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Final Report of Vegetation Assessment Blatter et al. (1929) further mentioned that out of 279 species that made up the flora of the Indus Delta, 226 species were found in other parts of Sindh, as well. There were only 54 species which are not found in extra-deltaic Sindh. They added further that there were 6 endemic species that included Gossypium bakeri, Asparagus deltae, A. gharoensis, Periploca sp., Convolvulus sp. and Andrachne sp. The latter three were believed to be new species which they planned to describe later. Fig: 1 Prominent genera in Indus delta included Euphorbia, Heliotropium, Cyperus, Abutilon, Indigofera, Tamarix, Grewia, Corchorus, Crotalaria, Acacia, Ipomea, Solanum, Barleria, Suaeda, Asparagus, Saccharum, Echinochloa, Eragrostis and Eleusine. They treated Mangroves of Indus Delta separately and mentioned presence of eight species that included Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora conjugata Ceriops candolleana, Ceriops roxburghiana, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Sonneratia acida, Aegiceras majus and Avicennia officinalis. They provided a detailed account of species with respect to different physiographic units and covered vast area now comprising Thatta district (including current Badin district) and up to the boundaries of Karachi and Hyderabad districts. They mentioned that in Keti Bundar species like Tamarix troupii, Thespesia populnea, Ipomoea aquatica, Peplidium humifusum, Tecomella undulata, Phyllanthus distichus, Cocos nucifera, Phoenix dactylifera, Pandanus tectorus, Cyperus tegetum, Echinochloa crus-galli, Phragmites Karka and, Oryza coarctata were widely present. They mentioned that in Hajamro River (now creek) they found Aeluropis villosus grass and eight species of mangroves namely Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora conjugata Ceriops candolleana, Ceriops roxburghiana, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Sonneralia acida, Aegiceras majus and Avicennia officinalis. They also reported dense forests of Populus euphratica and Acacia farnesiana in Hajamro creek which are absolutely absent now. Indus For All Programme Page 6 of 131
Final Report of Vegetation Assessment 1.3.2 Wetlands: The International Convention on Wetlands defined the wetlands as, “Area of marshes, fens, peat lands or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary with water, that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 meter” (Simon 1993, Singh et al., 2002). The definition given by IUCN (1991) reads as “submerged or water saturated land, both natural and man made, permanent or temporary with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tides does not exceed 6 meter”. Imran & Khatoon (2005) mentioned that wetlands are those areas where inundation must take place at least for 14 days and saturation for 60 consecutive days. They further mentioned that there are various types of wetlands such as wooded land, peat land, flood plains and mangrove swamps, etc. Each wetland is rich in floral diversity; however, it is hard to define any wetland plant. According to a broader definition, all those plants that at least spend part of their life cycle in partially submerged conditions are regarded as aquatic or wetland species. They further discussed that in older times wetlands were considered as places where mosquitoes and other harmful insects reside but now with the growing understanding, these areas have been recognised due to their diverse ecological services and useful living resources such as reducing silt load from incoming waters, reducing erosion by buffering wave action and harbouring fish, medicinal and edible plants and maintaining healthy web of life. Mitsch et al. (1993) described the scientific understanding about the wetland has increased and so have their function. Authors mentioned that wetlands are amongst the most productive ecosystems often referred to as “biological supermarkets” because of the rich bio-diversity they harbour. A number of scientists have highlighted the importance of wetlands as being valuable educational tools and enclosed experimental areas. They mentioned that these important water bodies act as a valuable wildlife refuges providing over-wintering facilities for migratory and resident birds and provide them feeding, nesting and resting grounds. They also support local economy and cottage industries, sustain agriculture, industry, tourism and commerce, and provide outstanding opportunities of recreation for both local communities visitors (Barbier 1989, Barbier et al. 1996, Scodari 1990). Amjad and Kidwai (2002) mentioned that coastal and estuarine wetlands are of high value to mankind and environment where socio-economic activities are highly concentrated. These wetlands serve as habitats for spawning, rearing and nursery grounds for production of shrimps, lobsters and fish and also provide breeding, rearing, staging and wintering grounds for a number of globally important fish, shellfish species and millions of waterfowl. Bush (1997) stated that wetlands clean impurities from the system and can be regarded as the kidneys of the landscape. Sindh province has many wetlands, which are either connected with River Indus or too many other seasonal rivers and streams. Some of these wetlands are of international importance such as Ramsar Sites like Haleji and Keenjhar Lakes. A large number of migratory birds visit these water bodies for wintering. Although fish and other aquatic fauna and the water birds of these wetlands have been documented but inventory of the plant species, which are primary producers, is lacking. Wetlands in general are more diverse and more productive than other terrestrial ecosystems. The greater diversity is due to greater number of ecological niches because of water depth and nutrient levels that give rise to various vegetation zones such as free-floating hydrophytes in the deeper water, emergent aquatics rooted in mud towards the margins of wetlands, and semi-aquatic plants at the margins of the wetlands (Bush 1997, Khatoon & Ali 1999). The floral diversity supports myriad other life forms, ranging from zooplankton to insects and other invertebrates, fish, birds and mammals. Apart from housing unique wildlife, wetlands also provide a number of other benefits such as reducing floods, erosion control and storing carbon and nutrients in the forms of biomass and serving as biological filter to remove the pollutants from the system thus Indus For All Programme Page 7 of 131
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