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4.2 State of Biodiversity ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 77
4.2.1 Flora----------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- 77
4.2.2 Fauna------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 77
4.3 Results----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79
4.3.1 Floristic Analysis---------------------------------------------------------------- 79
4.3.2 Phytosociological Aspects--------------------------------------------------- 86
4.3.3 Carrying Capacity -------------------------------------------------------------- 88
4.3.4 Biodiversity Index & species Richness----------------------------------- 89
4.3.5 Significant findings ------------------------------------------------------------ 90
4.4 Discussion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90
4.4.1 Problems & Threats----------------------------------------------------------- 91
4.4.2 Improvement Required------------------------------------------------------- 93
4.5 Conclusions---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
5. Pai Forest – A Forest Ecosystem--------------------------------------------------------------- 96
5.1 Brief History of Pai Forest---------------------------------------------------------------- 97
5.2 State of Biodiversity ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 98
5.3 Livelihood and Social Aspects----------------------------------------------------------- 99
5.4 Results----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101
5.4.1 Flora of Pai Forest--- --------------------------------------------------------- 101
5.4.2 Two Ways Indicator Species Analysis----------------------------------- 105
5.4.3 Carrying Capacity ------------------------------------------------------------ 107
5.5 Discussion ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107
5.5.1 Problems & Threats---------------------------------------------------------- 108
5.5.2 Suggestions for Improvement --------------------------------------------- 110
5.6 Conclusions--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111
6. General Results and Discussion--------------------------------------------------------------- 112
6.1 Floristic Analysis -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113
6.1.1 α, ß-Diversity (BD) and Similarity Index --------------------------------- 115
6.2 Primary Productivity (Dry Matter Kg/Ha) and Carrying Capacity-------------- 116
6.3 Alien Invasive Species------------------------------------------------------------------- 117
6.4 Significant Findings----------------------------------------------------------------------- 117
6.4.1 New Records-------------------------------------------------------------------- 117
6.4.2 Endemic Species-------------------------------------------------------------- 119
6.5 Soil Analysis-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 121
Bibliography---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122
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