PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS laboratories, such as those in schools, where oxygen is not available. The methods we describe <strong>for</strong> Pyrex can be used <strong>for</strong> Monax. When a hand torch is used <strong>for</strong> working Monax, it should give a flame with a definite inner blue cone, and it may be necessary to work the Monax with the hand torch in small portions at a time, especially if the air pressure is low and the tubing is large. Finished articles in Monax, even when badly made, do not usually crack after a flame annealing. Soda glass is very easy to work in a gas-air flame, but skill is necessary to make apparatus which does not crack on cooling. Complex apparatus of soda glass cannot be made satisfactorily with a hand torch by many of the methods we describe <strong>for</strong> Pyrex; the bench torch methods are far better <strong>for</strong> soda glass, but they are far more difficult. We do not recommend soda glass <strong>for</strong> research apparatus unless this is of very simple construction. The working characteristics of the other glasses mentioned can usually be deduced from their expansion coefficients. A glass of lower expansion than Monax needs an oxygenated flame, and one with higher expansion needs only a gas-air flame. Distinguishing between Different Types of <strong>Glass</strong> In a bunsen flame, soda glasses give a yellow flame and are softened, borosilicate glasses keep their hard edges, and a lead glass is blackened. When a joint is made between two glasses of different composition and pulled out, the softer glass will pull out further. The softer glass has the lower softening temperature. REFERENCES BOYLE, R., 1744, The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle; London, Millar, DALE, A. E. and STANWORTH, J. E., 1945, /. Soc. <strong>Glass</strong> Tech., 29,77. DOUGLAS, R. W., 1945, /. sci. Instrum., 22,81. FARADAY, M., 1830, Phil Trans., 120,1. FRARY, F. C, TAYLOR, C. S. and EDWARDS, J. D., 1928, <strong>Laboratory</strong> <strong>Glass</strong> Blowing, 2nd Edn; New York, McGraw-Hill. GARNER, W. E., 1952, J. chem. Soc, 1961. GURNEY, C. and PEARSON, S., 1952, Report No. 10, Selected Government Research Reports, Vol. 10, Ceramics and <strong>Glass</strong>; London, H.M. Stationery Office. JOHANNSEN, A., 1918, Manual of Petrographic Methods, 2nd Edn; New York, McGraw-Hill. MACDONALD, D. K. C. and STANWORTH, J. E., 1950, Proc.phys. Soc. Lond., 63B, 455, 26
REFERENCES PARTRIDGE, J. H.s 1949, <strong>Glass</strong>-To-Metal Seals; Sheffield, Society of <strong>Glass</strong> Technology. PHILUPS, C. J., 1948, <strong>Glass</strong>; The Miracle Maker, 2nd Edn; London, Pitmaa RANDALL, J. T., 1938, Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry <strong>for</strong> 1937; London, Chemical Society. STANWORTH, J. E., 1950, Physical Properties of <strong>Glass</strong>; Ox<strong>for</strong>d, Clarendon Press. TlOHE, N. J., 1956, National Bureau of Standards Circular 569; Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office. TODD, B. J., 1955, /. appL Phys.9 26,1238. TURNER, W. E. S., 1945, The Elements of <strong>Glass</strong> Technology <strong>for</strong> Scientific <strong>Glass</strong> Blowers (Lampworkers), 3rd Edn; Sheffield, The <strong>Glass</strong> Delegacy of the University. WARREN, B. E., 1940, Chem. Rev., 26,237. WARREN, B. E,, 1942, J. appL Phys., 13,602. ZACHARIASEN, W. H., 1932, J. Amer. chem. Soc, 54,3841. 27
- Page 1 and 2: FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGEM ENTS PREFACE
- Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Grinding glass Releasing f
- Page 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the follo
- Page 8 and 9: PREFACE scattered in the literature
- Page 10 and 11: INTRODUCTION ready outgassing on ba
- Page 12 and 13: INTRODUCTION in succession broke th
- Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION MOREY, G. W., 1938, Th
- Page 16 and 17: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
- Page 18 and 19: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
- Page 20 and 21: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
- Page 22 and 23: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
- Page 24 and 25: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
- Page 26 and 27: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
- Page 28 and 29: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
- Page 30 and 31: Pyrex PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERT
- Page 32 and 33: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
- Page 36 and 37: GLASS-WORKING EQUIPMENT 3 The Glass
- Page 38 and 39: GLASS-WORKING EQUIPMENT regulating
- Page 40 and 41: GLASS-WORKING EQUIPMENT These needl
- Page 42 and 43: GLASS-WORKING EQUIPMENT flaring too
- Page 44 and 45: GLASS-WORKING EQUIPMENT and the siz
- Page 46 and 47: GLASS-WORKING EQUIPMENT the former
- Page 48 and 49: GLASS-WORKING EQUIPMENT grading is
- Page 50 and 51: GLASS-WORKING EQUIPMENT and stand i
- Page 52 and 53: GLASS-WORKING EQUIPMENT sensitive t
- Page 54 and 55: GLASS-WORKING EQUIPMENT Sometimes i
- Page 56 and 57: Chapter 4 BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERA
- Page 58 and 59: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS forw
- Page 60 and 61: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS Ofte
- Page 62 and 63: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS as a
- Page 64 and 65: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS A ha
- Page 66 and 67: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS work
- Page 68 and 69: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS The
- Page 70 and 71: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS main
- Page 72 and 73: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS grav
- Page 74 and 75: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS Ther
- Page 76 and 77: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS thin
- Page 78 and 79: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS expe
- Page 80 and 81: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS coll
- Page 82 and 83: BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS cent
- Page 84 and 85:
BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS roun
- Page 86 and 87:
BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS bulb
- Page 88 and 89:
BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS The
- Page 90 and 91:
BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS meta
- Page 92 and 93:
BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS but
- Page 94 and 95:
BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS with
- Page 96 and 97:
BASIC GLASS-WORKING OPERATIONS to t
- Page 98 and 99:
Chapter 5 THE MANIPULATION OF LARG
- Page 100 and 101:
THE MANIPULATION OF LARGE TUBING th
- Page 102 and 103:
THE MANIPULATION OF LARGE TUBING ro
- Page 104 and 105:
THE MANIPULATION OF LARGE TUBING jo
- Page 106 and 107:
SOME OPERATIONS WITH A GLASS-WORKIN
- Page 108 and 109:
SOME OPERATIONS WITH A GLASS-WORKIN
- Page 110 and 111:
Chapter 7 METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS ALTH
- Page 112 and 113:
METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS The finished b
- Page 114 and 115:
METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS Multiple Wire
- Page 116 and 117:
METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS will not be le
- Page 118 and 119:
METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS but in either
- Page 120 and 121:
METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS 29 per cent Ni
- Page 122 and 123:
METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS hard glasses i
- Page 124 and 125:
METAL-TO-GLASS SEALS Glass tubing m
- Page 126 and 127:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 128 and 129:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 130 and 131:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 132 and 133:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 134 and 135:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 136 and 137:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 138 and 139:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 140 and 141:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 142 and 143:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 144 and 145:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 146 and 147:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 148 and 149:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 150 and 151:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 152 and 153:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 154 and 155:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 156 and 157:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 158 and 159:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 160 and 161:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 162 and 163:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 164 and 165:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 166 and 167:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 168 and 169:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 170 and 171:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 172 and 173:
SOME TYPICAL SINGLE PIECES OF EQUIP
- Page 174 and 175:
Chapter 9 THE ASSEMBLY OF COMPLEX A
- Page 176 and 177:
THE ASSEMBLY OF COMPLEX APPARATUS d
- Page 178 and 179:
THE ASSEMBLY OF COMPLEX APPARATUS d
- Page 180 and 181:
THE ASSEMBLY OF COMPLEX APPARATUS u
- Page 182 and 183:
THE MANIPULATION OF SILICA with a f
- Page 184 and 185:
THE MANIPULATION OF SILICA surface
- Page 187 and 188:
Anhorn, V. J., 5, 28, 41, 47, 123,
- Page 189 and 190:
Abrasives, 39 Alkaline attack on gl
- Page 191 and 192:
Lead glass, 23,108 Lead glass compo