Factors affecting nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emissions from ...

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laboratory studies did not serve as strong indicators of the NO-N flux under summer conditions. Low emissions from urine-N over winter were due to the low soil temperatures and high WFPS. These studies have demonstrated that soil chemical and environmental variables influence the production of NOx and N2O emissions from urine-N applied to soil and that seasonal effects have a significant impact on the relative amounts of NO-N and N2O-N emitted from urine patches. Suggestions for future work are also made. iv
Acknowledgements I am deeply thankful to Almighty Allah, who provided me the strength and guidance to survive through all hardships I have encountered throughout my life. I owe my deepest gratitude to Associate Professor Tim Clough. It would have been next to impossible to complete this journey without his help and intensive guidance during the whole period of my study. His, support and encouragement from start to finish enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. I have not the words to thank him for his extreme patience and guidance. I am also extremely thankful to Professor Kuan Goh who always helped me whenever I needed him with his constructive criticism. He has been like a mentor to me and encouraged me to finish my study in time. My sincere thanks also go to Associate Professor Rob Sherlock for helping me whenever needed and for providing the facilities to work within the department. I would also like to express my appreciation and thanks to all those who have contributed to the work presented in this thesis. Roger Cresswell for helping me with the Mass Spectrometery and LMA-3D and other help from time to time with his nice and friendly attitude. My sincere thanks also go to Neil Smith, who helped me with soil sampling and sowing the soil for laboratory experiments. The late Alastair Galbraith and Lewis Jennings helped me technically with LMA-3D repairs. Jason Breitmeyer, Angela Reid, Joy Jiao, and Qian Liang for analysing samples on FIA. David wales, Ketan Kolhe, and Manjula Premaratne for doing the gas samples on GC. Ikram helped me with taking the LMA-3D machine to the field and with urine collection. Trevor Hendry helped me also with cow urine collection. Amanda Clifford for providing the chemicals and other laboratory needs on time during the experimental period. I am also thankful to the whole soil science department for their friendly behaviour, especially Amal Torkey for her cheerfulness. My sincere thanks also go to my fellow post graduate students especially Janet Bertram and Debbie Kapal, who helped me whenever I needed them. My thanks also go to other previous and present post graduate students Kelly Leers, Arezoo Taghizadehtoosi, Dewi Krisnayanthi, Shuang Jiang, Yoshi Uchida, Amanda Black, Vicky Nall, Sam Carrick, Matthew Hughes, Laure Steiner, Shengjing Shi, Laura Buckthought, Pranoy Pal, Ogi Mojsilovic, Naomi Wells, Connie Wong, Giti Talebi Gheshlagi, Nimlesh, Diana Selbie, Karen Roberts, Sally Price, and Davidson Lloyd, for their company and support. v
Page 1 and 2: Factors affecting nitric oxide and
Page 3: In experiment two (chapter 5) the o
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Abstract.........
Page 9 and 10: 6.3.7 NOx fluxes...................
Page 11 and 12: List of Tables Table 2-1 Global Inv
Page 13 and 14: Table 7-1 Mean and S.E.M of soil pH
Page 15 and 16: Figure 4.16 Initial soil pH and NH4
Page 17 and 18: Figure 5.29 Q10(5-15 o C) values fo
Page 19 and 20: Figure 7.13 Soil N2O-N fluxes over
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Introduction Managed past
Page 23 and 24: 2.1 Introduction Chapter 2 Review o
Page 25 and 26: As noted in the introduction N2O is
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2.3 Transformation of minera
Page 29 and 30: 2.5 NOx emissions from urine patche
Page 31 and 32: emissions but not NO. This at odds
Page 33 and 34: 2.6.4 Temperature Soil temperature
Page 35 and 36: 3.1 Introduction Chapter 3 Material
Page 37 and 38: difference. The LMA-3D was also abl
Page 39 and 40: NO 2 reading on LMA-3D (ppbV) 60 50
Page 41 and 42: Concentration (NO-N g m -3 ) 20 18
Page 43 and 44: depth of 7 cm and drying them in th
Page 45: 3.9 Laboratory experiments A Paparu
Page 48 and 49: 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Soi
Page 50 and 51: 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Soil NH4 + -N con
Page 52 and 53: NO 2 - -N (g g -1 dry soil) 5 4 3 2
Page 54 and 55:
NO x-N Soil pH N 2O-N NH 4 + -N NO
Page 56 and 57:
4.3.3 Soil NO3 - -N concentrations
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Table 4-7 Net NH4 + -N depletion an
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4.3.6 Soil surface pH After urine a
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When data were pooled over all samp
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The NO-N flux was influenced by a s
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4.3.8.1 Net NH4 + -N depletion and
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When the mean NO-N flux rate betwee
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4.3.9 N2O fluxes In the absence of
Page 72 and 73:
The cumulative N2O emissions as a p
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µg N 2O-N g -1 soil h -1 0.025 0.0
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concentrations (Tables, 4-2 - 4-5),
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4.4 Regression analysis 4.4.1 Predi
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4.4.2 Prediction of N2O-N When log1
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Soil surface pH increases occurred
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Unlike the NO-N fluxes, which were
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optimum pH was observed for net NO-
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Future work could further examine t
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5.2 Materials and Methods 5.2.1 Tre
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NH 4 + -N (g g -1 dry soil) 1000 80
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NH 4 + -N (g g -1 dry soil) NH 4 +
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NO 2 - -N (g g -1 dry soil) 14 12 1
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NO 2 - -N (g g-1 dry soil) NO 2 - -
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Table 5-3 Pearson correlation betwe
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NO 3 - -N (g g -1 dry soil) NO 3 -
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Rate of depletion/accumulation (ng
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NH4 + -N:NO 3 - -N ratio 180 160 14
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Surface soil pH 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0
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HNO 2 (ng g -1 dry soil) 60 50 40 3
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g NO-N m -2 h -1 140 120 100 80 60
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g NO-N m -2 h -1 50 40 30 20 10 0 2
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Q 10 (15-22 o C) 80 60 40 20 0 11%
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Table 5-9 Mean NO-N flux as a perce
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These treatment effects led to a si
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g N 2O-N m -2 h -1 g N 2 O-N m -2 h
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Temperature Moisture NO-N NH 4 + -N
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Temperature Moisture NO-N NH 4 + -N
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Q 10 (15-22 o C) 100 80 60 40 20 0
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N 2O-N: NO-N 500 400 300 200 100 0
Page 134 and 135:
WFPS (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 5 10 15
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Table 5-18 The results of multiple
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Table 5-19 The significance of vari
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Page 142 and 143:
Table 5-22 The results of multiple
Page 144 and 145:
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pool. For example, when averaged ov
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depletion rate, was the soil pH. It
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0.20 g H2O g -1 soil, and temperatu
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the current experimental results. U
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134
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collected from cows at the Lincoln
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NH 4 + -N (g g -1 dry soil) 1200 10
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concentrations increasing at differ
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6.3.4 Net NH4 + -N depletion and NO
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Soil pH 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0
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6.3.7 NOx fluxes Urine-N applicatio
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Cumulative NO-N (% of urine-N appli
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6.3.7.1 NO-N flux rate as a percent
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6.3.8 N2O fluxes The mean N2O-N flu
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Cumulative N 2 O-N ( % of uine-N ap
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6.3.10 Soil WFPS Soil moisture cont
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Table 6-6 Correlation of log10NO-N
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log 10 NO-N predicted log 10 NO-N p
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6.5 Discussion 6.5.1 Soil inorganic
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The concentrations of HNO2 were thu
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% of NO 2 - -N pool beings turnedov
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6.6 Conclusions Urine-N application
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7.2 Materials and Methods 7.2.1 Fie
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7.2.4 Meteorological data and soil
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Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
7.3.5 Soil ammonium: nitrate ratio
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treatments showed a significant eff
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7.3.7 Theoretical HNO2 concentratio
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7.3.8 Rainfall and Water Filled Por
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7.3.10 NOx fluxes The only gas dete
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7.3.12 N2O-N: NO-N ratio There were
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Table 7-3 Results of multiple regre
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Measured/Predicted NO-N flux 400 30
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The predicted NO-N fluxes were inte
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Table 7-7 Regression coefficients d
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logN 2 O-N 4 3 2 1 0 logN 2 O-N vs
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lowering of the net NH4 + -N deplet
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approximately 6 degrees , NO3 - -N
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204
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8.2 Materials and Method Materials
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Page 230 and 231:
8.3.4 Net NH4 + -N depletion rates
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8.3.6 Theoretical HNO2 concentratio
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8.3.8 Soil temperature Mean soil te
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8.3.10 N2O fluxes The N2O-N fluxes
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8.4 Regression analysis 8.4.1 Predi
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The rainfall was regular (after day
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days. This was considerably higher
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to be proportional to the rate of N
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9.7 Future studies The relationshi
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Bronson, K. F., Sparling, G. P., &
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Galbally, I. E. (1989). Factor cont
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Maljanen, M., Martikkala, M., Kopon
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Scholes, M. C., Martin, R., Scholes
Page 256 and 257:
Van Slyke, D. D. (1911). A method f
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