Bibliography of Environmental Studies in Natural Characteristics ...

Environ Monit Assess (2007) 129:421–432 

DOI 10.1007/s10661-006-9374-7 

Bibliography of Environmental Studies in Natural 

Characteristics and Anthropogenic Influences 

on the Ganga River 

Munendra Singh & Amit K. Singh 

Received: 23 December 2005 / Accepted: 28 June 2006 / Published online: 28 October 2006 

# Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2006 

Abstract During the second half of the 20th century, the 

Ganga River ecosystem has been continuously altered by 

several ongoing anthropogenic processes, accommodating 

multi-dimensional pressure due to increase of nearly 

four-fold human population. For solution of any environmental 

issues of the river, the Earth System Science 

approach is required to have maximum socio-economic 

benefits to millions of people living in Indian and 

Bangladesh. A bibliography containing more than 250 

references on environmental studies of the Ganga River 

was prepared to preserve its ecosystem by providing the 

baseline support in this regard. 

Keywords Ganga River . environmental study . 

bibliography . pollution . India 

1 Introduction 

Anthropogenic processes have physically, chemically 

and biologically modified our great river ecosystems. 

Most of the time, the impact of anthropogenic force 

M. Singh (*) 

Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, 

Lucknow 226 007, India 

e-mail: smunendra@gmail.com 

A. K. Singh 

Department of Environmental Science, 

University of Lucknow, 

Lucknow 226 007, India 

on river ecosystem is either equivalent or grater than 

natural force. The importance of human–environment 

interactions studies are widely recognised to understand 

the impact of anthropogenic activities on river 

ecosystem and is, therefore, required for protection of 

it for further degradation. 

In Indian sub-continent, the Ganga River ecosystem 

supports 25,000 or more species ranging from microorganisms 

to mammals and serves as lifeline for the 

population of over 500 million people. During Anthropocene, 

the Ganga River had experienced drastic 

degradation in its ecosystem. In February 1985, the 

Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of 

India launched the Ganga Action Plan, an environmental 

project to improve the river water quality. It was the 

largest single attempt to clean up a polluted river 

anywhere in the world and has not achieved any success 

in terms of preventing pollution load and improvement 

in water quality of the river. Failure of the Ganga Action 

Plan may be directly linked with the environmental 

planning without proper understanding of the human– 

environment interactions. The bibliography of selected 

environmental research studies on the Ganga River is, 

therefore, an essentially first step for preserving and 

maintaining the Ganga River ecosystem in future. 

1.1 The Ganga River 

The 2525-km-long Ganga (Ganges) River has its source at 

Gaumukh (30°36′ N; 79°04′ E) in snout of the Gangotri 

Glacier as the Bhagirathi River in the Higher Himalaya at

422 Environ Monit Assess (2007) 129:421–432 

an elevation of 3,800 m above mean sea level. The 

Bhagirathi River joins the Alaknanda River and the 

combined stream is known as the Ganga River. After 

draining the Himalaya, the river enters into the Ganga 

Plain at Haridwar at an elevation of 300 m above mean sea 

level. Several tributaries of the river originate from the 

Himalayan (the Yamuna, the Ramganga, the Ghaghara, the 

Gandak, and the Kosi Rivers etc.), from the Ganga Plain 

(the Gomati and the Rind Rivers etc.) and from Indian 

Craton (the Chambal, the Ken the Betwa and the Son 

Rivers) regions. After draining an area of about 1,086 

thousand km 2 , the river joins the Brahmaputra River and 

finally flows into the Bay of Bengal (Figure 1). 

The Ganga River basin has a humid subtropical 

climate characterized by three seasons namely monsoon, 

winter and summer. The basin receives heavy 

rainfall (usually 70–80% of total annual rainfall) 

during monsoon season, viz. in the months of July, 

August and September. Hydrology of the Ganga River 

shows maximum peak during monsoon, and low 

during winter and summer seasons. Annual discharge 

of the river is about 459,000 million m 3 at Farraka. The 

Figure 1 Location map of the Ganga River showing important riverbank sites used in several research studies.

Environ Monit Assess (2007) 129:421–432 423 

river basin sustains about 500 million people housing in 

its basin. Nearly all sewage of the population directly or 

indirectly goes into the river, totalling over 1.3 billion 

litres per day. Further 260 million litres of industrial 

wastes, runoff from 6 million tons of fertilizers and 900 

tons of pesticides used in agriculture within the basin 

enters into the river. The increasing population pressure 

along with unplanned urban growth, inadequate urban 

waste management, poor waste management by industries, 

intensive use of chemical fertilisers, mass bathing 

activities during festivals etc. have led to severe 

environmental stress on the river ecosystem. 

1.1.1 Objective and data sources 

The present study was aimed to prepare a bibliography 

of environmental studies on the Ganga River (excluding 

the Ganga River tributaries). In early stage, the 

references were collected from our personal database 

followed by cross-referencing and several library 

searches. The Internet exploration with Sciencedirect 

and Scifinder etc. were also performed to fulfill 

demand of the bibliographic need. Most of the 

references were classified as scientific research articles 

published in national and international journals. 

2 Discussion 

Results of science-based observations and measurements 

will certainly improve our understanding for 

wise decision making processes in the environmental 

planning of the Ganga River in future. The present 

bibliography is mainly concerned with analysis, survey 

and investigation in the environmental themes such as 

physico-chemical characteristics, hydro-geochemistry, 

organic geochemistry, faecal contamination, arsenic 

contamination, biomonitoring etc. of the river and can 

be used as a reference study for government and nongovernment 

organisations. Table I. lists the references 

of research articles published after 1990. 

Acknowledgments The Department of Science and Technology, 

New Delhi has financially supported this research through 

Fast Track Research Project Scheme (SR/FTP/ES-47/2000). 

The authors express their gratitude to Prof. I. B. Singh and Prof. 

M. P. Singh, Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, 

for their encouragement and support. We thank Ms. Pooja Goel 

for assistance in library search, Ms. Anju Saxena for helpful 

comments on the initial draft and Mr. Pramod Joshi for making 

diagram. Finally, we should like to thank everyone who 

contributed to this bibliography. The editor-in-chief and an 

anonymous reviewer are thankful for their comments that 

improve the quality of presentation. 

Table I List of recent environmental studies (from 1990 onwards) published in international journals on the Ganga River 

Properties References 

Physical Ahmad and Hussain, 2001;Alley,1994; Asthanaet al., 1999; Bhargava, 1992; Bhatt and Saklani, 1996;Hamneret al., 2006; 

Kamal et al., 1998; Kumaret al., 2003; Monirul Qudar Mirza et al., 1998, 2001; Mukherjee et al., 1993; Peierlset al., 1991; 

Semwal and Akolkar, 2006, Singhet al., 1999a, b, c; Sinhaet al., 1991; Tomalin and Hollick, 2002; Tripathi et al., 1991; 

Umar et al., 2000, 2001. 

Chemical Inorganic: 

Acharyya et al., 1999, 2005; Balakrishna et al., 2001; Barua, et al., 1994; Bhatt and Saklani, 1996; Bhattacharya and 

Sarkar et al. 1996; Carroll et al., 1993; Chakrapani et al., 2002; Chakrapani 2005; Chattopadhya et al. 1995, 1996; 

Chowdhury et al., 1999; Dalai et al., 2002a, b; Dutta and Subramanian, 1998; Garg et al., 1992; Islam et al., 2004; Jain, 

2001, 2002; Kannan et al., 1993, 1997; Khan and Abbasi 2004; Khwaja et al., 2001; Lahiri 2002; Modak et al., 1990, 

1992; Nickson et al., 1993; Pal et al., 2002; Pandey and Sundaram, 2002; Pathak et al., 1992; Peierls et al., 1991; 

Ramesh and Sarin, 1992; Ramkrishna et al., 2001; Sarin et al., 1990; Sarin, 2001; Sarkar et al., 2002, 2003; Sengupta 

et al., 2004; Sharma et al., 1992; Sharma et al., 2003; Singh and Hasnain, 1998; Singh and Mahaver, 1997; Singh et al., 

1999; Singh et al., 2002; Singh et al., 2004; Somyajulu, 1994; Somyajulu et al., 2002; Subramanian, 1993. 

Organic: 

Agnihotri et al., 1994, 1996; Ahmad et al., 1996; Ansari, et al., 1998, 1999, 2000; Bhattacharya et al., 2003; Gupta and 

Raghubansi, 2002; Guzzela et al., 2005; Halder et al., 1990; Kumari et al., 2002; Mohapatra et al., 1995; Nayak et al., 

1995; Sankaramakrishnan, et al., 2005. 

Biological Baghel et al., 2005; Bhanumatiet al., 2003; Bilgrami and Kumar, 1998; Deet al., 1991; GuptaandSharma,2005; Hans et 

al., 1999; Islamet al., 2004; Joshi et al., 1995; Khan and Abbasi, 2004; Mallick and Kuda-Baksh, 2003; Mannaet al., 2004; 

Rao 2001;Rehanaet al., 1995, 1996; Senthilkumar et al., 1999; Singh and Singh, 1999;Sinha,1997a, b, c; Tare et al., 2003.


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