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vegetative activity throughout the flowering period. Semi-determinate types have indeterminate stems that terminate vegetative growth abruptly after the flowering period. Fig. 1. Mature soybean flower. (a) Side view shows calyx with bracteoles, banner, and wing petals. (b) Adaxial or top view showing four calyx lobes, both bracteoles, banner, and wing petals. (c) Abaxial or bottom view. Three calyx lobes are visible. ba–banner petal, brl–bracteole, ca–calyx, ke–keel petals, wn–wing petal. Adapted from Carlson and Lersten (1987). 2.1.3. Growth and development Soybean germination is epigeal, and under favourable environmental conditions, seedling begins to emerge in 4 or 5 days after sowing. In epigeal germination, the hypocotyl is active and pulls the cotyledons above ground during its growth (Nelson and Larson, 1984) (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Germination and seedling development of soybean. Emergence of the radicle to form the primary root (A), development of secondary roots (B), elongation of the active hypocotyl with the hypocotyl arch penetration through the soil surface (C), seedling becomes erect (D), with cotyledons attached to the first node (E), prior to drying and falling from the autotrophic seedling (F). Adapted from Nelson and Larson (1984). 4
Vegetative development of soybean begins with the emergence of the young seedling from the soil surface and ends with the start of flowering. Vegetative stages are designated by the number of nodes on the main stem, beginning with the unifoliate node that has a completely unrolled leaf (Fig. 3, Table 1). Fig. 3. Vegetative growth stages of soybean. Detailed description see Table 1. Table 1. Description of vegetative (V) and reproductive (R) growth stages in soybean Growth stages Description V1 Completely unrolled leaf at the unifoliate node V2 Completely unrolled leaf at the first node above the unifoliate node V3 Three nodes on the main stem beginning with the unifoliate node V(N) N nodes on the main stem beginning with the unifoliate node R1 One flower at any node R2 Flower at node immediately below the uppermost node with a completely unrolled leaf R3 Pod 0.5 cm long at one of the four uppermost nodes with a completely unrolled leaf R4 Pod 2 cm long at one of the four uppermost nodes with a completely unrolled leaf R5 Seeds beginning to develop at one of the four uppermost nodes with a completely unrolled leaf R6 Pod containing full-size green seeds at one of the four uppermost nodes with a completely unrolled leaf R7 Pod yellowing; 50% of leaves yellow. Physiological maturity R8 95% of pods brown. Harvest maturity Adapted from Fehr et al. (1971). 5
Page 1 and 2: Physiological regulation of pod set
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements I am indebted to m
Page 5 and 6: 3.2.1. The critical stage of pod ab
Page 7 and 8: ABA og blad ABA var tilsyneladende
Page 9 and 10: Summary Water scarcity is a major f
Page 11 and 12: Based on the above results, it was
Page 13 and 14: 1. General introduction 1.1. Ration
Page 15: 2. General literature review 2.1. T
Page 19 and 20: 2.1.4. A flower and pod staging sys
Page 21 and 22: 2.1.5. Plant water use The water re
Page 23 and 24: decrease pod set up to 70% (Momen e
Page 25 and 26: leads to ovary abortion (Fig. 7C).
Page 27 and 28: A reduced acid invertase activity c
Page 29 and 30: 2000). During seed development, ABA
Page 31 and 32: (Wang et al., 2001). Studies have s
Page 33 and 34: direct effect on grain set. A reduc
Page 35 and 36: findings by Ober and Setter (1990)
Page 37 and 38: seed growth might occur simultaneou
Page 39 and 40: Sucrose Conc. (mg g -1 DW) Hexose C
Page 41 and 42: 3.2.3. Roles of ABA and exogenous C
Page 43 and 44: potentials the biochemical processe
Page 45 and 46: of this thesis clearly show that dr
Page 47 and 48: Board, J.E., Harville, B.G., 1998.
Page 49 and 50: Emery, R.J.N., Ma, Q.F., Atkins, C.
Page 51 and 52: Komor, E., 2000. Source physiology
Page 53 and 54: Pelleschi, S., Rocher, J.P., Prioul
Page 55 and 56: Sheoran, I.S., Saini, H.S., 1996. D
Page 57: Wiebold, W.J., Ashley, D.A., Boerma

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