Laboratory Glass-Working for Scientists - Sciencemadness Dot Org

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INTRODUCTION in succession broke the apparatus glass-blown by the master himself are described by H. E. ROSCOE (1901); J. Dewar, whose vacuumjacketed glass vessels marked a new era in low temperature research; M. Bodenstein and W. Ramsay, both of whom are described by E. K. RIDEAL (1951) as uncannily skilled in the art of glass-blowing; and F. W. Aston, whose glass bulb discharge tubes and cooled charcoalin-glass pumping systems first gave those exact mass relations of isotopic chemistry which contributed decisively to the opening of the atomic age. In modern times the old tradition that the masters of science should also be themselves masters of the practical craft of science has failed to persist, and the more eminent scientists are now usually not to be found at the working bench in the research laboratory. There is, we think, a consequent weakening of the craft basis of practical scientific work, and some retreat from the view expressed by I. Langmuir that work in the laboratory can be fun. The increasing use in scientific research of borosilicate glasses over the last thirty years has not, on the whole, been accompanied by much departure from the traditional methods of glass-working. Generally it is much easier to rotate the flame about a stationary clamped article than to rotate the article in a stationary flame. Quite complex apparatus can be constructed by working with a hand torch—giving a movable flame held in the hand—on clamped apparatus. This method of work is specially suitable for the borosilicate glasses of low thermal expansion, which can be worked into quite knobby apparatus without there being much danger of cracking on cooling—in contrast to soda-lime-silica glass. The joining of two clamped tubes with a movable flame has been described by SHEN- STONE (1889), THRELFALL (1898) and TRAVERS (1901). A X. REIMANN (1952) has described some further uses of this general method, but the great number of complex operations which can be carried out with facility using a hand torch in place of a bench torch does not seem on the whole to have been realized; indeed, HELDMAN writes: 'End-seals with both tubes of approximately the same diameter and T-seals are, with practically no exceptions, the whole repertory of in-place glass blowing. 5 We are by no means in agreement with this statement. Many operations can be carried out with a hand torch on completely fixed glass, or on a fixed piece of glass to which some other part of glass can be joined by holding it in one hand whilst the other hand manipulates the hand torch. The results are usually not as elegant as those obtained by a skilled worker using rotation in a bench torch, but less skill and practice are required for the hand torch method. It has the further great advantage that the complexity of the apparatus being constructed can be steadily increased without 4
INTRODUCTION fTMtly increasing the glass-working difficulty. Furthermore, the lOtatist will probably only work glass from time to time, depending tpon the requirements of the research or other work, and the hand torch method is far more suitable than the bench torch method for the operator who does not want to spend time on preliminary practice; it is also far more suitable for the scientist working in iwkward positions on complex apparatus. We find that very compttft apparatus may be assembled with a hand torch. A clear account of professional methods of glass-working has been gfvtn by W. E. BARR and V. J. ANHORN (1949). Valuable information •©me glass-working problems is also found in the works of J. FfftONG (1940), M. C. NOKES (1948), A. J. ANSUEY (1950), A. ELLIOTT Md J. HOME DICKSON (1951), and H. J. J. BRADDICK (1954). ounts of the simpler operations have been given by W. E. •AUK-WINDER (1947) and E. H. MORGAN (1953). REFERENCES ttUY, A. J., 1950, An Introduction to Laboratory Technique, 2nd Edn; London, Macmillan. IM»TltONG( H. E., 1924, Chemistry in the Twentieth Century, edited by E. F. Armstrong; London, Benn. pi, W, E. and ANHORN, V. J., 1949, Scientific and Industrial Glass * Blowing and Laboratory Techniques', Pittsburgh, Instruments Publishing Co. i, J, J.» 1833, Traite de Chimie, (Trans. Esslinger) Vol. 8; Paris, Firmin Didot Freres. B. D.» 1921, A Handbook of Laboratory Glass-Blowing; London, Routledge. T.» 1898, Glass Blowing and Working; London, Dawbarn and Ward. «CK, H. J. J., 1954, The Physics of Experimental Method; London, Chapman & Hall. >AR, H. L., 1892, /. Iron St. Inst., 1,164. ; A. and HOME DICKSON, J., 1951, Laboratory Instruments; London, Chapman & Hall. V, M.t 1842, Chemical Manipulation, 3rd Edn; London, Murray. PBTRIE, W. M., 1909, The Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt; Edinburgh and London, Foulis. fcAIY, F. C, TAYLOR, C. S. and EDWARDS, J. D., 1928, Laboratory 1 Class Blowing, 2nd Edn; New York, McGraw-Hill. hLDMAN, J. D., 1946, Techniques of Glass Manipulation in Scientific I Btstarch; New York, Prentice-Hall. 5
Page 1 and 2: FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEM ENTS PREFACE
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Grinding glass Releasing f
Page 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the follo
Page 8 and 9: PREFACE scattered in the literature
Page 10 and 11: INTRODUCTION ready outgassing on ba
Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION MOREY, G. W., 1938, Th
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Chapter 5 THE MANIPULATION OF LARG
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THE MANIPULATION OF LARGE TUBING th
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THE MANIPULATION OF LARGE TUBING ro
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THE MANIPULATION OF LARGE TUBING jo
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SOME OPERATIONS WITH A GLASS-WORKIN
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SOME OPERATIONS WITH A GLASS-WORKIN
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Chapter 7 METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS ALTH
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METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS The finished b
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METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS Multiple Wire
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METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS will not be le
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METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS but in either
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METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS 29 per cent Ni
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METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS hard glasses i
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METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS Glass tubing m
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SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
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Chapter 9 THE ASSEMBLY OF COMPLEX A
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THE ASSEMBLY OF COMPLEX APPARATUS d
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THE ASSEMBLY OF COMPLEX APPARATUS u
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THE MANIPULATION OF SILICA with a f
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THE MANIPULATION OF SILICA surface
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Anhorn, V. J., 5, 28, 41, 47, 123,
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Abrasives, 39 Alkaline attack on gl
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Lead glass, 23,108 Lead glass compo
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