Module 11 - E-Courses

System Analysis and Design Prof. V.Rajaraman 

System Analysis and Design/Documents on Web Learning Objectives 

Learning Objectives 

Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 

The basic technology used to build the internet 

How the world wide web uses the internet 

How documents are specified using HTML 

The distinction between presentation and structure of documents 

How documents are specified in XML 

V. Rajaraman/IISc. Bangalore //V1/Jan 05/1


System Analysis and Design/Documents on Web Motivation 

Motivation 


We examined in the last module how documents are formatted and printed using a 

computer. 

Documents in that context meant results computed by a computer. 

In a more general context one should look at also documents which are to be 

disseminated via the world wide web. 

Besides dissemination one should also consider possibility of reading values from 

documents stored in remote computers and processing them for various purposes. 

The need to exchange documents electronically and processing them have gained 

importance since the emergence of e-commerce. 

To understand the need to distribute documents electronically we should first 

understand how computers are connected together and communicate in an orderly 

fashion among themselves. 

Thus we will first examine very briefly the internet and the World Wide Web which 

uses the internet infrastructure. 

V. Rajaraman/IISc. Bangalore //V1/Jan 05/1

The internet 

and 

The World Wide Web 

V.Rajaraman SAD/M11/LU1/V1/2004 

1

Computer Networks 

Now-a-days no computer has an isolated existence 

Computers in an organization are interconnected by local area 

networks (LAN) 

Home computers are connected to Public Switched Telephone 

Network (PSTN) which provide a connection to an Internet 

Service Provider (ISP) 

LANs of organizations connected to LANs of other 

organizations via PSTN using routers 


2

Logical Network-internet 

• Internet is the network of networks and interconnects millions of 

computers all over the world 

• Internet is used to exchange electronic mail, exchange files and 

log into remote computers 

• Common set of rules used by computers connected to the internet 

to communicate - called Internet Protocol (IP) 


3

Logical Network-internet 

• Each computer connected to the 

internet has a unique address 

called IP address 

• IP address is 4 bytes long 

• IP addresses are a scarce resource 


4

Internet-continued 

• IP address converted to strings of characters which are easy to 

remember 

• Group of characters combined as domains 

•Hierarchy of addressing facilitates expansion 


5

Internet (Contd) 

•Internet breaks up messages sent from source to destination 

into a number of packets 

•Packet structure : 

Control 

Bits for 

Checking 

Serial no 

Of the 

Packet 

Source 

Address 

Destination 

Address 

Message 

Header (20 bytes) Payload 

(upto 1kb) 


6

• Packets need not be of fixed length. Maximum 

length of a packet is 1 KB 

Internet (Contd) 

• Message packetised to allow different packets to go 

along different paths - called packet switching 


7

Packet Switching – Advantages And 

Disadvantages 

Each packet can pick free (cheapest) path to take 

Finally packets reassembled using serial no. 

Packet switching less expensive and adaptive as faulty paths can 

be avoided 

Major disadvantage of packet switching is the difficulty in 

predicting time taken by different packets to travel from source to 

destination 


8

Packet Switching – Advantages And 

Disadvantages 

Variable packet delivery time does not matter for e-mail and text 

files 

Speed unpredictability however reduces effectiveness of audio 

and video traffic 

Major advantage – diverse machines and LAN’s may be 

interconnected if they use common protocol called TCP/IP 


9

Intranet And Extranet 

A network of computers within an organization using TCP/IP 

protocol an use all internet facilities such as e-mail, file transfer, 

remote login etc –called an intranet or corporate intranet 

Two corporate intranets may be interconnected using a leased line 

from PSTN – such a network is called an extranet 

Extranet between cooperating organizations can provide internet 

services such as e-mail,file transfer among them 


10

World Wide Web Services 

• World Wide Web (WWW) is a world wide multimedia information 

service available on the internet 

• www contains web pages – created using a language called HTML 

(Hyper Text Markup Language) 

• HTML has features to embed links within web pages to point to other 

pages – we can thus navigate through links and search for required 

information 


11

World Wide Web 

• Web page located using a scheme known as Uniform 

Resource Locator(URL) 

Example of URL 

http://www.freesoft.org/connected/index.html 

Protocol used 

Domain name 

Of server 

Having web page 

Folder with 

Required 

information 

Required document formatted 

Using hypertext markup 

language 

• Web browsers is a program on one’s PC used to search for 

required information 


12

Search Engines 

• Browsers use search engines - that is programs which will navigate 

web pages using links 

• Navigation based on search terms given by user 

• All organizations now maintain web pages t o establish their "web 

presence" 

• Web presence important to publicize organization for primarily 

advertising their services 


13

Documents and the 

World Wide Web 


1

What Is A Document? 

A document has three parts 

1. Content: The string of characters normally coded in ASCII or 

UNICODE 

- A document now-a-days also includes, besides text, 

pictures, audio and video-all bit strings when digitized. 

- We will however be primarily concerned with textual 

data in this module. 


2

What Is A Document? (contd.) 

2. Presentation: How the data looks like to a human userpresentation 

may be on a video screen or on paper. 

3. Structure: Helps interpretation of data by a computer 

Information such as type of data (Numeric, 

Alphanumeric) and its nature, for example an invoice, 

a purchase order, a recipe etc. 


3

How Are Documents Processed By 

Computers 

Text processors add special annotations primarily to help format 

the resulting print outs 

Examples are: Paragraphing, Font selection, Placing titles, 

pagination,Tabulation etc. 

Examples: WORD, TEX etc. 

These are primarily presentation aids which take raw content and 

transform them to neat looking documents when displayed on 

VDU screen or printed on paper. 

They have no idea of the type of document and what they mean. 


4

Text Processing By Computers 

Word processors primarily used for applications such as 

-Preparation of manuals 

-Preparation of catalogues 

-Routine office correspondence 

-Desk top publishing 

Report Generators (Discussed in Module10) are special variety 

which use a special language to generate and format reports. 

These are primarily for linear texts and not meant for linked text 

known as hypertext 


5

Documents On World Wide Web 

In the world wide web documents located in many computers are 

linked 

Each document called a web page. Each web page has a unique 

path to retrieve it. 

Documents to be used in web pages need special annotations or 

markups mainly for formatting and for linking them to other 

documents in the web 


6


These annotations are called MARKUPS. 

As documents on the world wide web are linked to many 

documents they are called hypertext. 

The markup used to link documents called Hyperlink. 


7


• Web pages are retrieved from the host computers where 

they are located by a program called web browser 

running on a client. 

• Clients use a communication protocol called Hyper Text 

Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to retrieve web pages 

• HTTP recognizes a language called Hyper Text Markup 

Language (HTML) 


8

Hyper Text Markup Language 

An HTML Document has the following general layout 

{Version optional} 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

( ! Is symbol used for comments) 


9

Example Of An Html Documents 

 

 

Description of a book on Information Technology 

 

 

 

Introduction o Information technology 

A first level book in I.T 

Publisher : Prentice – Hall of India 

Year of publication: 2003 

 

 


10

Display Of Html Document 

When the document is viewed using a browser it will appear as shown 

below 

Introduction to Information technology 

A first level book in I.T 

Publisher : Prentice – Hall of India 

Year of publication: 2003 


11

Explanation Of Tags In Html 

tells it is an HTML document 

End of HTML documents is indicated by 

version optional 

used to identify the document in the browsers title bar 

and is stored as the bookmark of this document 

, indicate headings. to available H1 

highest size bold face and H6 lowest 

indicates paragraphing 

Italics and bold face font 

Linking Documents 

HTML can link to documents in other files.For Example to link 

an image we use : 

 

IMG indicates image and src the source (Observe the tag IMG 

is standalone and does not have end tag 

HTML has feature to list items with serial number or bullets 

HTML can also display tables and forms 

HTML is as rich as some word processors. 


13

Hyperlinking Html Documents 

HTML allows a web page to refer to other web pages 

When a reference link in the page is clicked the browser switches 

to the referenced site. 

The specification is 

where A is called 

anchor tag. 

Linking can also be to other files 

Automatic conversion of word documents to HTML is possible 

using a tool 


14

Shortcomings of Html 

HTML is the earliest markup language which made it possible to 

retrieve documents stored in the world wide web 

HTML is primarily to facilitate presentation of contents of a web 

page. 

HTML does not have any means of specifying what the documents 

represents. Is it an invoice? A purchase order, book description etc. 

It also has no means of specifying the type of data to allow 

manipulation of data by browser. 

We thus need a markup language which is richer and is more 

descriptive of structure of a document and what it represents 


15

EXtensible Markup Language 

A document has CONTENT, it has a STRUCTURE and it needs to 

be PRESENTED for ease of reading 

Word processors and HTML emphasize presentation of content and 

have no means of specifying structure (or what the data actually 

represents) 

XML is a new markup language which is capable of specifying 

what a document really represents 

XML is a proper subset of an international standard known as 

STANDARD GENERALISED MARKUP LANGUAGE (SGML).It 

is open standard and not proprietary 


16

Parts Of XML System 

XML defines the structure of a document 

Unlike HTML it has tags which are user defined.This allows easy 

understanding of the nature of the document and assists in its 

processing. 

Formatting and presentation are not part of XML unlike HTML 

which has tags for bold face,italics etc.This is delegated to a 

companion language called XSL (Extensible Style Language). 

Linking documents to create hypertext is also not integrated in 

XML unlike HTML where tag is a general purpose linking tag. 

Much more powerful linking is enabled by separating it to a 

companion language called XLL (Extensible Link Language). 


17

Example Of XML Document 

• A purchase order is represented in XML as below 

< purchase_order > 

< order_no > B55567 

< date> 

< year > 2004 

< month > 10 

< day > 9 

 

 

ABC Traders 

 

201 MG Road 

Bangalore 

560001 

 

 


18

Example Of XML Document (Contd) 

 

C Programming 

ISBN 81-203-0859-X 

50 

 

 

P-H India 

 

 


19

Example Of XML Document 

Observe that the tags used have a syntax similar to HTML. The 

tags are, however, meaningful to a human reader 

The XML definition clearly brings out the structure of an 

invoice. 

However to interpret such a document and process it by a 

computer a companion document called Document Type 

Definition (DTD) is needed. 

DTD has its own syntax . We give DTD for this XML document 

in the next transparency. 


20

Document Type Definition (DTD) 

DTD of XML document of 11.2.15 is given below 

DTD Statements 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


21

Explanation Of Document Type Definition 

Each statement in DTD declares the elements of XML 

program 

states that purchase 

order is the top level element with one or more entry following 

it 

2 statements are introduced at the start of XML definition 

which specifies the version of XML and the file name of DTD 

specification 


22

Explanation Of Document Type 

Definition (contd.) 

• Assuming DTD is in a file purchase_order.dtd 

the declarations are 

 

 

• The tags used in XML definition are then 

specified. 


23

Explanation Of Document Type 

Definition 

Some Application Of XML 

XML’s main use is in creating documents for the World Wide 

Web which can be retrieved by browsers at client computers. 

User defined tags give several advantages including use in 

- Push Technology – In this application time varying data 

specified by users e.g. Hourly stock prices of specified shares 

are automatically sent to the client’s browser 

- Online banking – A standard XML format known as 

financial exchange initiative is used to obtain information such 

as bank statements. 


25

Some Application Of XML 

Software and database updates 

XML adaptable to many natural languages such as Kannada 

as it uses Unicode standard. 

Use in Scientific Publications – Markup languages based on 

XML have been developed for chemistry – CML (Chemistry 

Markup Language) and MML (Mathematical Markup 

Language) 


26


System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web Multiple Choice Questions 

11.1 Internet is 


a. a local computer network 

b. a world wide network of computers 

c. an interconnected network of computers 

d. a world wide interconnected network of computers which use a common 

protocol to communicate with one another 

11.2 The facilities available in the internet are 

a. i, ii 

b. i, ii, iii 

c. i, ii, iv 

d. ii, iii and iv 

11.3 Internet requires 

(i) electronic mail 

(ii) remote login 

(iii)file transfer 

(iv)word processing 

a. an international agreement to connect computers 

b. a local area network 

c. a commonly agreed set of rules to communicate between computers 

d. a World Wide Web 

11.4 Each computer connected to the internet must 

a. be an IBM PC 

b. have a unique IP address 

c. be internet compatible 

d. have a modem connection 

11.5 IP address is currently 

a. 4 bytes long 

b. available in plenty 

V. Rajaraman/IISc. Bangalore M11/V1/July 04/1



c. 6 bytes long 


d. not assigned as it is all used up 

11.6 IP addresses are converted to 

a. a binary string 

b. alphanumeric string 

c. a hierarchy of domain names 

d. a hexadecimal string 

11.7 Internet addresses must always have at least 

a. i, ii, iii 

b. ii, iii, iv 

c. i, iii 

d. ii, iii, iv, v 

11.8 Internet uses 

a. Packet switching 

b. Circuit switching 

c. Telephone switching 

d. Telex switching 

(i) a country name or organization type 

(ii) internet service provider’s name 

(iii) name of organization 

(iv) name of individual 

(v) type of organization 

11.9 Internet data is broken up as 

a. fixed length packets 

b. variable length packets 

c. not packetized 

d. 64 bytes packets 

11.10 Internet packet data structure consists of 

(i)source address 




a. i, ii, iii 

b. i, ii, iii, iv 

c. i, ii, iii, iv, v 

d. i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi 


(ii) destination address 

(iii)serial number of packets 

(iv)message bytes 

(v)Control bits for error checking 

(vi) Path identification bits 

11.11 The packets of an internet message 

a. take a predetermined path 

b. take a path based on packet priority 

c. go along different paths based on path availability 

d. take the shortest path from source to destination 

11.12 The time taken by internet packets 

a. can be predetermined before transmission 

b. may be different for different packets 

c. is irrelevant for audio packets 

11.13 By an intranet we mean 

a. a LAN of an organization 

b. a Wide Area Network connecting all branches of an organization 

c. a corporate computer network 

d. a network connecting all computers of an organization and using the internet 

protocol 

11.14 By an extranet we mean 

a. an extra fast computer network 

b. the intranets of two co-operating organizations interconnected via a secure 

leased line 





c. an extra network used by an organization for higher reliability 

d. an extra connection to internet provided to co-operating organizati 

11.15 World Wide Web 

a. is another name for internet 

b. world wide connection for computers 

c. a collection of linked information residing on computers connected by the 

internet 

d. a collection of world wide information 

11.16 Among services available on the World Wide Web are 

a. i and ii 

b. ii and iii 

c. iii and iv 

d. i and iv 

(i)Encryption 

(ii)HTTP 

(iii)HTML 

(iv)Firewalls 

11.17 A world wide web contains web pages 

a. residing in many computers 

b. created using HTML 

c. with links to other web pages 

d. residing in many computers linked together using HTML 

11.18 A web page is located using a 

a. Universal Record Linking 

b. Uniform Resource Locator 

c. Universal Record Locator 

d. Uniformly Reachable Links 





11.19 A URL specifies the following: 

a. i, ii, iii, iv 

b. ii, iii, iv, v 

c. i, iii, iv 

d. i, ii, iii, v 

(i) protocol used 

(ii) domain name of server hosting web page 

(iii) name of folder with required information 

(iv) name of document formatted using HTML 

(v) the name of ISP 

11.20 A search engine is a program to search 

a. for information 

b. web pages 

c. web pages for specified index terms 

d. web pages for information using specified search terms 

11.21 HTML stands for 

a. Hyper Text Making Links 

b. Hyper Text Markup Language 

c. Higher Textual Marking of Links 

d. Hyper Text Mixer of Links 

11.22 HTML is similar to a 

a. word processing language 

b. screen editor 

c. scripting language 

d. search engine 

11.23 Desirable properties of a website are 

(i)a meaningful address 

(ii)Help and search facilities 

(iii) Links to related sites 




a. i, ii, iii 




11.24 HTML uses 


a. pre-specified tags 

b. user defined tags 

c. tags only for linking 

(iv)Features to allow users to give feedback 

(v)Hosting on a mainframe 

d. fixed tags defined by the language 

11.25 HTML tags define 

a. The data types of elements of document 

b. Presentation of specified elements of a document 

c. The contents of the document 

d. The structure of the document 

11.26 The tag used in HTML to link it with other URL’s is: 

a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

11.27 The tags used for specifying fonts in HTML are 

(i) 

(ii) 

(iii) 

(iv) 




a. (i) and (ii) 

b. (i) and (iii) 

c. (ii) and (iv) 


d. (i),(ii) and (iii) 

11.28 It is possible to display pictures (i.e, images) in HTML specification by 

using the tag. 

a. 

b. 

c. 

d.




c. both predefined and user-defined tags 

d. Extended tags used in HTML and makes them powerful 

11.33 In order to interpret XML documents one should 

a. Use standardized tags 

b. Have a document type definition which defines the tags 

c. Define the tags separately 

d. Specify tag filename 

11.34 The advantages of XML over HTML are 

(i) It allows processing of data stored in web-pages 

(ii) It uses meaningful tags which aids in understanding the nature 

of a document 

(iii)Is simpler than HTML 

(iv)It separates presentation and structure of document 

a. (i),(ii) and (iii) 

b. (i),(ii) and(iv) 

c. (ii),(iii) and (iv) 

d. (i),(iii) and (iv) 

11.35 XSL definition is used along with XML definition to specify 

a. The data types of the contents of XML document 

b. The presentation of XML document 

c. The links with other documents 

d. The structure of XML document 

11.36 XLL definition is used along with XML to specify 





11.37 DTD definition is used along with XML to specify 












Key to Objective Questions 

11.1 d 11.2 b 11.3 c 11.4 b 11.5 a 11.6 c 

11.7 c 11.8 a 11.9 b 11.10 c 11.11 c 11.12 c 

11.13 d 11.14 b 11.15 c 11.16 b 11.17 d 11.18 b 

11.19 a 11.20 d 11.21 b 11.22 a 11.23 b 11.24 d 

11.25 b 11.26 a 11.27 a 11.28 c 11.29 a 11.30 b 

11.31 c 11.32 a 11.33 b 11.34 b 11.35 b 11.36 c 

11.37 a 

V. Rajaraman/IISc. Bangalore M11/V1/July 04/10 

Indian Institute of Science Bangalore



SUMMARY of Module 12 

1. Data may be input to a computer off-line or on-line. In on-line entry a user enters 

data interactively via a video terminal connected to the computer. In off-line data 

entry data filled in forms are entered by operators in a separate PC or a data entry 

machine. 

2. Off-line data entry is suitable if the number of records is very large. 

3. In off-line data entry, batches of data are formed and entered. They are checked by 

a validation program and the corrected records are stored in a file. 

4. To reduce errors in input, it is essential to carefully design the forms used for 

entering data. 

5. Important data elements are coded. Codes are necessary for unique identification, 

easily cross-referencing and efficient storage and retrieval. 

6. There are many methods for coding. An ideal code must be concise, expandable, 

meaningful, comprehensive and precise. It is not possible to incorporate all these 

ideal features in a code. 

7. Codes are classified as: (i) Serial number codes, (ii) Block codes, (iii) Group 

classification codes, and (iv) Significant codes. Group classification codes and 

Significant codes are most meaningful, expandable, precise and comprehensive. 

They are, however, not concise, Serial and Block number codes are more concise. 

They are also precise and expandable but are not meaningful and comprehensive. 

8. Any error made in entering important data fields such as account codes and 

identification codes must be detected during data entry. 

9. The most common errors made during data entry are: a single digit is incorrectly



entered or any two digits in the code are interchanged. These errors are called 

respectively single transcription and transposition errors and account for 96% of 

all data entry errors. 

10. Given a code, the digits in it starting from the last digit are multiplied by weights 

2, 3, 4, etc., and the products are added. The sum is divided by 11. The remainder 

is subtracted from 11. This number (which is called a check digit) is appended as 

the last digit of the code. The code constructed in this way is called a midulus-11 

check digit code. 

11. After data entry the digits in the code starting from the last digit are multiplied by 

weights 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., and the products are added. The sum is divided by 11. If the 

remainder is not zero then there is an error in the code. 

12. Modulus-11 check digit code guarantees detection of all single transcription and 

transposition errors. It also detects 95% of all other errors. 

13. It is essential to design good data validation programs to prevent data entry errors 

from corrupting files of input data. Validation programs need information for 

detecting errors. This information is provided by controls exercised during data 

preparation. 

14. Important control mechanisms are; giving unique sequence numbers to each data 

record, providing a batch control record containing a count of number of records 

and a total of one of the fields.. 

15. The same data is entered by two different persons and compared to reduce 

transcription errors. 

16. Besides this, individual data fields are checked using information on their range of



allowed values, range of reasonable values, and relationships between different 

fields. Batch control provides information to detect incorrect values entered, 

missing records, and data in the wrong sequence. 

17. With the advent of Personal Computers, remote terminals connected to a computer 

and local computer networks, considerable amount of data is entered in files 

interactively. 

18. For interactive data input, special screens are designed on video terminals for easy 

data entry. Errors in data entry are instantly detected by a validation program 

during data entry and can be immediately corrected. 

19. Common methods of interactive data input are by use of menus, templates and 

interactive commands for data entry. 

20. A menu method is used to pick one out of many alternatives, a template method to 

enter new data, and a command method to add and delete data. 

21. These methods are combined to provide a user the most appropriate technique for 

a particular type of interactive data entry.


System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web Worked Out Problems 

Worked Examples 

11.1 What do you understand by an IP address? How is an IP address represented 

numerically? 

An IP address is an unique address required by a computer interface to access the 

internet. Presently an IP address is a 4 byte address and is expressed in what is 

known as the dotted decimal format like 144.16.68.201. 

11.2 What is a domain name? How are e-mail addresses assigned? 

Since IP addresses are represented numerically which is difficult to remember, these 

addresses are converted into a string of characters for ease of remembering. These 

addresses are grouped into domains. 

On the Internet, a domain consists of a set of network addresses. This domain is 

organized in levels. The top level identifies geographic location or purpose 

commonality (for example, .in for India, .com for commerce and .edu for education). 

The second level identifies a unique place within the top level domain and is, in fact, 

equivalent to a unique address on the Internet (or IP). Lower levels of domain may 

also be used. 

Domain addresses are assigned by an international authority known as Internet 

Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). 

11.3 What is packet switching? What are the advantages of packet switching? Why 

is packet switching used in internet communication? 

Packet switching is the technique in which data are transmitted through 

communication links as a set of packets. A message is broken into a number of 

packets. The packets are stored in routers along the path and forwarded to other 

routers when communication link is free. 

Here the message is broken into packets to reduce the transmission cost. The 

transmission is faster and fault-tolerant, in the sense that if a line is not working or 

free the stored packets can be sent along another line. 

11.4 What is extranet? Give an example of an extranet 

An Extranet is private connection of intranets and leased lines from public 

telecommunication system to share part of business’s information or operations with 

suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses. We can call it as a 

“private internet” 

Companies can use extranet to: 

(a) Exchange large volumes of data using Electronic data Interchange (EDI) 

(b) Share product catalogs exclusively with wholesalers or those “in the trade” 

(c) Collaborate with other companies on joint development efforts 

(d) Jointly develop and use training programs with other companies 

An example of extranet is one which connects an automobile manufacturer with 

supplies of ancillaries such as batteries, tyres, brakes etc. Another example is bank 

net connecting banks. 

11.5 What is the World Wide Web? In what way is it different from internet? 

The World Wide Web is the global multimedia information service available on the 

internet. It consists of linked web pages. 

The internet helps in facilitating the functionality of www. Internet is a physical network of 

computers where www is a service provided using the internet. 





11.6 What is the role of HTML in web page design? Give a HTML code to display 


Introduction to e-Commerce 

This is a new book 

HTML has features to embed with web pages pointing to other web pages. It has 

features for adding images, different colors etc. and also you can develop a very 

good and attractive web page to attract customers which is the basic need of e- 

Commerce. The html code to display the information is given below: 

 

 

 

 

Introduction to e-Commerce 

This is a new book 

 

 

11.7 What is a URL? Explain the various parts of an URL? 

A URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is the address of a (resource) 

accessible on the Internet. The type of resource depends on the Internet application 

protocol. 

In the URL http://www.entertainment.msn.com/movie.html the http stands for 

protocol to be used i.e., here hyper text transfer protocol. The www.msn.com 

preceded by:// is the address (called domain name) of computer, which is 

permanently connected to the internet. The entertainment is one directory. Under 

entertainment directory the file for information on movie is movie.html. The protocol 

can be http, ftp (file transfer protocol). The com stands for commercial organization. 

Similarly there are different domains like edu, net etc., which are universally agreed 

as of specific type. 

11.8 What is a hyperlink? How do you link an image file to a HTML document? 

An image or portion of text on a Web page that is linked to another Web page, either 

on the same site or in another Web site is an Hyperlink. Clicking on the link will take 

the user to another Web page, or to another place on the same page. The 

specification for linking an image file to a HTML document is < /A> where is called the anchor tag. 

11.9 What is XML? In what way is it superior to HTML? 

XML or Extended Markup Language a subset of a SGML (Standard Generalized 

Markup Language), is a new markup language that is capable of specifying what a 

document really represents, unlike HTML which emphasizes on presentation of the 

content and no means of specifying structure. 

XML uses tags which are user defined, while HTML uses tags which are predefined 

by the language.Formatting and presentation are not part of XML unlike HTML 

which has tags for bold face, italics etc. This is delegated to a companion language 

called XSL (Extensible Style Language) Linking documents to create hypertext is 

also not integrated in XML unlike HTML where tag is a general purpose 

linking tag. Much more powerful linking is enabled by separating it to a companion 

language called XLL (Extensible Link Language). 




11.10 What language do you use to format XML documents? 

Formatting is not a part of XML. This is delegated to a companion language called XSL 

(Extensible style language) 






11.1 Internet is 

a. a local computer network 

b. a world wide network of computers 

c. an interconnected network of computers 

d. a world wide interconnected network of computers which use a common 

protocol to communicate with one another 

11.2 The facilities available in the internet are 

a. i, ii 

b. i, ii, iii 

c. i, ii, iv 

d. ii, iii and iv 

11.3 Internet requires 

(i) electronic mail 

(ii) remote login 

(iii)file transfer 

(iv)word processing 

a. an international agreement to connect computers 

b. a local area network 

c. a commonly agreed set of rules to communicate between computers 

d. a World Wide Web 

11.4 Each computer connected to the internet must 

a. be an IBM PC 

b. have a unique IP address 

c. be internet compatible 

d. have a modem connection 

11.5 IP address is currently 

a. 4 bytes long 





b. available in plenty 

c. 6 bytes long 

d. not assigned as it is all used up 

11.6 IP addresses are converted to 

a. a binary string 

b. alphanumeric string 

c. a hierarchy of domain names 

d. a hexadecimal string 

11.7 Internet addresses must always have at least 

a. i, ii, iii 

b. ii, iii, iv 

c. i, iii 

d. ii, iii, iv, v 

11.8 Internet uses 

a. Packet switching 

b. Circuit switching 

c. Telephone switching 

d. Telex switching 

(i) a country name or organization type 

(ii) internet service provider’s name 

(iii) name of organization 

(iv) name of individual 

(v) type of organization 

11.9 Internet data is broken up as 

a. fixed length packets 

b. variable length packets 

c. not packetized 





d. 64 bytes packets 

11.10 Internet packet data structure consists of 

a. i, ii, iii 



d. i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi 

(i)source address 

(ii) destination address 

(iii)serial number of packets 

(iv)message bytes 

(v)Control bits for error checking 

(vi) Path identification bits 

11.11 The packets of an internet message 

a. take a predetermined path 

b. take a path based on packet priority 

c. go along different paths based on path availability 

d. take the shortest path from source to destination 

11.12 The time taken by internet packets 

a. can be predetermined before transmission 

b. may be different for different packets 

c. is irrelevant for audio packets 

11.13 By an intranet we mean 

a. a LAN of an organization 

b. a Wide Area Network connecting all branches of an organization 

c. a corporate computer network 

d. a network connecting all computers of an organization and using the internet 

protocol 





11.14 By an extranet we mean 

a. an extra fast computer network 

b. the intranets of two co-operating organizations interconnected via a secure 

leased line 

c. an extra network used by an organization for higher reliability 

d. an extra connection to internet provided to co-operating organizati 

11.15 World Wide Web 

a. is another name for internet 

b. world wide connection for computers 

c. a collection of linked information residing on computers connected by the 

internet 

d. a collection of world wide information 

11.16 Among services available on the World Wide Web are 

a. i and ii 

b. ii and iii 

c. iii and iv 

d. i and iv 

(i)Encryption 

(ii)HTTP 

(iii)HTML 

(iv)Firewalls 

11.17 A world wide web contains web pages 

a. residing in many computers 

b. created using HTML 

c. with links to other web pages 

d. residing in many computers linked together using HTML 

11.18 A web page is located using a 





a. Universal Record Linking 

b. Uniform Resource Locator 

c. Universal Record Locator 

d. Uniformly Reachable Links 

11.19 A URL specifies the following: 

a. i, ii, iii, iv 

b. ii, iii, iv, v 

c. i, iii, iv 


(i) protocol used 

(ii) domain name of server hosting web page 

(iii) name of folder with required information 

(iv) name of document formatted using HTML 

(v) the name of ISP 

11.20 A search engine is a program to search 

a. for information 

b. web pages 

c. web pages for specified index terms 

d. web pages for information using specified search terms 

11.21 HTML stands for 

a. Hyper Text Making Links 

b. Hyper Text Markup Language 

c. Higher Textual Marking of Links 

d. Hyper Text Mixer of Links 

11.22 HTML is similar to a 

a. word processing language 

b. screen editor 





c. scripting language 

d. search engine 

11.23 Desirable properties of a website are 

a. i, ii, iii 




11.24 HTML uses 

a. pre-specified tags 

b. user defined tags 

c. tags only for linking 

(i)a meaningful address 

(ii)Help and search facilities 

(iii) Links to related sites 

(iv)Features to allow users to give feedback 

(v)Hosting on a mainframe 

d. fixed tags defined by the language 

11.25 HTML tags define 

a. The data types of elements of document 

b. Presentation of specified elements of a document 

c. The contents of the document 

d. The structure of the document 

11.26 The tag used in HTML to link it with other URL’s is: 

a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 





11.27 The tags used for specifying fonts in HTML are 

a. (i) and (ii) 

b. (i) and (iii) 

c. (ii) and (iv) 

d. (i),(ii) and (iii) 

(i) 

(ii) 

(iii) 

(iv) 

11.28 It is possible to display pictures (i.e, images) in HTML specification by 

using the tag. 

a. 

b. 

c. 

d.




d. Independent of SGML 

11.31 XML stands for 

a. Extra Markup Language 

b. Excellent Markup Links 

c. Extended Markup Language 

d. Extended Marking Links 

11.32 XML uses 

a. user define tags 

b. pre-defined tags 

c. both predefined and user-defined tags 

d. Extended tags used in HTML and makes them powerful 

11.33 In order to interpret XML documents one should 

a. Use standardized tags 

b. Have a document type definition which defines the tags 

c. Define the tags separately 

d. Specify tag filename 

11.34 The advantages of XML over HTML are 

(i) It allows processing of data stored in web-pages 

(ii) It uses meaningful tags which aids in understanding the nature 

of a document 

(iii)Is simpler than HTML 

(iv)It separates presentation and structure of document 

a. (i),(ii) and (iii) 

b. (i),(ii) and(iv) 

c. (ii),(iii) and (iv) 

d. (i),(iii) and (iv) 

11.35 XSL definition is used along with XML definition to specify 









11.36 XLL definition is used along with XML to specify 





11.37 DTD definition is used along with XML to specify 









Key to Objective Questions 

11.1 d 11.2 b 11.3 c 11.4 b 11.5 a 11.6 c 

11.7 c 11.8 a 11.9 b 11.10 c 11.11 c 11.12 c 

11.13 d 11.14 b 11.15 c 11.16 b 11.17 d 11.18 b 

11.19 a 11.20 d 11.21 b 11.22 a 11.23 b 11.24 d 

11.25 b 11.26 a 11.27 a 11.28 c 11.29 a 11.30 b 

11.31 c 11.32 a 11.33 b 11.34 b 11.35 b 11.36 c 

11.37 a 



System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web Question Bank 

Question Bank 

11.1 What is the difference between on-line and off-line data entry? 

11.2 Why are input data records divided into batches for off-line data entry? 

11.3 What is the purpose of a data validation program? 

11.4 What are the main principles used in designing forms for data entry? 

11.5 A good and a bad design for entering date in a form is given in Section 11.1. 


What are the reasons for saying that one of them is good and the other bad? 

11.6 Design a form to be used by a salesman to report to the office about the sales 

executed by him at different customer locations. 

11.7 Why are data fields coded in an information system? 

11.8 Can the name of a person be used as a code, for say, his bank account? If not, 

why? 

11.9 What are the requirements of a good coding scheme? 

11.10 Is a concise code comprehensive? If not, why? 

11.11 Is a meaningful code necessarily comprehensive? 

11.12 Is a comprehensive code necessarily meaningful? 

11.13 Is a precise code necessarily concise? 

11.14 What is the advantage of a serial number code? Why is it not normally used? 

11.15 What is the main advantage of block codes? 

11.16 Design a group classification code to code (i) motor vehicles,, (ii) music 

cassettes, and (iii) books 

11.17 Is a group classification code meaningful? 

11.18 Give an example of a significant code. Are significant codes expandable? 

11.19 Add a Modulus-11 check digit to the codes (i) 48467, (ii) 96432, and (iii) 




87646257. 

11.20 Modulus-37 check is suitable for alphanumeric codes. Add a modulus-37 


character to the codes (i) 4AB9W, (ii) XBY483, and (iii) CAZ4642. 

11.21 The following code was entered by an operator:449632. The last digit is a 

modulus-11 check digit. Is this code correct? 

11.22 If a code uses hexadecimal digits, what should be N if the modulus-N check digit 

system is to be used with such codes? What are the allowable weights if single 

transcription and transposition errors are to be detected? 

11.23 If modulus-11 check digit system is to generate detection of multiple identical 

digit transcription error (i.e., a code such as 45565 is wrongly entered as 48868), 

what should be the constraints on the weights? 

11.24 A see-saw error is one in which one digit of the code is increased by x and 

another decreased by x. For example, 486732 becoming 456762. When can 

modulus N check detect such errors? 

11.25 Why is it useful to assign sequence numbers for data records? What are the types 

of errors detected by sequence numbering? 

11.26 What is the purpose of batch control record? What is the type of information 

contained in a batch control record? 

11.27 A set of data records for student examination results has the following format: 

Roll no. Name Marks (out of 100) 

Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4 

Design for these records a batch control record and a record control field and any 

other appropriate checks for the fields. 

11.28 Give some example of fields for which a radix error check is appropriate. 




11.29 What is the difference between range check and a radix check? 

11.30 What are the appropriate range checks for the age of individuals in an employee 


file, a high school student file, and height of students in a student file. 

11.31 Give some examples of fields where reasonableness check would be applicable. 

11.32 Give some examples of inter-field relationship checks. 

11.33 What is the main difference between menus, templates and command modes of 

interactive data entry? When is each of these modes appropriate? 

11.34 Design a dialogue hierarchy for entering data on customers (of a manufacturer). 

11.35 Design a dialogue hierarchy and the screens for a system used to reserve seats in 

long distance buses. 



System Analysis and Design/Documents On Web Pointers 

References 

1. Most traditional books on Systems Analysis and Design do not discuss HTML and 


XML and documents on the web. 

2. HTML is discussed in Wall D.A., using world wide web, 2 nd edition, Prentice Hall of 

India, New Delhi, 1996. 

3. Detailed Presentation of XML may be found in the book by Sean McGrath, “XML 

by Example”, Prentice Hall, Inc., N.J., U.S.A., 1998. 

4. D.Box, A.Skonnard and J……, “Essential XML”, Pearson Education Asia, New 

Delhi 2000. 

5. Using HTML.4, XML and JAVA 1.2, Eric Ladd et.al , Prentice Hall of India, New 

Delhi, 1999. 

6. HTML 4.0 specifications may be found in http://www/w3.org/TR/html40

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