2 Review Post-Classical 500 - 1450.pdf - Google Sites

6 th century CE to 1450 CE
Began with rise of Islam
First trans-regional civilization
Spans Eurasia and Africa
Era of two great powers: Islam, China
Ended due to Turks, Mongols, Black Death
Characteristics
Spread of universalizing religions, philosophies
Saw rise of new civilization centers
Emergence of network of global contacts
Ages of Faith, Aristocracy, Increasing Inequalities

State Structure
Most systems were aristocratic in nature
Most systems were decentralized
Influence of system was often more important
Agents of Change
Often trade or economic
Pastoral nomads and migration less important
Universalizing Faiths
World System or Global Contacts
No world system yet (Americas, Oceania not included)
Afro-Eurasia was a system though
Women in the Era
Less Centralized states: women have more influence
Less Aristocratic states: women have more influence
Increasing institutionalization means fewer rights

An Age of Faiths: Religions and Missionaries
Christianity
Roman Catholicism
Orthodoxy: Cyril and Methodius
Buddhism
Merchants spread it to East Asia, Southeast Asia
Pilgrimages to South Asia
Islam
Pilgrimage
Dar al Islam as created by the vast conquests
Sufi missionaries and merchants
Jews and Nestorians
Southeast Asia: Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam
Trading Patterns
Muslim system including Sub-Saharan Africa
Indian Ocean Systems: East Africa to Southeast Asia
East Asia
Central Asia: The Silk Road and Nomads
Western European – Mediterranean and North Sea

Bedouin Origins
Muhammad and Early Islam
The Quran, The Jihad
The Sharia and Ulama
The Five Pillars
The Orthodox Caliphs
The Caliphate
The Sunni-Shia Split
The Umayyads and Abassid
Dhimmi status and “People of the Book”
The Sultan and Vizier
The Roles of the Turks and Mongols
Other Muslim Worlds
Muslims in Spain
Muslims in Central Asia
Muslims in Africa
Muslims in Southeast Asia
Structural Change: Fragmentation:,Sultans, Viziers, Harem
Dar al Islam provides cultural, religious unity to region

Sub-Saharan Africa
Sahel: Ghana, Mali, Songhai
East Africa: Swahilis, Ethiopia
Southern Africa: Kongo, Zimbabwe
Tribute empires, syncretic blending
South Asia
Post-Harsha: Regional divisions, caste stability
From Muslims to the Sultanate of Delhi
Arabs conquer Al-Sind, raid, trade into N. India
Turks establish a Mameluk Sultanate
Southern India: A Hindu Renaissance, commercial
Vaisaya caste expands with commere

The 2 nd Warring States Period 220 – 589 CE
Nomadic conquerors intermixing with sedentary Chinese
Spread of Buddhism
Sui Dynasty reunited China; the Grand Canal
Tang Dynasty
The Golden Age of China
Bureaucracy and Civil Service through Confucian exams
Scholar Gentry
Song Dynasty
Merchants have upper hand
Great technological and commercial innovation
Gunpowder, compass, porcelain, movable type printing
Why was China so strong
Twice flowering rice increased harvests
Settlement of marginal lands, use of terraces
Capitalism as opposed to mercantilism
Currency based economy
Neo-Confucianism blends Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism

Sinification vs. Indigenous Development
Tribute System vs. Annexation
Japan
Yamato Clan unifies Japan (Shinto)
Nara: Prince Shotoku copies Chinese style of state (Confucianism)
Buddhism enters through contacts
Heian: Japanese develop their own culture
Court Elite vs Rural Elite vs majority of population
Military elite assumes increasing power not scholar gentry
Korea
Korguyo; Silla unifies Korea
Confucian but not as rigid; Buddhism as balance
Slavery continues to exist in large numbers
Vietnam
Chinese attempts to control area until 1000 CE
Vietnamese independence: Sinified elite different from commoners
Women have great influence at court, in local matters

Transition between Indian Ocean, China
Decentralized State Structures, Feudalism,
Tribute
Funan
Khmer Empire
Srivijayan Empire
Malacca
Interactions
Commerce and Trade
Spread of Religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam
Syncretism
Hierarchical Systems Different: Gender

The Byzantines
Insulated Europe from Arabs, Turks
Civilized, Christianized the Slavs especially Russians
Preserved Greco-Roman Culture
Helped spread Arabic learning to the west
Monasticism was an Eastern development
The Schism
A contest of wills between the pope, emperor
When west was young, pope was weak
As west emerged, pope got stronger
The split was over the authority of the pope
What occurred in 1054 was many centuries in coming

Blending Traditions
Christianity, Germanic Custom, Roman Law
The Structures from 5 th century to 1000 CE
From Kingdoms to the Franks to the Holy Roman Empire
The Roman Catholic Church
Caesaro-papism or Papal Supremacy
The Investiture Crisis
Monasticism
Feudalism
Aristocracy, reciprocity, and primogeniture
Local rule, local self-defense, fiefs, vassals
Manorialism including serfdom, manors, autarky
Vikings: Raid, Trade, Settle, New States
A Changing Europe: After 1000 CE
Rise of Towns and with it the rise of the bourgeoisie
Commerce and Great Fairs: use of money rather than barter
Scholasticism and Chivalry
The Black Death leads to labor shortages
Peasant Rebellions
Wars devastate the aristocracy
Rise of centralizing monarchs using law, taxes not custom
The Crusades as Contacts for Change

Expanded Warfare
100 Years War: Technology vs. Aristocratic Chivalry
Reconquista in Iberia
The New Monarchy and Nationalism
Centralizing royalty vs. decentralized feudalism
Spain, England, France
The Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism
The papacy was undermined by squabbling
Never theological but was always political
People began to question need for the pope
Heresies occurred as did some attempts to reform church
The Renaissance
An expression of commercial prosperity
Began in Italy in the 1300s with emphasis on arts
The “We/Sacred” gave way to “I/Secular”
Glorification of the Classical produced new ideas
Humanism and Science

The Impact of the Mongols
Destroyed all existing state structure
Destroyed agriculture in some areas
Left a vacuum upon collapse, helped create new systems
Forced states, peoples to adapt, adopt to survive
Increased contacts between distant Eurasian parts
Spread Diseases
Exchanged Technologies
Movement of Peoples

Paleolithic, Neolithic Peoples Existed During this period
Americas also had these phases, which lasted longer
Nomadic hunters, gatherers, fishers
Settled agricultural communities in many places of Americas
Subsistence vs. surplus; Irrigation systems
Differentiated labor systems and hierarchy
Ceremonial centers and pyramids
Americas Post-Classical Civilizations
Centers
Mesoamerica
Toltecs
Mayans
Aztec
Andean South America
Chimu, Mohica
Incas
Contacts Between Centers Limited but corn did spread
Technology had not changed much over millennia
Roles of Merchants, Roles of Diplomats

Cities
Cosmopolitan cultures
Centers of exchanges and commerce
Dar al Islam and China
Both civilizations were centered on cities, urban cultures
Had most of the world cities with large populations
Geographic World
China: Chang-an (Xian), Hangzhou, Canton
Central Asia: Samarkand
West Africa: Timbuktu
East Africa: Swahili Cities
Dar al Islam: Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba
Western Europe: Venice, the Hansa
Southeast Asia: Srivijaya, Malacca
Southern Asia: Calicut
Eastern Europe: Kiev, Constantinople, Novgorod
Meso-Americas: Teotihuacan, Tikal, Tenochitlan

Cultural Diffusion through migration or Indigenous Development
Migrations
Agricultural Peoples: Bantus
Comparable to Germanic migrations (but Bantu were usually not invaders)
Settlement of East, Central, Southern Africa
Diffusion of iron-making, farming, herding
State building: Kongo, Swahili trading cities
Nomadic Peoples
Comparable to Hunnic and Indo-European migrations
Arab Bedouins
Turks: Seljuk and Ottoman
Disrupted Abbasids, Byzantines, Central Asia
Introduced mameluk armies, Sultans
Produced the first European crusades
Mongols and Mughals
Disrupted most of Eurasia
Created a power vacuum
Contacts as Migration
Pilgrimage: Buddhist, Muslim, Christian
Commercial contacts along caravan and sea routes
Scholarly exchanges between Muslim and non-Muslim worlds

Demographic Shift
A change in demographic patterns
Abrupt decrease in population due to illness
6 th century Bubonic Plague
Preceded spread of Arabs
Strongest impact was in SW Asia, East Africa
Black Death or 14 th Century Bubonic Plague
Originated in China
Spread by Mongols throughout Eurasia
Spread throughout Mediterranean by contacts
Results
Labor Shortages: fostered growth of free, paid labor
Attacked old elites in cities producing new urban elites
Broke back of Mongols, small states
Forced states to create new means of taxation, military formations

Aristocracies: Called Gate Keepers
European classes of “those who fight” and “those who pray”
Capulis of the Aztecs and the nobles of the Mayans
Brahmins and Kshatriyas of South Asia
The landed scholar gentry (shi) of China
The daimyos and samurai of Japan
The Peasants: Those Who Work
Shudras and Pariahs of South Asia
The Peasants of East Asia
The Serfs and peasants of Western Europe, Eastern Europe
The serf like capulis of Aztecs, Mayan caste peasants
The sharecroppers and tenant farmers of the Arab world
The commercial classes are agents of change
Gender Roles
The patriarchical system increases with aristocratic societies, warrior societies
Increasing examples of subordination of women
Footbinding in China; painted faces in Japan
Veils, purdah in SW Asia and India; suttee in India
Women as legal minors, disenfranchised in Western Europe
Women as baby factories: Aztecs
Exceptions to the Rule
Women in the Catholic Church: renounce sexuality and acquire equality
Women in Bantu Africa – farmers, merchants, some rulers, matrilineal descent
Women in Southeast Asia – merchants, commerce, some rulers, matriarchy

The Muslims including South Asia
Preserved Past Learning Especially the Greeks
Created New Learning
Spread other civilizations‘ accomplishments
Science, Math, Geography, History, Philosophy
The Chinese and Japanese
Golden Age of Art and Poetry under Tang and Song
The Heian Age in Japan – first novels, pillow books
Ming tend to preserve culture or turn the clock backwards
The Byzantines
Icons, Hagia Sofia, Cyrillic
Western Europe
Romanesque and Gothic Architecture
Epics and Romances
Scholasticism
Mesoamerica
Higher mathematics
Astronomy and Calendars
BUT: Most of Technology remained borderline Neolithic

Compare and contrast Japanese and Western
European feudalism. (Note you might want to
consider adding Zhou feudalism).
Compare and contrast political and social
institutions in Western and Eastern Europe.
Analyze the roles and functions of cities in
major cultures (Islamic, West European, East
Asia, Western Africa, Eastern Africa).

Compare trading alliances and patterns of
trade in any two of these regions:
Northern Europe (Hansa)
Mediterranean (Venice, Genoa)
Abbasid Muslim world
The Silk Road of Central Asia
Trans-Saharan Trade Route
East Africa/ Swahili cities
The Indian Ocean.
Compare the roles of politics, social classes,
and gender in Christianity and Islam.

Analyze gender and social systems and any
changes over time as caused by interactions
and religions such as the impact of Islam and
Neo-Confucianism.
Compare the Aztec and Inca Empire.
Compare European, Sub-Saharan African,
Southeast Asian and South Asian contacts
with the Islamic world.

Compare the impact of the Mongol Empire on
cultures and institutions in Eastern Europe,
Middle East, and East Asia.
Compare the impact of Turkish invasions on
the Byzantines and Islamic worlds.
Compare the Christian Crusades and Islamic
Jihads.

Compare schisms in Christianity (Roman
Catholic-Orthodox) and Islam (Sunni-Shia).
Compare interactions in any two regions
during this time period:
Pre-Columbian Americas
Eastern Europe
Western Europe
Sub-Saharan Africa
Islamic World
South Asia
Southeast Asia

Trace the change and continuities of interactions
between from 600 to 1450 CE in any historical region:
Latin America; North America; Sub-Saharan Africa;
SW Asia and North Africa; Western Europe; Eastern
Europe; Central Asia; South Asia; Southeast Asia; and
East Asia.
Trace the changes and continuities in world trade
from 500 BCE to 1000 CE in any one of the following
regions: the Mediterranean, the Silk Road (Central
Asia, East Asia, Southwest Asia), the Indian Ocean,
Sub-Saharan Africa.

Trace the changes and continuities in world trade from 500
to 1500 CE in any one of the following regions: North
Africa and SW Asia; Western Europe; Mesoamerica; Sub-
Saharan Africa; the Indian Ocean; Central Asia; East and
Southeast Asia.
Trace the transformation in functions and structures of
states from 600 to 1450 CE in one region: Western Europe;
Eastern Europe; SW Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; East Asia;
Southeast Asia; South Asia.
Trace the demographic changes from 600 to 1450 in any
one region: Latin America, Western Europe, North
America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Asia, Southeast
Asia, or East Asia.

Trace the transformation and impact of technology
including manufacturing, transportation and
communications from 600 to 1450 in any one region:
North America; West Europe; East Europe; Sub-
Saharan Africa; Southwest Asia and North Africa;
South Asia; and East Asia.
Trace the transformation of religion and philosophy
from 600 to 1450 in any one region: East Asia; South
Asia; Southwest Asia and North Africa; Western
Europe; Eastern Europe; Southeast Asia and Sub-
Saharan Africa.
Trace the intellectual and artistic transformation from
600 to 1450 in any one region: East Asia; South Asia;
Southwest Asia; West Europe; East Europe.

Trace the transformation of social structures
including gender and inequalities from 600 to 1450 in
any one region: West Europe; Southwest Asia; Sub-
Saharan Africa; South Asia; East Asia, and Southeast
Asia.
Trace the transformation in gender roles from 600 to
1450 CE in any one region: the Muslim world, the
Christian world, the Hindu world, the Confucian
world, the Buddhist world, the world of the Central
Asian nomad, in Mesoamerica, or in Sub-Saharan
Africa.