Literature on Air Pollution and Lichens XL

Lichenologist 26(4): 383-390 (1994)
LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND LICHENS
XL*
A. HENDERSON*
Armstrong, W.P. & Platt, J.L. (1993) The marriage between algae and fungi. Fremontia 22(2):
3-12. [A short passage on the effects of air pollution (:11) lists the decline into rarity in
southern California of Ramalina menziesii and the loss of Teloschistes chrysophthalmus. In the
mountains by Los Angeles Basin c. 50% fewer lichen species are found on conifers than
occurred early this century.]
Bargagli, R. (1993) Plant leaves and lichens as biomonitors of natural or anthropogenic
emissions of mercury. In Plants as Biomonitors. Indicators for Heavy Metals in the Terrestrial
Environment. (B. Market, ed.): 461-486. Weinheim: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. [Discussion
(:467-484) of the situation regarding lichen monitoring of Hg. Investigations (Tuscany,
Etna, Volcano Is. and Mt Amiata) are reviewed (:476-480) and previously unpublished
work on Antarctic Umbilicaria decussata is described and discussed.]
Bartholmess, H., Boemer, R., Rossler, G., Schober, G., Nobel, W. & Arndt, U. (1994)
Flechten als Bioindikatoren zur Erfassung des Immissionswirkungen. Moglichkeiten fur
Luftreinhaltestrategie. UWSF-Zeitschrift fur Umweltchemie und Okotoxikologie. 6: 81-87.
[Comprehensive description of the detailed lichen mapping and monitoring work carried
out in the Stuttgart region and now at completion stage. Lichen diminution in the
Neckartal is considered particularly serious owing to heavy industrialization and building
nearby. Methodology and materials are fully discussed.]
Benfield, B. (1994) Impact of agriculture on epiphytic lichens at Plymtree, East Devon.
Lichenologist 26: 91-94. [Differences and changes in the lichen flora on hedgerow oaks in
this small parish appear mainly due to composition and quantity of organic waste reaching
bark surfaces, although the part played by increased vehicular and heavy emissions and
atmospheric deterioration is unknown. A correction to the Table appeared in Lichenologist
26: 317 (1994).]
Biazrov, L. (1993a) Lichens as indicators of radioactive contamination. Journal of Radioecology
1: 15-20. [Study of radionuclide activity in Hypogymniaphysodes and Parmelia sulcata from
birch and pine, and in terricolous Cladonia mitis, C. crispata and C. gracilis from the
contaminated nuclear accident areas of Kyshtym (1957) and Chernobyl (1986). Tabulation
and discussion of data.]
Biazrov, L. (19936) The concentration of Am-241, Co-60, Eu-154 and Eu-155 in thalli of
lichens and in pine tree bark adjacent to the Chernobyl NPP. Proceedings of the 25th Annual
Meeting of the European Society for Radiation Biology, June 10-14, 1993, Stockholm University,
Sweden. P 12: 03. [Abstract only. Includes figures of levels of 241 Am, 60 Co, 154 Eu and
155 Eu in Hypogymnia physodes, Evernia prunastri, Parmelia sulcata, Cladina mitis, Cladonia
crispata and C. uncialis at distances of 1-5 km, 5 km and 7 km from Chernobyl NPP.]
Biazrov, L.G. (1994) Vidovoi sostav i rasprosranenie epifitnykh lishainikov v lesnykh nasazhdeniyakh
moskvy. [Species composition and distribution of epiphytic lichens in forest
stands of Moscow.] Lesovedenie 1994: 45-54. [43 epiphytic lichen species were recorded in
Moscow. Most common were Physcia stellaris, Phaeophyscia orbicularis and Scoliciosporum
chlorococcum. Species most sensitive to air pollution were restricted to the city parks, where
lichen diversity was highest.]
Biazrov, L.G. & Adamova, L.I. (1993) The toxic metals in lichens of trans-polar Europe. In
Programme and Abstracts of the International Nordic Symposium on Chemicals in the Arcticboreal
Environment, Marina Congress Center, Helsinki, Finland, May 12-14, 1993. (M.
*XXXIX in Lichenologist 26: 193-203 (1994)
+.Baines Wing, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT,
UK.
0024-2829/94/040383 + 08 S08.00/0 © 1994 The British Lichen Society

384 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 26
Lutuola & E. Nurmi, eds): 57. Helsinki: Marina Congress Center. [Abstract only.
Tabulation of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Mn contents in Hypogymnia, Stereocaulon, Cladonia,
Cetraria, Alectoria, Bryoria, Evemia and Usnea fromtrans-polar areas in Finland, Norway
and Russia.]
Boreham, S. (1993) Changes in the lichen flora on birch Betula pendula in northern Epping
Forest. London Naturalist 72: 25-29. [Monitoring (1987-1991) of the epiphytic flora on
170 birch tree bases in northern Epping Forest showed that Lecanora conizaeoides was
becoming less abundant, and Cladonia coniocraea and Hypogymnia physodes expanding,
although very weakly in comparison with other London woods. Acid rain rather than SO 2
now seems to be limiting lichen recolonization.]
Branquinho, C. & Brown, D.H. (1994) A method for studying the cellular location of lead
in lichens. Lichenologist 26: 83-90. [Metal cations, thiol-rich agents and some chelating
agents were ineffective in releasing extracellular-bound Pb from Cladonia ponentosa
or caused membrane damage. Disodium EDTA at pH 4-5 was an effective displacing
agent.]
Brown, M.J., Jarman, S.J. & Kantvilas, G. (1994) Conservation and reservation of nonvascular
plants in Tasmania, with special reference to lichens. Biodiversity and Conservation
3: 263-278. [Air pollution and habitat destruction are the two major threats facing lichens
in Tasmania. Although Tasmania has been spared the widespread pollution that has
modified almost all the European flora over the last 60 to 100 years, localized areas
(notably Queenstown on the West Coast) have been affected, but no pollution mapping
has been undertaken. Similarly the effects of agrochemical pollution in Tasmania have not
been studied.]
Cieslinski, S. & Faltynowicz, W. (1993) Atlas of the Geographical Distribution of Lichens in
Poland. Atlas Rozmieszczenia Geograficznego Porostow w Polsce. 1: 1-67. Krakow: W. Szafer
Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences. [Survival of Gyalecta geoica in
Poland is considered threatened primarily by habitat destruction rather than air pollution;
Parmelia submontana is endangered by both; and the strongly acidophilous species Buellia
aethalea by excessive acidification from pollution and by excessive dustfall.]
Czyzewska, K. (1988) Changes in the lichen flora influenced by the Belchatow Industrial
Region. Acta Mycologica 24: 93-100. [Before the opening of the Belchatow brown coal
mine and power station, 155 lichen species were recorded (1970-1985). Since 1985 over
1% of the lichen flora has completely disappeared and over 40% has been partially lost,
with additional 35% considered under threat.]
Czyzewska, K. (1992) The influence of industrial air pollution on forest lichens at Tomaszow
Mazowiecki Region (Central Poland). Acta Mycologica 27: 247-256. [Study of the effects
of mixed gases (SO 2 , H 2 S and CS 2 ) on 18 epiphytic and epixylic lichens on Pinus sylvestris
around a man-made fibres factory. Lecanora conizaeoides and Scoliciosporum chlorococcum
occurred within 1 km of the emission sources. Thelocarpon laureri grew on pine stumps
throughout a 10-km band of pollution translocation.]
Fahselt, D. (1993) UV absorbance by thallus extracts of umbilicate lichens. Lichenologist 25:
415-422. [UV absorbance was investigated in 11 umbilicate lichen stands with a range of
enzyme-banding patterns. Umbilicaria vellea, among the most enzymatically variable, had
the lowest absorbance, and Lasallia papulosa, least enzymatically variable, showed more
UV absorbance. Enzyme polymorphism and UV absorbance were negatively correlated.
The ozone layer is a screen against UV-C (200-280 nm) and UV-B (280-320 nm) but
some of these ionizing wavelengths reach earth.]
Garty, J. (1993) Lichens as biomonitors for heavy metal pollution. In Plants as Biomonitors. [For
details see Bargagli (1993).]: 193-263. [Detailed review coverage and examination of work
in this field: monitoring of atmospheric (vehicular and industrial) and substrate Pb, and
physiological effects; lichens on Fe-rich substrata and as Fe monitors, and Fe localization
in the thallus. Field/laboratory studies with lichens as monitors of Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr and
Hg, followed respectively by accounts of uptake, localization and toxicity. Includes
previously unpublished work by the author: e.g. localization of Fe and other elements in
Xanthoria parietina on an iron wheel and on pecan bark; and stress-induced ethylene
production in reaction to exposure to Fe.]
Garty, J., Karary, Y., Harel, J. & Lurie, S. (1993) Temporal and spatial fluctuations of
ethylene production and concentrations of sulfur, sodium, chlorine and iron on/in the

1994 <strong>Literature</strong> on air pollution and lichens—Henderson 385
thallus cortex in the lichen Ramalina duriaei (de Not.) Bagl. Environmental and Experimental
Botany 33: 553-563. [Ethylene production was measured in transplanted and nontransplanted
thalli of R. duriaei within their original unpolluted forest area and in thalli
transplanted to a polluted industrial area in NW Israel after various periods of exposure to
the environment. Polluted specimens produced more ethylene, rather speedily under some
pollution conditions. Temporal and spatial fluctuations in ethylene production were used
as bioindicators of air pollution. Large amounts of S, Fe, Na and Cl were detected by SEM
on/in the lichen cortex.]
Gliemeroth, A.K. (1993) Zusammenhang zwischen epiphytischer Flechtenflora und Waldschaden
im Nordschwarzwald. Angewandte Botanik 67: 192-198. [Intensive mapping of
lichen quality and tree damage in Klosterreichenbach forest, northern Black Forest,
revealed serious damage to trees with both impoverished and prolific lichen floras,
indicating that air pollution is not the sole cause of forest decline. Detailed presentation of
data.]
Halonen, P., Hyvarinen, M. & Kauppi, M. (1993) Emission related and repeated monitoring
of element concentrations in the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes in a coastal area, W.
Finland. Annales Botanici Fennici 30: 251-261. [Airborne Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg,
Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Ti and Zn contents were analysed in Hypogymnia physodes from an area
where a power station and a pulp mill were constructed in the 1970s. Contents in lichen
samples before, at the time of, and after commencement of these two plants were
compared. S and N were higher near and to the north of the pulp mill. Heavy metal
contamination from a smelter 100 km to the south increased Ni and Cd levels. A tendency
(typical in Fennoscandia) to reduce Pb deposition was noted.]
Harper, K.T. & Pendleton, R.L. (1993) Cyanobacteria and cyanolichens: can they enhance
availability of essential minerals for higher plants? Great Basin Naturalist S3: 59-72.
[Well-developed cyanobacterial and cyanolichen crusts often enhance growth and essential
element uptake by higher plants in cold-temperate deserts, through inter alia microbiotic
incorporation and concentration of available elements (N, etc.) from soil, aeolian dust and
atmospheric deposition.]
Herzig, R. (1993) Multi-residue analysis with passive biomonitoring: a new approach for
volatile multi-element contents, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with
lichens in Switzerland and the Principality of Liechtenstein. In Plants as Biomonitors.
[For details see Bargagli (1993).] :285-328. [A further development of the Swiss Passive
Biomonitoring Method with new evaluation and assessment methodology, with a
spectrum range covering 27 elements (18 heavy metals) and 15 polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. Multi-element concentrations are classified into six categories making
direct comparisons of pollution situations possible, and a heavy metal index (HMI) is
denned, based on concentrations of 13 heavy metals. The method employs Parmelia
sulcata; 37 sites in Liechtenstein and Berne are very full characterized with analytical
tables, charts and maps.]
Honegger, R. (1993) A simple outdoor culturing system for the foliose macrolichens Xanthoria
parietina (L.) Th. Fr. and Parmelia sulcata Taylor. Botanica Helvetica 103: 223-229. [The
main difficulties encountered in the outdoor culture of lichens, either glued to asbestos
sheets and incubated on a flat roof (Brittany) or grown in natural or artificial substrata in
small terracotta pots on a Zurich roof were not due to air pollution.]
Hultengren, S. (1993) Inventering av epifytiska lavar i vastra Sverige — upprop. Svensk Botanisk
Tidskrift 87: 235-237. [Several endangered vulnerable or rare lichens occur in western
Sweden, a poorly known region lichenologically, which may be one of the country's richest
areas for epiphytic lichens. The west coast suffers heavy acid rain and gaseous air pollution.
A survey of the lichen flora and its ecology is underway, which will examine changes in the
flora, air pollution impact and changes in land usage.]
Hultengren, S., Martinsson, P.-O. & Stenstrom, J. (1991) Lavar och Luftfororeningar:
Kanslighetsklassning och indexberakning av epifytiska lavar. (Lichens and Air Pollution:
Classification of Sensitivity and Calculation of Indices in Epiphytic Lichens) Naturvardsverket
Rapport 3967. (Swedish Environmental Agency Report 3967.) :l-58 with appendix of 52
species information charts. Stenungsund: Narurcentrum AB. [Sensitivity classification and
calculation of indices of lichens as indicators of air quality are discussed in the context of
a practically orientated manual.]

386 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 26
Hyvarinen, M., Soppela, K., Halonen, P. & Kauppi, M. (1993) A review of fumigation
experiments on lichens. Aquilo Series Botanica 32: 21-31. [Fumigation experiments have
mainly concentrated on the effects of SO 2 , with knowledge of the effects of oxidants and
N compounds still deficient. Photosynthesis, plasmolysis and pigment status of the
photobiont and cellular fine structure are most studied. Comparison of results of different
experiments is difficult owing to methodological and other variations. Synergistic operation
of gaseous pollutants is a future challenge.]
Insarova, I.D., Insarov, G.E., Brakenheim, S., Hultengren, S., Martinsson P.-O. &
Semenov, S.M. (1992) Lichen Sensitivity and Air Pollution: a Review of <strong>Literature</strong> Data.
[Swedish Environment Protection Agency Report 4007]: 1-72. Uppsala: SEPA. [Tabulated
analytical overview of selected literature data: listing 25 lichens as air pollution indicators
under the headings; species, localities, type of pollution, tree, bark pH, sensitivity,
literature sources and (where applicable) USSR reserve particulars.]
Jacobsen, P. (1992) Flechten in Schleswig-Holstein: Bestand, Gefahrdung und Bedeutung als
Bioindikatoren. Mitteilungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Geobotanik in Schleswig-Holstein und
Hamburg 42: 1-234. [Intensive investigation of the lichen flora throughout Schleswig-
Holstein on a wide range of substrata; historical data and changes in the flora over several
decades; red and green lists of endangered lichens with comments; the effects of air
pollution and other anthropogenic factors. Lichen enhancement due to man's activities.]
Jacobsen, P., Scholz, P., John, V. & Wirth, V. (1994) Bearbeitungsstand und methodische
Probleme bei der Erstellung von Roten Listen gefahrdeter Flechten. Schriftenreihe fur
Vegetationskunde 23: 113-121. [Examination of methodological/categorical problems in the
production of a red data list of endangered lichens and of the role of red data lists in nature
conservation.]
Litterski, B (1990) Die Flechten der Insel Riigen. Thesis Halle University. [See Litterski 1993.]
Litterski, B. (1993) Die Flechten der Insel Riigen. Herzogia 9: 415-474. [Since 1980, 315 lichen
species have been recorded in the Isle of Riigen; 87 species of 325 recorded pre-1980 were
not refound. Detailed commentary on species list with 245 species distribution maps, a red
list of endangered lichens and a lichen-zonal map of air pollution levels.]
Loppi, S., Chiti, F., Corsini, A. & Bernardi, L. (1992) Biomonitoraggio dell' inquinamento
atmosferico tramite licheni nei dintorni di Pistoia. In Atti dagli Convegno, Informatica e
Agricoltura, Firenze, 17-18 dicembre 1992 (G. Maracchi & M.A. Falchi, eds): 339-347.
Florence: Ce.S.I.A., Accademia dei Georgofili. [Abbreviated presentation in Italian of the
work in Loppi et al. (1994).]
Loppi, S., Corsini, A., Chiti, F. & Bernardi, L. (1992) Air quality bioindication by epiphytic
lichens in central-northern Italy. Allionia 31: 107-119. [Five-zonal mapping of air
pollution using IAP-based methodology indicated that the influence of SO 2 in the area was
small. Overall conclusions refer to work described in Loppi et al. (1994).]
Loppi, S., Chiti, F., Corsini, A. & Bernardi, L. (1994) Lichen biomonitoring of trace metals
in the Pistoia area (central northern Italy). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 29:
17-27. [Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, Pb found in Parmelia caperata on Quercus
pubescens in the Pistoia area were comparable with levels found in areas free from
atmospheric pollution. Concentrations of Cu and Zn, however, were rather high.
Fertilizers and pesticides were the main sources of these atmospheric pollutants.]
Matishov, D.G. (1993) Radionuklidy v donnykh osadkakh, biote shel'fa i poberezhii barentseva
morya. Resul'taty radioekologicheskikh nablyundenii provedennykh MMBI v 1991-1992 gg.
[Radionuclides in the sediments and biota of the shelf and coasts of the Barents Sea. Results of a
radioecological investigation by the MMBI 1991-1992.] (G.G. Matishov, ed.): 1-36. Apatity:
Murmansk Marine Biological Centre, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences.
[Includes an English summary (:5-ll) of the work described in this study of 137 Cs
concentrations in bottom sediments and algae of the central and south eastern Barents
Sea and in lichens and mosses from Franz Josef Land and the coast of Novaya
Zemlya. Tabulation of data for 137 Cs and I34 Cs levels in Cetraria nivalis and Umbilicaria
tnuhlenbergii]
Matishov, G.G., Matishov, D.G., Podobedov, V.V., Szczypa, E., Solecki, J. & Janusz, W.
(1992) Radionuklidy na kol'skom poluostrove, novoi zemle, zemle frantsa-iosifa iv barentsevom
more. [Radionuclides on the Kola Peninsula, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land and in the
Barents Sea.] :l-70. Apatity: Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Kola Science Centre,

1994 <strong>Literature</strong> on air pollution and lichens—Henderson 387
Russian Academy of Sciences. [Study of the distribution of artificial radionuclides in the
Arctic area. Comparison of present-day and late 1960s data. <strong>Literature</strong> review on the
ecological problems of the area. Detailed presentation of data.]
Matishov, G.G., Matishov, D.G., Podobedov, V.V. & Pavlova, L.G. (1993) Radiatsionnaya
obstanovka na kol'som poluostrove, novoi zemle, zemle frantsa-iosifa i na okvatorii
barentseva morya. [The state of radiation on the Kola Peninsula, Novaya Zemlya, Franz
Josef Land, and in the reaches of the Barents Sea.] Doklady Akademii Nauk (1993) 330:
520-522. [Complementary presentation and discussion of material (mainly concerning
137 Cs in Matishov et al. (1992).]
Modenesi, P. (1993) An SEM study of injury symptoms in Parmotrema reticulatum treated with
Paraquat or growing in sulphur dioxide-polluted air. Lichenologist 25: 423-433. [The effect
of Paraquat, a stimulant of oxygen-centred free radical production in green plants, is
compared with visible air-pollution-induced injury in SO 2 -sensitive Parmotrema reticulatum
to verify the hypothesis of SO 2 -toxicity mechanism via free radical generation. Production
of SEM-visible weddellite deposition on the thallus of SO 2 -stressed and Paraquat-treated
lichens is described.]
Muller, A., Joller, T., Ruoss, E. & Gallati, J. (1993) Sempacher See: Klima und Luftqualitat.
Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Luzem 33: 399-416. [Presentation and
discussion of air pollution data for the region are followed by the definition of a lichen
index, reflecting lichen diversity in the Sempacher See area, based on lichen cover and
species counts (SW-NE transect). In the region of Sursee 58 lichen species were recorded
on isolated trees, with nitrophilous foliose and crustose species dominant and fruticose
plants uncommon. Discussion and suggestions for atmospheric improvement.]
Nakamura, A. & Inoue, M. (1991) Analysis of isotopic ratio of iron in Antarctic lichens, Usnea
sphacelata and Umbilicaria aprina. Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 4:
82-90. [Study of isotopic distribution of Fe in Umbilicaria aprina and Usnea sphacelata near
Syowa Station, Antarctica, with lichen sites categorised as actively growing or inactive.
Isotopic ratios ( 54 Fe/ 58 Fe) were smaller at the active than at the inactive sites.]
Nimis, P.L., Castello, M. & Perotti, M. (1993) Lichens as bioindicators of heavy metal
pollution: a case study at La Spezia (N. Italy). In Plants as Bioindicators. [For details see
Bargagli (1993).] :265-284. [Parmelia caperata was used as a monitor of Al, As, Cd, Cr,
Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn at 30 stations in an 80-km area around La Spezia
with an industrial zone and coal power station to the east. Tabulation, mapping of data and
discussion.]
Piervittori, R., Salvadori, O. & Laccisaglia, A. (1994) <strong>Literature</strong> on lichens and biodeterioration
of stonework. 1. Lichenologist 26: 171-192. [Bibliography of the literature
(1825-1992) on lichens and stonework deterioration, with numerous English abstracts and
an analytical index under 11 categories, e.g. Controlling the growth of organisms on
monuments (over 80 items).]
Pike, L.H. (1978) The importance of epiphytic lichens in mineral cycling. Bryologist 81:
247-257. [Lichens in the examined ecosystems (Douglas fir, balsam fir and oak woodland)
rarely accounted for more than one-tenth of the annual above-ground turnover of a
mineral. Lichens may influence mineral entry into ecosystems through aerosol intervention
and nitrogen fixation.Atmospheric inputs may be enough to satisfy epiphytic lichen needs
for N, Ca and Mg.]
Pilegaard, K. (1993) Biological monitoring of paniculate pollutants during exploration work at
a niobium mineralization in Greenland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 27:
221-232. [In a study of airborne particulate dispersion during exploratory activities at an
Nb mineralization in the area of Sarfartoq, SW Greenland, work was supported by
sampling of indigenous lichens and mosses. Enhanced concentrations of Nb, La, Ce, Th
and U were found in lichens and mosses; and after summer exploration activities levels of
Nb, Ce, Cd, Pb and Zn were raised indicating the occurrence of dust dispersion.]
Richardson, D.H.S. (1993) The physiology of drying and rewetting in lichens. In Stress
Tolerance of Fungi (D.H. Jennings, ed.): 275-296. [Mycology Series 10.] New York:
Marcel Dekker. [Includes a brief literature review and discussion (:291-292) of the
relationship between desiccation/hydration, respiration, polyol concentrations and leaching
in lichens. 'In the Canadian sub-Arctic, lichens add from zero to 0-8% of their biomass
per day depending on rainfall and species. An active period of growth is usually intitiated

388 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 26
by rainfall, which can result in a loss of 01 to 0-7% of biomass due to polyol leaching. Thus
a large proportion of gross daily production must be allocated to replenishing the lost
polyol pool . . . Other stresses besides drought, e.g. air pollution, can lead to increased
leaching of inorganic ions and nutrients from lichens.']
Rovinsk, F. Ya., Burtseva, L.V. & Chicheva, T.B. (1993) Heavy metals in the vegetation as
indicators for the environmental pollution in the area of the former USSR. In Plants as
Biomonitors. [For details see Bargagli (1993).] :507-514. [Terricolous lichens and mosses,
grasses and conifer leaves were employed to assess heavy metal concentrations at 17
integrated background stations in Bulgaria, Hungary, former GDR, Poland, former USSR
and Czechoslovakia. These stations are in reserves and protected areas with minimum
anthropogenic impact. Presentation of 1982-1990 data on background area levels of Pb,
Cd, As and Hg.]
St Clair, L. & Johansen, J.R. (1993) Introduction to the Symposium on Soil Crust
Communities . Great Basin Naturalist 53: 1-4. [Introduction to the Symposium, providing
a contextual overview of the conference items. (See St Clair et al. 1993).]
St Clair, L.L., Johansen, J.R. & Rushforth, S.R. (1993) Lichens of soil crust communities in
the intermountain area of the western United States. Great Basin Naturalist S3: 5-12.
[Paper presented at the Symposium on Soil Crust Communities, held at the Annual
Meeting of the American Bryological and Lichenological Society in San Antonio, Texas,
1991. Soil crust communities thrived in the intermountain western US prior to the advent
of modern humans, and provide 40% to 100% of ground cover. Intensive grazing over the
last 150 years has caused heavy damage. Little is known about the effect of air pollutants
on soil lichens, but monitoring is in progress around a toxic incinerator in central Utah.
Baseline data from before operation began and later studies will show whether toxic
emissions accumulate in soil and their impact. Acid precipitation studies are also needed
to safeguard this resource.]
Santos, P.L., Gouvea, R.C. & Dutra, I.R. (1993) Lead-210 in vegetables and soils from an
area of high natural radioactivity in Brazil. Science of the Total Environment 138: 37-46.
[This study of 2I0 Pb, contamination in vegetables and associated soils by natural U fallout
or by processing mills at Pocos de Caldas includes brief data for 210 Pb levels in lichens
(unspecified), Polytrichum and Polypodium.]
Scholler, H. (1992) Flechtenkartierung im Taunus und seinen Nachbarregionen Rhein-Main-
Tiefland, Mittelrhein-, Lahntal, Wetterau. Hessische Floristische Briefe 41: 49-71. [Lichen
mapping in Taunus and neighbouring regions is essential for the understanding of the
historical and present-day situation of the area's flora and of the role of air pollution and
other anthropogenic influences. Tabulation of distribution data for over 600 species
throughout the area.]
Schubert, R. (1992) Stand und Entwicklung der Bioindikationsforschung in den ostlichen
Landern Mitteleuropas. Hohenheimer Umwelttagung 24: 187-197. [Details and discussion
of the present situation and difficulties confronting bioindication research in mid-Europe.
Lists of involved research groups, of conferences held and of comprehensive works of
bioindication literature dealing with the region.]
Seaward, M.R.D., Henderson, A. & Earland-Bennett, P.M. (1994) Lichen floraof the West
Yorkshire conurbation. Supplement 5 (1991-93). Naturalist 119: 57-60. [Increasing
species diversity throughout the conurbation reflects not only falling air pollution levels,
particularly SO 2 , but also the effect of nutrient enrichment and the input of records from
urban commons and wasteland areas with the variety of substrata and edaphic conditions
occurring there. Clarification of the area's historical flora continues through painstaking
detective work in herbaria, old correspondence, etc.]
Setnadi, A. & Deruelle, S. (1993) Detection de la pollution plombique a l'aide de transplants
licheniques dans la region de Annaba (Algerie). [Lead pollution monitoring by
transplanted lichens in the Annaba area (Algeria).] Pollution Atmospherique 35: 86-102.
[Lead accumulation in Ramalina duriaei and R. farinacea transplanted from an unpolluted
area to sites near three highways in Annaba showed that automobile pollution reaches 70 m
from the road. Detailed histograms and tables of data. See Semadi (1989) listed in
XXXIX.]
Skirina, I.F. (1992) Rasprostranenie redkikh i ischezayushchikh vidovlishainikov v primorskom
krae. [Distribution of rare and disappearing lichen species in the Primorye region.]

1994 <strong>Literature</strong> on air pollution and lichens—Henderson 389
Botanicheskii Zhurnal 77: 22-31. [Of 37 red data book-listed lichens 15 grow in the
Primorye region. Their overall distribution and occurrence in the region is mapped and
discussed.]
Takala, K., Olkkonen, H. & Salminen, R. (1994) Iron content and its relations to the sulphur
and titanium contents of epiphytic and terricolous lichens and pine bark in Finland.
Environmental Pollution 84: 131-138. [Fe concentrations in epiphytic Hypogymnia physodes
and Pseudevemia furfuracea were higher than in terricolous Cladina and Peltigera aphthosa
and in pine bark for 31 Finnish sites. Fe levels in H. physodes were closely correlated with
S content, reflecting Fe and S relationships in precipitation. Tabulation data on Fe, Ti and
S contents and examination of interspecies differences in contents. Data on Fe in pine and
birch, and in terricolous lichens were examined in relation to substrata and Finnish
regional variations. The influence of Fe, S and Ti fallout in precipitation, their interrelation
and origin are considered.]
Terron Alfonso, A. & Barreno Rodriguez, E. (1994) Estimation of air pollution in the area
of influence of the coal power station at La Robla (Leon, northwest Spain) using epiphytic
lichens as bioindicators. Cryptogamie: Bryologie et Lichenologie IS: 135-151. [Bioindication
of air pollution from a coal power station at La Robla using lichens on oak, poplar and pine.
A 3-zonal map of pollution is presented and full tabulation of lichen distribution (69
species) on different trees at different sites is provided. Discussion of data.]
Tuba, Z. & Csintalan, Z. (1993) Bioindication of road motor traffic caused heavy metal
pollution by lichen transplants. In Plants as Biomonitors. [For details see Bargagli (1993).]
:329-341. [An investigation of distance-dependent distribution of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, V
and Zn and Al contents in Cladonia convoluta transplanted to busy main roadsides during
winter. Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni and Al reduced rapidly with increasing distance from the road. Cd,
Pb and Zn could be detected at greater distances (30-60 m) from the road. V contamination
appears unrelated with distance and is not substantially due to traffic]
Vagts, I., Kinder, M. & Muller, J. (1994) The effect of agrochemicals on the growth of Cladonia
furcata. Lichenologist 26: 73-82. [Growth in Cladonia furcata v. racemosa was unaffected by
mineral fertilizer. Organic manure promoted length of podetia. Calcium cyanamide had a
lethal effect. Apart from such direct damage, agrochemicals may endanger terricolous
lichens by progressive habitat eutrophication.]
Van Haluwyn, C, Semadi, A., Deruelle, S. & Letrouit, M.A. (1994) La vegetation
lichenique corticole de la region d'Annaba (Algerie orientale). Cryptogamie: Bryologie et
Lichenologie IS: 1-21. [Includes information on growing industrial activity in the area of
Annaba. Although no definite conclusions can be made on the effects of pollution in
Annaba on lichens, urbanization and industrialization are influencing the flora, despite the
evident lack of a lichen desert in the city centre. Behaviour of some species clearly differed
from that shown by them in north-east Europe. Three categories of lichens are listed:
pollution-resistant, medium-resistant, and poleophobes.]
Vonarburg, C. (1993) Das Mikroklima an Standorten epiphytischer Flechten. Immissionsokologische
Untersuchungen entlang eines Hohengradienten in den Zentralschweizer Voralpen.
Veroffentlichungen aus dem Natur-Museum Luzern S: 1-123. [Epiphytic lichen growth was
monitored (1989-1992) in sites in Lucerne and at three altitudes in the Rigi area, central
Switzerland, as were NO 2 emissions. Lichens on isolated trees were unsuitable as ozone
pollution indicators due to their dryness and insensitivity to ozone when ozone levels were
high in dry, warm weather. Hence the rich lichen vegetation in areas of known high ozone
pollution. In urban areas lichens in active state can interact with high concentrations of
acid-forming pollutants and suffer damage. In rural areas microclimatic factors predominated
over air pollutant influences. Detailed and generously illustrated presentation of
data.]
von der Dunk, K. (1976) Flechten: Indikatoren fur Luftverschmutzung. Unterricht Biologie 1:
38-41. [School biology classes on pollution can be made more attractive for students by
using their own town or city areas as the basis for studies of lichen bioindication and air
pollution. The results can be illustrated in class by projecting overlapping films that map,
respectively, the town, high SO 2 and Pb concentrations, high traffic density points, and
lichen zones. Overlapping films for the Erlangen area are illustrated.]
von der Dunk, K. (1988) Das Dach als Lebensraum. 1. Algen und Flechten als Pioniere.
Mikrokosmos 11: 226-232. [Examination of the pioneering roles of algae and lichens on

390 THE LICHENOLOGIST Vol. 26
roofs, the influence of air pollution levels on roof colonization by lichens, and of substrata
and other ecological factors.]
Wirth, V. (1992) Flechtenkartierung in Deutschland. Floritische Rundbtiefe 2: 119-126. [Detailed
account region by region of work and programmes to date on lichen mapping in Germany;
methodology and organisation, registers and databanks, addresses of organisers are
presented. Discussion of means and ends.]
Wirth, V. (1993) Trendwende bei der Ausbreitung der anthropogen geforderten Flechte
Lecanora conizaeoides? Phytocoenologia 23: 625-636. [Increased bark acidification was one
cause of the enormous increase of the acidophyte Lecanora conizaeoides throughout
central Europe. Recent (1985-1991) monitoring shows a decline in acid pollution levels
in highly polluted areas, which has led to a significant decline of L. conizaeoides in the
region.]
Wirth, V. & Oberhollenzer, H. (1991) Beurteilung der Immissionssituation mit Hilfe der
Flechtenindikation: vorlaufige Ergebnisse fur den Bereich Oberrhein und Randgebiete. In
Okologisches Wirkungskataster Baden-Wurttemberg. Jahresbericht 1990/1991. Baden-
Wurttemberg: Landesanstalt fur Umweltschutz Baden-Wurttemberg. [Initial notes and
discussion of pollution in Oberrhein region as indicated by the lichen flora; the role of
Lecanora conizaeoides; map showing 4-zonal assessment of the partitioned study area.]
Wirth, V. & Oberhollenzer, H. (1992) Epiphytische Flechten: Einsatz als Reaktionsindikatoren
im passive Monitoring bei der Erstellung des Immissionswirkungskatasters Baden-
Wurttemberg. Veroffentlichungen fur Naturschutz und Landsschaftspflege 64: 164-173.
[Lichens are among the bioindicators of emission impact used at 60 permanent monitoring
sites throughout Baden-Wurttemberg. Species distribution and lichen cover on trees,
mainly beech, form the basis of monitoring carried out at 5-year intervals. Four categories
of synergistic emission impact were established, and found preferable to numerical values
and formulae in common use elsewhere.]
Wittig, R. (1993) General aspects of biomonitoring heavy metals with plants. In Plants as
Biomonitors. [For details see Bargagli (1993).] : 1-27. [Lichens are assessed as biomonitors.
Their advantages are: geographic spread, all-year availability, lack of seasonal morphological
variability, slowness of growth and well tried and standardized methodologies.
Disadvantages are: difficulty of laboratory culture, unavailability of genetically uniform
material, lichen SO 2 -sensitivity, and the impossibility of aging different parts of the thallus.
In Europe the most commonly used monitor is Hypogymnia physodes.]
Woods, R.G. (1993) Flora of Radnorshire. Cardiff: National Museum of Wales. [Atmospheric
pollution and lichens are discussed in a short section (: 217-218). 'The present widespread
abundance of Usnea species suggests that sulphur dioxide levels are still fairly low. Yet there
is accumulating evidence to suggest that sulphur and nitrogen are exerting a considerable
influence on many lichen communities in Radnorshire.' Lobarion colonies close to the
Radnor border are among the slowest-growing in Britain. 'Extinction of the Lobarion seems
a real possibility.']
Yevseev, A.V. & Krasovskaya, I.M. (1994) Spatial and temporal patterns in pollutants
accumulation in the ecosystems of the Kola Peninsula. Aquilo Series Botanica 34: 65-68.
[Paper presented at the Symposium on Long Range Transport, Background Monitoring,
and Effects on Vegetation, Oulu, Finland, November 26-29, 1990. Determination of
pollutant accumulation patterns (Cu, Ni, Sr and SO from non-ferrous mining industries)
using different indicators showed lichens and mosses best characterized accumulation
periods of up to 5 years, soils periods up to several decades, and peat bogs and lake
sediments longer periods, up to many centuries. Snow was the best seasonal indicator. The
lichens used were Cladonia sp. and Cetraria sp. There are maps of Cu, Ni and Sr
accumulation, and table of metal levels in Cladonia and mosses.]
I am grateful to Professors D.L. Hawksworth, D.H.S. Richardson and M.R.D. Seaward, and to
Drs D.H. Brown, S. Cieslinski, J. Garty, P. Jacobsen, E. Ruoss and V. Wirth for drawing certain
items to my attention; to the staffs of the British Lending Library, English Nature Library and
Edward Boyle Library, Leeds University, for their assistance; and to Professor D.L. Lee for
providing facilities.
Accepted for publication 28 July 1994