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tain personnel category, which included several groups characterised by
different social status: 1) the workers maintained by the manor –
women, bernai (male helpers), mergos (female helpers) and shepherds –
who neither had their implements of production nor household, and 2)
parobkai, who constituted of the people of higher level in the familia.
The maintenance of manorial livestock and corvée labour in the cultivation
of arable land of the manor and other household activities were the
main functions of the manorial familia. Familia was an open personnel
category: people could hire themselves out to this group for longer or
shorter periods (e.g. during the labour season) and withdraw from it
upon the change of marital status when they got married.
The third section Daržininkai focuses on the personnel group, which
made up an intermediary group between the familia and bound peasants
(villeins). When the Wallach Reform was introduced to the lands of the
grand duke, the status of a part of the familia in ruler’s manors was
turned into daržininkai (literally – gardeners). Similar to the people who
belonged to the familia, they owed their services to the manor.
Daržininkai were given small strips of land situated at some distance
from the manor. The insufficient size of their land-plots could
not ensure their existence. Therefore, the people belonging to this personnel
group used to engage in various other activities, for instance,
crafts, forest protection, etc. The analysis leads to the conclusion that
the personnel model applied at the ruler’s manors was not introduced
to all private manors, though it is obvious that some tried not to lag
behind as well. However, daržininkai are not that commonly found in
the manors and they existed in rather small groups only. It would be
reasonable to think that there was no need to expand this social group
of peasants.
The fourth section – Peasants – provides the discussion on the group
of peasants, which depended on the manor, and the services that they
owed to it. To evaluate the relations maintained between the peasants and
the manor in the 16 th century, historians group them by the performance
or non-performance of their services to the manor, or, to be more precise,
personal dependence ties with the manor: whether they owed the services
to the manor or they did not, or perhaps, they agreed to perform them by
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