. 1988b: Sequence of bryophytes 

and lichens in relation to substrate variables 

of decaying coniferous wood in 

Northern Sweden. Nordic J. BoL 8: 89-97. 

S6derstr6m, L. & Jonsson, B. G. 1992 Naturskogarnas 

fragmentering och mossor pi 

temporira substrat. Svensk Bot Tidslv. 86: 

185-198. 

Epirylic lichens on conifer logs 31 

Thomson, J. 'W. 1967: The lichen genus Cladonia 

in Nonh America. University of 

Toronto Press, Toronto. 

Tibell, L. 1992: Crustose lichens as indicators 

of forest continuity in boreal coniferous 

forests. Nordic f. Bot. 12: 427-450.

Book review 

New Nonregian llora of fruticose and foliose 

lichens 

kog, H., @sthagen, H. & Tonsberg, T. t994: 

Lavtlora. Norsl

The lichenicolous fungi on Cladonia subgenus Cladina in Greenland 

ERIC STEEN HANSEN and VAGN AISTRUP 

Hansen, E. S. & Alstrup, V. 1995: The lichenicolous fungi on Cladonia 

subgenus Cladina in Greenland. Graphis Scripta 7: 33-38. Stockholm. ISSN 

0901-7593. 

Sphaerellothecium cladoniicola sp. nov. is a common and wide-spread 

parasite on Cladonia subgenus Cladina in Greenland. It has spherical, dark 

brown ascomata sitting on a superficial network of dark brown, often 

agglutinated hyphae. It is further reported from Svalbard, Canada, Alaska" 

and Siberia. Lichenopeltella cladoninrum sp. nov. is a common species on C. 

rangiferina and C. sUgta, and rare on Cladonia arbuscula ssp. mitis in 

Greenland. It has dispersed, black, catathecioid ascomata without setae, 

ascomawall of radially arranged, quadrangular cells and ascospores without 

setulae. The species is further reported from Scandinavia Nicsslia 

cladoniicola D. Hawksw. & Gams is reported as new to Greenland and 

Canada, and Scutula cladoniicola is new to Canada. 

Eric Steen Hansen, Botanical Museum" University of Copenhagen, 

Gothersgade 130, DK-1123 Copenhagen K, Denmark 

Vagn Alstrup, Department of plant ecologl, University of Copenhagen, Qster 

Farimagsgade 2D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K Denmark 

Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Flot. ssp. mitis 

(Sandst.) Ruoss is being studied for possible 

documentation of damaging effects of an 

increased level of UV-b-radiation following 

depletion of the ozone layer over arctic areas 

(Sorensen 1989, Heide-Jorgensen & Johnsen 

1995, Alstrup in preparation). A common 

lichenicolous fungus occurring on this host has 

been known for several years now, although 

not included in Alstrup & Hawksworth (1990). 

It was studied by Hansen (1992) in order to 

distinguish between damages caused by the 

fungus and damages caused by Uv-b-radiation. 

The fungus appears to be undescribed 

and is here named Sphaerellothecium cladoniicola. 

During the study of material of C. 

arbuscula ssp. mitis kept at C, one specimen of 

another undescribed lichenicolous fungus was 

found. It is here described u Lichenopeltella 

cladoniatuffi, and proved to be frequent on C. 

rangiferina (L) F. H. Wigg. and C. stygia (Fr.) 

Rouss. New reports of Nicsslia cladoniicola 

and Scrz tula cladoniicola are also given. 

Materials and methods 

The arctic collections of Cladonia subgenus 

Cladina kept in C has been studied with a 

binocular dissecting microscope. The new 

lichenicolous fungi have been studied with a 

Reichert microscope and with SE-microscopy. 

Lichenopeltella cladoniarurn E. S. 

Hansen & Alstrup, sp. nov. 

Mycelium immersum. Ascomata sessilia, 

dispersa, nigra, nitida, 50-70 pm diam., 

parietibus superioribus monostromaticis, e

34 Eic Steen Hansen and Vagn Alstrup GRAPHTS SCzuPTA 7 (1995) 

ffi 

Figure 1. Lichenopeltella cladoniarum, holotype. A-B: SE-micrographs, C: squash mounting 

with ascus. Scale 10 pm.

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA 7 (rees) 

cellulis radiatim dispositis, fuscis, subquadrangulis 

formatis, ostiolis centralibus paulum 

elwatis aoertis, setis carentibus. Asci circiter 

% x 14 pm magni, ovoides vel obclavati, 8spori. 

Ascosporae 18-21 x 5-6 pm magnae, 

ellipsoides, hyalinae, parietibus laevibus induto€, 

septis unicis mediis divisae, cellulis 

inferioribus angustioribus quam superioribus. 

Figure L. 

Typer Greenland, Disko Island, 

Eqalunguit, 69"33'N, 53o36'W, on Cladonia 

arbuscula ssp. mitb, 2L August 1898, M. 

Porsild (C, holotype). 

Mycelium immersed. Ascomata sessile, 

dispersed, black, shining, 50-70 pm in 

diameter, ostiolate; ostiole central and 

somewhat raised; the upper ascomawall one 

cell-layer thick, composed of radially 

arranged, dark brown, almost quadrangular 

cells; lower ascomawall is similar in structure 

but somewhat paler; setae absent. Asci c. 36 x 

14 pm, ovoid to obclavate, 8-spored. Ascospores 

L8-21 x 5-6 Fn, ellipsoid, hyaline, 

smooth-walled, with one median septum; the 

lower cell narrower than the upper one; 

setulae absent. 

The genus Lichenopeltella HOhn. (syn. 

Micropeltopsis Vainio, Trichothyrina (Petr.) 

Petr.) was studied by Santesson (1989) and 

Spooner & Kirk (1990). Eriksson & 

Hawksrorth (1991) supported Santesson's 

view that Lichenopeltella should be accepted 

as the correct generic name. 

Santesson (1993) listed five species of the 

genus from Sweden and NoNOy, these were 

found on species of Cetraria, Vemtcaria, 

Umbilicaria, and Pehigera respectively (two 

species on Peltigera). The new species 

resembles L. cetrariicola (Nyl.) R. Sant., L. 

hydrophila R. Sant (ined.; cf. Santesson 1993), 

and L. maculans (ZopD HOhn. in lacking 

ostiolar setae. Lichenopeltella cetrariicola has 

ascospores with four setulae; L. maculans has 

much bigger asci and is a destructive parasite 

found on decolorized thalli of Umbilicaria 

hinuta; and L. hydrophila has bigger ascomata 

Lichenicolous fungi on Cladonia 35 

(60-150 Fm), srnaller ascospores (13-16 x 5-6 

ttm), is found on a species of.Vemtcari.a. 

The present species is rare on C. 

arbuscula ssp. mitb in Greenland being found 

on only one specimen out of. 3L2. However, it 

wns found on ten collections of C. rangiferina 

out of 130, and on two specimens out of. 20 

collections of C. stlgia. Two further collections 

are known from Norway and one from 

Sweden. It seems to be commensalistic rather 

than parasitic. 

Selected specimens qnrnhed: Greenland. 

Julianehlb districf Torssukahk, 60o56'N, 

46"48'W, on C. rangiferina, t962, Hansen (C). 

GodthAb districg Sardlup g6qaa, 64o23'N, 

51"42'W, oD C. rangiferha, t976, Alstrup 

76851 (C). Sukkertoppen districg island E of 

Imartorngup timaa, 65o27'N, 52o37'W, on C. 

rangiferina, t977, Alstrup 771119 (C). Tupertalik, 

alr 550 m, 65o30'N, 51o55'W, on C. 

rangiferina, 1977, Alstrup (C). Disko Island, 

Itivnek between Diskofiord and l-aksebugten, 

on C. rangiferina, 1898, Pedersen (C). Godhavn, 

Blesedalen, on C. rangiferina, 1932, 

Grontved (C). East Greenland, Ammagssalik 

@, west of Sofiasfield, on C. stygia, 1977, Friis 

Mgller (C). Nonuay. S4r-Trgndelag: R6ros, c. 

2 km NW of the city, on Cladonia stellaris, 

1974, Santesson 25100 (UPS); S0r-TrQndelagz 

Oppdal, c. 0.8 km SSE of Kongwoll $ellstue, 

on Cladonia mitis, l%4 Tibell 22Ub (UPS). 

Sweden . Nonbottenz Overtornei parish, Hiirivaara, 

on C. stellaris together with Niesslia 

cladoniicola, 1935, lohammar (UPS). 

Sphaerellothecium cladoniicola E. S. 

Hansen & Alstilp, sp. nov. 

Mycelium in podetio hostis superficiale, 

reticulum fuscum formans e filis paulum 

ramificatis compositum e hyphis constitutis 

singulis vel paucis parellelis conglutinatis, 5-7 

pm crassis, membranis crasse verrucosis. 

Ascomata omnino superficilia, continuo e 

mycelio orientia, fusca, sphaerica, ostiolata, 

30-60 pm diam., parietibus mono- vel 

distromaticis, pseudoparenchymaticis, e cellulis 

fuscis formatis 8-10 pm diarn, 3-4 ascos

36 Eric Steen Hansen and Vagn Alstrup GRAPHIS SCRTPTA 7 (rees) 

Figure 2. Sphaerellothecium cladoniicola. SE-micrographs, holotype. Scale L0 pm. 

eodem tempore foventia. Asci late sacculati, 

circiter 20 x 10 pm magni, 8-spori. 

Ascosporae ellipsoides, hyalinae, parietibus 

laevibus indutae, septis unicis divisae, circiter 

8-I2 x 5 pm magnae, od septa paulum 

constrictae, cellulis inferioribus angustioribus 

quam superioribus. Figure 2. 

Type: Greenland, Tasiilaq, 66o04'N, 

37"02'W, oD Cladonia arbusculc ssp. mitis, L7 

July 1970, E. S. Hansen (C, holotype). 

Mycelium superficial on the podetia of the 

host, forming a dark brown reticulum 

composed of somewhat branched hyphae 

which may consist of a single or a few parallel, 

agglutinated, 5-7 pm thick hyphae with 

coarsly verrucose walls. Ascomata entirely 

superficial, arising directly from the mycelium, 

dark brown, spherical, ostiolate, 30-60 pm in 

diameter, with L-2 ascomawall layers of dark 

brown, pseudoparenchymateous cells which 

are 8-L0 pm in diameter, containing 3-4 asci 

at a time. Asci broadly sacculate, c. 20 x 10 

Itfr, 8-spored. Ascospores ellipsoid, hyaline, 

smooth-walled, l-septate, c. 8-12 x 5 Fffi, 

slightly constricted at the septum; the lower 

cell narrower than the upper one. 

The genus Sphaerellothecium bpf. (1897) was 

studied by Triebel (1989), and a new species 

was described by Hafellner (1993). Its 

segregation from Echinotheciam Zopt (1898) 

is based on the lack of setae on the 

ascomawall. Four species are included in 

Santesson (1993), being found on species of 

Lecidea, Ochrolechin, Sporastatia, and 

Spharophorus respectively. The new species 

differs, besides the choice of host, mainly in 

the reticulate mycelium being composed of 

parallel, agglutinated hyphae. With age the 

mycelium can cover almost the whole surface 

of the host, and the species is clearly parasitic 

rather than mutualistic. 

Echinothecium cladoniae Keissler (not 

validly published) is also sitting on a superficial 

reticulate mycelium on Cladonia, but that 

species has setae on the ascomata (Santesson 

L984: 10), and is apparently absent from the 

Arctic. 

Sphaerellothecium cladoniicola is common 

and widespread in all parts of Greenland 

where its hosts are found, which at least means 

north to about 80"N. Fifty collections of C. 

arbusculc ssp. mitis in C out of 312 collections 

were infected, oS were L4 specimens of C.

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (Lges) 

stellaris out of 105 collections and 10 of C. 

rangifeina out of 130 collections. Five 

specimens of C. stygia out of 20 were also 

infected. It has also been found in Svalbard, 

Siberia, Canada, and Alaska. 

Selected specimens examined (all in C), 

Greenland. Nanortalik, 60'09'N, 45o15'W, 

1993, Hansen 270. Narsarssuaq, 61o09'N, 

45"25'W, oo C. stellaris, 1969, Hansen & 

Andersen. Qingertivaq, 66"06'N, 37o13'W, 

L970, Hansen 701851. Egedesminde, Arfersiorfik 

Fjord, KuSnit, 68o05'N, 52"L2'W, on C. 

stygia, 1951, Gelting. S6dalen, 68o12'N 

3 1o23'W, 197'1., Hansen 7 LA802. Scoresbysund, 

70o29'N, 21o58'W, 1987, Hansen 870407. 

Qaanaaq, 77"29'N, 69oL?W, Hansen 860792, 

Alstrup I99L-I993. Tupilak, 68o42'N, 

52"55'W, 1958, Hansen 1779. Disko Island, 

Lyngmarksfield, 69oL7'N, 53"30'W, L993, 

Alstrup. Svalbard. Albert I. I-and, Mitrahalvoya, 

W-N-side of Mt Mitra, 1989, 

SOchting. Canada. West of Hudsons Buy, 

1950?, Thomson 3401. Manitoba: Churchhill, 

on C. stellaris, L950, Thomson 3399. Bftish 

Columbia: alt. 1400 m, 57o35'N, 128o55'W, otr 

C. stellaris, 1975, Pajar L329; Summit L. mi. 

393, Alcan Hory, on C. arbuscula, 1976, Otto 

6195. Nonhwest Territories: Fort Norman, 

Bear Rock, Mac Kenzie Valley, 65o02'N, 

125"4'W, otr C. arbuscula ssp. beringeriana, 

1972, Marsh L448. USA. Alaska: Mt. Hayes 

Quadrangle, Gerstle River outlet, alt. 37 5 m, 

63o51'N, t44"53'W, 1.966, Viereck 7974. Russia, 

Siberia, Western Chukotka, Anyui 

Upland, near Mt. Razdel naya not far from 

Kikukveem River, on C. arbuscula, 1977, 

Andreev. 

Niesslia cladoniicola D. Hawksw. & 

Gams. 

Two specimens were found on C. rangifeina 

out of L30 studied from Greenland, and on two 

samples of C. stygia from Canada. It is new to 

both countries. 

Specimens examined (all in C)t Greenland. 

South Greenland, Kavssissagdlit, 1889, Hartz. 

Lichenicolous fungt on Cladonia 37 

E Greenland, Ammassalik, Qingertivaq, 

66o06'N, 37o13'W, 1969, Holmen. Canada. 

Bitish Columbia: Vicinity of Glad l-ake, alt 

4000 ft, 57o36'N, 128"46'W, 1975, Otto 55L8. 

Northwest Tenitorics: unnamed lake SE of 

Cartridge Hills, 65"52'N, 1.20o05'W, L970, 

Cody 18680. 

Scutula cladoniicola Alstrup & D. 

Hawksw. 

Ten samples of Cladonin rangiferina out of 

130 from Greenland were infected by this 

fungus. It was previously only known from the 

type collection on Cladonia stricta (Nyl.) Nyt 

in south Greenland (Alstrup & Hawksvorth 

1990: 65). 

Selected specimens examined (all in C)t 

Greenland. South Greenland, Kavssissagdlig 

1.889, Hartz. Sukkertoppen district, island E of 

Imartorngup timaa, 65o27'N, 52"37'W, LW, 

Alstrup 77111.9. Disko Island, Itivnek between 

Diskoflord and laksebugten, 1898, Pedersen 

East Greenland, Ammassalik, Qingertivaq, 

66o06'N, 37o13'W, L969, Holmen. Canada. 

Nonhwest Territoies: Richarson Mts near 

Buckhunter corlpr 68"04'N, 135"25'W, Wade 

& Kuramoto 6707LL28. 


The authors gratefully acknowledge the help 

of Rolf Santesson for valuable comments on 

the manuscript and for information on the 

occurrence of Lichenopeltella cladoniarum in 

Scandinavia, Lise Bolt Jorgensen regarding 

photographing the two new species in 

collaboration with the first author, and of Tyge 

Christensen, who translated the diagnoses into 

Latin. 

References 

Alstrup, V. & Hawksworth, D. L 190: The 

lichenicolous fungi of Greenland. Meddel. 

GrQnland, Biosci. 31: 1-90. 

Eriksson, O. & Hawksworth, D. L l99t: 

Notes on ascomycete systematics No.

38 Eic Steen Hansen and Vog, Alstrup 

1038. Lichenopeltella H6hnel. ,Sysr. 

Ascomycetum 9z l5-L6. 

Hafellner, J. 1993: UUer Funde von lichenicolen 

Pilzen und Flechten in siidlichen 

Nonvegen Henogia 9: 7 49-761. 

Hansen, E. S. 1992: Er de gronlandske 

bestande af Mild Rensdyrlav skadet af 

solens ultraviolette lys? Grqnland 3: 69- 

76. 

Heide-Jorgensen, H. S. & Johnsen, I. 1995: 

Analyses of surface structures of Cladonia 

mitis podetia in historic and recent collections 

from Greenland. Canad. f. Bot. 73: 

(in press). 

Santesson, R. 1984: Fungi lichenicole exsiccatae 

fasc. L-2: 10. Publ. Herb. Univ. 

Uppsala 13: L-20. 

Santesson, R. 1989: Parasymbiotic fungi on the 

lichen-forming basidiomryete Omphalina 

foliacea. Nordic J. Bot. 9: 97 -99. 

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (rees) 

Santessor, R. 1993: The lichens and lichenicolous 

fungi of Sweden and Norway. 

SBT-f6rlaget, Lund. 

Spooner, B. M. & Kirk, P. M. 1990: Observations 

on some genera of Trichothyriaceae. 

Mycol. Res. 942 223-230. 

Sorensen, N-E. 1989: Gronlandske planter 

med i ozonlagforskning. MiljOdanmark 

3(7): I8-20. 

Triebel, D. 1989: I-ecideicole Ascomyceten 

Biblioth. Lichenol. 35: l-278. 

Zopf, 'W. t897t Untersuchungen trber die 

durch parasitische Pilze hervorgerufenen 

Krankheiten der Flechten Nova Acta 

Acad, Caes, Leop.-Carol, German. Naa 

Cur. 70(2):99-193. 

Zopf, W. 1898: ibid" (Fortsetzung). Ibid.: 243- 

288.

4-O-Methylcryptochlorophaeic acid found in Bacidia 

TOR TONSBERG, CHICITA F. CULBERSON and ANITA JOHNSON 

Tonsberg, T., Culberson, C. F. & Johnson, A. t995: 4-O-Methylcryptochlorophaeic 

acid found in Bacidia. Graphis Scipta 7: 39-4L. Stockholm. 

ISSN 0901 -7593. 

4-O-Methylcryptochlorophaeic acid is reported from Bacidin absisteru. 

Tor T4nsberg, Botanical Institute, University of Bergen, Att€gaten 41, N-5007 

Bergen, Norway. 

Chicita F. Culberson and Anita Johnson, Department of Botany, Dutcz 

University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, U.SA. 

The genus Bacidia appears to be poor in 

lichen substances (see Culberson 1969 and 

later supplements). In a recent account, comprising 

the 37 species known from Great Britain 

and Ireland (Coppins L992), only the two 

species B. carneoglauca (Nyl.) A. L. Sm. and 

B. viri^diJhrinosa Coppins & P. James are 

recorded with acetone-soluble chemical constituents, 

and all other species are stated as 

having negative spot-tests and reactions to 

UV-light. During routine chemical analysis of 

recently collected Nonvegian lichens, a constant 

compound was found in easily detectable 

amounts in specimens of the corticolous, 

northwest European species Bacidia absistens 

(Nyl.) Arnold. This prompted an investigation 

of all material of this species deposited in BG. 

Materials and methods 

Eight specimens (BG) of Bacidia absistens 

were analyzed at the Botanical Institute, University 

of Bergen, by thin-layer chromatography 

(fLC) according to Culberson & Kristinsson 

(1970), Culberson (L972), and later 

modifications. One specimen (TOnsberg 5593), 

was also analyzed at the Department of Botatry, 

Duke University, by high-performance 

liquid chromatography (HPLC) and TLC. For 

this sample, extracts were made in the usual 

way, either with acetone alone (3 times at c. 

40'C) or first with toluene (3 times at room 

temperature) and then with acetone. To confirm 

the initial identification of the major 

product, the hydrolysis (concentrated H2SO4) 

products of the residue from evaporation of an 

acetone extract were compared to those from 

cryptochlorophaeic and planaic acids. HPLC 

used a Beckman C18 (4.6 x 250 mm, 5 pm) 

column with a solvent gradient formed by 

mixing methanol:water:o-phosphoric acid 

(30:70:1) (Solvent 1) with methanol. The 40 

min. gradient was from 60 Vo to 10 96 Solvent 

1, holding at L0 % for 20 min. Samples were 

dissolved in acetone or in methanol for 

injection and peaks were detected at 270 nm. 

The nomenclature follows Santesson 

(1993) if not otherwise stated, and families are 

circumscribed according to Eriksson & 

Hawksworth (1993). 

Results and discussion 

Baci^dia absistens was found to contain one 

major product, chromatographically GLC and 

HPLC) identical to 4-O-methylcryptochlorophaeic 

acid and different from an authentic 

sample of the chemically related depside 4-Omethylisocryptochlorophaeic 

acid, recently 

described as the major substance rn Penusaria

40 Tor Tqnsbery et al. 

paradoxica Archer & Elix (Archer & Elix 

1992). The initial identification of 4-Omethylcryptochlorophaeic 

acid was confirmed 

by hydrolysis, which yielded the same A-ring 

(52an,) as planaic acid and the same B-ring 

(Sson) as cryptochlorophaeic acid. In addition 

to 4-O-methylcryptochlorophaeic acid, 

Bacidia absistens contains atranorin as a 

minor constituent. The proportion of atranorin 

to 4-O-methylcryptochlorophaeic acid was 

low, but slightly higher in the toluene extract, 

where it was easily detected by both TLC and 

HPLC. 

4-O-Methylcryptochlorophaeic acid was 

first reported from the Cladoniaceae, in Cladonia 

perlomera Kristinsson and C. merochlorophaea 

var. merochlorophaea (Culberson & 

Kristinsson L969). later it was found in the 

Ramalinaceae in a chemotype of Ramalina 

subfraxinea Nyl. (Culberson et al. 1990). 4-O- 

Methylcryptochlorophaeic acid is here 

reported for the first time for the Bacidiaceae 

sensu Eriksson & Hawksworth (1993). 

Bacidia absistens is the first lichen known 

to contain 4-O-methylcryptochlorophaeic 

acid as the only major secondary product. This 

rare orcinol-type meta-depside is best known 

in the Cladonia chlorophaea complex, where it 

has always been found in mixtures with significant 

amounts of other compounds. It is the 

major depside, accompanied only by a trace of 

its lower homologue merochlorophaeic acid 

and significant amounts of the unrelated porcinol 

depsidone fumarprotocetraric acid, in a 

rare C. chlorophgea chemotype occurring 

within the range of C. merochlorophaea var. 

merochlorophaea in Washington State, USA 

(Hennings 1983). In the latter taron, 4-Omethylcryptochlorophaeic 

acid and submerochlorophaeic 

acid are satellite homologues 

accompanying the major product merochlorophaeic 

acid. Also, B. absistens contains a much 

higher proportion of 4-O-methylcryptochlorophaeic 

acid than Cladonia perlomera which 

has the satellite homologue merochlorophaeic 

acid in addition to significant amounts of the 

related orcinol para-depside perlatolic acid 

(Culberson et al. 1985). Finally, Ramalina 

subfrarinea contains 4-O-methyloxocrypto- 

GRAPHIS SCRTPTA 7 (Lees) 

chlorophaeic acid as the major substance, a 

minor amount of 4-O-methylcryptochlorophaeic 

acid, and a trace of merochlorophaeic 

acid (Culberson et al. L990). 4-O-Methylcryptochlorophaeic 

acid, so far reported only 

in these lichens, is of special interest because it 

is the most potent known nonsteroidal prostaglandin 

inhibitor (Sankawa et al. 1982). 

Specimens analyzed (all in BG): Nonvay. Hordaland: 

Lindis, 1972 & 1977, Ovstedal. Nord- 

Trpndelag: Flatanger, 1981, TOnsberg 5499 

(det. S. Ekman), 5511; Namsos, 1.981, Tonsberg 

5584, 5593; L985, Botnen 85/98 & Tonsberg. 

Sweden. Sodermanland: St. Malm parish, 

L9L7, Malme. 


We thank Mr Stefan Ekman (Lund) for confirming 

the identification of one of the specimens 

of Bacidia absbtens and Duke University 

for support. 

References 

Archer, A. W. & Elix, J. A. L9922 Further new 

species and new reports of Pertusaria 

(lichenised Ascomycotina) from Australia. 

Mycotaxon 45: 4I7-43L. 

Coppins, B. J. 1992: Bacidia de Not. (1&16). 

In: Purvis, O. W., Coppins, B. J., 

Hawksworth, D. L., James, P. W. & 

Moore, D. M. (eds), The lichen flora of 

Great Bitain and lreland. Natural History 

Museum Publications/The British Lichen 

Society, London, pp. 101-tL4. 

Culberson, C. F. 1.969: Chemical and botanical 

guide to lichen products. The University 

of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 

Culberson, C. F. 1972: Improved conditions 

and new data for the identification of 

lichen products by a standardized 

thin-layer chromatographic method. J. 

Chromatogr. 72: ll3-125. 

Culberson, C. F., Culberson, W. L. & Johnson, 

A. 1985: Orcinol-type depsides and 

depsidones in the lichens of the Cladonia 

chlorophaea group (AscomYcotina, 

Cladoniaceae). Bryologist 88: 380-387.

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (r9e7) 

Culberson, C. F., Culberson, 'W. L. & Johnson, 

A. 1990: A novel meta-depside from 

the Ramalina subfrarinea complex 

(Ascomycotina, Ramalinaceae). Bryologist 

93: L93-L96. 

Culberson, C. F. & Kristinsson, H. t969: 

Studies on the Cladonia chlorophaea 

group: A new species, a new meta-depside, 

and the identity of "novochlorophaeic 

acid". Bryologist 72: 431-443. 

Culberson, C. F. & Kristinsson, H. t970: A 

standardized method for the identification 

of lichen products. f. Chromatogr. 46: 85- 

93. 

4-O-Methylcryptochlorophaeic acid in Bacidia 4l 

Eriksson, O. E. & Hawksn'orth, D. L 1993: 

Outline of the Ascomycetes - 1993. Syst 

Ascomycetum 12: 52-257 . 

Hennings, C. J. 1983: The Cladonia chlorophaea-C. 

fimbriata complex in western 

Washington. Bryologist 86: &-73. 

Sankawa, U., Shibuya, M., Ebizuka, Y., 

Noguchi, H., Kinoshita, T. & Iitaka, Y. 

1982: Depside as potent inhibitor of prostaglandin 

biosynthesis: A new active site 

model for fatty acid cycloorygenase. Prostaglandirc 

24:21-34. 

Santessoo, R. 199.3:. The lichens and lichenicolous 

fungt of Sweden and Norway. SBTf6rlaget, 

Lund.

42 Book review 

(Continued from page 32) 

majority are poorer than in the first edition, 

because of the printing technique. However, 

the new Peltigera photos taken from Holtan- 

Hartwig (1993) are better in the new flora 

than in the original publication in Sommerfeltia. 

The photos of, for example, Alectoria 

nigicans, A. ochroleuca and Bryoia nitidula 

in the new edition seem all to be of the same 

species. The quality varies, Physcia photos are 

sharp, while Physconia photos are misty. 

The keys are considerably improved as 

they now include all mentioned species. The 

main key is a bit awkward. It has become too 

lengthy because of splitting of genera, and 

should therefore have been reorganized. 

Especially for beginners a hierarchal structure 

reduces the risk of going astray. Hierarchal 

keys give a simpler overview of the structure. 

The synopsis key is not particularly useful for 

students and beginners, as alternatives are 

incompletely described. A hierarchal structure 

is not too difficult to make with modern textediting. 

In the main key less important and more 

dubious characteristics often come before the 

more crucial ones (for example 10, L3, 27, 36, 

77 , 88). The word "saricolous" could have been 

used for umbilicate species (38, main key). 

Pleurosticta is frequently sterile, and not 

particularly greener than many Melanelia 

specimens from shaded positions. It is strange 

to characterize Flavoparmelia, Arctoparmelia 

and Xanthoparmelia as yellow, as other terms 

are normally used for usnic acid-coloured 

species. Common, sterile Nephroma arcticum 

specimens do not come under Nephroma in 

the main key. It seems curious to key out 

Platismatia glauca and P. norvegica in 

different sections of the main k.y, separated 

from Cetrelia, which is placed together with 

Parmotreffie, rather than key out Parmotrema 

earlier by the presence of distinct cilia. 

Platismatia glauca specimens with lobes 

broader than 1 cm are common in somewhat 

shaded positions. Single species often key out 

in the main k.y, and the full species name 

should be given in such cases. The Usnea key 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (rees) 

was discouraging as many of my well 

developed Usnea collections still remain 

nameless, while new the Bryoia key worked 

better. 

There are strikingly few additional dots on 

the 12 distribution maps that are included, 

giving an impression of a low collecting activity 

during the last L5 years. However, not all collections 

deposited within Nonvegian herbaria 

have been included. Updating of distribution 

maps hardly becomes efficient until a database 

with lichen records is established, a work that 

has recently begun in Nonray. 

Ecological data are sparse and more vague 

than in many other lichen floras. Sometimes 

ecological data are directly misleading, as with 

some Lobaria species. Lobaia scrobiculata is 

said to be common and to grow on trees, 

stones and on the ground all over the country 

like Hypogtmnia physodes, while it is a widely 

distributed, but not especially common indicator 

of ecological continuity. Lobaria scrobiculata 

is at present rarer than L. amplissima and 

L. virens in coastal areas, at least from Vest 

Agder to Vestfold. Pannaria meditenanea is 

said to be one of the few species that is 

restricted to one tree species, namely Fraxinus 

(listed in the introductory chapter), while all 

my collections are from other trees. This species 

is locally common in the northern boreal 

region in parts of Oppland on Sorbus aucupaia 

and Salix caprea in forests with ecological 

continuity. Lobaion species in general are 

known to be restricted to substrates with relatively 

high pH, regardless of tree species, 

which could have been mentioned. Ecology of 

many alpine species should have been related 

to the important snow-cover gradient. Species 

llke Alectoia nigicans and Cetraria cucullata 

are chionophobous, Nephroma arcticum and 

Cladonia stellaris are examples of chionophilous 

species, although not snowbed species. 

Xanthoion species including genera like 

Phaeophyscia, Physcia, Physconia, Xanthoria 

should have been characterized as favoured by 

moderate eutrophication. Most Xanthoion 

species are presently characterized as corticolous 

and/or saxicolous, which is too vague. 

(Continues on page 48)

Nya eller intressanta epifytiska lavar frfn sydviistra Sverige 

SVAI..ITE HULTENGREN 

Hultengren, S. L9942 Nya eller intressanta epifftiska liavar fran sydviistra 

Sverige. [New or interesting epiphytic lichens from southwestern SwedenJ. 

Graphis Scripta 7: 43-47. Stockholm. ISSN WL-7593. 

During one year (199311994) of field investigations in the project "Epiphytic 

lichens from southwestern Sweden", several interesting collections have been 

made. Two species are new to Halland, 27 new to Vdstergotland, 14 new to 

Dalsland, and 24 nevt to Bohusliin. Among these, 31 species are new to the 

investigation area (Alvsborgs and G6teborgs och Bohus l6n). Most of the new 

records are from oak, eh, or pollards of ash (40 out of the 67 new records). 

The crustose lichen flora of very old and thick oaks in semi-open grasslands 

seems to be very rich in lichens, but poorly known. Many of the species 

treated here are probably very rare, e.g. Bacdia vedae, Bacidia fricsiana, 

Pertusaria velata, Dendrbcocaulon umhausense, and Dimerella lutea, but 

surpringly many, such as Caloplaca lucifuga, Fellhanera subtilis, Gyalideopsis 

anastomosans, Lauderlindsaya acroglypta, Phaeocaliciam praecedens, and 

Strangospora delitescens, seem to be more or less common in the area. 

Svante Hultengren, Naturcentrum AB, C. W. BoW vAg 4, S-444 31 

Stenungsund, Sweden. 

Under ftiltarbeten i samband med projektet 

'lavflora 6ver tr6dlevande lavar i sydv6stra 

Sverigen (Hultengren 1993) har flera intressanta 

lavffnd noterats. Projektets undersokningsomr6de 

utgOrs av Alvsborgs samt Goteborgs 

och Bohus l6n. Hiir redovisas nya arter 

fOr unders6kningsomrAdet, landskaps$nd, 

j6mte S/nd av en del andra sillsynta svenska 

lavar. Uppgifterna kommer med nigra undantag 

frin 6ren L993-I994. Undantagen utg6rs 

av ntgra tidigare artbest€imda lavar som reviderats 

senare, j6mte nigra intressanta dalslAnska 

uppgifter som htirr6r sig frAn 1987 

(lars-Erik Muhr). Uppgifterna kommer dels 

frin f6rfattaren dels frfln andra personer som 

eirkurerat inom omridet under 1992-1994. 

Nlgra &nd fr6n Halland presenteras ocksA. 

Nomenklaturen fOljer Santesson (1993). 

En asterisk (r) efter lokalangivelsen markerar 

om ffndet 6r ett nytt landskaps$rnd; tv6 asterisker 

(* *) efter artnamnet anger arter som tir 

nya fOr undersokningsomrldet Eftersom 

unders0kningsomrAdet inte Overenstiimmer 

med landskapsgrdnserna kan en art var ny f6r 

undersokningsomr6det men inte f6r ter 

Viisterg6tland, som i exemplet Cybebe 

gracilenta. Denna art iir tidigare k6nd fr&n 

Skaraborgs ltin vilket innefattas av landskapet 

Vdsterg0tland. Inom parentes anges hotkategorier 

enligt Aronsson m. fl. (1995). Uppgiftslimnarnas 

initialer anges i anslutning til 

respektive uppgift Uppgiftldmnarna 6r 

fOljande: UA = Ulf fuup, LA = lars Arvidsson, 

SE = Stefan Ekman, OF = Orjan Frita 

RG = Roger Gran, SH = Svante Hultengre& 

CK = Claes Kannesten, POM = Per-Olof 

Martinsson, LEM = Lars-Erik Muhr, BN = 

Bj6rn Norddn och GW = Gunvor Westling. I

U Svante Hultengren 

de flesta fall finns beltiggsexemplar hos 

respektive uppgiftsl6mnare; om sA inte tir fallet 

anges detta sdrskilt 

Acrocordia cavata (3)r Bohuslln, Marstrand, 

KoOn, Rosenlunds park, Quercus robur, 

sH 1994. 

Agonimia allobata** : Bohusltin, Marstrand, 

Koon, Rosenlunds park, Quercus robur, 

BN 1,994*. 

Agonimia tristicula** : Bohusliin, Hjiirtum sn, 

Hjortkullen, Quercus robur, SH 1994t. 

Viisterg6tland, Skogsbygdens landsforsamling, 

Kaggeg6rden, hamlad Fraxinus 

excelsior, SH 1993t. Dalsland, Dalskog sn, 

Rinsliden, hamlad F. es,celsior, SH 1,994*. 

Anhonia cinereopruinosa (1)r Vdsterg0tland, 

Upphiirad sD, Hiiggsj6ryr, grov Quercus 

robur, SH 1994. 

Arthonia pruinata (2): Halland, Fjtir6s so, 

Tjol6holm, grov Quercus robur, SH 1.994t. 

Bacidia absistens (2), Bohusliin, Ljung So, 

Brattefors6n, Quercus robur, SH & POM 

1988, det. SE L993*. 

Bacidia arnoldiana]* i V6sterg6tland, 

Skephult so, Sktilleniis, Corylus avellana, 

sH 1994*. 

Bacidia fricsiana (2)t Bohusl6n, Kl0vedal sn, 

Kl6vedals kyrka, Wmus glabra, SH 1.994*. 

Bacidia vezdae (2) * * r Bohusl6n, Ljung So, 

Bratteforsin, Quercus robur, POM & SH 

1988, det. SE 1993; Hjiirtum so, 500 m 

NV om St. Valeklinten, Q. robur, SH 

1994]. 

Bacidia viridifarinosqt * : Bohusldn, Marstrand, 

Koon, Rosenlunds park, grov Quercus 

robur, UA 1994; Hjirtum sn, Haster6d, Q. 

robur, SH 1994t. 

Bactrospora corticola (2)**t Bohusl6n, 

Hjiirtum so, Sollumstn, grov Quercus 

robur, SH 1994r. Vdsterg6tland, UpphSrad 

sn, Hiiggsj0ryr, grov Q. robur; V:a Tunhem 

sn, N om Tunhems prtistgArd, grov Q. 

robur; Uinghem sr, Hofsn6s och Torpa, 

grova Q. robur; samtliga SH 1994. 

Tostared SD, Askekiirr, A. robur, OF & 

sH 1994*. 

Calicium pawum**: Bohusliin, SkaftO so, 

Gunnesbo, Pinus sylvestris, SH 1994*. 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (rees) 

Viisterg6tland, V6nersn€is sn, Halleberg, P. 

sylvestris, SLFs vArexkursion t994* . 

Caloplaca chrysophthalma (3)*t, Viisterg6tland, 

H6ssna sn, lonnisD, hamlad Fraxinus 

ucelsior, SH 1993; V:a Tunhem sn, 

Priisteklev, grov Quercus robur, SH 1994t. 

Bohusliin, Torsby so, Torsby kyrka, 

hamlad alm, SH 1994*. 

Caloplaca lucifuga (4)**: Viisterg6tlan4 V:a 

Tunhem SD, Tunhems ekhagar, grov 

Quercus robur, LA & SH 193r. Dalslan4 

F6rgelanda sn, Assarebyn t gtov Q. robur, 

SH 1994:. Bohusliin, Tanum sr\ 

Kragenis, grov Q. robur, SH 1994*. 

Caloplaca ulcerosa (3): Viisterg0tlan4 Fotsktil 

sn, Fotsk6l kyrka, hamlad Fraxinus qcelsior,SH 

& OF 1994*. 

Candelariclla efrlorescens**i Visterg6tlan4 

Mirdaklev sD, Mirdaklev kyrkq Acer 

platanoi.des, SH 1994*. 

Candelarieha rellex (2)* *: Bohusldn, Hjirtum 

str, T6rresr6d, hamlad Fraxinus qcelsior 

och Malus sylvestris, c. 8p., SH L994*. 

Enda kiinda fertila populationen i Sverige 

(UA i brev). 

Catillaria erysiboides: Bohusl6n, Marstrand, 

Marstrands kyrkoglrd, Ulmus glabra, SH 

1994. 

CatiUaria nigroclavata: BohuslSn, Hjirtum sn, 

Hjortkullen, Quercus robur, SH 1994*. 

Catinaia laureri (1)t Bohusl6n, H6lta Str, 

Gullbrin ga, Fagus sylvatica, LA 1994. 

Chaenotheca laevigata (2)** t Dalsland 

OAstOtt sn, V. Astjiirnet, dOd Picea abies, 

sH 1994f. 

Chrysothrix flavovirenst t z Bohuslin, Hjdrtum 

str, Hjortkullen, Juniperus communis och 

Pinus rylvestris, SH 1994*. 

Celotheliam ischnobelumz Dalsland, Odeborg 

sD, N. Rtdanesj0n, Corylus avellana, SH 

1993. 

Collema fasciculare (1)r Dalsland, Mo str, 

Forsbacka 1987 och L993, Fraxinus 

excelsior (SH, POM & CK)*. Fyndet 6r 

unders6kt men kunde inte med siikerhet 

verifieras av varken G. Degelius eller P. 

M. Jorgensen. Det ntgot osikra fyndet 

;lT:ffi f L*"ld#i.::'Jlrff li:

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (Lges) 

gen i Viirmland pA en lokal beliigen n6gra 

kilometer norr om denna (Gran 1994). 

Cybebe gracilenta (2) * *, Vtisterg6tland, 

Vinernls so, Halleberg, Ovandalen, 

Quercus robur, GW L994. 

Dendriscocaulon umhausense (1)r Vdsterg6tland, 

Vdne Asaka sD, Ramneklev, pA 

Lobaria amplissima, SH 1993; Kalv so, 

Hjirten6s, frilevande pA Acer platanotdes i 

all6, SH 1994. Enda aktuella fOrekomsterna 

inom unders6kningsomrtdet. 

Dimerella lutea (1)* *t Vdstergdtland, V6ne 

Asaka sn, Ramne klev, Quercus robur, SH 

& POM L993*, 

Fetthanera subtilis: Dalsland, Odsk6lt sn, NV 

Gronemosse, Vaccinium myrtillus, SH 

t994+. 

Gyalecta derivata (1)**t Bohusldn, Svenneby 

sn, Svenneby gamla kyrka, hamlad Ulmus 

glabra,SH L994*. 

Gyalecta truncigena (2), Vflsterg0tland, Fotsktil 

So, Fotskal kyrka, hamlad Frauinus 

ucelsior, SH 1.994*. 

Gyalideopsis anastomosans** :, Vistergbtland, 

Kinnarumma str, Flenstorp, grenar av 

Picea abies, UA & SE L993*. Bohuslin, 

Hj6rtum Str, Valdalsbticken och Stora 

Valeklinten, grenar av P. abies och 

Vacciniam myrtillus, UA & SE 1.993.t 

Hypotrachyna revoluta (1): Oxnevalla str, 

Kronogtrden, Alnus glutinosa och 

Fraxinus excelsior, SH L994. 

Iapewia subaurifera**: Dalsland, OOst

46 Svante Hultengren 

Arten 6r tidigare funnen p5 Oland, 

Algutsrum sn, 1 km o M0llstorp, kvistar 

och barr av P. abies, 4n L957 , R. Santesson 

(nr 1L946). 

Strangospora delitescens* *; Vdsterg6tland, 

Fristad sD, M6larps 6, hamlad Fracinus 

excelsior, SH 1993x . Dalsland, Odeborg sn, 

Rldanefors, F. excelsior, SH 1993f . 

Bohusl6n, Naverstad sn, Bolsj6n, F. excelsior,SH 

L993*. 

Strangospora microhaemai Vdsterg6tland, 

T6llsj0 sr, Tolla, Acer platanoides i all6, 

sH L993*. 

Strangospora ochrophora: V6sterg6tland, Orby 

sn, Orby kyrka, Acer pseudoplatanus, SH 

1994*. Dalsland, Edsleskog sn, Sigerudskasen, 

hamlad Fraxinus excelsior, RG 

1994*. 

Thelopsis flaveola (1)r Vtisterg6tland, V6ne 

Asaka sn, Hunneberg, Ramneklev, Bragnums 

klev och H8stens klev, Tilia cordata, 

SH & POM L993. Brunn sn, KrAkeboberget, 

Fagus sylvatica, SH 1994*. 

Thelo.psis rubella (1), Viistergotland, Vdne 

Asaka so, Hunneb€rgr Ramneklev, Tilia 

cordata, SH & POM 1993*. 

Trapelia corticolaxx: Dalsland, Valbo Ryr sn, 

Hatte[6l], ticka p6 stubbe av Picea abies, 

LEM 1988; Froskog str, Bast6sen, Tilia 

cordata. LEM t993*. Bohuslln, Hjtirtum 

sn, Brattorp, Wmus glabra, SH 1994t. 

Trapeliopsis gelatinosa: Dalsland, Valbo Ryr 

str, Hattefiiill, pi ro&dlta av Picea abies, 

LEM t993*. 

Xanthoria fulvat*: Bohusldn, Ytterby so, 

Kastelleglrden, hamlad Ulmus glabra oc,h 

Fraxinus excelsior, LA & SH 1994*. 

Viisterg6tland, Blidsbergs so, St. B6rsbo, 

hamlad F. excelsior, SH 1994; S. Ving sn, 

Hokerum, hamlad F. excelsior, c. op.r SH 

1994*. 

Xanthoria ulophyllodes**: Bohusldn, Solberga 

sn, Solberga kyrka, hamlad Ulmus glabra, 

UA L994T, 

Diskussion 

Under L992-1994 har totalt 67 nya landskapsffnd 

gjorts och 31 f6r undersokningsom- 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (1995) 

r6det nya tr6dlevande lavarter har tillkommif 

Av de 67 nytillskotten f6r olika landskap iir tvi 

nya fOr Halland, 27 6r nya fOr VSsterg6tland 

14 ar nya f6r Dalsland och 24 arter 6r nya fOr 

Bohus16n. 

Bland de behandlade arterna iir 33 

"r0dlistade", och de olika Snden som redovisas 

ovan (55 st) fordelar sig inom hotkategorierna 

pA fOljande sdtt (observera att denna uppstiillning 

enbart utg6rs av nya ffndplatser f6r de 

ovan redovisade arterna): 

Hotkategori 1, akut hotade arter: 

2I $nd, L3 arter. 

Hotkategori 2, sirbara arter: 

22 $nd, 13 arter. 

Hotkategori 3, sillsynta arter: 

4 Snd, 3 arter. 

Hotkategori 4, hinsynskr6vande arter: 

10 fynd, 4 arter. 

Efter genomglng av herbariematerial, litteratur 

och intervjuer med personer noterades att 

ca 408 arter p8traffats (Hultengren L994) som 

triidlevande i de bada undersokta viistkustl6nen. 

Denna siffra kan ntr" efter ca I Ars fiiltstudier, 

konstateras vara M9, en okning med 

callVo frin 1993 till hosten1994.I detta antal 

finns ocksA n6gra mer eller mindre vanliga 

stenarter (ca 10) som under 6ret ocks8 pttrtiffats 

pi triid f6r fOrsta gingen inom omridet 

Mlnga substraVtriidslag och fler omrlden 

iin vintat har visat sig vara dAligt k6nda frin 

lichenologisk synvinkel i vf,r del av Svenge. Pe 

ek (Quercus robur) gjordes inte mindre itn 27 

av de ovan redovisade ffnden. Av dessa 27 

gjordes 15 pi grov hagmarksek (stamdiame-ler 

>100 cm). Aven ask (Fraxinus excelsior) var 

ett trddslag som visade sig inrymma mAnga 

nykomlingar i vAr vtistsvenska lavfloru L7 Snd 

giordes pi ask, av vilka 14 giordes pi hamlade 

askar. Pi almar (Wmw glabra), ofta i kustniira 

miljoer i Bohusliin, gjordes ocksi mAnga Snd 

(9), liksom i bokskog (Fagus sylvaticai 6), pa 

asp (Populus tremula; 6), pi gran och granstubbar 

(Picea apies; 9), och pt l6nn (Acer 

platanoides; 7). Ovriga triidslag diir nya arter 

f6r vtistkustomr6det noterats 6r en Qunipenn 

communb; 1), al (Alnus glutinosa; 2), apel

GRAPHTS SCRIPTA 7 (r99s) 

(Malus sylvestris; 1), tall (Pinus sylvestris; 3), 

hassel (Corylus avellana; 2) och naverlOnn 

(Acer ps eudoplatanus ; I). 

Flera av de p6traffade arterna 5r mycket 

siillsynta i Sverige. Man kan konstatera att 

arter som t.ex. Bacidia vezdae, Bacidia friesiana) 

Pertusarta velata, Dendriscocaulon 

umhausense och Dimerella lutea eftersokts av 

minga lichenologer pA m6nga platser men har 

trots detta fe f6rekomster i landet. Men f6r 

flera av arterna ovan 6r f6rhAllandet det motsatta, 

de har efter att de identifierats fOrsta 

gflngen visat sig vara mer eller mindre allmiinna. 

Arter som t.ex. Caloplaca lucifuga, Fellhanera 

subtilis, Gyalideopsb anastomosans, 

Lauderlindsaya acroglypta, Phaeocalicium 

praecedens och Strangospora delitescens har 

under det g6ngna lret p6triiffats pA ett mycket 

stort antal lokaler och kan pi relativt goda 

grunder anses som mer eller mindre vanliga i 

sydvtistra Sverige. Dessa iakttagelser jiimte det 

faktum att m6nga nya artffnd har kunnat 

gbras pi ett s6pass litet antal substrat under ett 

6r verifierar det faktum att lavfloran 6nnu 6r 

mycket d6ligt kdnd. 

Vid sidan om det f6rv6nande faktum att 

stora hagmarks- och solitiirekar samt hamlade 

triid var diligt ktinda frAn virt vdstwenska 

omr6de, verkar djupare kunskap saknas om 

lavar, foretrddesvis skorplavar, pi unga trtid 

och i yngre successionsstadier. Noggranna och 

artinriktade inventeringar pA biotopnivi 

saknas fortfarande i stor utstrtickning i vtistra 

Sverige och fortfarande kan enbart inventeringen 

av lavfloran i N6verkiirrskogen vid 

Lysekil g6ra ansprAk pA att vara en n6ra nog 

heltiickande artinventering (Arvidsson m. fl. 

1988). De lavar och det lavsamhiille vi kinner 

biist iir fortfarande de oceaniska arterna vilkas 

viixtgeografi och ekologi beskrivits av Degelius 

(1935). Fortfarande, 60 6r efter att detta 

beromda arbete presenterades, iir det framfbrallt 

dessa arter som lockar till lichenologiska 

studier hos oss. 

Tack 

Epifytiska lavar frdn sydvtista Sverige 47 

Tack till Ulf Arup, Stefan Ekman, lars-Erik 

Muhr, Rolf Santesson, Irif Tibell som kontrollerat, 

verifierat och desavouerat minga av 

mina bestiimningar samt stiillt uppgifter till 

fOrfogande. Slutligen ett stort tack tiil lars 

Arvidsson som granskat manuskriptet samt 

stiillt sig och sirt bibliotek till forfogande i saviil 

tid som otid. Ett stort tack ocksl till de personer 

som stiillt sina uppgifter till fOrfogande. 

Tack ocksi till WWF (World Wide Fund for 

Nature), Alvsborgsfonden och lAnsstyrelserna i 

de ber6rda linen, som st6der projektet ekonomiskt 

Litteratur 

Aronsson, M., Hallingbiick, T & Mattssoo, J.- 

E. (red.) L995: Rddlbtade viixter i Sveige 

1 995 . ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. 

Arvidsson, L^, Lindstr6m, M., Muhr, L-E., 

Stehl B. & Wall, S. 1988: I-avfloran i 

Niiverk6rrskogen i Bohusltin. Svensk Bot. 

Tidslq.82: L67-L92. 

Degelius, G. 1935: Das ozeanische Element 

der Strauch- und laubflechtenflora von 

Skandinavien. Acta Phytogeogr, Suec, 7: 

l-411. 

Gran, R. L994: Kuddgel6lav, Collema fasciculare, 

iterfunnen i Sverige. Eri.oderma 2: 

13. [Information frAn Steget fore-gruppen 

i Viirmlandl. 

Gustavsson, H.-E. 1995: I-avfloran pt bok i 

Odeg6rdet i vistra Sm6land. Svensk Bot. 

Tidsb.65-82. 

Hultengren, S. 1993: Inventering av epi$rtiska 

lavar i viistra Sverige upprop. Svensk 

Bot Tidskr. 87: 235-237. 

Hultengren, S. 1994: Preliminiir lista 6ver 

triidlevande lavar i Goteborys och Bohus 

samt Alvsborgs liin. WWF, Alvsborgsfonden, 

llnsstyrelserna, V6nersborg. 

Kannesten, C. L994: Nyffnd pi Dal. Naur pd 

Dal 20 (1):23. 


fungt of Sweden and Norway. SBTf6rlaget, 

Lund.

48 Book revicw 

(Continued from page 42) 

In the chapter on collecting, the flora 

merely recommends type of substrate among 

the ecological data on the label. Other ecological 

data are equally or more important, like 

direction of exposure, vegetation type, density 

of trees, ecological continuity, distance to bogs, 

streams, waterfalls, roads, and such data 

should be recorded when applicable. 

The new flora is nevertheless highly 

recommended, especially because of the major 

tanonomic updating and inclusion of new species. 

Hopefully the neril edition will incorporate 

more species-specific details on ecology 

including also sensitivity of air pollution and 

breaks in ecological continuity. There is a 

growing concern for protection of biodiversity 

in general, and forest lichens more specifically. 

It is important that a lichen flora stimulates 

ecologists and nature conservationists, since 

lichens species that are not even recorded 

from Nonn'ay possibly become extinct by the 

current alarming destruction of the last remnants 

of the mainly uninvestigated forests that 

have not yet been subjected to clearfellings. 

References 

GRAPHTS SCRTPTA 7 (LgBs) 

Dahl, E. & kog, H. 1973: Mauolichens of 

Denmarlq Finlan4 Nom,ay and Sweden. 

U niversitetsforlage! O slo. 

Du Rietz, G. E., Nannfeldt, J. A. & Nordhagen, 

R. L952: Vdre ville planter WI. 

Mosen lav, soppen J. G. Tanum, Oslo. 

Holien, H., Jgrgensen, P. M., Timdal, E. & 

Tgnsberg, T. 19942 Norske lavnavn - supplemenL 

BWia 52: 25-?3. 

Hovda, J., Jorgensen, P. M., kog, H. & Qsthagen, 

H. L979: Norske lavnavn. Blyttia 

37:155-165. 

MagnussD, A.H. 1936: Fdnecbting 6ver 

Slcnndinavictts viixter. 4. Lavar. C. 'W. K 

Gleerups f6rlag, !und. 

Holtan-Hartwig, J. 199.3: The lichen genus 

Peltigera, exclusive of the P. canina group, 

in Nonvay. Sommerfeltia 15: l-77. 

Tgnsberg, T. 19942 Irptogium cochleatum and 

Rinodina isidioides new to Scandinavia. 

Graphis Scripta 6.. 86-88. 

Yngvar Gauslaa

Instructions for authors 

Unpublished papers on all aspects of 

lichenology will be considered for publication 

in Graphis Scipta, but priority is given to 

those dealing with Nordic systematics and 

floristics. Manuscripts should be submitted as 

one original and one copy to the editor (Einar 

Timdal). Papers are published in English or in 

a Scandinavian language with a short English 

summary. All papers will be evaluated by 

referees. 

The manuscript should be type-written 

double-spaced with wide margins. As a guide 

to the layout recent issues should be consulted. 

When accepted for publication, the final 

version of the manuscript should, if possible, 

be accompanied with the text on diskette, 

preferably written in MS Word or WordPerfect 

(PC or Macintosh), or as an ASCII-fiIe. Use a 

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justifications, do not use multiple columns, use 

only one font and one type-size. 

The abstract should be in about 3-10 printed 

lines. It summarizes the results and conclusions 

of the paper, and is not merely a 

description of the work. 

Figure originals should preferably be between 

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the figure or in the legend. 

Black/white line-drawings and a moderate 

number of half-tone photographs are free of 

charge; colour photographs can be included if 

the additional printing costs are paid for by the 

author. 

The nomenclature follows Santesson (1993) 

for papers on Nordic species, unless othenrise 

stated. Author names are normally given at 

the first mention of a species; abbreviations of 

author names follow Kirk & Ansell (L992). 

Titles of periodicals are abbreviated according 

to Botanico Peiodicum Huntianum, and titles 

of books (in taronomic treatments in the text) 

according to Stafleu & Cowan, Taxonomic literature, 

Znd edition. Spellings of geographical 

names follow The Times Atlas of the World. 

For the layout of referencs, follow these 

examples: 

Hansen, E. S., Poelt, J. & Sgchting, IJ. 19872 

Die Flechtengattung Caloplaca in GrOnland. 

Meddel. Grqnland, Biosci. 25: L-52. 

Kirk, P. M. & Ansell, A. E. 1992: Authors of 

fungal names: A list of authors of scientifu 

names of fungi, with recommended standard 

forms of their names, including 

abbreviations. C.A.B. International, Wallingford. 

Krog, H. I99L: Lichenological observations in 

low montane rainforests of eastern Tanzania. 

In: Galloway, D. J. (ed.), Tropical 

Lichens: Their systematics, conseruation 

and ecologt. The Systematics Association 

Special Volume 43: 85-94. 


fung, of Sweden and Noru,ay. SBTf6rlaget, 

Lund. 

Off-prints. Three copies of the journal are 

supplied free of charge to the first author. 

Additional copies may be ordered at extra cost. 

Papers may be copied free of charge.

GRAPHIS SCnIPTA 

Volym T,hdfte't,1995 

Innehfill 

I Two further bipolar lichens 

D. O. Qvstedal and N. /. M. Gremmen 

4 Exkursion till Uralberg€o, Ryssland 

5 Dictyonema interruptum, new for the Pyrenees 

J. Etayo, P. Diedeich and E. SCntsiaux 

7 Some peltigericolous fungi and lichens mainly from Poland 

I. Mi4dlikowska and V. Alstrup 

11 Cladonia peziziformis new to Nonvay from a burnt Calluna heath 

T. Tqnsberg and D. O. @vstedal 

13 The distribution of Toninia sculpturata in Eurasia 

E. Timdal and M. P. Zhurbenko 

17 The lichenicolous fungi on Thamnolia vermicularis in Nonvay 

Per Gerhard lhlen 

25 Epirylic lichens on conifer logs in four natural forests in Finland 

S. Laaka 

32 Book review (New Nonvegian flora of fruticose and foliose lichens) 

33 The lichenicolous fungi on Cladonia subgenus Cladina in Greenland 

E .S. Hansen and V. Alstrup 

39 4-O-Methylcryptochlorophaeic acid found in Bacidia 

T. Tqnsberg, C. F. Culberson and A. lohnson 

43 Nya eller intressanta epifytiska lavar frln sydviistra Sverige 

[New or interesting epiphytic lichens from Southwestern Sweden] 

S. Hultengren

GRAPHIS SCNIPTA - Universitetet i Oslo

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