CA on CD Content Description

Chemical Abstracts 

Content Description 

A Division of the American Chemical Society 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Chemical Abstracts 

Introduction 

The Abstracts 

Serial-Publications 

Proceedings and Edited-Collections 

Technical Reports 

Dissertations 

New Book and Audio-Visual Materials Announcements 

Patent Documents 

ISO Country Codes 

Patent Coverage 

Cross-References 

Suggestions for procurement of copies of original documents abstracted in Chemical Abstracts 

Availability codes used in Chemical Abstracts 

Patents - Addresses for procurement of copies of Patents 

Keywords 

Abbreviations and Symbols used in <strong>CA</strong>S Publications 

Patent Family Search Aid 

Kinds of Documents Covered 

Searching for General Subject Index Entries 

Table I - Subdivided General Subject Headings 

Searching for Molecular Formulas 

Chemical Substance Names 

Index heading subdivisions 

Table II - Subdivided Chemical Substance Headings 

Table III - Subdivided Chemical Substance Headings for Alloys 

<strong>CA</strong>S Registry System 

Selection of Chemical Substance and General Subject index entries 

Entries for specific chemical substances 

Entries for chemical reaction studies 

Entries for general subjects 

Standard abbreviations and acronyms used in <strong>CA</strong>S Publications 

Listing A 

Abbreviations for some common prefixed terms 

Listing B 

<strong>CA</strong> section titles, numbers and descriptive paragraphs in <strong>CA</strong> issues

CHEMI<strong>CA</strong>L ABSTRACTS® 

INTRODUCTION 

Chemical Abstracts (<strong>CA</strong>), “Key to the World’s Chemical Literature,” contains English-language 

abstracts and indexes of the world’s literature of chemistry and chemical engineering. The documents covered 

include journal articles, patents, review papers, technical reports, monographs, conference proceedings 

and symposia, dissertations, and book announcements. Each issue of <strong>CA</strong> on CD contains Abstracts 

and their associated Index entries. In order to assist the reader in the most effective use of the information 

contained in the CD-ROM, the following Illustrative Key is presented. 

THE ABSTRACTS 

The Abstracts part of <strong>CA</strong> on CD categorizes the chemical literature into six basic types of entries: (1) 

serial publications; (2) proceedings and edited collections; (3) technical reports; (4) dissertations; (5) newbook 

and audio-visual materials announcements; and (6) patent documents. The abstracts are classified 

according to chemical subject and are arranged in 80 subject groups or Sections. Summary descriptions 

of Section content are included below. A detailed description of subject coverage and abstract placement 

appears in the Subject Coverage Manual available from Chemical Abstracts Service. 

<strong>CA</strong> abstracts are brief, informative summaries of the major disclosures reported in the original documents. 

They provide the reader access to the original literature but do not replace that literature. They are 

expected to be accurate, clear, concise, and complete in essentials. They report the basic informational 

content of the original document. They are neither critical nor evaluative reviews. They are not meant to 

serve as laboratory manuals or chemical data handbooks. Their primary purpose is to give to the reader 

quick access to accurate information on the chemical content of the abstracted document, sufficient to 

determine whether the entire original publication should be consulted. Occasionally a bibliographic citation 

will appear with the notice “Title only translated” instead of an abstract. This format is used for documents 

not available from the <strong>CA</strong>S Document Delivery Service. (See “Title-Only Citations”.) On the 

assumption that the bibliographic record alone is better than no record at all, these titles and references are 

cited. Published errata and retractions, so far as they can be readily identified in the literature, are cited 

through separate abstract entries. 

The first sentence of the abstract highlights the primary findings and conclusions reported in the original 

document. The text that follows the first sentence elaborates upon these highlighted findings and 

emphasizes the following significant data: (1) the purpose and scope of the reported work; (2) new reactions, 

compounds, materials, techniques, procedures, apparatus, properties, and theories; (3) new applications 

of established knowledge; and (4) the results of the investigation together with the author’s 

interpretations and conclusions. The terminology employed in the <strong>CA</strong> abstract reflects that used by the 

author(s) in the original document. Structural formulas are used to highlight the type or class of chemical 

substances which are the subject of the abstract. Such graphic representations are a particularly useful 

means of describing the stereochemical nature of a specific substance, a general or Markush structure, or 

a mechanistic scheme. 

Each <strong>CA</strong> abstract begins with a combination of edited document title, full bibliographic citation, plus 

other reference data which together is known as the <strong>CA</strong> Heading. Unlike the abstract which uses rather 

free text, the Heading presents very consistent and rigidly formatted information. The following examples 

illustrate <strong>CA</strong> Headings for the types of abstracts which are found in the <strong>CA</strong> Sections.

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SERIAL-PUBLI<strong>CA</strong>TIONS ABSTRACT HEADING 

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122:222283 

Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen in Water Using Glass-Encapsulated Myoglobin. Chung, Kwang E.; Lan, Esther H.; Davidson, Mike S.; Dunn, 

Bruce S.; Valentine, Joan Selverstone; Zink, Jeffrey I. (Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, <strong>CA</strong> 90024, USA). Anal. 

Chem., 67(9), 1505-9 (English) 1995. CODEN: ANCHAM. ISSN: 0003-2700. DOCUMENT TYPE: Journal <strong>CA</strong> Section: 61 (Water) Section 

cross-reference(s): 79 

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1. The abstract number appears at the head of each abstract. The <strong>CA</strong> volume number followed by 

a colon precedes the abstract number. Abstracts are numbered continuously through an entire six-month 

volume. 

2. The document title is a reproduction of an English-language title (with errors in spelling and technical 

content corrected) or as literal a translation of a foreign language title as is consistent with good 

English. 

3. The complete author names are given in inverted style (last name first). Coauthor names are separated 

by semicolons. Author names are listed in the order in which they appear on the original document. 

Up to ten author names are printed for one document. When more than ten authors occur, the first nine 

author names are printed plus the abbreviation “et al.” 

Japanese and Chinese author names which appear in the Roman alphabet in the original publication are 

reproduced in <strong>CA</strong> and its indexes. When Romanization is required, the Hepburn system is used for Japanese 

names; the Pinyin system is used for Chinese names in documents originating in the People’s Republic 

of China; and the Wade-Giles system is used for Chinese names in documents originating from other 

countries. 

Author names in publications printed in the Russian language are transliterated by the <strong>CA</strong>S system 

which is described in the <strong>CA</strong> Volume Author Index Introduction. 

4. The address in parentheses which follows the author names is the location at which the reported 

work was done or where correspondence regarding the document is to be sent. 

5. The serial title in abbreviated form is then printed. Title word abbreviations are based on the Liste 

d’Abreviations de Mots des Titres de Publications en Serie and its supplements. The unabbreviated title 

together with additional bibliographic data and library location holding information are found in the <strong>CA</strong>S 

publication Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (<strong>CA</strong>SSI). All serial and nonserial literature covered 

by <strong>CA</strong> are entered in <strong>CA</strong>SSI. Information about publications added to <strong>CA</strong> coverage and changes in publication 

titles covered by <strong>CA</strong> is published in <strong>CA</strong>SSI. 

6. The volume number is given next followed, in parentheses, by the issue number and/or the abbreviated 

title specific to a particular issue, i.e. the monographic-level title. For example, “105(25)” represents 

volume 105, issue 25, while “215(Maillard Reaction in Foods and Nutrition)” represents volume 215 

with the monographic-level title “Maillard Reaction in Foods and Nutrition”. Not all serials use monographic-level 

titles. 

In the case of electronic-only, online serials, the electronic source address is given in parentheses following 

the volume number, for example, “1(Avail. URL: http://www.cp.umist.ac.uk/JCSE/VOL1/ 

PAPER1/Paper1.htm)”. This usually takes the form of the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), a standard 

identification scheme for specifying location and retrieval information for documents available through the 

World Wide Web. 

7. The inclusive pagination of the article follows. 

8. The language of the original document is enclosed in parentheses. 

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15 

9. The year of publication. 

10. The CODEN. 

11. The ISSN, if available. 

12. The Document type. 

13. The <strong>CA</strong> Section and title in parenthesis. 

14. The <strong>CA</strong> Section Cross-References. 

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PROCEEDINGS AND EDITED-COLLECTIONS ABSTRACT HEADING 

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122:234409 

Methods for analysis of deamidation and isoaspartate formation in peptides and proteins. Aswad, Dana W.; Guzzetta, Andrew W. (Department of 

Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University California, Irvine, <strong>CA</strong>, USA). Deamidation Isoaspartate Form. Pept. Proteins, 7-29. Edited by: 

Aswad, Dana W. CRC: Boca Raton, Fla. (English) 1995. CODEN: 61BEAW. DOCUMENT TYPE: Conference; General Review <strong>CA</strong> Section: 9 

(Biochemical Methods) Section cross-reference(s): 6 

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In addition to the information presented for serial abstracts, the following items are included: 

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3 5 7 

15. The editor’s name is included. This is usually the editor-in-chief, but will include up to three if 

several editors are given. However, in the case of multi-volume works, the editor of the specific volume 

being cited is given. This may differ from the editor(s) of the work as a whole who would be named in the 

<strong>CA</strong>SSI entry. 

16. The publisher and city and state or country of publication are next. Although some works cited 

may have more than one publisher, only the primary publisher of the copy being abstracted is given. Other 

publishers or sources are noted in the <strong>CA</strong>SSI entry. Complete names and addresses of those publishers 

most frequently cited are listed in the Directory of Publishers and Sales Agencies in <strong>CA</strong>SSI. 

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TECHNI<strong>CA</strong>L REPORTS ABSTRACT HEADING 

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123:197729 

On-site treatment of contaminated soils using catalyzed peroxide. Watts, R. J.; Spencer, C. J.; Stanton, P. C. (Washington State Transportation Center, 

Pullman, WA, USA). Report, WA-RD-338.1; Order No. PB95-111365, 61 pp. Avail. NTIS From: Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1995, 

95(1), Abstr. No. 501,549 (English) 1994. DOCUMENT TYPE: Report <strong>CA</strong> Section: 19 (Fertilizers, Soils, and Plant Nutrition) Section cross-reference(s): 

43, 60 

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8 9 17 

12 7 13 18 19 

Technical reports are abstracted from a variety of primary and secondary sources. In addition to the 

information presented for journal-article and proceedings abstracts, the following items are included: 

5. The technical report series title in abbreviated form is included when part of an established series. 

When the technical report title is not part of an established series, the identifying term “Report” is included. 

7. The total number of pages follows the technical report number. 

17. The technical report number and/or report order number is printed exactly as it appears on the 

original report. 

18. The source of the original report is identified by an availability code. See “Availability Codes used 

in Chemical Abstracts” for sources from which this type of document can be obtained. When this code is 

not printed, availability information can be obtained under the technical report series title entry in <strong>CA</strong>SSI 

or the <strong>CA</strong>SSI Quarterly Supplements. When applicable, the secondary source citation is also identified. 

19. The secondary source citation is identified. 

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122:229172 

Synthesis and characterization of magnesium aluminum phosphates, and related compounds. Shea, Wei-Lu (Texas A and M Univ., TX, USA). 156 

pp. Avail. Univ. Microfilms Int., Order No. DA9432768 From: Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1995, 55(7), 2726 (English) 1994. DOCUMENT TYPE: 

Dissertation <strong>CA</strong> Section: 78 (Inorganic Chemicals and Reactions) 

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DISSERTATIONS ABSTRACT HEADING 

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3 4 

Dissertations are covered in <strong>CA</strong> through bibliographic citation from Dissertation Abstracts International. 

7. The number of pages which comprise the total dissertation follows the address. 

18. The source of the dissertation and its order number follow the language designation. See “Suggestions 

for Procurement of Copies of Original Documents Abstracted in Chemical Abstracts” for additional 

information. 

19. The citation in Dissertation Abstracts International is identified. 

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NEW BOOK AND AUDIO-VISUAL MATERIALS ANNOUNCEMENTS HEADING 

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122:220355 

Casting Engineering (Chuzo Kogaku). Nakae, Hideo (Japan). (Sangyo Tosho Publishing Co., Ltd.: Tokyo, Japan), 206 pp. ¥2678. (Japanese) 

1995. DOCUMENT TYPE: Book <strong>CA</strong> Section: 56 (Nonferrous Metals and Alloys) 

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Scientific books (including textbooks and handbooks), movies, tape cassettes, and other audio-visual 

materials of chemical or chemical engineering interest are announced in the <strong>CA</strong> Sections according to their 

subject content. Selection follows the same practices which govern the selection of chemical and chemical 

engineering documents for abstracting. 

2. The title is always given in English. Foreign titles follow the English translation for all books published 

in foreign languages. 

3. The authors or editors are listed after the title. 

7. The total number of pages follows the publisher information. 

9. The year of publication follows the language. 

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3 

16. The publisher, city and state or country of publication are given in parentheses. For internationally 

well-known companies, only a single identifying name is used. More complete identification is given 

for the other publishers. 

20. The original price expressed in the currency of the country of publication is included. 

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PATENT DOCUMENTS ABSTRACT HEADING 

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122:226776 

Electrophotographic photoreceptor. Saita, Atsuo; Maeda, Shuichi; Ishio, Kohzo; Ono, Hitoshi; Murayama, Tetsuo (Mitsubishi Kasei Corp., Japan). 

U.S. US 5389481 A 14 Feb 1995, 34 pp. Cont.-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 53,653, abandoned. (English). (United States of America) 

CODEN: USXXAM. CLASS: ICM: G03G005-047. ICS: G03G005-06. NCL: 430059000. APPLI<strong>CA</strong>TION: US 94-225697 11 Apr 1994. PRI- 

ORITY: JP 92-111828 30 Apr 1992; JP 92-243701 11 Sep 1992; JP 92-280208 19 Oct 1992; JP 93-7832 20 Jan 1993; US 93-53653 29 Apr 1993. 

DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent <strong>CA</strong> Section: 74 (Radiation Chemistry, Photochemistry, and Photographic and Other Reprographic Processes) Section 

cross-reference(s): 25 

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28 

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13 27 25 

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2. The patent title which appears in <strong>CA</strong> is often an augmented or reworded version of the actual title 

on the original patent document. 

7. The number of pages, including unnumbered title pages, drawings and illustrations, which comprise 

the total patent document follows the patent publication date. This provides the necessary information 

for ordering copies of patent documents when the charge is by the page. 

9. The date of patent publication follows the patent number. 

21. Names of the inventors (in inverted form), or the persons or organizations to whom the patent 

rights are granted, follow the title. 

22. The names of the assignees, persons or organizations to whom the patent rights have been legally 

assigned, follow the inventors’ names, enclosed in parentheses. 

23. The patent number includes an abbreviation for identifying the kind of document, an abbreviation 

(the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 3166 two-character code) for identifying 

the issuing country, and the number used by that country to designate the particular document. For 

Japanese patent documents, the document number is followed by a bracketed number that is the Gregorian 

calendar version of the Japanese number. The national and multinational patent organizations whose 

chemical and chemical engineering patents are currently covered in <strong>CA</strong> are identified in the following table. 

24. The reference patent or application number of another legally related domestic document follows 

the number of pages. The relation may be by addition, division, continuation, reissue, etc. 

25. The patent classification is indicated. For U.S. patents, both the U.S. and the International Patent 

Classification (IPC) symbols, separated by a semicolon, are given. The IPC only is indicated for all other 

countries. 

26. The ISO country code for the country of priority follows the publication date. When no country 

is given, a domestic application or priority is implied. 

27. The patent application number is indicated. When priority has been established by an earlier 

application in a different country, the earlier country and application number are cited. When multiple 

foreign and/or domestic priority numbers are cited, the number associated with the earliest date is given. 

28. The date of patent application precedes the ISO country code and the application number. As in 

the case of the application number, when priority is established in a different country, the date for that priority 

application is given. 

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Country (kind) 

Australia (examined application) 

Australia (petty patent) 

Austria 

Belgium 

Brazil 

Canada 

Canada (unexamined application) 

China, People’s Republic of 

Czechoslovakia 

Czech Republic 

Denmark 

European Patent Organization 

Finland 

France (unexamined application) 

Germany (examined application and patent 

Germany (unexamined application) 

Germany (examined application and patent 

Hungary (unexamined application) 

Hungary (examined application) 

India 

Israel 

Japan (unexamined application) 

Japan (examined application) 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Poland 

Romania 

Russia 

South Africa 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland (examined application) 

Switzerland (patent) 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 

United Kingdom (unexamined application) 

United Kingdom (examined application) 

United States of America (unexamined 

application) 

United States of America (patent) 

United States of America (Statutory 

Invention Registration) 

World Intellectual Property Organization 

Designation Used ISO 

in <strong>CA</strong> Abstract Country Code 

Pat. Specif. (Aust.) AU 

Pat. Specif. (Petty) Aust. AU 

Austrian AT 

Belg. BE 

Braz. Pedido PI BR 

Can. <strong>CA</strong> 

Can. Pat. Appl <strong>CA</strong> 

Faming Zhuanli Shenqing 

Gongkai Shuomingshu CN 

Czech. CS 

Czech Rep. CZ 

Dan. DK 

Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 

Finn. FI 

Fr. Demande FR 

Ger. (East) DD 

Ger. Offen. DE 

Ger. DE 

Hung. Halasztott HU 

Hung. Teljes HU 

Indian IN 

Israeli IL 

Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 

Jpn. Tokkyo Koho JP 

Neth. Appl. NL 

Norw. NO 

Pol. PL 

Rom. RO 

Russ. RU 

S. African ZA 

Span. ES 

Swed. SE 

Auslegeschrift (Switz.) CH 

Patentschrift (Switz.) CH 

U.S.S.R. SU 

Brit. UK Pat. Appl. GB 

Brit. GB 

U.S. Pat. Appl. US 

U.S. US 

Statutory Invent. Regist. US 

PCT Int. Appl. WO

PATENT COVERAGE 

For the former Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Spain, 

and Sweden, abstract coverage is extended only to those documents of chemical and chemical engineering 

interest which are applied for by individuals or organizations resident in these countries. For the other 

national and multinational patent organizations in the preceding table, abstract coverage is extended to all 

suitable documents. Abstract coverage includes unexamined applications from Brazil, Canada, the European 

Patent Organization, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Hungary, Japan, Netherlands, People’s 

Republic of China, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the World Intellectual Property 

Organization; examined applications from Australia, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, India, Israel, Japan, 

Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom; and granted patents from Australia (petty patent), Austria, 

Belgium, Canada, the former Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic, the former German Democratic Republic, 

Poland, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, the United States of America, and the former Union of Soviet 

Socialist Republics. In addition, United States patent applications published by United States government 

agencies through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) and Statutory Invention Registrations 

from the United States Patent & Trademark Office are abstracted. Abstracts for the former Union of Soviet 

Socialist Republics documents are obtained from Izobreteniya in which abstracts only are published. Russian 

documents are also obtained from Izobreteniya and cited in <strong>CA</strong> as title-only. 

When a given patent document covers the same invention as another patent document previously 

received and already abstracted in <strong>CA</strong>, the invention is not abstracted again. Instead, the patent document 

is listed in the <strong>CA</strong> Patent Index with a reference to the corresponding patent document together with its <strong>CA</strong> 

abstract number. Similarly, where <strong>CA</strong> covers a country which issues more than one series of patent documents 

and each series is differently numbered, such as unexamined and examined Japanese applications, 

documents of the latter series are either referenced to their predecessors or foreign equivalents of the predecessors. 

For documents which are not abstracted, coverage includes all documents of chemical and 

chemical engineering interest regardless of the nationality of the applicant. 

CROSS-REFERENCES 

Cross-references are provided at the end of each abstract heading when appropriate. They indicate abstracts 

whose diverse subject content might permit placement in any one of several Sections. Because abstracts 

are not duplicated in <strong>CA</strong>, primary interest determines the Section in which they appear and other 

appropriate Sections are cited in the cross-references.

SUGGESTIONS FOR PROCUREMENT OF COPIES OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS 

ABSTRACTED IN CHEMI<strong>CA</strong>L ABSTRACTS 

CHEMI<strong>CA</strong>L ABSTRACTS SERVICE 

SOURCE INDEX 

The Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (<strong>CA</strong>SSI) is a reference tool designed to aid in the identification 

and location of journals, patents, and Conference and symposium proceedings that comprise the 

original literature of the chemical sciences for over 150 years. <strong>CA</strong>SSI is published every five years and is 

kept current through quarterly and annual supplements. It is also available in a CD-ROM format. Updates 

to <strong>CA</strong>SSI on CD are available semiannually. 

DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS 

Some dissertations covered by Dissertation Abstracts International may be obtained from organizations 

identified by an availability code in the <strong>CA</strong> Heading. All others may be obtained by customers in the 

United States, Canada, Central and South America, and the Caribbean from UMI Dissertation Services, 

300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-1346 USA. All other customers should order from 

Gower Publishing, Gower House, Croft Rd., Aldershot, Hampshire GU11 3HR, United Kingdom. 

<strong>CA</strong>S DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE® 

Photocopies or loans of most documents cited in <strong>CA</strong>S publications and services since 1975 are available 

via the <strong>CA</strong>S Document Delivery Service. For more information about <strong>CA</strong>S DDS write to: Chemical 

Abstracts Service, Customer Service, P.O. Box 3012, Columbus, Ohio 43210-0012 USA. For faster service, 

telephone 800-678-4337, TWX 810-482-1608, Fax 614-447-3648, Telex 684-2086 (via WUI), Cable 

CHEMABS, or Internet dds@cas.org. 

TRANSLATIONS 

Information on the availability of translations of publications abstracted in <strong>CA</strong> may be obtained from 

the International Translations Centre, Schuttersveld 2, 2611 WE Delft, Netherlands. 

TECHNI<strong>CA</strong>L REPORTS 

Information about the availability of technical reports abstracted in <strong>CA</strong> is provided in two ways: (1) if 

the abstract heading contains a code (e.g., “Avail. NTIS”) indicating a source from which the report may 

be obtained, the identification of the code is provided below in the listing “Availability Codes Used in 

Chemical Abstract,” or (2) if the abstract heading does not contain an availability code, availability information 

can be obtained under the technical report series title entry in <strong>CA</strong>SSI or the <strong>CA</strong>SSI Quarterly Supplements. 

TITLE-ONLY CITATIONS 

Documents cited in <strong>CA</strong> as title-only are not available from the <strong>CA</strong>S Document Delivery Service. Customers 

should contact the publisher of the secondary service from which the citation was obtained-e.g., for 

a <strong>CA</strong> title-only citation designated “From Ref. Zh., Khim.”, the publisher VINITI (See below, Availability 

Codes, for address) should be contacted, giving all the bibliographic information presented in the citation 

in <strong>CA</strong>. 

Alternatively, the customer may contact a major research library or document supplier and request the 

document by giving the citation of the primary document. Two such sources are BLDSC (See Availability 

Codes) and Universitaetsbibliothek und TIB, Welfengarten 1 B, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.

AVAILABILITY CODES USED IN CHEMI<strong>CA</strong>L ABSTRACTS 

AECL: Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd., Scientific Document Distribution Office, Chalk River, ON K0J 

1J0, Can. 

AIME: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., New 

York, NY 10017 USA 

ANSTO: Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Private Mail Bag 1, Menai, NSW 

2234, Australia 

ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engineering Center, 345 E. 47th St., New 

York, NY 10017 USA 

BLDSC: British Library Document Supply Centre, Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, 

UK 

BLL: See BLDSC 

<strong>CA</strong>SI: Attention: Document Order, NASA Center for AeroSpace Information, 800 Elkridge Landing 

Road, Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934 USA 

CEA: Commissariat a l`Energie Atomique, 31-33 rue de la Federation, 75752 Paris Cedex 15, Fr. 

CEC: Commission of the European Communities, Office for Official Publications, 2 rue Mercier, 

L-2985 Luxembourg, Lux. 

CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN Scientific Information Services, CH-1211 

Geneva 23, Switz. 

DIN: Deutsches Institut fuer Normung, Burggrafenstr. 4-7, Postfach 1107, D-10787 Berlin, Germany 

DOE Depository Libraries: See OSTI 

EPA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St., S.W., Washington, DC 20460 USA 

ESDU: Engineering Sciences Data Unit International, P.O. Box 1633, Manassas, VA 22110 USA or 

Engineering Sciences Data Unit International, Ltd., 251-259 Regent Street, London, W1R 7AD, England 

ESTSC: Energy Science and Technology Software Center, P.O. Box 1020, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA 

FIZ: Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany 

GPO: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9371 

USA 

HMSO: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, POB 276, London SW8 5DT, UK 

IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency, Division of Publications, POB 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria 

IGT: Institute of Gas Technology, 3424 S. State St., Chicago, IL 60616 USA 

INIS: INIS Clearinghouse, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria 

JAERI: Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Division of Technical Information, Tokai-mura, 

Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken, 319-11 Japan

NAS: National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20418 USA 

NASA Public Document Rooms: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (JBD-4), Public 

Documents Room (Room 1H23), Washington, DC 20546-0001 USA 

NLC: Canada Thesis on Microfiche Services, 395 Wellington St., Ottawa, ON K1A 0N4, Can. 

NTIS: National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161 USA 

OEFZS: Oesterreichisches Forschungszentrum Seibersdorf GmbH, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria 

ORNL: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6255 USA 

OSTI: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, POB 62, Oak 

Ridge, TN 37831 USA 

RISOE: Risoe National Laboratory, Risoe Library, POB 49, DK-4000, Roskilde, Den. 

SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA 

SOD: See GPO 

Studsvik: Studsvik Energiteknik AB, Fack S-611 82 Nykoeping 1, Swed. 

Univ. Microfilms: UMI, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 USA 

USC: Doheny Memorial Library, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, <strong>CA</strong> 90089-0182 

USA 

USGS: U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25286, Denver, CO 80225 USA 

VDI-Verlag: VDI-Verlag GmbH, Postfach 101054, D-40001 Duesseldorf, Germany 

VINITI: Vserossiiskii Institut Nauchnoi i Tekhnicheskoi Informatsii, (All-Russian Institute of Scientific 

and Technical Information), ul. Usievicha, 20a 125219 Moscow, Russia

PATENTS 

In addition to the <strong>CA</strong>S Document Delivery Service, copies of patents can be obtained from the following 

organizations. 

Australia: Commissioner of Patents, P.O. Box 200, Woden 2606, A.C.T., Australia; AU $15.00 per paper 

copy or microfiche copy post free by surface mail. Documents should be referred to by application numbers 

only and preceded by AU-A or AU-B. 

Austria: Oesterreichisches Patentamt, Druckschriftenverkauf, Postfach 95, A-1014 Vienna, Austria; S 60 

per copy (photocopies, S 6.60 per page, for documents older than 1990), plus postage. An account can be 

opened with an initial deposit of S 1000. 

Belgium: Office de la Propriete Industrielle, Ministere des Affaires Economiques, Blvd. Emile Jacqmain 

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U.S. government sponsoring agencies have issued regulations that govern the granting of licenses under 

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The ordering of a patent document from any country can be facilitated by identifying the document with 

the full citation provided in <strong>CA</strong>. The full citation includes the kind of patent document, the issuing country 

code, and the patent number. 

KEYWORDS 

The purpose of keywords is to provide quick entry into the subject content of the abstracts. One or more 

keyword entries are derived from the title, text, or content of the abstract. There is no specific relationship 

between the keyword phrases and the General Subject and Chemical Substance Index entries. 

No major effort has been directed toward standardization of terms. Therefore, it is necessary to search 

several related terms to obtain all information on a certain subject. For instance, “heat” and “enthalpy” are 

used interchangeably. Likewise, to search for all articles on blood pressure, “hypertension” and “hypotension” 

as well as “blood pressure” are entry points. Synonyms, however, are not usually included as additional 

keywords for the same abstract. Several significant words may be used in a keyword entry allowing 

the user to locate pertinent information by a number of access points. “Catalyst cracking petroleum” is an 

example of a keyword entry with three significant terms, any of which is an entry point depending on the 

user’s scope of interest. The Keyword entries are not articulated; the words need not have a syntactical 

relationship. In those instances where chemical substances are included in a keyword entry, the basic 

structural unit is used as a keyword entry. The name of the complete substance may at times also be used 

in its uninverted form, e.g. “isopropylphenanthrene”. The standard positional and isomeric locants are 

rarely used. All concepts and substance names are given in the singular form. Abbreviations and acronyms 

employed in keyword phrases include those described on a page below and others frequently used 

in the original literature. Single-letter abbreviations, those that contain internal punctuation (for example, 

a.c., m.p.), and abbreviations that spell a word are not used. Keyword entries beginning with significant 

words from <strong>CA</strong> section titles may appear less frequently for abstracts appearing in the respective section, 

e.g., the word “catalysis” as an initial word of keyword entries for appropriate abstracts appearing in <strong>CA</strong> 

Section 67 (Catalysis, Reaction Kinetics, and Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms). The keyword “Erratum” 

refers to errors cited in the published literature.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED IN <strong>CA</strong>S PUBLI<strong>CA</strong>TIONS 

Check the Index Guide for definitions of other abbreviations 

and symbols used in abstract titles and text. 

a atto- (10 –18 ) 

A ampere 

Å angstrom unit 

abs. absolute 

abstr. abstract 

Ac acetyl (CH 3 CO, not CH 3 COO) 

a.c. alternating current 

addn. addition 

addnl. additional(ly) 

alc. alcohol, alcoholic 

aliph. aliphatic 

alk. alkaline (not alkali) 

alky. alkalinity* 

a.m. ante meridiem 

amt. amount 

amu atomic mass unit 

anal. analysis*, analytical(ly) 

anhyd. anhydrous 

AO atomic orbital 

app. apparatus 

approx. approximate(ly) 

approxn. approximation 

aq. aqueous 

arom. aromatic 

assoc. associate 

assocd. associated 

assocg. associating 

assocn. association 

asym. asymmetric(al)(ly) 

at. atomic (not atom) 

atm atomosphere (the unit) 

atm. atomosphere, atmospheric 

av. average 

b. (followed by a figure denoting temperature) boils at, 

boiling at (similarly b 13 , at 13 mm pressure) 

Plurals of noun abbreviations are formed by adding “s” to the singular abbreviation except when a single 

abbreviation is designated to show both the singular and plural forms and except for words marked * whose 

plurals are not abbreviated. Verb forms that require “s” are treated similarly. Words formed by adding 

prefixes to words normally abbreviated are also abbreviated, as microchem. for microchemical. Other well 

established unit abbreviations employed in specialized subject areas are also used. Unit abbreviations signify 

both singular and plural forms. Words ending in -ology or -ologic(al)(ly) are abbreviated -ol., e.g., 

geol. for geology. Words ending in -ography or -ographic(al)(ly) are abbreviated -og., e.g. chromatog. for 

chromatographic. 

9/95

l barrel 

bcc. body centered cubic 

BeV or GeV billion electron volts 

BOD biochemical oxygen demand 

μB Bohr magneton 

b.p. boiling point 

Bq becquerel 

Btu British thermal unit 

bu bushel 

Bu butyl (normal) 

Bz benzoyl (C 6 H 5 CO, not C 6 H 5 CH 2 ) 

c- centi-(10 –2 ) 

C coulomb 

°C degree Celsius (centigrade) 

cal calorie 

calc. calculate 

calcd. calculated 

calcg. calculating 

calcn. calculation 

CD circular dichroism 

c.d. current density 

cf. compare (in bibliographic references only) 

cfm cubic feet per minute 

chem. chemical(ly), chemistry 

Ci curie 

clin. clinical(ly) 

CoA coenzyme A 

COD chemical oxygen demand 

coeff. coefficient 

com. commercial(ly) 

compd. compound 

compn. composition 

conc. concentrate 

concd. concentrated 

concg. concentrating 

concn. concentration 

cond. conductivity* 

const. constant 

contg. containing 

cor. corrected 

CP chemically pure 

crit. critical(ly) 

cryst. crystalline (not crystallize) 

crystd. crystallized 

crystg. crystallizing 

crystn. crystallization 

cwt hundredweight 

d– deci- (10 –1 ) 

d. density* (d 13 , density at 13° referred to water at 4°; d 20 , 

at 20° referred to water at the same temperature) 

D debye unit 

da- deka- (10 1 ) 

d.c. direct current 

decomp. decompose 

decompd. decomposed 

decompg. decomposing

decompn. decomposition 

degrdn. degradation 

deriv. derivative 

det. determine 

detd. determined 

detg. determining 

detn. determination 

diam. diameter 

dil. dilute 

dild. diluted 

dilg. diluting 

diln. dilution 

dissoc. dissociate 

dissocd. dissociated 

dissocg. disociating 

dissocn. dissociation 

distd. distilled 

distg. distilling 

distn. distillation 

d.p. degrees of polymerization 

dpm disintegrations per minute 

E– exa- (10 18 ) 

ECG electrocardiogram 

ED effective dose 

EEG electroencephalogram 

e.g. for example 

elec. electric, electrical(ly) 

emf. electromotive force 

emu electromagnetic unit 

en ethylenediamine (used in Werner complexes only) 

equil. equilibrium(s) 

equiv equivalent (the unit) 

equiv. equivalent 

esp. especially 

est. estimate 

estd. estimated 

estg. estimating 

estn. estimation 

esu electrostatic unit 

Et ethyl 

et al. and others 

etc. et cetera 

eV electron volt 

evap. evaporate 

evapd. evaporated 

evapg. evaporating 

evapn. evaporation 

examd. examined 

examg. examining 

examn. examination 

expt. experiment 

exptl. experimental(ly) 

ext. extract 

extd. extracted 

extg. extracting 

extn. extraction

F farad 

°F degree Fahrenheit 

f– femto- (10 –15 ) 

fcc. face centered cubic 

fermn. fermentation 

f.p. freezing point 

ft foot 

ft–lb foot–pound 

g gram 

g gravitational constant 

(g) gas, only as in H 2 0(g) 

G gauss 

G- giga- (10 9 ) 

gal gallon 

gr grain (weight unit) 

Gy gray (absorbed radiation dose) 

h hour 

h– hecto- (10 2 ) 

H henry 

ha hectare 

Hb hemoglobin 

hcp. hexagonal close-packed 

Hz hertz (cycles/sec) 

ID inhibitory dose 

i.e. that is 

Ig immunoglobulin 

i.m. intramuscular(ly) 

in. inch 

inorg. inorganic 

insol. insoluble 

i.p. intraperitoneal(ly) 

IR infrared 

irradn. irradiation 

IU International Unit 

i.v. intravenous(ly) 

J joule 

k- kilo- (10 3 ) 

K kelvin 

K m Michaelis constant 

L liter 

(l) liquid, only as in NH 3 (1) 

lab. laboratory 

lb pound 

LC lethal concentration 

L<strong>CA</strong>O linear combination of atomic orbitals 

LD lethal dose 

LH luteinizing hormone 

liq. liquid 

lm lumen 

lx lux 

m meter 

m molal 

m- milli- (10 –3 ) 

m. melts at, melting at 

M molar 

M- mega- (10 6 ) 

manuf. manufacture

manufd. manufactured 

manufg. manufacturing 

math. mathematical(ly) 

max. maximum(s) 

Me methyl (not metal) 

mech. mechanical(ly) not mechanism) 

metab. metabolism 

mi mile 

min minute (time) 

min. minimum(s) 

misc. miscellaneous 

mixt. mixture 

MO molecular orbital 

mo month 

mol mole (the unit) 

mol. molecule, molecular 

m.p. melting point 

mph miles per hour 

μ- micro- (10 –6 ) 

Mx maxwell 

n refractive index (n D 20 for 20° and sodium D light) 

n- nano- (10 –9 ) 

N newton 

N normal (as applied to concentration) 

neg. negative(ly) 

no. number 

obsd. observed 

Oe oersted 

Ω ohm 

org. organic 

oxidn. oxidation 

oz ounce 

p- pico- (10 –12 ) 

P poise 

P- peta- (10 15 ) 

Pa pascal 

p.d. potential difference 

Ph phenyl 

phys. physical(ly) 

p.m. post meridiem 

polymd. polymerized 

polymg. polymerizing 

polymn. polymerization 

pos. positive(ly) 

powd. powdered 

ppb parts per billion 

ppm parts per million 

ppt. precipitate 

pptd. precipitated 

pptg. precipitating 

pptn. precipitation 

Pr propyl (normal) 

prep. prepare 

prepd. prepared 

prepg. preparing 

prepn. preparation

prodn. production 

psi pounds per square inch 

psia pounds per square inch absolute 

psig pounds per square inch gage 

pt pint 

purifn. purification 

py pyridine (used in Werner complexes only) 

qt quart 

qual. qualitative(ly) 

quant. quantitative(ly) 

R roentgen 

redn. reduction 

ref. reference 

rem roentgen equivalent man 

rep roentgen equivalent physical 

reprodn. reproduction 

resoln. resolution 

resp. respective(ly) 

rpm revolutions per minute 

RQ respiratory quotient 

s second (time unit only) 

(s) solid, only as in A g Cl(s) 

S siemens 

sapon. saponification 

sapond. saponified 

sapong. saponifying 

sat. saturate 

satd. saturated 

satg. saturating 

satn. saturation 

s.c. subcutaneous(ly) 

SCE saturated calomel electrode 

SCF self-consistent field 

sec secondary (with alkyl groups only) 

sep. separate(ly) 

sepd. separated 

sepg. separating 

sepn. separation 

sol. soluble 

soln. solution 

soly. solubility* 

sp. specific (used only to qualify physical constant) 

sp. gr. specific gravity 

sr steradian 

St stokes 

std. standard 

sym. symmrtric(al)(ly) 

T tesla 

T- tera- (10 12 ) 

tbs tablespoon 

tech. technical(ly) 

temp. temperature 

tert tertiary (with alkyl groups only) 

theor. theoretical(ly) 

thermodn. thermodynamic(s) 

titrn. titration 

tsp teaspoon

USP United States Pharmacopeia 

UV ultraviolet 

V volt 

V max maximum velocity 

vs. versus 

vol. volume (not volatile) 

W watt 

Wb weber 

wk week 

wt. weight 

yd yard 

yr year

PATENT FAMILY SEARCH AID 

The Patent display contains information on patent documents processed by Chemical Abstracts Service 

(<strong>CA</strong>S) during the time period covered by the CD-ROM. Included are entries for all newly abstracted patent 

documents on an invention and a listing at the first-abstracted document on a particular invention of all 

patent documents related to that invention. 

A patent family is a collection of patent documents concerned with a particular invention. A family 

member is considered equivalent to the first-abstracted document if the family member and the abstracted 

document contain only one priority number and that number is common to both documents. Family members 

containing multiple priority numbers, or a single priority number which is not in common with the 

first-abstracted document, may not be true equivalents and are designated as such by the term “Related”. 

Family members containing no priority information, but which are found to describe the same invention 

found in other family members, are termed “Nonpriority”. A family may contain more than one abstracted 

document depending on the various relationships among family members and the order in which such family 

members are processed at <strong>CA</strong>S. Domestically related documents are indicated by such terms as “Division”, 

“Continuation-in-part”, “Addition”, “Reissue”, etc. Those countries to which international and 

regional patent documents and reports are applicable are designated through the use of “Elected States”, 

“Elected Regional States”, “Designated States”, or “Designated Regional States”. 

ILLUSTRATIVE KEY 

JP 63/189413 A2 [88189413], 110:24903 DOCUMENT TYPE: Patent Family 

<strong>CA</strong> 1334471 A1 (Related) 

EP 335029 A2 (A3, B1) (Designated States: DE, FR, GB; Related), 112:99951 

JP 01/315454 A2 (Related) 

US 4952651 A (Related) 

3 

1. Consider the Japanese Patent Document numbered 63/189413 A2. The Kind of Document Code, 

A2, immediately following the number indicates that the document is a “Kokai Tokkyo Koho”. The number 

and Kind of Document Code in parentheses is another stage of publication of the first cited document. 

Only the Kind of Document Code is given when the document numbers of stages are the same. The number 

in brackets is a Gregorian calendar version of the first Japanese document number. Both versions are 

used in all <strong>CA</strong> patent abstract headings for Japanese documents. The <strong>CA</strong> abstract number is the last item 

after a patent document number. It consists of the volume number and an abstract number (consecutive 

within a volume). 

2. The Document type. 

1 

2

3. All documents “related” or “equivalent” to this first-abstracted document immediately follow the 

main entry. Family members are priority equivalents to the first-abstracted document. The parenthetical 

A3, B1 indicates that a later publication stage with the same document number has been issued. A nonpriority 

equivalent is indicated by the parenthetical term “Nonpriority”. The parenthetical term “Related” 

indicates that a complex relationship (multiple priority numbers, equivalent-to-equivalent situations, etc.) 

exists among these members of the family and the first-abstracted member of the family. Because of this 

complex relationship, technical content may vary considerably and several abstracts may be necessary to 

completely cover the technical material described in the family. A US “domestically related document” 

patent is a continuation of another US application. <strong>CA</strong>S may abstract this type of document depending on 

the laws of each country pertaining to the addition of new technical material in such publications. EP 

335029 A2 is an international-type document in which individual countries of applicability are indicated. 

For a regional document, the applicable countries are indicated by the two-character code for the region 

followed by the individual country codes in parentheses. 

KINDS OF DOCUMENTS COVERED 

The country codes used in patent families are identical to the ISO Alpha-2 Code contained in International 

Standard 3166 “Codes for the representation of names of countries,” published in 1988, 3rd ed., by 

the Internationational Organization for Standardization (ISO). 

On 3 October 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were 

united. DD will continue to be used to indicate applications from the former GDR. 

The Kind Codes are derived from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Permanent 

Committee on Patent Information (PCPI) document codes by the International Patent Documentation Center 

(INPADOC) in conjunction with the issuing patent offices.

Country Countrry Kind Document Title 

Code Code 

AT Austria B Patentschrift 

E EP patent valid in AT 

AU Australia B1 Patent Specification (published 

without unexamined specification) 

B2 Patent Specification (published 

after unexamined specification) 

B3 Patent Specification (Petty) 

BE Belgium A1 Brevet d’Invention 

A2 Uitvindingsoctrooi 

A3 Patentschrift 

A4 Brevet de Perfectionnement 

A5 Verbeteringsoctrooi 

A6 Verbesserungspatent 

A7 Brevet d’Importation 

A8 Invoeroctrooi application) 

T2 Uitvindingsoctrooi (from EP 

application) 

BR Brazil A Publicacao de Pedido de 

Privilegio 

<strong>CA</strong> Canada A1 Patent/Brevet 

A2 Patent/Brevet (Division) 

A Patent/Brevet (not distinguished 

as to A1 or A2) 

AA Application for Canadian Patent 

B Reissue Patent/Brevet de Redelivrance 

C Granted Patent (1989 Law) 

CH Switzerland A Patentschrift/Expose 

d’Invention/Exposto d’Invenzione 

A3 or A4 Auslegeschrift/Fasciule de la 

Demande/Fascicolo della Domanda 

B Patentschrift/Expose d’Invention/Exposto 

d’Invenzione 

CN China, A Faming Zhuanli Shenqing 

People’s Gongkai Shuomingshu 

Republic of B Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Shending 

Shuomingshu 

CS Czechoslovakia B or B1 Popis Vynalezu k Autorskemu 

Osvedceni 

P or B2 Popis Vynalezu k Patentu 

M or B3 Popis Vynalezu k Autorskemu 

Osvedceni (Addition) 

L or B4 Popis Vynalezu k Patentu 

(Addition) 

B6 Patentovy Spis (1990 Law) 

CZ Czech Republic B6 Patentovy Spis


Code Code 

DD Germany Z or A1 Patentschrift, Wirtschaftspatent 

(formal examination) 

Y or A2 Patentschrift, Wirtschaftspatent 

(formal examination; Addition) 

C or A5 Patentschrift, Ausschliessungspatent 

(formal examination) 

W or A6 Patentschrift, Ausschliessungspatent 

(formal examination; Addition) 

T or A3 Patentschrift, Hauptpatent 

(formal and essential examination) 

U or A4 Patentschrift, Hauptpatent 

formal and essential examination; Addition) 

D or A7 Patentschrift, Ausschliessungspatent 

(formal and essential examination) 

S or A8 Patentschrift, Ausschliessungspatent 

(formal and essential examination; 

Addition) 

DE Germany A1 Offenlegungsschrift 

B1 Auslegeschrift (published without A1) 

B2 Auslegeschrift (published after A1) 

C1 Patentschrift (published without A1, 

B1, or B2) 

C2 Patentschrift (published after A1 or B1) 

C3 Patentschrift (published after A1 and B2) 

T Veroffentlichung 

DK Denmark B Fremlaeggelsesskrift 

B1 Meddett (1993 Law) 

B2,B3,B4 Patentskrift (1993 Law) 

C Patent 

EP European A1 European Patent Application 

Patent (with search report) 

Organization A2 European Patent Application 

(without search report) 

A3 European Patent Application 

(search report for A2) 

B1 European Patent 

B2 European Revised Patent 

ES Spain A1 Patente de Invencion 

A2 Certificado de Adicion 

A3 Patente de Introduccion 

A4 (not distinguished as to A1-A3) 

A6 Patente de Invencion (1986 Law) 

T3 Patente de Invencion 

(from EP application) 

FI Finland B Kuulutusjulkaisu Utlaggningsskrift 

C Patenttijulkaisu Patentskrift


Code Code 

FR France A Brevet d’Invention (old law) 

A1 Demande de Brevet d’Invention 

A2 Demande de Certificat d’Addition 

A3 Demande de Certificat d’Utilite 

A4 Demande de Certificat d’Addition 

a un Certificat d’Utilite 

A5 Brevet d’Invention (published without A1) 

A6 Certificat d’Addition a un Brevet 

d’Invention (published without A2) 

A7 Certificat d’Utilite (published without A3) 

A8 Certificat d’Addition a un Certificat 

d’Utilite (published without A4) 

B1 Brevet d’Invention (published after A1) 

B2 Certificat d’Addition a un Brevet 

d’Invention (published after A2) 

B3 Certificat d’Utilite (published after A3) 

B4 Certificat d’Addition a un Certificat 

d’Utilite (published after 

E Certificat d’Addition a un Brevet 

d’Invention (old law) 

M Brevet Special de Medicament; 

Certificat d’ Addition a un Brevet 

Special de Medicament 

GB United A Patent Specification (1949 Law; 

Kingdom Document numbers lower than 2,000,000) 

A or A1 Patent Application (1977 Law; 

Document numbers higher than 2,000,000) 

B Amended Patent Specification (1949 Law; 

Document numbers lower than 2,000,000) 

B2 Patent Specification (1977 Law; Document 

numbers higher than 2,000,000) 

HU Hungary P or B Szabadalmi Leiras 

A or A1 Halasztott Talalmanyi Bejelentes 

O or A2 Teljes Talalmanyi Bejelentes 

IL Israel A1 Application for Patent 

IN India A Specification 

JP Japan A2 Kokai Tokkyo Koho 

B4 Tokkyo Koho T2Kohyo Koho 

NL Netherlands A Terinzagelegging 

B Openbaargemaakte 

C Octrooi 

NO Norway B Utlegningsskrift 

C Patent 

PL Poland B Opis Patentowy (Inventor Certificate) 

M Opis Patentowy (Inventor 

Certificate; Addition) 

P or B1 Opis Patentowy 

P or B2 Opis Patentowy Patentu Tymczasowego 

L or B3 Opis Patentowy (Addition) 

L or B4 Opis Patentowy Patentu 

Tymczasowego (Addition)


Code Code 

RO Romania B or B1 Descrierea Inventiei (Inventor Certificate) 

L or B4 Descrierea Inventiei (Patent; Addition) 

M or B2 Descrierea Inventiei (Inventor 

Certificate; Addition) 

P or B3 Descrierea Inventiei (Patent) 

RU Russia C1 Patent, Vydannyi bez Predshestvuyushchei 

Publikatsii Zayavki 

C2 Patent, Vydannyi s Predshestvuyushchei 

Publikatsiei Zayavki 

SE Sweden B Utlaeggningsskrift 

C Patentskrift 

C2 Patentskrift (1994 Law) 

SU Union of D or A3 Opisanie Izobreteniya k Patentu 

Soviet T or A1 Opisanie Izobreteniya k 

Socialist Avtorskomu Svidetel’stvu 

Republics S or A4 Opisanie Izobreteniya k Patentu 

(Addition) 

U or A2 Opisanie Izobreteniya k Avtorskomu 

Svidetel’stvu (Addition) 

US United States A United States Patent America 

of America E United States Patent (Reissue) 

H United States Defensive Publication 

H1 Statutory Invention Registration 

A1 or A4 United States Published Patent 

Application (Trial Program) 

A0 PAT-APPL (National Technical 

Information Service; US Patent 

Application) 

B1,B2,B3 Reexamination Certificate (1st, 

2nd, 3rd issue) 

WO World A1 PCT International Application 

Intellectual (with search report) 

Property A2 PCT International Application 

Organization (without search report) 

A3 PCT International Application 

(search report for A2) 

ZA South Africa A Patent Specification 

A1 Patent Specification (used to distinguish 

a document with the same number as a 

previously published document)

Searching for General Subject Index Entries 

The General Subject option of the “Index Browse” feature displays a sorted list of General Subject Headings 

which can be browsed. This list also includes the number of occurrences of each heading. These 

headings include classes of substances and general subjects. All of the index entries that do not refer to 

specific chemical substances are included here. These include classes of chemical substances, incompletely 

defined materials, applications, uses, physicochemical concepts and phenomena, properties, reactions, 

engineering and industrial apparatus and processes, biochemical and biological subjects (other than specific 

biochemicals), and common and scientific names of animals and plants. 

Beginning with Volume 121, standard categories were discontinued at subdivided General Subject Index 

headings for classes of substances: now, index modifications are grouped only by qualifiers at these 

headings. Subdivided general subject headings are listed in Table I. 

I. Organs and tissues. Twenty-six large General Subject Index headings for organs and tissues, e.g., 

Heart, Muscle, are subdivided by the following modifiers: 

(1) “disease”—pathological conditions (except neoplasms) arising from such factors as autoimmune 

phenomena, inflammatory reactions to bacterial or viral infections, parasitic infestations, and nutritional 

deficiencies, for disease effects on cytology and metabolism, and for therapeutics; 

(2) “neoplasm”—for biochemical properties of neoplastic tissue and its metastases, host reactions to 

malignant tissue, induction (including preneoplastic tissue changes), cytology, composition, and 

metabolism.

TABLE I 

SUBDIVIDED GENERAL SUBJECT HEADINGS 

Only qualifiers are used at these headings. 

Acetate fibers 

Acids 

Acrylic fibers 

Acrylic polymers 

Albumins 

Alcohols 

Aldehydes 

Alkali metal halides 

Alkali metals 

Alkaloids 

Alkanes 

Alkenes 

Alloys 

Aluminosilicates 

Amides 

Amines 

Amino acids 

Aromatic hydrocarbons 

Bases 

Bentonite 

Bromides 

Carbohydrates and Sugars 

Carbonates 

Carbon black 

Carbon fibers 

Carbonyl compounds 

Carboxylic acids 

Carotenes and Carotenoids 

Caseins 

Chlorides 

Chlorophylls 

Clays 

Collagens 

Copper ores 

Corticosteroids 

Cyanides 

Epoxy resins 

Esters 

Ethers 

Fatty acids 

Fluorides 

Gelatins 

Glass fibers 

Globulins 

Glycerides 

Glycols

Glycoproteins 

Glycosaminoglycans 

Granite 

Helium-group gases 

Hydrocarbons 

Igneous rocks 

Iodides 

Iron ores 

Kaolin 

Ketones 

Lead ores 

Limestone 

Lipids 

Metals 

Mica-group minerals 

Mucopolysaccharides 

Naphthenic acids 

Nitrates 

Nitriles 

Nucleosides 

Nucleotides 

Organic compounds 

Oxides 

Paraffin waxes and Hydrocarbon waxes 

Peptides 

Peroxides 

Phenolic resins 

Phenols 

Phosphates 

Phosphatidylcholines 

Phospholipids 

Polyacetylenes 

Polyamide fibers 

Polyamides 

Polycarbonates 

Polyester fibers 

Polyesters 

Polyethers 

Polyimides 

Polymers 

Polyoxyalkylenes 

Polyoxymethylenes 

Polypropene fibers 

Polysaccharides 

Polysulfones 

Proteins 

Proteoglycans 

Pulping liquors 

Quaternary ammonium compounds 

Radicals 

Radioelements 

Rare earth metals

Rayon 

Rubber, butadiene 

Rubber, butadiene-styrene 

Rubber, butyl 

Rubber, isoprene 

Rubber, natural 

Rubber, neoprene 

Rubber, nitrile 

Rubber, silicone 

Rubber, urethane 

Salts 

Silica gel 

Silicates 

Siloxanes and Silicones 

Steroids 

Sulfates 

Sulfides 

Sulfonic acids 

Terpenes and Terpenoids 

Thiols 

Trace elements 

Transition metals 

Urethane polymers 

Vinyl compounds 

Zinc ores 

Zeolites

The Formula option of the “Index Browse” feature displays a sorted list of Molecular formulas which 

can be browsed. This list also includes the number of occurrences of each formula. This option provides 

a fast way to locate references to an individual chemical substance. A particular molecular formula is an 

assembly point for several types of derivatives. Molecular addition compounds are generally indexed at 

the formulas of their components (not at the total molecular formulas) and polymers appear at the formulas 

of their monomers. Metal salts of acids, alcohols, and amines, and hydrochlorides, acetates, etc. of bases, 

are indexed at the formulas of the substances from which they are derived. 

In the molecular formula the element symbols are arranged according to the Hill System (J. Am. Chem. 

Soc., 1900, 22(8), 478-94) which orders the chemical element symbols as follows: 

a. for carbon-containing compounds—C first, followed immediately by H (if present), then the remaining 

element symbols alphabetically. 

b. for compounds that do not contain carbon—alphabetically by element symbols. 

Formulas are presented in this order: 

C 

C10 

C100... 

C102... 

C10Cl... 

C10H... 

C11 

C110... 

C11H... 

C2 

C20 

C2H... 

Searching for Molecular Formulas

Chemical Substance Names 

Chemical Substance Names are included for all chemical elements and chemical compounds (including 

their generic derivatives); alloys of specific metals; specific minerals (as distinct from rocks); mixtures and 

polymers of specific compounds; specific antibiotics, enzymes, hormones, and polysaccharides; elementary 

particles (including those defined by class designations); and alphanumeric and tradename designations 

(except a very few which have come to be regarded as generic). All consistently defined substances 

have been processed through the <strong>CA</strong>S Registry System and the index entries include the <strong>CA</strong>S Registry 

Numbers. 

The Substance Name option of the “Index Browse” feature displays a sorted list of inverted chemical 

substance names which can be browsed. 

The Chemical Substance Hierarchy also includes specific substances identified and arranged in alphabetic 

order by Chemical Substance Name. The first level of the hierarchy is made up of a sorted list of the 

index headings minus most locants and punctuation. A Chemical Substance index heading consists of (a) 

a molecular skeleton name, e.g., “Butane”, to which is suffixed the principal function (if any), e.g., “-sulfonic 

acid”, (b) a functional parent compound in which no skeleton is expressed, e.g., “Carbonic acid”, or 

(c) a trivially named parent, e.g., “Benzoic acid”, “Phenol”, or “Urea”. The line formula may also appear. 

It differentiates between identical index heading parents corresponding to distinct stoichiometric compositions. 

If the name is not complete at the first level of the hierarchy, the second and subsequent levels provide 

more information about the specific chemical substance name. These levels are sorted in “index order”, 

taking into account punctuation and locants. 

Example of first level: 

... 

+ Acenaphthylene 

+ Acenaphthylenedione 

+ Acenaphthylenone 

+ Acetaldehyde 

+ Acetamide 

Acetan 

+ Acetic acid 

+ Acetic acid ethenyl ester 

+ Acetic acid ethyl ester 

... 

Example of second level under “+Acetic acid”: 

+ Acetic acid (QUALIFIED) 

+ Acetic acid (SUBSTITUED) 

+ Acetic-d3 acid (MODIFIED) 

...

Example of third level under “+Acetic acid (QUALIFIED)”: 

... 

analysis 

+ analysis (MODIFIED) 

+ anhydride (MODIFIED) 

biological studies 

+ compounds (MODIFIED) 

esters 

+ esters (MODIFIED) 

esters or salts 

Example of fourth level under “+esters (MODIFIED)”: 

... 

... 

butyl ester 

3-chlorophenyl ester 

4-chlorophenyl ester 

decyl ester 

Index heading subdivisions. 

Most headings which regularly contain large numbers of index entries have been subdivided to aid the 

index user. To aid in searching for items of interest at these large headings, index modifications are 

grouped together by types of study or by chemical derivative types. 

Subdivision policies have been applied to: 

I. Specific chemical substances. Subdivisions for these index headings may be termed “standard” qualifiers 

and “standard” categories to distinguish them from the special subdivision discussed below. 

Standard qualifiers (topic-oriented subdivisions) are ten in number: 

(1) “analysis”—for methodology of detection or determination of the index heading, or its analysis 

(including bioassays); separation is also placed at this qualifier if the intent is analytical, otherwise 

“preparation” or “processes” (for removal) may be more appropriate; 

(2) “biological studies”—for effects of the index heading material on animals, plants, bacteria, viruses, 

etc.; for nutritional, metabolic, and toxicity studies; for herbicidal, pesticidal, and pharmaceutical 

uses; for biological oxidation or reduction; for occurrence in a biological system; and for incidental 

isolation in a fermentation study (but not for fermentative preparation); 

(3) “formation (nonpreparative)”—for the incidental formation of the index heading in a nonpreparative 

study; 

(4) “miscellaneous”—for studies on the index heading not covered by other qualifiers; 

(5) “occurrence”—for the occurrence or detection of substances, including harmless substances resulting 

from human activities, in Earth, atmospheres, planets, and bodies in the cosmos, in other than 

biological systems; 

(6) “preparation”—for synthesis, recovery, purification, or separation of a desired substance; removal, 

other than as a preparative method, is indexed at “processes”; 

(7) “processes”—for natural, physical, and complex chemical transformation of the index heading and 

nonpreparative removal of the index heading; 

(8) “properties”—for chemical, physical, kinetic, or thermodynamic properties of the index heading; 

(9) “reactions”—for studies in which chemical bonds are made or broken, and for changes of atomic 

number or mass; for corrosion studies, neutralization, tautomerization, and isomerization; 

(10) “uses”—for nonbiological uses and applications of the material, e.g., as a catalyst or phosphor.

Very broad studies, e.g., a book or review do not include a qualifier. A book or review dealing with 

more specific topics may, however, be associated with a qualifier. 

Standard categories are fifteen in number: 

(1) “acetals”—only for natural-products aldehydes and ketones whose index names are not fully systematic 

and include implied stereochemistry, i.e., stereoparents; 

(2) “anhydrides”—for acid headings; 

(3) “anhydrosulfides”—for thio acid headings; 

(4) “compounds”—for addition compounds, complexes, mixtures, salts, solid solutions, reaction products, 

and a few unusual functional derivatives which are not included in the other categories; 

(5) “derivatives (general)”—for nonfunctional derivatives which are not sufficiently identified for 

complete naming; 

(6) “esters”—for acid and alcohol headings; 

(7) “ethers”—for the four specific carbohydrate headings Cellulose, Dextran, Glycogen, and Starch 

only; 

(8) “hydrazides”—for acid heading; 

(9) “hydrazones”—for aldehyde and ketone headings; 

(10) “lactones”—for hydroxy acid stereoparents; 

(11) “mercaptals”—for aldehyde stereoparents; 

(12) “mercaptoles”—for ketone stereoparents; 

(13) “oxides”—for amine headings; 

(14) “oximes”—for aldehyde and ketone headings; 

(15) “polymers”—for oligomers, homopolymers, and copolymers. 

Other terms are included where a derivative of the specific chemical substance was studied, such as 

“esters or salts” in the third level example above. 

There is no restriction on the number of entries made for individual chemical substances from a single 

original document. This means that if, for example, ethyl, methyl, and propyl benzoates and benzoic acid 

hydrazide are discussed in a paper, three entries will be found at Benzoic acid, esters, and a fourth at Benzoic 

acid, hydrazides. Subdivided chemical substance headings are listed in Table II. 

II. Alloys. The only subdivisions employed are the two special categories, “base” and “nonbase”. They 

are found at individual element alloy headings, e.g., Chromium alloy. Subdivided chemical substance 

headings for alloys are listed in Table III.

TABLE II 

SUBDIVIDED CHEMI<strong>CA</strong>L SUBSTANCE HEADINGS 

Acetaldehyde 

Acetamide 

Acetic acid 

Acetic acid, chloro- 

Acetic acid, dichloro- 

Acetic acid, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)- 

Acetic acid, hydroxy- 

Acetic acid, mercapto- 

Acetic acid, trichloro- 

Acetic acid, trifluoro- 

Acetic acid ethenyl ester 

Acetic acid ethyl ester 

Acetonitrile 

Actinium 

Adenosine 

Adenosine 5′-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) 

Adenosine 5′-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 

5′-Adenylic acid 

L-Alanine 

Aluminum 

Aluminum, chlorodiethyl- 

Aluminum, dichloroethyl- 

Aluminum, triethyl- 

Aluminum, tris(2-methylpropyl)- 

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) 

Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) 

Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 

Americium 

Ammonia 

Ammonium 

Ammonium chloride ((NH4)Cl) 

Anthracene 

Antimony 

Antimony compd. with indium (1:1) 

Antimony oxide (Sb 2 O 3 ) 

L-Arginine 

Argon 

Arsenic 

L-Ascorbic acid 

L-Asparagine 

L-Aspartic acid 

Astatine 

Austenite 

2H-Azepin-2-one, hexahydro- 

Aziridine 

Barium 

Barium chloride (BaCl 2 ) 

Barium oxide (BaO) 

Barium titanium oxide (BaTiO3)

Bauxite (Al 2 O 3 .xH 2 O) 

Benzaldehyde 

Benzaldehyde, 4-chloro- 

Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy- 

Benzaldehyde, 4-methoxy- 

Benzaldehyde, 4-nitro- 

Benzenamine 

Benzenamine, 4-chloro- 

Benzenamine, N,N-dimethyl- 

Benzenamine, N-methyl- 

Benzenamine, 2-methyl- 



Benzenamine, 4-nitro- 

Benzenamine, N-phenyl- 

Benzene 

Benzene, bromo- 

Benzene, chloro- 

Benzene, (chloromethyl)- 

Benzene, 1,1′-(dichloroethenylidene)bis[4-chloro- 

Benzene, diethenyl- 

Benzene, dimethyl- 

Benzene, 1,2-dimethyl- 



Benzene, ethenyl- 

Benzene, ethyl- 

Benzene, isocyanato- 

Benzene, methoxy- 

Benzene, methyl- 

Benzene, (1-methylethenyl)- 

Benzene, nitro- 

Benzene, 1,1′-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)bis[4-chloro- 

Benzene, 1,3,5-trimethyl- 

Benzeneacetic acid 

Benzeneacetic acid, α-(hydroxymethyl)- 8-methyl-8azabicyclo-[3.2.1]-oct-3-yl 

ester endo-(±)- 

Benzeneacetic acid, α-hydroxy-α-phenyl- 

1,2-Benzenediamine 



1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid 



1,2-Benzenediol 

1,2-Benzenediol, 4-(2-aminoethyl)- 



Benzenemethanamine 

Benzenemethanol 

Benzenesulfonic acid 

Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methyl-

Benzenethiol 

Benzoic acid 

Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy- 



Benzoic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxy- 

Benzoic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxy- 

Benzonitrile 

Benzo[a]pyrene 

Berkelium 

Beryllium 

21H-Biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid, 2,17-diethenyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro- 

3,7,13,18-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo- 

1,1′-Biphenyl 

Bismuth 

Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) 

Borane 

Borane, trifluoro- 

Boric acid (H 3 BO 3 ) 

Boron 

Boron nitride (BN) 

Boron oxide (B2O3) 

Brass 

Bromide 

Bromine 

1,3-Butadiene 

1,3-Butadiene, 2-methyl- 

1-Butanamine 

Butane 

Butanedioic acid 

Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy- 

[R-(R*,R*)]- 

Butanedioic acid, methylene- 

1,4-Butanediol 

Butanoic acid 

Butanoic acid, 4-amino- 

Butanoic acid, 3-oxo- 

1-Butanol 

2-Butanone 

1-Butene 

2-Butenedioic acid (E)- 

2-Butenedioic acid (Z)- 

3-Buten-2-one 

Cadmium 

Cadmium oxide (CdO) 

Cadmium selenide (CdSe) 

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) 

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) 

Calcite (Ca(CO 3 )) 

Calcium 

Calcium chloride (CaCl2)

Calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) 

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) 

Calcium oxide (CaO) 

Californium 

Carbamic acid 

Carbamodithioic acid, diethyl- 

Carbon 

Carbonate 

Carbon dioxide 

Carbon disulfide 

Carbonic acid 

Carbonic acid calcium salt (1:1) 

Carbonic acid disodium salt 

Carbonic acid monosodium salt 

Carbon monoxide 

Cast iron 

Cellulose 

Cerium 

Cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) 

Cesium 

Cesium chloride (CsCl) 

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) 

Chloride 

Chlorine 

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)- 

Chromium 

Chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) 

Cobalt 

Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) 

Cobalt oxide (CoO) 

Coenzyme A 

Copper 

Copper chloride (CuCl 2 ) 

Copper oxide (CuO) 

Copper oxide (Cu2O) 

Corticotropin 

Corundum (Al 2 O 3 ) 

Curium 

Cyanide 

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro- 

Cyclohexanamine 

Cyclohexane 

Cyclohexanol 

Cyclohexanone 

Cyclohexene 

1,3-Cyclopentadiene 

L-Cysteine 

L-Cystine 

Cytochrome c 

Cytochrome P 450 

Decanedioic acid

Deuterium 

Dextran 

Diamond 

1,4-Dioxane 

Dodecanoic acid 

Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) 

Dysprosium 

Einsteinium 

Erbium 

Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17β)- 

Estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one, 3-hydroxy- 

Ethanamine 

Ethanamine, N,N-diethyl- 

Ethanamine, N-ethyl- 

Ethanaminium, 2-(acetyloxy)-N,N,Ntrimethyl- 

Ethane 

Ethane, 1,2-dichloro- 

Ethane, 1,1′-oxybis- 

1,2-Ethanediamine 

Ethanedioic acid 

1,2-Ethanediol 

Ethanethioic acid 

Ethanol 

Ethanol, 2-amino- 

Ethanol, 2-chloro- 

Ethanol, 2,2′-iminobis- 

Ethanol, 2,2′,2′′-nitrilotris- 

Ethanol, 2,2′-oxybis- 

Ethanone, 1-phenyl- 

Ethene 

Ethene, chloro- 

Ethene, 1,1-dichloro- 

Ethene, tetrachloro- 

Ethene, tetrafluoro- 

Ethene, trichloro- 

Ethenetetracarbonitrile 

Ethenol 

Ethyne 

Europium 

Fermium 

Fluoride 

Fluorine 

Fluorite (CaF 2 ) 

Formaldehyde 

Formamide 

Formamide, N,N-dimethyl- 

Formic acid 

Francium 

D-Fructose 

Furan, tetrahydro- 

2-Furancarboxaldehyde

2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-nitro- 

2,5-Furandione 

2,5-Furandione, dihydro- 

Gadolinium 

D-Galactose 

Gallium 

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) 

Gallium phosphide (GaP) 

Germanium 

Germanium oxide (GeO2) 

Glucagon 

D-Glucitol 

α-D-Glucopyranoside, β-D-fructofuranosyl 

D-Glucose 

L-Glutamic acid 

L-Glutamic acid, N-[4-[[(2-amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo- 

6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]- 

L-Glutamine 

Glycine 

Glycine, N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis[N-(carboxymethyl)- 

Glycine, N-(N-L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)- 

Glycogen 

Gold 

Graphite 

Guanosine 

Gypsum (Ca(SO 4 ).2H 2 O) 

Hafnium 

Helium 

Hematite (Fe2O3) 

Heparin 

Heptane 

Hexadecanoic acid 

Hexane 

1,6-Hexanediamine 

Hexanedioic acid 

Hexanoic acid 

1-Hexanol 

1-Hexene 

L-Histidine 

Holmium 

Hydrazine 

Hydrobromic acid 

Hydrochloric acid 

Hydrocyanic acid 

Hydrofluoric acid 

Hydrogen 

Hydrogen ion 

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) 

Hydroxide 

Hydroxyl 

Hydroxylamine

1H-Imidazole 

1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine 

Indium 

Indium arsenide (InAs) 

Indium phosphide (InP) 

1H-Indole 

1H-Indole-3-acetic acid 

1H-Indole-3-acetic acid, 5-hydroxy- 

1H-Indol-5-ol, 3-(2-aminoethyl)- 

Insulin 

Iodide 

Iodine 

Iridium 

Iron 

Iron chloride (FeCl 3 ) 

Iron oxide 

Iron oxide (FeO) 

Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 

Iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) 

L-Isoleucine 

Kaolinite (Al 2 (Si 2 O 7 ).2H 2 O) 

Krypton 

Lanthanum 

Lawrencium 

Lead 

Lead oxide (PbO) 

L-Leucine 

Lignin 

Lithium 

Lithium, butyl- 

Lithium chloride (LiCl) 

Lithium fluoride (LiF) 

Lithium oxide (Li 2 O) 

Lutetium 

L-Lysine 

Magnesium 

Magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) 

Magnesium oxide (MgO) 

Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) 

Manganese 

Manganese oxide (MnO) 

Manganese oxide (MnO2) 

Martensite 

Mendelevium 

Mercury 

Mercury chloride (HgCl2) 

Methanamine 

Methanamine, N,N-dimethyl- 

Methanamine, N-methyl- 

Methane 

Methane, bromo- 

Methane, chloro-

Methane, dichloro- 

Methane, iodo- 

Methane, nitro- 

Methane, sulfinylbis- 

Methane, tetrachloro- 

Methane, trichloro- 

Methanethiol 

Methanol 

Methanone, diphenyl- 

L-Methionine 

Molybdenum 

Molybdenum oxide (MoO3) 

Molybdenum sulfide (MoS 2 ) 

Montmorillonite 

Morphinan-3,6-diol, 7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy- 

17-methyl- (5α,6α)- 

Morpholine 

Naphthalene 

2-Naphthalenol 

Neodymium 

Neon 

Neptunium 

Nickel 

Nickel chloride (NiCl2) 

Nickel oxide (NiO) 

Niobium 

Nitrate 

Nitric acid 

Nitric acid ammonium salt 

Nitric acid potassium salt 

Nitric acid silver(1+) salt 

Nitric acid sodium salt 

Nitrite 

Nitrogen 

Nitrogen oxide 

Nitrogen oxide (NO) 

Nitrogen oxide (NO 2 ) 

Nitrogen oxide (N 2 O) 

Nobelium 

Nonanedioic acid 

9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- 

Octadecanoic acid 

9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)- 

Octane 

Octanoic acid 

1-Octanol 

Osmium 

Oxirane 

Oxirane, (chloromethyl)- 

Oxirane, methyl- 

Oxygen 

Oxytocin

Ozone 

Palladium 

Pentane 

2,4-Pentanedione 

Pentanoic acid 

1-Pentanol 

Perchloric acid 

Peroxide, dibenzoyl 

Phenanthrene 

Phenol 

Phenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl- 

Phenol, 2,4-dinitro- 

Phenol, 2-methyl- 



Phenol, 4,4′-(1-methylethylidene)bis- 

Phenol, 4-nitro- 

10H-Phenothiazine-10-propanamine, 2-chloro- 

N,N-dimethyl- 

L-Phenylalanine 

Phosphate 

Phosphine, triphenyl- 

Phosphoric acid 

Phosphoric acid tributyl ester 

Phosphoric triamide, hexamethyl- 

Phosphorodithioic acid 

Phosphorothioic acid 

Phosphorous acid 

Phosphorus 

Phosphorus oxide (P2O5) 

Piperazine 

Piperidine 

Platinum 

Plutonium 

Polonium 

Poly[imino(1,6-dioxo-1,6-hexanediyl)imino- 

1,6-hexanediyl] 

Poly[imino(1-oxo-1,6-hexanediyl)] 

Poly[oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylene(1-methylethylidene)-1,4-phenylene]Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyloxycarbonyl-1,4phenylenecarbonyl) 

Potassium 

Potassium bromide (KBr) 

Potassium chloride (KCl) 

Potassium hydroxide (K(OH)) 

Potassium iodide (KI) 

Potassium oxide (K2O) 

Praseodymium 

Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 

Prolactin 

L-Proline

Promethium 

Propanal 

1-Propanamine 

2-Propanamine 

2-Propanamine, 2-methyl- 

Propane 

Propanedioic acid 

1,2-Propanediol 

1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)- 

1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- 

1,2,3-Propanetriol 

Propanoic acid 

Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy- 

Propanoic acid, 2-oxo- 

1-Propanol 

1-Propanol, 2-methyl- 

2-Propanol 

2-Propanol, 2-methyl- 

2-Propanone 

2-Propenal 

2-Propenamide 

1-Propene 

1-Propene, 3-bromo- 

1-Propene, 2-methyl- 

2-Propenenitrile 

2-Propenoic acid 

2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl- 

2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl- 

2-Propen-1-ol 

Protactinium 

1H-Purine-6-amine 

1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl- 

1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl- 

1H-Purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione, 7,9-dihydro- 

3,5-Pyrazolidinedione, 4-butyl-1,2-diphenyl- 

Pyrene 

Pyridine 

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 

4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid 

2,4(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione 

2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-Pyrimidinetrione, 5-ethyl-5-phenyl- 

Pyrite (FeS2) 

Pyrrolidine 

2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl- 

2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl- 

Quartz (SiO2) 

Quinoline 

8-Quinolinol 

Radium 

Radon 

Renin 

Rhenium

Rhodium 

Riboflavin 

Rubidium 

Rubidium chloride (RbCl) 

Ruthenium 

Samarium 

Scandium 

Selenium 

L-Serine 

Silane 

Silane, chlorotrimethyl- 

Silica 

Silicon 

Silicon carbide (SiC) 

Silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) 

Silver 

Silver chloride (AgCl) 

Sodium 

Sodium bromide (NaBr) 

Sodium chloride (NaCl) 

Sodium fluoride (NaF) 

Sodium hydroxide (Na(OH)) 

Sodium iodide (NaI) 

Sodium oxide (Na2O) 

Sodium sulfide (Na 2 S) 

Stainless steel 

Stannane, tetrachloro- 

Starch 

Steel 

D-Streptamine, O-2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)α-L-glucopyranosyl-(1➝2)-O-5-deoxy-3-Cformyl-α-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1➝4)-N,N′bis(aminoiminomethyl)- 

Strontium 

Strontium oxide (SrO) 

Sulfate 

Sulfur 

Sulfur dioxide 

Sulfuric acid 

Sulfuric acid copper(2+) salt (1:1) 

Sulfuric acid diammonium salt 

Sulfuric acid dipotassium salt 

Sulfuric acid disodium salt 

Sulfuric acid magnesium salt (1:1) 

Sulfuric acid monododecyl ester sodium salt 

Sulfurous acid 

Sulfur trioxide 

Talc (Mg3H2(SiO3)4) 

Tantalum 

Technetium 

Tellurium 

Terbium

1,3,5,7-Tetraazatricyclo[3.3.1.1 3,7 ]-decane 

Tetradecanoic acid 

Thallium 

4-Thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid, 

3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-[(phenylacetyl)amino]- 

[2S-(2α,5α,6β)]- 

Thiazolium, 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl- 

chloride 

Thiocyanate 

Thiocyanic acid 

Thiourea 

Thorium 

Thorium oxide (ThO 2 ) 

L-Threonine 

Thulium 

Thymidine 

Tin 

Tin chloride (SnCl2) 

Titanium 

Titanium chloride (TiCl 3 ) 

Titanium chloride (TiCl 4 ) (T-4)- 

Titanium oxide (TiO2) 

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine 

1,3,5-Trioxane 

Tritium 

L-Tryptophan 

Tungsten 

Tungsten oxide (WO3) 

L-Tyrosine 

L-Tyrosine, 3-hydroxy- 

L-Tyrosine, O-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5diiodo- 

Uranium 

Uranium oxide (UO2) 

Urea 

Uridine 5′-(trihydrogen diphosphate) 

5′-Uridylic acid 

L-Valine 

Vanadium 

Vanadium oxide (V2O5) 

Water 

Xenon 

D-Xylose 

Ytterbium 

Yttrium 

Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) 

Zinc 

Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) 

Zinc oxide (ZnO) 

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) 

Zirconium 

Zirconium oxide (ZrO2)

TABLE III 

SUBDIVIDED CHEMI<strong>CA</strong>L SUBSTANCE HEADINGS FOR ALLOYS 

All elements may have associated alloy headings (e.g., Iron alloy, 

Chromium alloy) with the exception of the elements listed below: 

Argon 

Astatine 

Bromine 

Chlorine 

Fluorine 

Helium 

Hydrogen 

Iodine 

Krypton 

Neon 

Nitrogen 

Oxygen 

Radon 

Xenon

The index heading consists of an index parent standing alone or followed by one or more of the following: 

substituent, standard qualifier, standard category, line formula, homograph definition. A qualifier 

and category never appear together, neither do a substituent and a line formula, nor a line formula and a 

homograph definition. 

The index ordering is by the alphabetic sequence of index parents (the first part of the boldface headings). 

Example: 

Bromine fluoride 

2-Butanol 



2-Butanone-1,1,1-d 3 [an isotopically-labeled compound] 

Butanoyl chloride 

The sorting rules are applied in three stages: 

(a) to all the Roman alphabetic characters, whether or not interrupted by 

italic terms, locants, or punctuation; 

(b) to initial locants, i.e., locants appearing before the first alphabetic character; 

(c) to all other locants taken together. 

At the first point of difference the earliest alphabetic character or numerically lowest numeral determines 

the earliest index position for the parent containing it. Absence of a locant leads to the earliest index placement 

of an otherwise identical parent. For locants of mixed types, italic letters are placed ahead of Greek 

letters which in turn precede Arabic numerals. 

Example: 

1-Butene 

2-Butene 

Butene-1,4-diamine [the position of the double bond is unknown] 

2-Butene-1,4-diamine 

3-Butene-1,2-diamine 

A set of entries possessing an identical index parent is sorted according to the alphabetic order of the 

homographic definitions or line formulas if either is present. In line formulas, isotopic labeling (indicated 

by superscript atomic mass numbers) is considered only after the primary order has been established. As 

usual, the “plain” heading appears first. 

Example: 

Nitrogen oxide [for oxides of unreported composition] 

Nitrogen oxide ( 15 NNO) 

Nitrogen oxide ( 15 NN 18 O) 

Nitrogen oxide (NO) 

Nitrogen oxide (NO 2) 

Nitrogen oxide (N 2O) 

Nitrogen oxide ( 15 N 2 O) 

Nitrogen oxide (N 2 18 O) 

Nitrogen oxide (N 2O 3) 

Nitrogen oxide (N 2 O 4 ) 

Nitrogen oxide (N 2O 5)

Headings in the Chemical Substance Index which are identical after the sorting described so far are arranged 

according to the contents of the substituent portion. Ordering proceeds in three stages as for index 

parents. When two substituents have identical alphabetic contents, initial locants, and remaining locants, 

the index position is determined by ordering them at the first point of difference, including spaces and 

punctuation. 

Example: 

N-(aminomethyl)- 

3-(aminomethyl)- 

2-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- 

4-chloro-1-hydroxy- 

8-chloro-4-hydroxy- 

chloromethyl- 

(chloromethyl)- 

4,4′-methylenebis[3-hydroxy- 

Elementary particles such as hyperons, mesons, and muons are ordered by observing these rules: 

(a) alphabetic order of parent name (Hyperon; Meson; Muon); 

(b) within a name, italic letters ahead of Greek letters (Meson, K; 

Meson, π); 

(c) within a specific species, the hierarchical order is: 

no subscript or superscript; 

superscript minus; 

superscript plus; 

superscript minus followed by mass in parentheses; 

superscript plus followed by mass in parentheses; 

mass only in parentheses; 

superscript plus over minus; 

superscript plus over minus followed by mass in parentheses; 

superscript prime; 

superscript prime followed by mass in parentheses; 

superscript double prime; 

superscript double prime followed by mass in parentheses; 

subscript italic letters; 

subscript italic letters followed by mass in parentheses; 

superscript numeric (including 0); 

superscript numeric (including 0) followed by mass in parentheses; 

(d) if all characters are the same except mass, the order is that of increasing mass. 

Example: 

Meson, ρ 

Meson, ρ − 

Meson, ρ + 

Meson, ρ − (765) 

Meson, ρ + (765) 

Meson, ρ (765) 

Meson, ρ ± 

Meson, ρ ± (765) 

Meson, ρ′ 

Meson, ρ′ (1254) 

Meson, ρ′ (1600) 

Meson, ρ′′ 

Meson, ρ co 

Meson, ρ co (3100) 

Meson, ρ ο (765)

The only remaining index heading features to be considered are subdivisions. 2-Butanone is a typical 

example of a subdivided heading. The order of each such heading is: 

(a) the ten standard qualifiers; 

(b) any of the 15 standard categories relevant to the particular compound and to current studies. 

Broad studies are listed directly under the heading or under the most appropriate qualifier. 

2-Butanone is an example of a subdivided chemical substance heading which possesses no homograph 

definition, line formula, or substituent. The subdivided headings Acetic acid, chloro- and Benzoic acid, 

2-hydroxy- are two among numerous examples that possess substituents; Nitrogen oxide (N2O) is an example 

of a subdivided heading with a line formula. 

When a stereochemical descriptor is present, but a name modification is absent, the entries are arranged 

according to the stereochemistry. For two or more identical name modifications, those with no stereochemical 

descriptor appear first, then the stereochemistry is ordered. 

Example: 

Pregn-4-ene-3,20-diol 

(3β,20R)- 

(3β,20S)- 

diacetate 

diacetate, (3α,20R)- 

In a few cases, entries are subdivided for a chemical substance of which the index name would ordinarily 

be completed in a name modification. For example, at Acetic acid the ethenyl and ethyl esters would normally 

be indexed at the acid name under the standard category “esters”. However, because of the large 

number of index entries regularly needed for these substances, each of them is fully named in the index 

heading and each heading is subdivided.

<strong>CA</strong>S Registry System 

In the mid-1960s the Chemical Abstracts Service, building upon work originated by E. I. duPont de 

Nemours and Co., Inc., developed an algorithm for generating a unique, unambiguous machine-language 

representation of the two-dimensional structure of a chemical substance, together with a method for recording 

additional data, such as stereochemistry. This algorithm became the foundation of the <strong>CA</strong>S 

Chemical Registry, a computer-based system that automatically identifies structural diagrams and assigns 

to each a unique <strong>CA</strong>S Registry Number. This number, which has no chemical significance, is then used 

within a larger processing system to link the molecular structure with its <strong>CA</strong> index name and other data. 

Between the inception of the Registry System in 1965 and the end of 1995 more than 14 million unique 

structures had been recorded. New structures are being entered at a rate of over 800,000 per year. 

Each definable chemical entity is assigned a permanent computer-generated and computer-verified Registry 

Number. For example D-Aspartic acid [1783-96-6], L-Aspartic acid [56-84-8], and DL-Aspartic 

acid [617-45-8], each has its own Registry Number. (Aspartic acid of unspecified stereochemistry also 

possesses a Registry Number [6899-03-2] which is primarily of use when citing Aspartic acid without a 

stereochemical descriptor, e.g., in assumption notes in the Index Guide.) The Registry Numbers are cited 

as part of the document display with additional textual materials. The <strong>CA</strong>S Registry Number is much 

shorter than the average <strong>CA</strong> systematic index name, and it can be easily verified by computer every time 

it is input. For these reasons, it is employed in index process files in lieu of the more complex index name. 

The latter is retrieved from a dictionary-type file only when needed for actual index publication. 

The <strong>CA</strong>S Registry Number, which may have up to nine digits, is divided into three parts separated by 

hyphens; the first part, starting from the left, has up to six digits, the second part has two digits, and the 

final part consists of a single check digit, used to verify by computer the validity of the total number. 

In printed form, a <strong>CA</strong>S Registry Number is instantly recognizable. Just as the format XXX-XXX- 

XXXX is recognized as a U.S. telephone number starting with the area code, and XXX-XX-XXXX as a 

U.S. Social Security Number, so, in the scientific and technical literature, a <strong>CA</strong>S Registry Number is recognized 

by the format Y-XX-X where Y is a number of 2 to 6 digits and X is a single digit. 

Registry Numbers were printed with index names starting in the <strong>CA</strong> Eighth Collective Index (1966- 

1971) and are employed in other <strong>CA</strong>S publications. 

Each <strong>CA</strong>S Registry Number designates a single substance (so far as its structure has been elucidated and 

can be defined in terms of atoms, valence bonds, and stereochemistry). Registry Numbers, even in the 

absence of names, therefore furnish an efficient means of substance identification in technical publications, 

scientific communications, and regulatory databases. Many non-<strong>CA</strong>S publications have adopted 

<strong>CA</strong>S Registry Numbers to identify chemical substances. They include the U.S. Pharmacopeia, the U.S. 

Adopted Names Dictionary of Drug Names and many research articles, patent specifications, technical 

publications, trade catalogs, encyclopedias, and handbooks.

Selection of Chemical Substance and General Subject index entries 

It would be a disservice to the index user if entries were made by <strong>CA</strong> indexers at every possible general 

subject and chemical substance heading for every original document. This would dilute the index with 

insignificant and duplicate entries. To warrant a <strong>CA</strong> index entry, a chemical substance or general subject 

must be new, or must have new information reported about it. 

For chemical substances and general subjects, <strong>CA</strong> chooses the most specific term possible as an index 

heading. Thus, separate entries are found at Bromination and Chlorination when an original document 

discusses these processes, rather than a single entry at Halogenation. A hierarchical classification of 

index terms, useful in searching <strong>CA</strong> indexes, is provided in Appendix I of the Index Guide. More general 

entries provide additional access whenever three or more individual members of a recognizable class 

are described in a paper or patent. 

Patents are regarded by <strong>CA</strong>S as technical disclosures, and their contents are selected for indexing in the 

same manner as for any other primary chemical document. That is, index entries are selected from new 

information reported in the patent specifications. All compounds that are unambiguously defined in patent 

claims even if they are not given in examples are also indexed. Within the patent examples and claims, 

criteria for selection of chemical substances to be indexed are exactly the same as those for technical papers. 

Disclosures of the preparation of new substances (supported by physical properties or at least detailed, 

circumstantial methods of preparation) justify Chemical Substance Index entries; likewise, 

documented new uses and new properties of known substances justify index entries for the substances. 

Process patents are indexed at the specific process names with class entries made for the chemical substances 

treated or produced. 

Review articles are abstracted in <strong>CA</strong> if the review makes a significant contribution to chemistry and has 

bibliographic value. Review articles that also report new experimental work are treated not as reviews but 

as regular research reports and are indexed thoroughly. In general, abstracts of reviews receive fewer index 

entries than do those of original documents reporting new information. Index entries for Dissertation 

Abstracts are selected only from the titles, as are those for abstracts of monographs and books. 

Entries for specific chemical substances. 

• What is “new” information? 

New information about a known substance may take the form of a new source or preparative method, a 

new reaction in which it takes part, newly reported kinetic or mechanism studies, chemical or physical 

properties or methods of detection, or a new use or biological effect. 

Known chemical substances are indexed when useful data about the substances are reported in the original 

document. Such data must be substantive and preferably quantitative. Negative results are indexed 

when they are the aim of the investigation. 

Data that do justify entry of chemical substances in <strong>CA</strong> indexes include elemental analyses, melting and 

boiling points, spectra, biological activities, and documented uses. A circumstantial method of preparation, 

including quantities and reaction temperatures, in a journal article or patent example is adequate. 

Again, author emphasis is important. When long lists of known substances and accompanying previously 

published experimental data are reported, but the author’s main interest is in some property or source of 

the substances, the substances are not indexed specifically but receive general entries only. In these cases, 

the properties or sources are indexed specifically. 

Where data are not given in the original paper but have been deposited elsewhere (e.g., at the Library of 

Congress), and where editorial policies discourage reporting of complete data (e.g., communications, 

notes, letters to the editor, etc.), the usual requirements are relaxed; an author’s statement that such data 

were obtained justifies indexing of the compounds, thereby permitting earliest reporting of the results in 

<strong>CA</strong> indexes. 

Calculated data for specific substances are generally treated like the corresponding experimentally determined 

data, and both the data (in the General Subject Index) and substances (in the Chemical Substance 

Index) are indexed. When the author’s emphasis is on a new method of calculation, the data are indexed

ut usually only a class entry in the General Subject Index is made for the substances. 

Examples: 

Alcohols, properties 

calcn. of entropy of alcs., 13149z 

Rare earth metals, biological studies 

toxicology of rare earth metals, 5372h 

• How is a substance indexed? 

Chemical substances are generally indexed in the specific molecular forms reported in the original document, 

but four exceptions are made: 

(a) Hydrates and solvates are indexed only as the corresponding anhydrous (unsolvated) compounds, 

unless the hydrated (solvated) state is of significance, e.g., in crystal-structure studies. 

(b) Isotopically labeled compounds used in tracer studies, or in band assignment in vibrational spectra 

studies, are indexed as the unlabeled parents; additional entries for the labeled compounds will be 

found when data are supplied for their preparation or isolation. 

(c) Derivatives prepared only to facilitate isolation or analysis of parent compounds are indexed as 

such only in the presence of new data. Entries normally are made only at the compounds in which 

the main interest is centered. 

(d) Ions of elements are indexed only when a distinct property of the ionic form, e.g., electron configuration, 

radii, spectral lines, is the principal object of the study. Otherwise, the elements themselves 

are indexed. 

Within biological systems, it is often difficult to determine from the original document the form in which 

a particular chemical compound reacts, hence the fundamental chemical structure is indexed; e.g., entries 

in the Chemical Substance Index at Propanoic acid, 2-oxo- (pyruvic acid) should be consulted for biological 

studies of “pyruvates” or “pyruvate ion”. Salt forms of organic acids and bases that are administered 

to a biological system are indexed in the forms that are reported in the document as having been synthesized 

and/or studied. Thus, index entries for an administered compound will be found not only at the free 

parent compound, but also at the salt form, depending on the information supplied in the document. 

Many compounds occur or are used so frequently in one particular form that they are assumed to be in 

that form unless the author states otherwise. Such compounds are identified in the Index Guide by “indexing 

notes”. 

Entries for chemical reaction studies. 

The following policies are followed uniformly: 

Nonpreparative studies. Reactants and reported intermediates are routinely indexed. 

(a) For equilibrium studies in general, emphasis by the author is the basis for choosing which side of 

the equation represents the reactants to be indexed; in doubtful cases, the left side is chosen. 

(b) For keto-enol tautomerism, both sides of the equation are indexed. 

(c) For protonation-deprotonation (i.e., acid-dissociation) equilibriums, the unprotonated species is indexed. 

Example: 

Pyridine, reactions 

protonation of pyridine, 47753b 

(d) For biochemical studies, including enzyme inhibition, metabolism, and phosphorylation, starting 

materials and reported intermediates are indexed. 

Preparative studies. Products are routinely indexed when supported by physical properties or detailed 

methods of preparation.

Reactants are also routinely indexed when identified by the author or readily inferred by the indexer. 

Unless the reaction is stated to be a repetition of one previously reported, reactants and intermediates are 

selected for indexing regardless of the form, e.g., tabular or otherwise, in which they are presented. 

Reagents, i.e., standard reactants employed to effect routine chemical changes such as oxidation, reduction, 

nitration, or oxime preparation, are not indexed unless they themselves are newly prepared or are used 

in a novel way. 

Intermediates are indexed if isolated and characterized, because they meet the criteria for products. Intermediates 

that are not isolated and characterized are not indexed. 

Solvents are not indexed unless they are reactants or are claimed as the sole media in which the reactions 

can occur. 

Catalysts are indexed only in those cases in which there is specific interest in the catalytic phase of the 

reaction. 

Named reactions. General Subject entries appear at reaction headings, e.g., Chlorination, Grignard 

reaction, Methanolysis, for those preparative studies in which they are considered relevant in a general 

way. Emphasis, or lack of it, by the author helps determine whether such a general entry is made. The 

mere indexing of reactants and/or products does not alone justify an entry at a reaction heading. 

More detailed information on organic chemical reactions, reagents, catalysts, and solvents is available 

in the <strong>CA</strong>S online file, <strong>CA</strong>SREACT. 

Entries for general subjects. 

General subject entries follow criteria similar to those for chemical sustances. Information indexed at 

headings for properties, relationships, organisms, etc., must be new or pertain to new chemical substances 

or reactions. In deciding this question, indexing is guided by the author’s statements and by the indexer’s 

own knowledge of the subject area. 

Entries at many headings for general subjects are restricted to prevent proliferation of entries of questionable 

value to the index user. Entries for broad areas like Biochemistry and general nonchemical subjects 

like Automobiles are made only for studies too indefinite to allow for more specific coverage. A 

note will be found in the Index Guide at each of these headings. Certain commonly encountered processes 

and properties, e.g., Chromatography and Density, are used as headings only for (a) methods of calculation 

or determination of the heading subject; (b) related reagents or apparatus; (c) relations with other 

processes or properties; (d) relevance to classes of compounds (but not to individual compounds); and (e) 

general studies, including books and reviews. Index headings of this nature (“general headings”) have 

heading content notes in the Index Guide (see Introduction, 6). Class headings are often restricted; thus, 

the note in the Index Guide at Amines reads: 

Studies of amines as a class are indexed at this heading. For studies of specific amines, see those specific 

headings. 

All classes of chemical compounds such as Acids, Rare earth chlorides, and Vanadates, and also 

many biological entities as well as some process and collective property headings are restricted class headings. 

In all these cases, entries will be found only if: 

(a) several (usually three or more) members of the class are discussed; 

(b) the original document, while discussing only a single member, indicates a general applicability to 

the entire class; or 

(c) a review, book, or broad study is being indexed. 

Beginning with the Thirteenth Collective period (1992), some headings (e.g., Dielectric property, Genetic 

engineering, Substitution reaction) were reclassified as hierarchically restricted headings; entries at 

these headings are not made if a hierarchically narrower heading is more appropriate. All of these headings, 

with the exception of many compound class headings, have notes in the Index Guide.

Not all class headings are so restricted. An intermediate treatment is given to Cation exchangers, Blowing 

agents, Semiconductor materials, and many similar general subject headings. Entries appear at the 

semirestricted headings for: 

(a) new materials; 

(b) classes of materials; 

(c) reviews, books, etc.; 

(d) unusual uses, e.g., catalytic action at Cation exchangers; 

(e) three or more members of the class; 

(f) applicability to the class, even though only one member is discussed. 

Absence of a note or cross-reference at all other headings implies that all significant studies are entered at 

the particular heading. Examples of headings kept complete in this way include Catalysts and Catalysis, 

Filling materials, Fuel gases, Iron ores, Soils, and Thermal insulators.

Standard abbreviations and acronyms used in <strong>CA</strong>S publications 

In both printed <strong>CA</strong> Issues and Indexes and computer-readable services, certain abbreviations and acronyms 

are automatically generated for terms in the abstract text, the keyword phrases, and the text 

modifying phrases for index entries. Users of <strong>CA</strong>S services need to know these standard abbreviations 

and acronyms in order to be able to use them in search profiles and identify them in text. 

In this document, automatically generated abbreviations and acronyms in <strong>CA</strong>S publications and services 

are arranged in two lists. To guide users to abbreviations they need to include in their search profiles, 

Listing A is arranged in the alphabetical order of the full terms which are abbreviated. To provide 

explanation of abbreviations encountered in text, Listing B is arranged in the alphabetical order of abbreviations 

and acronyms. 

In addition to the terms specifically listed as standard abbreviations and acronyms, abbreviations are 

automatically generated for the following types of words: 

1. Words formed by adding prefixes to terms normally abbreviated may also be abbreviated, e.g., 

“microchem.” for “microchemical.” In Listing A words indicated by # on the left are those which, 

if prefixed, are generally abbreviated. Abbreviations for some common prefixed terms are appended 

to Listing A. 

2. Words ending in “-ology” or “-ologic(al)(ly)” are abbreviated “-ol.,” e.g., “geol.” for “geology.” 

Some examples of such words are listed below. 

3. Words ending in “-ography” or “-ographic(al)(ly)” are abbreviated “-og.,” e.g., “chromatog.” for 

“chromatographic.” Some examples of such words are listed below. 

4. Plurals of noun abbreviations are formed by adding “s” to the singular abbreviation, e.g., “derivs.” 

for “derivatives.” Two exceptions are cases when a single abbreviation is designated to show both 

the singular and plural forms (e.g., “equil.” for “equilibrium(s)” and words marked on the list with 

an asterisk(*) whose plurals are not abbreviated. 

5. Verb forms that require “s” are abbreviated by adding “s” to the listed abbreviation, e.g., “Compd. 

decomps. on heating” for “Compound decomposes on heating.” 

Standard abbreviations and acronyms are not automatically generated for terms appearing in titles. 

However, in titles abbreviations used by the author may appear. 

In addition to the standard, automatically generated abbreviations and acronyms, other acronyms, 

atomic symbols (e.g., Cl, Sb), and molecular formulas (e.g., NaCl) may also be used in <strong>CA</strong>S publications 

and services. Many acronyms are defined in the <strong>CA</strong> Index Guide.

EXAMPLES OF SOME TERMS ENDING IN “-ology” THAT ARE ABBREVIATED “-ol.”: 

anesthesiology 

bacteriology 

biology 

cardiology 

chronology 

cytology 

dermatology 

ecology 

endocrinology 

enzymology 

epidemiology 

etiology 

gastroenterology 

geology 

gynecology 

hematology 

histology 

homology 

hydrology 

immunology 

limnology 

meteorology 

methodology 

morphology 

nephrology 

neurology 

oncology 

ophthalmology 

pathology 

petrology 

pharmacology 

physiology 

radiology 

rheology 

sedimentology 

serology 

technology 

teratology 

topology 

virology 

Abbreviation “-ol.” is also applied to the adjective form, e.g., “pharmacologic(al)”, the adverb form, 

e.g., “pharmacologically” and prefixed forms, e.g., “neuropharmacology” of terms ending in “-ology”.

EXAMPLES OF SOME TERMS ENDING IN “-ography” THAT ARE ABBREVIATED “-og.”: 

angiography 

bibliography 

biography 

cardiography 

cholecystography 

chromatography 

crystallography 

derivatography 

electroencephalography 

electrography 

fractography 

fragmentography 

geography 

holography 

lithography 

metallography 

micrography 

oceanography 

petrography 

photography 

planography 

polarography 

radiography 

reprography 

spectrography 

thermography 

tomography 

topography 

xerography 

Abbreviation “-og.” is also applied to the adjective form, e.g., “geographic(al)”, the adverb form, e.g., 

“geographically”, and prefixed forms, e.g., “paleogeography” of terms ending in “-ography”.

absolute 

abstract 

#addition 

additional(ly) 

adenosine 5′-diphosphate 

adenosine 5′-monophosphate 

adenosine triphosphatase 

adenosine 5′-triphosphate 

adrenocorticotropin 

#alcohol(ic) 

#aliphatic 

alkaline 

alkalinity* 

all valence electron 

alternating current 

amount 

ampere (unit) 

#analysis* 

#analytical(ly) 

angstrom unit 

anhydrous 

apparatus 

approximate(ly) 

approximation 

#aqueous 

#aromatic 

associate 

associated 

associating 

#association 

asymmetric(al)(ly) 

atmosphere (unit) 

atmospheric 

#atomic 

atomic mass unit 

atomic orbital 

augmented plane wave 

average 

Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer 

barrel (unit) 

becquerel (unit) 

billion electron volts (unit) 

biochemical oxygen demand 

body centered cubic 

LISTING A 

* Terms whose plurals are not automatically abbreviated by adding “s.” 

abs. 

abstr. 

addn. 

addnl. 

ADP 

AMP 

ATPase 

ATP 

ACTH 

alc. 

aliph. 

alk. 

alky. 

AVE 

a.c. 

amt. 

A 

anal. 

anal. 

Å 

anhyd. 

app. 

approx. 

approxn. 

aq. 

arom. 

assoc. 

assocd. 

assocg. 

assocn. 

asym. 

atm 

atm. 

at. 

amu 

AO 

APW 

av. 

BCS 

bbl 

Bq 

GeV 

BOD 

bcc. 

# If prefixed, these words are generally abbreviated. See examples appended to this listing.

Bohr magneton (unit) 

boiling point 

British thermal unit 

bushel (unit) 

butyl (normal) 

#calculate 

#calculated 

#calculating 

#calculation 

calorie (unit) 

carboxymethyl cellulose 

#chemical(ly) 

chemical oxygen demand 

chemically pure 

#chemistry 

circular dichroism 

#clinical(ly) 

coefficient 

coenzyme A 

coherent potential approximation 

commercial(ly) 

complete neglect of differential overlap 

composition 

compound 

concanavalin A 

#concentrate 

#concentrated 

#concentrating 

#concentration 

#conductivity* 

configuration interaction 

constant 

containing 

corrected 

coulomb (unit) 

coupled electron pair approximation 

#critical 

#crystalline 

#crystallization 

#crystallized 

#crystallizing 

cubic feet per minute (unit) 

curie (unit) 

current density 

cyclic AMP 

cyclic GMP 

cytidine 5′-diphosphate 

cytidine 5′-monophosphate 

cytidine 5′-triphosphate 

debye unit 

μB 

b.p. 

Btu 

bu 

Bu 

calc. 

calcd. 

calcg. 

calcn. 

cal 

CM-cellulose 

chem. 

COD 

CP 

chem. 

CD 

clin. 

coeff. 

CoA 

CPA 

com. 

CNDO 

compn. 

compd. 

Con A 

conc. 

concd. 

concg. 

concn. 

cond. 

CI 

const. 

contg. 

cor. 

C 

CEPA 

crit. 

cryst. 

crystn. 

crystd. 

crystg. 

cfm 

Ci 

c.d. 

cAMP 

cGMP 

CDP 

CMP 

CTP 

D

decompose 

decomposed 

decomposing 

#decomposition 

#degradation 

degree Celsius centigrade (unit) 

degree Fahrenheit (unit) 

degree Kelvin 

degree of polymerization 

density 

deoxyribonuclease 

deoxyribonucleic acid 

derivative 

#determination 

determine 

#determined 

determining 

diameter 

diatomics-in-molecules 

diethylaminoethyl cellulose 

differential thermal analysis 

dilute 

diluted 

diluting 

dilution 

dimethylformamide 

dimethyl sulfoxide 

diphosphopyridine nucleotide 

direct current 

disintegrations per minute (unit) 

dissociate 

dissociated 

dissociating 

#dissociation 

#distillation 

#distilled 

#distilling 

effective dose 

#electric(al)(ly) 

electrocardiogram 

electroencephalogram 

electromagnetic unit 

electromotive force 

electron paramagnetic resonance 

electron spin resonance 

electron volt (unit) 

electrostatic unit 

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 

#equilibrium(s) 

equivalent (unit) 

#equivalent 

decomp. 

decompd. 

decompg. 

decompn. 

degrdn. 

°C 

°F 

K 

d.p. 

d. 

DNase 

DNA 

deriv. 

detn. 

det. 

detd. 

detg. 

diam. 

DIM 

DEAE-cellulose 

DTA 

dil. 

dild. 

dilg. 

diln. 

DMF 

DMSO 

NAD 

d.c. 

dpm 

dissoc. 

dissocd. 

dissocg. 

dissocn. 

distn. 

distd. 

distg. 

ED 

elec. 

ECG 

EEG 

emu 

emf. 

ESR 

ESR 

eV 

esu 

ELISA 

equil. 

equiv 

equiv.

especially 

estimate 

estimated 

estimating 

estimation 

ethyl 

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 

evaporate 

evaporated 

evaporating 

evaporation 

#examination 

#examined 

#examining 

experiment 

experimental(ly) 

extended Hueckel molecular orbital 

extract 

extracted 

extracting 

#extraction 

face centered cubic 

farad (unit) 

fermentation 

flavin adenine dinucleotide 

flavin mononucleotide 

floating spherical Gaussian orbital 

foot (unit) 

foot-pound (unit) 

follicle-stimulating hormone 

freezing point 

gallon (unit) 

gauss (unit) 

Gaussian-type orbital 

gram (unit) 

gravitational constant 

gray (absorbed radiation dose) (unit) 

guanosine 5′-diphosphate 

guanosine 5′-monophosphate 

guanosine 5′-triphosphate 

hectare 

henry 

#hemoglobin 

hertz (cycles/sec) (unit) 

hexagonal close-packed 

highest occupied molecular orbital 

hour (unit) 

Hueckel molecular orbital 

hundredweight (unit) 

esp. 

est. 

estd. 

estg. 

estn. 

Et 

EDTA 

evap. 

evapd. 

evapg. 

evapn. 

examn. 

examd. 

examg. 

expt. 

exptl. 

EHMO 

ext. 

extd. 

extg. 

extn. 

fcc. 

F 

fermn. 

FAD 

FMN 

FSGO 

ft 

ft-lb 

FSH 

f.p. 

gal 

G 

GTO 

g 

g 

Gy 

GDP 

GMP 

GTP 

ha 

H 

Hb 

Hz 

hcp. 

HOMO 

h 

HMO 

cwt

hydrogenic atoms in molecules 

immunoglobulin 

inch (unit) 

independent electron pair approximation 

infrared 

inhibitory dose 

inosine 5′-diphosphate 

inosine 5′-monophosphate 

inosine 5′-triphosphate 

intermediate neglect of differential overlap 

international unit 

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone 

intramuscular(ly) 

intraperitoneal(ly) 

intravenous(ly) 

#irradiation 

iterative extended Hueckel molecular orbital 

joule (unit) 

kelvin (unit) 

laboratory 

lethal dose 

linear combination of atomic orbitals 

linear combination of fragment configuration 

liquid 

liter (unit) 

low energy electron diffraction 

lowest unoccupied molecular orbital 

lumen (unit) 

luteinizing hormone 

lux (unit) 

magnetohydrodynamics 

manufacture 

manufactured 

manufacturing 

mathematical(ly) 

maximum(s) 

maxwell (unit) 

#mechanical(ly) 

melanocyte-stimulating hormone 

melting at 

melting point 

melts at 

messenger RNA 

metabolism 

meter (unit) 

methyl 

mile (unit) 

HAM 

Ig 

in. 

IEPA 

IR 

ID 

IDP 

IMP 

ITP 

INDO 

IU 

ICSH 

i.m. 

i.p. 

i.v. 

irradn. 

IEHMO 

J 

K 

lab. 

LD 

L<strong>CA</strong>O 

LCFC 

liq. 

L 

LEED 

LUMO 

lm 

LH 

lx 

MHD 

manuf. 

manufd. 

manufg. 

math. 

max. 

Mx 

mech. 

MSH 

m. 

m.p. 

m. 

mRNA 

metab. 

m 

Me 

mi

miles per hour (unit) 

minimum(s) 

minute (unit) 

miscellaneous 

#mixture 

modified neglect of diatomic overlap 

molal (unit) 

molar (unit) 

mole (unit) 

#molecular 

molecular orbital 

#molecule 

molecules-in-molecules 

month (unit) 

multiconfigurational self-consistent field 

#negative(ly) 

neglect of diatomic differential overlap 

neglect of nonbonded differential overlap 

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 

nicotinamide mononucleotide 

nuclear magnetic resonance 

nuclear quadrupole resonance 

number 

observed 

oersted (unit) 

ohm (unit) 

optical rotatory dispersion 

#organic 

ounce (unit) 

#oxidation 

Pariser-Parr-Pople 

partial neglect of differential overlap 

parts per billion (unit) 

parts per million (unit) 

pascal (unit) 

perturbational molecular orbital 

phenyl 

#physical(ly) 

pint (unit) 

poise (unit) 

#polymerization 

#polymerized 

#polymerizing 

#positive(ly) 

potential difference 

pound (unit) 

pounds per square inch (unit) 

pounds per square inch absolute (unit) 

mph 

min. 

min 

misc. 

mixt. 

MNDO 

m 

M 

mol 

mol. 

MO 

mol. 

MIM 

mo 

MC-SCF 

neg. 

NDDO 

NNDO 

NAD 

NADP 

NMN 

NMR 

NQR 

no. 

obsd. 

Oe 

Ω 

ORD 

org. 

oz 

oxidn. 

PPP 

PNDO 

ppb 

ppm 

Pa 

PMO 

Ph 

phys. 

pt 

P 

polymn. 

polymd. 

polymg. 

pos. 

p.d. 

lb 

psi 

psia

pounds per square inch gage (unit) 

#powdered 

#precipitate 

#precipitated 

#precipitating 

#precipitation 

preparation 

prepare 

prepared 

preparing 

#production 

propyl (normal) 

#purification 

qualitative(ly) 

#quantitative(ly) 

quart (unit) 

radioimmunoassay 

random phase approximation 

#reduction 

reference 

reflection high energy electron diffraction 

reproduction 

resolution 

#respective(ly) 

respiratory quotient 

restricted Hartree-Fock 

revolutions per minute (unit) 

ribonuclease 

ribonucleic acid 

ribosomal RNA 

roentgen (unit) 

roentgen equivalent man (unit) 

roentgen equivalent physical (unit) 

saponification 

saponified 

saponifying 

saturate 

#saturated 

saturated calomel electrode 

saturating 

#saturation 

scanning electron microscopy 

second (unit) 

self-consistent field 

separate(ly) 

separated 

separating 

separation 

siemens (unit) 

psig 

powd. 

ppt. 

pptd. 

pptg. 

pptn. 

prepn. 

prep. 

prepd. 

prepg. 

prodn. 

Pr 

purifn. 

qual. 

quant. 

qt 

RIA 

RPA 

redn. 

ref. 

RHEED 

reprodn. 

resoln. 

resp. 

RQ 

RHF 

rpm 

RNase 

RNA 

rRNA 

R 

rem 

rep 

sapon. 

sapond. 

sapong. 

sat. 

satd. 

SCE 

satg. 

satn. 

SEM 

s 

SCF 

sep. 

sepd. 

sepg. 

sepn. 

S

Slater-type orbital 

#solubility* 

#soluble 

#solution 

specific gravity 

specific volume 

specific weight 

standard 

steradian (unit) 

stokes (unit) 

subcutaneous(ly) 

#symmetric(al)(ly) 

tablespoon (unit) 

teaspoon (unit) 

#technical(ly) 

temperature 

tesla (unit) 

tetrahydrofuran 

theoretical(ly) 

thermodynamic(s) 

thyroid-stimulating hormone 

titration 

transfer RNA 

triethylaminoethyl cellulose 

triphosphopyridine nucleotide 

ultraviolet 

United States Pharmacopeia 

unrestricted Hartree-Fock 

uridine 5′-diphosphate 

uridine 5′-monophosphate 

uridine 5′-triphosphate 

UV photoelectron spectroscopy 

volt (unit) 

volume 

watt (unit) 

weber (unit) 

week (unit) 

weight 

x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 

yard (unit) 

year (unit) 

zero differential overlap 

STO 

soly. 

sol. 

soln. 

sp. gr. 

sp. vol. 

sp. wt. 

std. 

sr 

St 

s.c. 

sym. 

tbs 

tsp 

tech. 

temp. 

T 

THF 

theor. 

thermodn. 

TSH 

titrn. 

tRNA 

TEAE-cellulose 

NADP 

UV 

USP 

UHF 

UDP 

UMP 

UTP 

UPS 

V 

vol. 

W 

Wb 

wk 

wt. 

XPS 

yd 

yr 

ZDO

ABBREVIATIONS FOR SOME COMMON PREFIXED TERMS 

anal. (analysis) 

electroanal. 

immunoanal. 

microanal. 

radioanal. 

thermoanal. 

at. [atomic(al)(ly)] 

diat. 

interat. 

monoat. 

polyat. 

tetraat. 

triat. 

chem. [chemical(ly), chemistry] 

agrochem. 

biochem. 

cytochem. 

electrochem. 

geochem. 

histochem. 

immunochem. 

neurochem. 

petrochem. 

photochem. 

physicochem. 

radiochem. 

spectrochem. 

thermochem. 

clin. [clinic(al)(ly)] 

preclin. 

subclin. 

cond. (conductivity) 

electrocond. 

magnetocond. 

photocond. 

semicond. 

supercond. 

thermocond. 

crystn. (crystallization) 

cocrystn. 

electrocrystn. 

recrystn. 

decompn. (decomposition) 

photodecompn. 

degrdn. (degradation) 

biodegrdn. 

photodegrdn. 

thermodegrdn. 

detn. (determination) 

immunodetn. 

microdetn. 

dissocn. (dissociation) 

photodissocn. 

predissocn. 

elec. [electric(al)(ly)] 

acoustoelec. 

bioelec. 

dielec. 

ferroelec. 

isoelec. 

paraelec. 

photodielec. 

photoelec. 

piezoelec. 

pyroelec. 

thermoelec. 

equil. (equilibrium) 

disequil. 

nonequil. 

preequil.

extn. (extraction) 

coextn. 

electroextn. 

reextn. 

Hb (hemoglobin) 

carbonylHb 

carboxyHb 

deoxyHb 

ferriHb 

metHb 

oxyHb 

sulfHb 

irradn. (irradiation) 

postirradn. 

preirradn. 

mech. [mechanic(al)(ly)] 

biomech. 

electromech. 

micromech. 

photomech. 

physicomech. 

thermomech. 

mol. (molecule, molecular) 

bimol. 

intermol. 

intramol. 

macromol. 

monomol. 

supermol. 

supramol. 

turbomol. 

unimol. 

org. [organic(ally)] 

bioinorg. 

bioorg. 

chloroorg. 

electroorg. 

fluoroorg. 

inorg. 

metalloorg. 

microorg. 

oxidn. (oxidation) 

autoxidn. 

biooxidn. 

cooxidn. 

deoxidn. 

electrooxidn. 

epoxidn. 

peroxidn. 

photooxidn. 

reoxidn. 

thermooxidn. 

pptn. (precipitation) 

copptn. 

immunopptn. 

soly. (solubility) 

hydrosoly. 

insoly. 

liposoly. 

sym. [symmetry, symmetric(al)(ly)] 

asym. 

unsym.

A 

Å 

abs. 

abstr. 

a.c. 

ACTH 

addn. 

addnl. 

ADP 

alc. 

aliph. 

alk. 

alky. 

AMP 

amt. 

amu 

anal. 

anhyd. 

AO 

app. 

approx. 

approxn. 

APW 

aq. 

arom. 

assoc. 

assocd. 

assocg. 

assocn. 

asym. 

at. 

atm 

atm. 

ATP 

ATPase 

av. 

AVE 

bbl 

bcc. 

BCS 

BOD 

b.p. 

Bq 

Btu 

Bu 

bu 

μB 

LISTING B 

ampere (unit) 

angstrom unit 

absolute 

abstract 

alternating current 

adrenocorticotropin 

addition 

additional(ly) 

adenosine 5′-diphosphate 

alcohol(ic) 

aliphatic 

alkaline 

alkalinity 

adenosine 5′-monophosphate 

amount 

atomic mass unit 

analysis, analytical(ly) 

anhydrous 

atomic orbital 

apparatus 

approximate(ly) 

approximation 

augmented plane wave 

aqueous 

aromatic 

associate 

associated 

associating 

association 

asymmetric(al)(ly) 

atomic 

atmosphere (unit) 

atmospheric 

adenosine 5′-triphosphate 

adenosine triphosphatase 

average 

all valence electron 

barrel (unit) 

body centered cubic 

Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer 

biochemical oxygen demand 

boiling point 

becquerel (unit) 

British thermal unit 


bushel (unit) 

Bohr magneton (unit)

C 

°C 

cal 

calc. 

calcd. 

calcg. 

calcn. 

cAMP 

c.d. 

CD 

CDP 

CEPA 

cfm 

cGMP 

chem. 

CI 

Ci 

clin. 

CM-cellulose 

CMP 

CNDO 

CoA 

COD 

coeff. 

com. 

compd. 

compn. 

Con A 

conc. 

concd. 

concg. 

concn. 

cond. 

const. 

contg. 

cor. 

CP 

CPA 

crit. 

cryst. 

crystd. 

crystg. 

crystn. 

CTP 

cwt 

D 

d. 

d.c. 

DEAE-cellulose 

decomp. 

decompd. 

coulomb (unit) 

degree Celsius (centigrade) (unit) 

calorie (unit) 

calculate 

calculated 

calculating 

calculation 

cyclic AMP 

current density 

circular dichroism 

cytidine 5′-diphosphate 

coupled electron pair approximation 

cubic feet per minute (unit) 

cyclic GMP 

chemical(ly), chemistry 

configuration interaction 

curie (unit) 

clinical(ly) 

carboxymethyl cellulose 

cytidine 5′-monophosphate 

complete neglect of differential overlap 

coenzyme A 

chemical oxygen demand 

coefficient 

commercial(ly) 

compound 

composition 

Concanavalin A 

concentrate 

concentrated 

concentrating 

concentration 

conductivity 

constant 

containing 

corrected 

chemically pure 

coherent potential approximation 

critical 

crystalline 

crystallized 

crystallizing 

crystallization 

cytidine 5′-triphosphate 

hundredweight (unit) 

debye unit 

density 

direct current 

diethylaminoethyl cellulose 

decompose 

decomposed

decompg. 

decompn. 

degrdn. 

deriv. 

det. 

detd. 

detg. 

detn. 

diam. 

dil. 

dild. 

dilg. 

diln. 

DIM 

dissoc. 

dissocd. 

dissocg. 

dissocn. 

distd. 

distg. 

distn. 

DMF 

DMSO 

DNA 

DNase 

d.p. 

dpm 

DTA 

ECG 

ED 

EDTA 

EEG 

EHMO 

elec. 

ELISA 

emf. 

emu 

equil. 

equiv 

equiv. 

esp. 

ESR 

est. 

estd. 

estg. 

estn. 

esu 

Et 

eV 

evap. 

decomposing 

decomposition 

degradation 

derivative 

determine 

determined 

determining 

determination 

diameter 

dilute 

diluted 

diluting 

dilution 

diatomics-in-molecules 

dissociate 

dissociated 

dissociating 

dissociation 

distilled 

distilling 

distillation 

dimethylformamide 

dimethyl sulfoxide 

deoxyribonucleic acid 

deoxyribonuclease 

degree of polymerization 

disintegrations per minute (unit) 

differential thermal analysis 

electrocardiogram 

effective dose 

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 

electroencephalogram 

extended Hueckel molecular orbital 

electric(al)(ly) 

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 

electromotive force 

electromagnetic unit 

equilibrium 

equivalent (unit) 

equivalent 

especially 

electron spin resonance, electron paramagnetic 

resonance 

estimate 

estimated 

estimating 

estimation 

electrostatic unit 

ethyl 

electron volt (unit) 

evaporate

evapd. 

evapg. 

evapn. 

examd. 

examg. 

examn. 

expt. 

exptl. 

ext. 

extd. 

extg. 

extn. 

F 

°F 

FAD 

fcc. 

fermn. 

FMN 

f.p. 

FSGO 

FSH 

ft 

ft-lb 

g 

g 

G 

gal 

GDP 

GeV 

GMP 

GTO 

GTP 

Gy 

h 

H 

ha 

HAM 

Hb 

hcp. 

HMO 

HOMO 

Hz 

ICSH 

ID 

IDP 

IEHMO 

IEPA 

Ig 

evaporated 

evaporating 

evaporation 

examined 

examining 

examination 

experiment 

experimental(ly) 

extract 

extracted 

extracting 

extraction 

farad 

degree Fahrenheit (unit) 

flavin adenine dinucleotide 

face centered cubic 

fermentation 

flavin mononucleotide 

freezing point 

floating spherical Gaussian orbital 

follicle-stimulating hormone 

foot (unit) 

foot-pound (unit) 

gram (unit) 

gravitational constant 

gauss (unit) 

gallon (unit) 

guanosine 5′-diphosphate 

billion electron volts (unit) 

guanosine 5′-monophosphate 

Gaussian-type orbital 

guanosine 5′-triphosphate 

gray (absorbed radiation dose) (unit) 

hour (unit) 

henry (unit) 

hectare (unit) 

hydrogenic atoms in molecules 

hemoglobin 

hexagonal close-packed 

Hueckel molecular orbital 

highest occupied molecular orbital 

hertz (cycles/sec) (unit) 

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone 

inhibitory dose 

inosine 5′-diphosphate 

iterative extended Hueckel molecular orbital 

independent electron pair approximation 

immunoglobulin

i.m. 

IMP 

in. 

INDO 

i.p. 

IR 

irradn. 

ITP 

IU 

i.v. 

J 

K 

L 

lab. 

lb 

L<strong>CA</strong>O 

LCFC 

LD 

LEED 

LH 

liq. 

lm 

LUMO 

lx 

m 

m 

M 

m. 

manuf. 

manufd. 

manufg. 

math. 

max. 

MC-SCF 

Me 

mech. 

metab. 

MHD 

mi 

MIM 

min 

min. 

misc. 

mixt. 

MNDO 

mo 

MO 

mol 

intramuscular(ly) 

inosine 5′-monophosphate 

inch (unit) 

intermediate neglect of differential overlap 

intraperitoneal(ly) 

infrared 

irradiation 

inosine 5′-triphosphate 

international unit 

intravenous(ly) 

joule (unit) 

kelvin (unit), degree Kelvin 

liter (unit) 

laboratory 

pound (unit) 

linear combination of atomic orbitals 

linear combination of fragment configuration 

lethal dose 

low energy electron diffraction 

luteinizing hormone 

liquid 

lumen (unit) 

lowest unoccupied molecular orbital 

lux (unit) 

meter (unit) 

molal (unit) 

molar (unit) 

melts at, melting at 

manufacture 

manufactured 

manufacturing 

mathematical(ly) 

maximum 

multiconfigurational self-consistent field 

methyl (not metal) 

mechanical(ly) 

metabolism 

magnetohydrodynamics 

mile (unit) 

molecules-in-molecules 

minute (unit) 

minimum 

miscellaneous 

mixture 

modified neglect of diatomic overlap 

month (unit) 

molecular orbital 

mole (unit)

mol. 

m.p. 

mph 

mRNA 

MSH 

Mx 

NAD 

NADP 

NDDO 

neg. 

NMN 

NMR 

NNDO 

no. 

NQR 

obsd. 

Oe 

Ω 

ORD 

org. 

oxidn. 

oz 

P 

Pa 

p.d. 

Ph 

phys. 

PMO 

PNDO 

polymd. 

polymg. 

polymn. 

pos. 

powd. 

ppb 

ppm 

PPP 

ppt. 

pptd. 

pptg. 

pptn. 

Pr 

prep. 

prepd. 

prepg. 

prepn. 

prodn. 

psi 

psia 

molecule, molecular 

melting point 

miles per hour (unit) 

messenger RNA 

melanocyte-stimulating hormone 

maxwell (unit) 

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 

neglect of diatomic differential overlap 

negative(ly) 

nicotinamide mononucleotide 

nuclear magnetic resonance 

neglect of nonbonded differential overlap 

number 

nuclear quadruple resonance 

observed 

oersted (unit) 

ohm (unit) 

optical rotatory dispersion 

organic 

oxidation 

ounce 

poise (unit) 

pascal (unit) 

potential difference 

phenyl 

physical(ly) 

perturbational molecular orbital 

partial neglect of differential overlap 

polymerized 

polymerizing 

polymerization 

positive(ly) 

powdered 

parts per billion (unit) 

parts per million (unit) 

Pariser-Parr-Pople 

precipitate 

precipitated 

precipitating 

precipitation 

propyl (normal) 

prepare 

prepared 

preparing 

preparation 

production 

pounds per square inch (unit) 

pounds per square inch absolute (unit)

psig 

pt 

purifn. 

qt 

qual. 

quant. 

R 

redn. 

ref. 

rem 

rep 

reprodn. 

resoln. 

resp. 

RHEED 

RHF 

RIA 

RNA 

RNase 

RPA 

rRNA 

rpm 

RQ 

s 

S 

sapon. 

sapond. 

sapong. 

sat. 

satd. 

satg. 

satn. 

s.c. 

SCE 

SCF 

SEM 

sep. 

sepd. 

sepg. 

sepn. 

sol. 

soln. 

soly. 

sp. gr. 

sp. vol. 

sp. wt. 

sr 

St 

std. 

pounds per square inch gage (unit) 

pint (unit) 

purification 

quart (unit) 

qualitative(ly) 

quantitative(ly) 

roentgen (unit) 

reduction 

reference 

roentgen equivalent man (unit) 

roentgen equivalent physical (unit) 

reproduction 

resolution 

respective(ly) 

reflection high energy electron diffraction 

restricted Hartree-Fock 

radioimmunoassay 

ribonucleic acid 

ribonuclease 

random phase approximation 

ribosomal RNA 

revolutions per minute (unit) 

respiratory quotient 

second (unit) 

siemens (unit) 

saponification 

saponified 

saponifying 

saturate 

saturated 

saturating 

saturation 

subcutaneous(ly) 

saturated calomel electrode 

self-consistent field 

scanning electron microscopy 

separate(ly) 

separated 

separating 

separation 

soluble 

solution 

solubility 

specific gravity 

specific volume 

specific weight 

steradian (unit) 

stokes (unit) 

standard

STO 

sym. 

T 

tbs 

TEAE-cellulose 

tech. 

temp. 

theor. 

thermodn. 

THF 

titrn. 

tRNA 

TSH 

tsp 

UDP 

UHF 

UMP 

UPS 

USP 

UTP 

UV 

V 

vol. 

W 

Wb 

wk 

wt. 

XPS 

yd 

yr 

ZDO 

Slater-type orbital 

symmetric(al)(ly) 


tablespoon (unit) 

triethylaminoethyl cellulose 

technical(ly) 

temperature 

theoretical(ly) 

thermodynamic(s) 

tetrahydrofuran 

titration 

transfer RNA 

thyroid-stimulating hormone 

teaspoon (unit) 

uridine 5′-diphosphate 

unrestricted Hartree-Fock 

uridine 5′-monophosphate 

UV photoelectron spectroscopy 

United States Pharmacopeia 

uridine 5′-triphosphate 

ultraviolet 

volt (unit) 

volume (not volatile) 

watt (unit) 

weber (unit) 

week (unit) 

weight 

x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 

yard (unit) 

year (unit) 

zero differential overlap

<strong>CA</strong> section titles, numbers and descriptive paragraphs in <strong>CA</strong> issues 

For the benefit of users who sometimes use <strong>CA</strong> section numbers as search terms in their profiles, a listing 

of the <strong>CA</strong> section titles with their corresponding code numbers and descriptive paragraphs are provided. 

Biochemistry Sections 

1. Pharmacology 

2. Mammalian Hormones 

3. Biochemical Genetics 

4. Toxicology 

5. Agrochemical Bioregulators 

6. General Biochemistry 

7. Enzymes 

8. Radiation Biochemistry 

9. Biochemical Methods 

10. Microbial, Algal, and Fungal Biochemistry 

11. Plant Biochemistry 

12. Nonmammalian Biochemistry 

13. Mammalian Biochemistry 

14. Mammalian Pathological Biochemistry 

15. Immunochemistry 

16. Fermentation and Bioindustrial Chemistry 

17. Food and Feed Chemistry 

18. Animal Nutrition 

19. Fertilizers, Soils, and Plant Nutrition 

20. History, Education, and Documentation 

Organic Chemistry Sections 

21. General Organic Chemistry 

22. Physical Organic Chemistry 

23. Aliphatic Compounds 

24. Alicyclic Compounds 

25. Benzene, Its Derivatives, and Condensed Benzenoid Compounds 

26. Biomolecules and Their Synthetic Analogs 

27. Heterocyclic Compounds (One Hetero Atom) 

28. Heterocyclic Compounds (More Than One Hetero Atom) 

29. Organometallic and Organometalloidal Compounds 

30. Terpenes and Terpenoids 

31. Alkaloids 

32. Steroids 

33. Carbohydrates 

34. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 

Macromolecular Chemistry Sections 

35. Chemistry of Synthetic High Polymers 

36. Physical Properties of Synthetic High Polymers 

37. Plastics Manufacture and Processing

38. Plastics Fabrication and Uses 

39. Synthetic Elastomers and Natural Rubber 

40. Textiles and Fibers 

41. Dyes, Organic Pigments, Fluorescent Brighteners, and Photographic Sensitizers 

42. Coatings, Inks, and Related Products 

43. Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products 

44. Industrial Carbohydrates 

45. Industrial Organic Chemicals, Leather, Fats, and Waxes 

46. Surface-Active Agents and Detergents 

Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Sections 

47. Apparatus and Plant Equipment 

48. Unit Operations and Processes 

49. Industrial Inorganic Chemicals 

50. Propellants and Explosives 

51. Fossil Fuels, Derivatives, and Related Products 

52. Electrochemical, Radiational, and Thermal Energy Technology 

53. Mineralogical and Geological Chemistry 

54. Extractive Metallurgy 

55. Ferrous Metals and Alloys 

56. Nonferrous Metals and Alloys 

57. Ceramics 

58. Cement, Concrete, and Related Building Materials 

59. Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene 

60. Waste Treatment and Disposal 

61. Water 

62. Essential Oils and Cosmetics 

63. Pharmaceuticals 

64. Pharmaceutical Analysis 

Physical, Inorganic, and Analytical Chemistry Sections 

65. General Physical Chemistry 

66. Surface Chemistry and Colloids 

67. Catalysis, Reaction Kinetics, and Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms 

68. Phase Equilibriums, Chemical Equilibriums, and Solutions 

69. Thermodynamics, Thermochemistry, and Thermal Properties 

70. Nuclear Phenomena 

71. Nuclear Technology 

72. Electrochemistry 

73. Optical, Electron, and Mass Spectroscopy and Other Related Properties 

74. Radiation Chemistry, Photochemistry, and Photographic and Other 

Reprographic Processes 

75. Crystallography and Liquid Crystals 

76. Electric Phenomena 

77. Magnetic Phenomena 

78. Inorganic Chemicals and Reactions 

79. Inorganic Analytical Chemistry 

80. Organic Analytical Chemistry

1. Pharmacology 

This section includes the biochemical, physiological, and toxic effects of drugs or potential drugs, their 

metabolism, analysis in biological systems, and structure-activity relations. Gene therapy is included, but 

drug genetic engineering methodology is included in Section 3; commercial production of drugs by genetically 

engineered organisms or cells is included in Section 16. Drug formulations are included in Section 

63; analysis of drug formulations appears in Section 64; the pharmacology of hormones and agents affecting 

reproduction, e.g., contraceptives, in Section 2; radiopharmaceuticals, in Section 8; effects of antibiotics, 

bactericides, etc., on microorganisms in vitro are placed in Section 10; studies emphasizing the 

synthesis of drugs are placed in the appropriate synthetic organic or inorganic section; drugs used only as 

tools appear in the section appropriate to the organism or process under study. 

2. Mammalian Hormones 

This section covers the biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, toxicology, analysis, structure, properties, 

isolation, purification, tissue distribution, metabolism, and mechanisms of mammalian hormones, 

hormonal receptors, and hormone-like substances. The molecular genetics of hormones is also placed 

here. Nonmammalian hormones in nonmammalian systems are covered in Sections 5 or 12, plant hormones 

are placed in Sections 5 or 11, and hormone formulations are in Section 63. Hormones in pathology 

and in physiology of immunological processes are covered in Sections 14 and 15, respectively. The pharmacology 

of non-hormone hormone inhibitors is placed in Section 1, and studies emphasizing synthesis 

appear in the appropriate synthetic section. 


This section includes molecular-level studies on gene and genomic structural organization and mapping, 

sequences, mutation, regulation of expression, recombination, repair, replication, molecular cloning, genetic 

engineering, methods for genetic analysis and manipulation, and genetic properties of subgenomic 

entities (plasmids and transposons). Classical genetics (e.g., isoenzyme and haplotype patterns in populations) 

is treated in appropriate organism-specific sections. Genetics of animal immune mediator regulation 

and disease pathogenesis in plants, nonmammals, and mammals are respectively in Sections 15, 11, 

12, and 14. Gene therapy is in Sections 1, 2, 15, and 63. Studies on physiological effectors of gene expression 

are in sections appropriate for the effector. Physicochemical studies of nucleic acids are in Section 

6. Sequences of hormones, toxins, proteins, enzymes, and immunochemicals are respectively in 

Sections 2, 4, 6, 7, and 15. 

4. Toxicology 

This section includes the toxic effects of chemicals, venoms, and toxins on plants, nonmammals, and 

mammals, including subcellular studies. Coverage includes actual or potential environmental pollutants, 

forensic and medicolegal studies, toxicological analysis, agrochemical toxicity in nontarget organisms, 

ethanol biological effects, tobacco toxicity, antidotes, and oxygen toxicity. Structure elucidation of proteinaceous 

toxins and proteinaceous venom components is also covered. Toxin studies emphasizing microbial 

infections or the physiology of the toxins appear in the section appropriate to the investigated 

organism. Drug, hormone, agrochemical (involving target organisms), food, and cosmetic toxicity are 

covered in Sections 1, 2, 5, 17, and 62, respectively. Toxic substances used as investigatory tools are covered 

in the section appropriate to the organism or process under study. 

5. Agrochemical Bioregulators 

This section includes studies on agrochemicals such as herbicides, insecticides, microbicides, and other 

pesticides, plant regulators and pest attractants and repellents, externally applied veterinary pesticides, and 

chemosterilants of agronomic interest. Studies on agrochemical residues in soil and agricultural waters 

(including analyses) are covered here; agrochemicals as pollutants are covered in Sections 4, 59, or 61.

Studies of pest resistance in genetically engineered plants are also covered here. Toxic effects of agrochemicals 

on nontarget organisms are covered in Section 4. Mechanism of action studies of plant hormones 

are covered in Section 11. Pesticide occurrence in food is covered in Section 17. Studies on the 

synthesis or manufacture of agrochemicals are covered in Sections 9 or 16 or the appropriate organic or 

inorganic chemistry section. 


This section includes studies of subcellular systems and processes; biological membranes (and models); 

molecular evolution and prebiotic Earth; xenobiochemistry; comparative studies involving organisms covered 

in more than one <strong>CA</strong> section; nomenclature rules for biomolecules other than toxins, hormones, enzymes, 

and immunochemicals; the physicochemical properties of nucleic acids and proteins; the structures 

of their constituent parts; and the sequences and structures of nucleic acids involved in processing or translation 

of mRNA. Studies of proteins (and the nucleic acids that encode them) are in sections appropriate 

to their activity. Other natural products are in Section 6 when their physicochemical and biological properties 

are correlated. Subcellular processes are excluded when the process is first effected in cellular systems 

or when more appropriate to a section dealing with the process. Genetic processes are in Section 3. 

7. Enzymes 

This section covers all aspects of enzyme and coenzyme biochemistry, including analysis, isolation, purification, 

characterization, structure (including sequence), and active site studies, reaction mechanisms, 

model studies, substrate specificity, activation, inhibition, regulation (in vitro), immobilization, enzyme 

heterogeneity, subcellular biosynthesis, and structure studies on protein inhibitors and activators. The use 

of enzymes as analytical reagents is usually included in Section 9. Physiology, including enzymic activation, 

of blood-clotting enzyme systems is covered in Section 13. Determination of tissue enzyme levels 

where tissue composition is of primary interest and studies on enzyme heterogeneity where the interest is 

primarily in the organism are found in the appropriate organism-related sections. Immobilized enzyme 

systems with commercial fermentation interest are in Section 16. 


This section includes the biochemical effects of high- and low-energy radiation, and the metabolism and 

biochemical effects of radioisotopes and radioactive fallout. The section also includes biochemical studies 

with radioprotectants, radiomimetics, radiosensitizers, radioisotope decorporation and chelating agents, 

scintigraphic agents, radiocontrast media, and the nonclinical use of radiation in disease diagnosis and 

therapy. Studies of the chemical effects of light on the vision process or in photoperiodicity phenomena 

are covered in the organism-specific section. Light in photosynthesis is found in Section 11; radiopharmaceutical 

and radiocontrast media formulations and analysis in Sections 63 and 64, respectively; equipment 

and technology for application in radiotherapy and health physics in Section 71; radiochemical and 

spectrochemical analysis of general biochemical interest in Section 9. 


This section covers methods for determining, detecting, separating, and purifying chemical components 

of biological systems, for determining biopolymer properties, for labeling biological compounds by exchange 

reactions or by synthetic procedures with tracers, for preparing and maintaining cell or tissue cultures 

or organs, for organ (nonendocrine) function tests and clinicochemical methods of diagnosis, for 

synthesizing natural products with enzymes, and for determining effects of antimicrobials on microorganisms. 

This section also covers apparatus and reagents needed for the various methods as well as apparatus 

and chemical technology associated with life-support systems. Analytical and/or preparative methods of 

interest in specific fields are found in the sections covering these fields. Genetic methods are found in Section 

3.

10. Microbial, Algal, and Fungal Biochemistry 

This section includes studies on the compositional, nutrition, metabolism, development, and classical genetics 

of viroids, viruses, bacteria, yeasts, protozoa, slime molds, algae, and fungi. Also included here are 

studies of mRNA processing and translation, and gene expression studies where the interest is in the 

mRNA (cDNA) or product. Structure elucidation and(or) physicochemical properties of proteins and nucleic 

acids are covered in Sections 3, 4, 6, or 7. Genetic engineering and molecular genetics of microorganisms, 

are covered in Section 3. Pathological effects of microorganisms are covered in the sections for 

the pathology of the target organisms. All photosynthetic processes involving bacteriochlorophyll or chlorophyll 

are covered in Section 11. Microbial synthesis of substances of industrial or commercial interest 

is covered in Section 16. 


This section includes plant metabolism, composition, diseases, development and aging, hormone physiology, 

classical genetics and phylogeny, periodicity, nastic responses, and photosynthetic studies relating to 

chlorophyll or bacteriochlorophyll. Tobacco studies are included except for toxicity studies which are 

placed in Section 4. Included are studies of mRNA processing and translation, and gene expression studies 

where interest is in the mRNA (cDNA) or product. Structure elucidation and(or) physicochemical properties 

of natural products other than proteins and nucleic acids from plants, if not the initial isolation, are 

in Sections 26 and 30-34, with those for proteins and nucleic acids in Sections 3, 4, 6, or 7. Genetic engineering 

and molecular genetics of plants are in Section 3. Plant nutrition is in Section 19, and agrochemicals 

of agronomic interest are in Section 5. Studies of macroalgae and macrofungi are in Section 10. 

12. Nonmammalian Biochemistry 

This section covers composition, development, metabolism, physiology, pathology, and classical genetics 

and phylogeny of nonmammalian animals, excluding protozoa. Included are studies on disease pathogenesis, 

mRNA processing and translation, and gene expression studies where interest is in the mRNA (cD- 

NA) or product. Studies of subcellular processes are covered in Section 6; structure elucidation and(or) 

physicochemical properties of natural products other than proteins and nucleic acids from nonmammals, 

if not the initial isolation in Sections 26 and 30-34; structure elucidation and(or) physicochemical properties 

of proteins and nucleic acids in Sections 3, 4, 6, 7, or 15; and nutritional studies in Section 18. Effects 

of pest-control agents on target organisms are included in Sections 1 or 5. Immunology in nonmammals 

is covered in Section 15. 


This section covers chemical composition, development, metabolism, physiology, classical genetics and 

phylogeny of mammals. Included are cellular studies on mRNA processing and translation and gene expression 

where interest is in the mRNA (cDNA) or product. Studies of subcellular processes are covered 

in Section 6; structure elucidation and(or) physicochemical properties of natural products other than proteins 

and nucleic acids from mammals, if not the initial isolation, in Sections 26 and 30-34; and structure 

elucidation and(or) physicochemical properties of proteins and nucleic acids in Sections 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, or 

15. Mammalian pathology, immunology, and nutrition are covered in Sections 14, 15, and 18, respectively. 

14. Mammalian Pathological Biochemistry 

This section includes the biochemistry, etiology, pathogenesis, genetics, nonpharmacological treatment, 

such as surgery or transplantation, and manifestations of mammalian diseases. Disease diagnosis by standard 

analytical methods is included. Novel diagnostic methodology is found in Section 9, Section 3 (for 

genetic methods), or in sections related to specific substances (e.g., Sections 2 or 15). The pharmacologial 

treatment of diseases is found in Sections 1, 2, and 63; radiation therapy studies in Section 8; alcoholism

studies in Section 4; industrial and air pollution-related diseases in Sections 4 and 59; nutritional diseases 

in Section 18. In mammalian infections, host-related changes are here, but infective-organism changes are 

found in Sections 10 and 12. The immunochemistry of diseases is found in Section 15. Food allergies are 

placed in Section 17. 


This section includes the chemistry, analysis, and biological activity of immunochemical substances such 

as antigens, antibodies, allergens, blood-group substances, and cytokines of animals. The genetics of immunity, 

including gene therapy, are included when immunochemical interest is emphasized. Genomic and 

genetic element manipulations are in Section 3 when the interest in the immunochemistry is incidental. 

Immunochemistry of cell metabolism, of tissue rejection, of disease, and therapeutic use of immunological 

mediators are included. Plant immunochemistry is in Section 11. Therapeutic use of immunosuppressants, 

immune adjuvants, and interferon inducers are in Section 1. Immunochemical methods for determining 

nonimmunological substances are in Section 9 and other appropriate sections. Formulation of 

vaccines and delivery systems for human or veterinary pharmaceutical use is in Section 63. 

16. Fermentation and Bioindustrial Chemistry 

This section includes the biochemistry of fermentation processes of actual or potential commercial interest. 

The use of immobilized enzymes, nonmicrobial tissue cultures and genetically engineered plants and 

animals are included. Fermentation in food production, other than single-cell protein production, is found 

in Section 17. Fermentations related to waste treatment are found in Section 60. Fermentative production 

of fuels is in Section 52. Studies emphasizing the technology of enzyme immobilization are found in Section 

7. The isolation and identification of microbial products are in Section 10. Structural elucidation of 

microbial products in which the isolation procedure or biological properties are not detailed is found in the 

appropriate organic chemistry natural products section. Tobacco fermentation is in Section 11 and compost 

fermentation is in Section 19. 

17. Food and Feed Chemistry 

This section includes food and feed components and methods for their determination, additives, processing, 

packaging, and preservation systems, government regulations, and nutritive value evaluations in nontarget 

organisms or in vitro. Studies of contamination and contaminants, carcinogens, mutagens, 

toxicants, and nonnutrient antimutagens and anticarcinogens present in foods and feeds or their formation 

on processing and storage are placed here. Also included are the chemistry, reactions, and functional properties 

of components in food and model systems, genetically engineered foods, food allergies, analysis of 

food and FD & C dyes for intermediates and impurities, fermented foods, alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, 

flavorings, condiments, sweeteners and cariogenicity, postharvest ripening and storage changes of 

food quality interest, and physiological effects of nonnutrient food components. 


This section includes general nutritional studies with all animal species except protozoa, including requirements, 

utilization, imbalances, interrelations, nutritional disease, and feeding trials with nutrients and nonnutrient 

growth and metabolic stimulants. Nutritive value determinations on feed and food components 

in target animals are placed here, but such studies by chemical, enzymic, or biological methods in vitro are 

covered in Section 17. Nonnutritional aspects of obesity and metabolic disorders are covered in Section 

14 for mammals and in Section 12 for nonmammals, and nutrient intermediate metabolism is covered in 

Sections 12 or 13. Therapeutic nutrition is covered here; formulation and manufacture of products for 

parenteral nutrition are covered in Section 63. Toxicology of nutrients is included, but food and feed toxicology 

studies are covered in Section 17.

19. Fertilizers, Soils, and Plant Nutrition 

This section covers technology and properties of soil amendments and the effects of amendments on plant 

composition and soil chemistry. Plant nutrient requirements and use are covered here; whereas, nutrient 

metabolism by plants and tissue cultures are placed in Section 11. Soil organic and inorganic constituents 

of agricultural interest and soil reclamation are included, but studies on inorganic constituents not of agricultural 

interest and biogeoprospecting are placed in Section 53. Soil pollution is covered here and in Sections 

4, 8, 59, 60, 61, and 71, depending on study emphasis. Soil modification for engineering is covered 

in Section 58. Methods for study of fertilizers, plant nutrition, and soil constituents of agricultural interest 

are included. 

20. History, Education, and Documentation 

This section includes awards, biographies, and obituaries of well-known chemists; historical chemistry, 

paleontological and archaeological chemistry; chemistry of art and preservation of art objects; chemistry 

teaching, experiments, and demonstrations; and general studies on chemical information, documentation, 

data processing, and computer applications related to these activities. The section also includes general 

notes on chemical industry and economics, as well as reports on units and systems of chemical measurement 

and nomenclature of general chemical interest. Chemical information and computer applications related 

to chemistry covered in a specific section are included in that section, and chemical industry and 

economic studies related to a specific substance or industry are included in the section appropriate to the 

substance or industry. 

21. General Organic Chemistry 

This section includes general synthetic processes (e.g., hydrogenation, high-pressure synthesis), work-up 

procedures (preparative-scale chromatography), reactions, nomenclature, and computer applications as 

these apply to a wide variety of organic compound classes. Reviews, discussions, books, technical reports, 

and conference proceedings of general interest to organic chemists are included here, as are studies of organic 

compounds of unknown structure. Physical organic studies of a general nature are placed in Section 

22. Industrial manufacturing and processing of compounds normally found in this section are included in 

Section 45. 

22. Physical Organic Chemistry 

This section includes studies on the mechanism and kinetics of reactions of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, 

and heterocyclic compounds, as well as spectral, stereochemical, and thermodynamic studies, correlation 

analysis, and quantum mechanics where emphasis is on the reaction. Physical organic studies of 

organometallic compounds and organic natural products are found in Section 26 and 29-34. Where explicit 

biological significance is stated, the study is included in the appropriate biochemistry section. Fundamental 

principles of quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and spectra with no explicit reference to 

organic structures or reactions are included in Sections 65, 69, and 73, respectively. 

23. Aliphatic Compounds 

This section includes the synthesis, purification, stabilization, reactions, and determination of molecular 

structure of acyclic carbon compounds. Physical organic studies are included in Section 22. Cyclic derivatives 

of aliphatic acids, such as lactams and lactones, are included in Section 27 or 28. The manufacture, 

processing, and properties of common monomers are included in Sections 35, 36, 37, and 39. The 

manufacture of aliphatic compounds specifically for use as fuels or in fuel products is included in Section 

51. Industrial manufacturing and processing of compounds normally found in this section are included in 

Section 45.



structure of alicyclic carbon compounds, including fully hydrogenated derivatives of polynuclear condensed 

benzene compounds and such aromatic compounds as azulenes, fulvenes, and tropones. Physical 

organic studies are included in Section 22. Cyclic derivatives of alicyclic acids, such as lactams and lactones, 

are included in Section 27 or 28. Prostaglandins and other alicyclic natural products or their synthetic 

analogs are included in Section 26. Industrial manufacturing and processing of compounds 

normally found in this section are included in Section 45. 

25. Benzene, Its Derivatives, and Condensed Benzenoid Compounds 

This section includes the synthesis, purification, stabilization, and reactions of benzene and its derivatives, 

and of condensed carbocyclic compounds containing at least one fused benzene ring. Physical organic 

studies are included in Section 22. Cyclic derivatives of acids, such as anhydrides and lactones, are included 

in Section 27 or 28. The manufacture of benzene and its derivatives specifically for use as or in 

fuel products is included in Section 51. The manufacture, processing, and properties of common monomers 

are included in Sections 35, 36, 37, and 39. Industrial manufacturing and processing of compounds 

normally found in this section are included in Section 45. 

26. Biomolecules and Their Synthetic Analogs 

This section includes synthesis, reactions, physical organic studies, and determination of molecular structures 

of naturally occurring β-lactams and other antibiotics, prostaglandins, flavonoids, porphyrins, pheromones, 

and vitamins, including analogs and intermediates in their synthesis, but excludes natural 

products placed in more specific sections. Simple biomolecules, when used for other than biological purposes, 

e.g., nonbiological uses of ethanol, citric acid, coumarin, and furfural, are included in the appropriate 

biochemical, organic chemistry, or other section. Isolation studies and studies in which both isolation 

and characterization or structure elucidation are reported are included in Section 11 or other biochemistry 

sections. Chemical syntheses in which a fermentative step is the point of the study are included in Section 

16. 

27. Heterocyclic Compounds (One Hetero Atom) 


structure of cyclic compounds that contain two or more carbon atoms in a single ring and no more than 

one hetero atom (nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and the halogens), as well as spiro compounds with one hetero 

atom in each ring. Physical organic studies are included in Section 22. Studies on the preparation, processing, 

and properties of caprolactam, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and similar common monomers, 

unless a nonpolymer application is explicitly stated, are included in Section 35 or 36. Industrial manufacturing 

and processing of compounds normally found in this section are included in Section 45. 

28. Heterocyclic Compounds (More Than One Hetero Atom) 


structure of cyclic compounds that contain one or more carbon atoms in a single ring and a total of two or 

more hetero atoms (nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and the halogens). Physical organic studies are included in 

Section 22. Cephalosporins, penicillins, their analogs, and intermediates in their preparation are included 

in Section 26. Nucleosides and nucleotides are included in Section 33. Industrial manufacturing and processing 

of compounds normally found in this section are included in Section 45. 

29. Organometallic and Organometalloidal Compounds 

This section includes the synthesis, stabilization, purification, physical organic studies, reactions, and determination 

of molecular structure of compounds that contain one or more carbon-metal or carbon-metal-

loid covalent (sigma and pi) bonds. Metal heterocyclics containing no carbon-metal bond in the ring, e.g., 

borazine, phosphazene, and cyclotrisiloxane, or homocycles, e.g., cyclopentagermane, are also included 

here. Simple metal carbonyls, cyanides, carbides, and cyanates are included in Sections 49 or 78. 

30. Terpenes and Terpenoids 

This section includes the synthesis, reactions, physical organic studies, characterization, and structure 

studies of terpenes and terpenoids, compounds possessing carbon skeletons that for the most part can be 

regarded as built by fusion of two or more isoprene units. Steroidal terpenoids as well as rosins, tall oil, 

resin acids, and turpentine, if specific terpenoid components are emphasized or characterized, are included 

here. Terpenoid alkaloids are included in Section 31. Isolation studies and studies in which both isolation 

and characterization or structure elucidation are reported are included in Section 11 or other biochemistry 

section. 

31. Alkaloids 

This section includes the synthesis, reactions, physical organic studies, characterization, and structure 

studies of alkaloids (nitrogenous bases of plant, animal, or microbial origin, with typically characteristic 

physiological activity), including their analogs and intermediates in their synthesis. Terpenoid and peptide 

alkaloids are included here. Steroidal alkaloids are included in Section 32. Isolation studies and studies 

in which both isolation and characterization or structure elucidation are reported are included in Section 

11 or other biochemistry section. Biological amines (such as phenethylamine and tyramine) and purine 

derivatives (such as caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) are included in Section 26. 

32. Steroids 

This section includes the synthesis, characterization, physical organic studies, and structure studies of steroids, 

substances containing the cyclopenta(a)phenanthrene structure, which may be of plant, animal, or 

microbial origin, and closely related compounds. Steroidal alkaloids are included here. Terpenoid steroids 

are included in Section 30 and steroidal saponins in Section 33. Isolation studies and studies in which 

both isolation and characterization or structure elucidation are reported are included in Section 11 or other 

biochemistry section. Chemical syntheses in which a fermentative step is the point of the study are included 

in Section 16. 

33. Carbohydrates 

This section includes the nonindustrial synthesis, reactions, physical organic studies, and structure studies 

of three-membered and higher carbohydrates and their derivatives and polymers. Nucleosides, nucleotides, 

steroidal saponins, and the chemical synthesis and semisynthesis of nucleic acids are also included 

here. Isolation studies and studies in which both isolation and characterization or structure elucidation are 

reported are included in Section 11 or other biochemistry section. Chemical syntheses in which a fermentative 

step is the point of the study, are included in Section 16. Glycopeptides and glycoproteins are included 

in Section 34 or a biochemistry section. Carbohydrates of commercial and industrial significance, 

such as cane and beet sugars, molasses, starches, gums, mucilages, and pectins, are included in Section 44 

or a biochemistry section. 

34. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 

This section includes the synthesis, reactions, characterization, physical organic studies, and structure 

studies of amino acids and peptides of plants, animal, or microbial origin and their derivatives, including 

poly(amino acids) and sequential polypeptides derived from naturally occurring amino acids. Glycopeptides 

and chemical synthesis and semisynthesis of proteins and glycoproteins are included here. Other 

studies of proteins and glycoproteins including amino acid composition and sequence as well as functional 

groups and cross-links are included in Section 6. Synthesis and properties of poly(amino acids) or their

derivatives which are primarily of use or potential use as plastics or fibers or which are prepared and studied 

for their macromolecular properties are included in Section 35, 36, or 40. 

35. Chemistry of Synthetic High Polymers 

This section includes the chemical transformations of synthetic high polymers: synthesis and reactions of 

polymers, related monomers, and polymer models; reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanisms 

of these transformations. Studies of polymers prepared for a specific use or of a specific class are contained 

in the section encompassing the use or class: e.g., polypeptides in Section 34; plastics in Sections 

37 or 38; elastomers in Section 39; fibers in Section 40; coatings in Section 42. 

36. Physical Properties of Synthetic High Polymers 

This section includes the physical properties and physical interactions of synthetic high polymers. Physical 

properties of polymers for a specific use or of a specific class are contained in the section encompassing 

the use or class: e.g., polypeptides in Section 34; plastics in Section 37 or 38; elastomers in Section 39; 

fibers in Section 40; coatings in Section 42. 

37. Plastics Manufacture and Processing 

This section includes preparation, manufacture, testing, processing, and composition of resins and related 

compounds for use in plastics manufacture. Resins of a specific class or for a specific use are included in 

the section encompassing the class or use: e.g., coatings in Section 42; fibers in Section 40; elastomeric 

resins in Section 39; and naval stores in Section 43. End-product fabrication of plastics is included in Section 

38. 

38. Plastics Fabrication and Uses 

This section includes end-product fabrication of plastics, fabricating processes or techniques of chemical 

and chemical engineering interest, and plastics reclamation. Fabrication of resins of some specific classes 

or for some specific uses are included in the section encompassing the class or use: e.g., elastomers are 

placed in Section 39; fibers in Section 40; waxes in Section 45; prosthetic devices in Section 63. 

39. Synthetic Elastomers and Natural Rubber 

This section includes analysis, preparation, manufacture, testing, processing, and composition of synthetic 

elastomers and natural rubber and the chemicals used in their manufacture. Also included is chemical engineering 

related to production of synthetic elastomers and rubber chemicals and to the fabrication of tires 

and preparation of their components. Uses of elastomers are included in the sections encompassing the 

use: e.g., coatings in Section 42; prosthetic devices in Section 63. 


This section includes analysis, preparation, manufacture, testing, processing, and composition of natural 

and synthetic fibers and the chemicals used in their manufacture and processing. Fibers for use as reinforcing 

agents are included in the appropriate section encompassing the material being reinforced. Dye 

synthesis and color-structure relationship are included in Section 41. Dry cleaning and laundering are included 

in Section 46. Preparation and processing of inorganic fibrous materials by methods unrelated to 

textile processing are included in the appropriate inorganic section. 

41. Dyes, Organic Pigments, Fluorescent Brighteners, and Photographic Sensitizers 

This section includes preparation, manufacture, processing, and properties of natural and synthetic dyes 

and organic pigments, synthesis of fluorescent brighteners, photographic color couplers, photographic 

dyes, sensitizers for photographic emulsions, and color formers for copying processes. Uses of dyes are 

included in the sections encompassing the use: e.g., dyeing of textiles in Section 40; dyeing of leather in

Section 45; dyeing of plastics in Section 37; photographic emulsion preparation in Section 74; dyes used 

in cosmetic formulations in Section 62. 

42. Coatings, Inks, and Related Products 

This section includes the manufacture and use of decorative, finishing, and protective coatings and the materials 

used in their manufacture. Coatings of a specific class or for a specific use are included in the section 

encompassing the class or use: e.g., fiber coatings in Section 40; paper coatings in Section 43; vitreous 

coatings in Section 57; cosmetic enamels in Section 62; dental coatings in Section 63; electrode oxide coatings 

in Section 72; photographic coatings in Section 74. 

43. Cellulose, Lignin, Paper, and Other Wood Products 

This section includes the chemistry and chemical processing of wood and other raw materials for the manufacture 

of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, and other wood-related chemical products (e.g., naval stores); 

and the chemistry of pulps, paper manufacture, paper products, spent liquors, cellulose derivatives, and 

viscose. Textile uses of cellulose or its derivatives appear in Section 40. Biochemical studies on trees 

appear in Section 11. Microbiology of pulp and paper is included in Section 10. Paper substitutes that are 

plastic films appear in Section 38. 


This section includes the nonenzymic manufacture and processing and nonfood uses of commercial noncellulosic 

carbohydrates (e.g., cane and beet sugars, molasses, starches, gums, mucilages, and pectins). 

Sugars, molasses, honey, and starches as foods and enzymic processes for industrial carbohydrate food 

production appear in Section 17. Noncommercial studies of noncellulosic carbohydrates appear in Section 

33. Fermentation processes for industrial carbohydrates are included in Section 16. Commercial cellulosic 

carbohydrates are placed in Section 43. 

45. Industrial Organic Chemicals, Leather, Fats, and Waxes 

This section includes manufacture, processing, and applications of commodity organic chemicals, including 

use as chemical feedstocks; tanning of furs, skins, and hides; processing of tanning materials and products 

of tanning operations; processing of inedible or unspecified animal and vegetable fats and ester oils; 

and the chemistry of synthetic glycerides and waxes. Organic chemicals of a specific class or for a specific 

use are included in the section encompassing the class or use: e.g., synthesis of organic chemicals in the 

appropriate synthetic organic section. 

46. Surface-Active Agents and Detergents 

This section includes the chemistry of cleaning compositions and their components (e.g., soaps, syndets, 

detergent builders, dry cleaning solvents) and nonspecific uses of surface-active agents. Specific uses of 

surface-active agents are included in the sections encompassing the use: e.g., polyurethane foam formulations 

in Section 37; ore-flotation agents in Section 54; cosmetic formulations in Section 62; chemical 

cleaning of metals in Sections 55 or 56; chemical cleaning of textiles as part of the manufacturing process 

in Section 40. Physical chemistry of surface-active agents appears in Section 66. 

47. Apparatus and Plant Equipment 

This section includes laboratory apparatus for research and development, industrial apparatus and equipment 

for carrying out any of the unit operations (involving physical change) and unit processes (involving 

chemical change), when the equipment has a multipurpose application. Apparatus and equipment having 

a singular use, identifiable with a specific section, are placed in that appropriate section. Included also in 

this section are high- and low-temperature apparatus (e.g., furnaces, Dewars), material-handling apparatus 

(e.g., conveyors, vessels), and general construction materials for the equipment. Apparatus and equipment

undefinable as to specific area of application or for multiple areas of application are placed here. 

48. Unit Operations and Processes 

This section includes general multipurpose unit operations (physical change involved) and unit processes 

(chemical change involved). Unit operations and processes identifiable with a specific section are placed 

in that appropriate section. Included are experimental and theoretical studies of chemical engineering subjects 

(e.g., transport processes, material handling, separation and mixing processes, size reduction and enlargement, 

process control, optimization, and mathematical modeling). Design fundamentals and 

automation are also included. Flame propagation and flame stability of unspecified materials are placed 

here, but flame studies of specific materials are placed in the appropriate section, e.g., propellants in Section 

50, fossil fuels and blends in Section 51, fireproofing of textiles in Section 40. 

49. Industrial Inorganic Chemicals 

This section includes those processes and reactions for the preparation and purification of inorganic chemicals 

that are especially of commercial interest. Those inorganic compounds of a more restricted use, when 

the use is demonstrated, are included in the section appropriate for the use: e.g., carbon black manufactured 

and used to make rubber, Section 39; special forms of calcium phosphate use in dentifrices, Section 62; 

metal oxides for ceramics, Section 57. 

50. Propellants and Explosives 

This section includes the preparation, properties, and uses of explosives, propellants, incendiaries, and pyrotechnics 

as well as devices employing these compositions. It includes ignition, detonation, explosion, 

combustion, and flame studies. Fire extinguishers are included but not fireproofing or fire-retarding 

agents, which are covered in the section appropriate to the material treated. Ionic propulsion is included 

here but nuclear propulsion is placed in Section 71. Aerosol propellant studies for specific applications 

are placed in the appropriate section, e.g., pesticides in Section 5; food in Section 17; lubricants in Section 

51; cosmetics in Section 62. 

51. Fossil Fuels, Derivatives, and Related Products 

This section includes the geochemistry, prospecting, recovery, refining, and uses of fossil fuels, petroleum 

and coal; refining, treatment, and uses of fossil fuel products and their derivatives (e.g., gasoline, lubricants, 

asphalt, synthesis gas from coal); analysis, properties, catalysts for production of hydrocarbon fuels 

and related products, and safety aspects of fossil fuels and their derivatives; and drilling fluids, oil additives, 

antifreeze compositions, synthetic lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cutting oils, and the production of hydrocarbon 

fuels from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Flame studies and combustion of fossil fuels are 

included in this section. Treatment of automotive exhaust gases and stack gases is included in Section 59; 

paving compositions in Section 58; and manufacture of industrial chemicals from petroleum in Section 45. 

52. Electrochemical, Radiational, and Thermal Energy Technology 

This section covers chemical, biochemical, electrochemical, photochemical and chemical engineering aspects 

of nonfossil (solar, ocean thermal, geothermal, waste heat) energy sources; recovery and conversion 

or use of these sources, energy-conversion devices and their components, and energy handling and storage; 

production of fuels from biomass and organic wastes by, e.g., fermentation, gasification, etc.; safety 

aspects of nonfossil energy utilization. Conventional methods for production of hydrogen are included in 

Section 49 for industrial methods, Section 78 for laboratory synthesis, or Section 72 for electrolysis, fossil 

fuels and blends in Section 51, nuclear fuels and nuclear batteries are included in Section 71. Electrochemical 

devices having no power generation application are covered in appropriate sections, e.g., standard 

cells in Section 72, oxygen sensors for automobile exhaust gases in Section 59.

53. Mineralogical and Geological Chemistry 

This section includes the chemistry of mineralogy; economic geology formation of igneous, metamorphic, 

and sedimentary rocks, sediments, and soils; geochronology; cosmochemistry of the solar system; meteorites; 

atmosphere; rainmaking processes; hydrogeochemistry of groundwaters, thermal springs, and 

brines; and chemical evidence for geological age determination. New analytical techniques for natural and 

synthetic minerals and inorganic soil constituents are placed in Section 79; analytical methods for natural 

air components are placed in Section 79 or Section 80; structure of synthetic minerals in Section 75; economic 

geology of coal, natural gas, and petroleum in Section 51; water chemistry in Section 61; soil studies 

of agricultural interest in Section 19; spectra of stars and galaxies in Section 73; cosmology in Section 

70; and geothermal fields under production in Section 52. 

54. Extractive Metallurgy 

This section includes the treatment and beneficiation of metallic raw materials and the recovery of metals 

from ores and from scrap and waste solids and liquids. The processing of nonmetallic ores, such as the 

phosphorites, is included in Section 49, and of coal, in Section 51. Blast-furnace practices for all metals 

are included here, but the casting and refining of iron after recovery is placed in Section 55. The recovery 

of metals by electrolysis is included here as well as recovery of metals from electroplating wastewater. 

The electrodeposition of metals for coatings is included in Sections 55 and 56, or in 72, if the primary interest 

is in the electrochemistry. 

55. Ferrous Metals and Alloys 

This section includes the preparation, casting, treatment, properties, and fabrication of iron, steel, and iron 

base alloys. Corrosion is included here, but is placed in Section 72 if the emphasis is on the electrochemistry 

of the corrosion process. Coating of iron and iron alloys with metallic or ceramic materials is included 

here, but ferrous coating of plastics or ceramics is included in Section 38 or 57, respectively; ferrous 

coatings on nonferrous metal substrates are covered in Section 56. Electroplating of ferrous metals is 

placed in Section 72 if the interest is in the electrochemical process. Recrystallization and grain growth 

of ferrous metals and alloys are included here, but crystal structure studies are placed in Section 75. Studies 

of two or more alloys representing both ferrous and nonferrous alloys are included in Section 56. Analytical 

methods for iron and ferrous alloys are included in Section 79. 

56. Nonferrous Metals and Alloys 

This section includes the preparation, casting, treatment, properties, and fabrication of nonferrous metals 

and alloys (

58. Cement, Concrete, and Related Building Materials 

This section includes the preparation, composition, analysis, properties, and uses of cement, mortar, concrete, 

and building materials. Building materials included here are semifinished and finished materials 

such as boards, walls, thermal insulators, sound insulators, roofing, and pavement. Chemicals and compositions 

used in construction are covered here. Soil stabilization is included here, but encapsulation and 

burial of toxic wastes are covered in Section 60, except for radioactive wastes which are covered in Section 

71. Cementitious refractories are included in Section 57. Mortar, concrete, and related compositions containing 

polymer binders in place of cement are included in Section 38. 

59. Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene 

This section covers the presence of polluting materials in the air and the reactions of these materials with 

each other and with naturally occurring substances. Indoor air pollution, including radon pollution, is included 

here. Methods for removal of pollutants from air and from emissions prior to release are included, 

except for prevention of auto exhaust pollutant formation by fuel alteration or engine modification which 

is in Section 51. Natural atmospheric phenomena and chemistry of the atmosphere are in Section 53 and 

atmospheric precipitation in Section 61. Methods for determination of pollutants in air are covered here 

but analytical methods for determination of natural air components are in Section 79 or Section 80. Atmosphere 

regeneration is in Section 9. Industrial safety studies in both chemical and nonchemical industries 

are placed here, except for controlled studies of pollutant toxicity, which are in Section 4. 

60. Waste Treatment and Disposal 

This section includes the composition, chemistry, treatment (biological, chemical, and physical), and disposal 

of domestic, municipal, laboratory, and industrial wastes and sludges and the design and operation 

of incinerators. Radioactive waste studies are placed in Section 71. Studies dealing with recovery and 

recycling of specific materials from wastes are included in sections which deal with those materials: e.g., 

recovery of hydrochloric acid and iron oxide from waste pickle liquor is placed in Section 49, metal recovery 

from wastes in Section 54. 

61. Water 

This section includes the chemical and physical properties of natural waters and seawater; chemical analysis 

of natural waters, seawater, wastewater, and surface sediments; treatment processes: purification, desalination, 

softening, etc., for water for domestic and industrial uses; chemicals for water treatment, 

including water treatment for prevention of corrosion, scaling, and fouling of pipes and equipment in contact 

with waters; atmospheric precipitation, fog, snow, except rainmaking, which is placed in Section 53; 

water pollution including oil spills; and studies involving aquatic organisms in which the interest is primarily 

in the water source or habitat. 

62. Essential Oils and Cosmetics 

This section includes essential oils and their composition and cosmetic products such as hair and skin preparations, 

perfumes, antiperspirants, deodorants, dentifrices, mouthwashes, and suntanning and sunscreen 

preparations. Plant composition with no oil interest is included in Section 11; structure elucidation or synthesis 

of terpenes, in Section 30; synthesis of compounds for cosmetics, in appropriate synthetic section; 

analysis of FD & C dyes, in Section 17. 

63. Pharmaceuticals 

This section includes drug standards, pharmacopeias, pharmaceutical formulations, biologicals, commercial 

plant-drug preparations, prosthetic materials, surgical goods, life-maintaining devices, radiopharmaceuticals, 

and properties of pharmaceuticals such as degradation, solubility, stability, dissolution, and 

bioavailability in relation to formulation. Pharmacological, metabolic, and structure-activity relationships

of drugs are placed in Section 1; isolation of plant constituents with no commercial drug use is covered in 

Section 11; preparation of drugs by fermentation, in Section 16; synthesis of drugs, in the appropriate synthetic 

chemistry section; antiperspirants, deodorants, dentifrices, mouthwashes, and other cosmetic products 

appear in Section 62; analysis of pharmaceuticals in pure form or in formulations is placed in Section 

64. 

64. Pharmaceutical Analysis 

This section includes analysis of drugs in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. Analysis of drugs 

in blood, body fluids, organs, or tissues is included in Section 1; forensic analysis is included in Section 

4; analysis of FD & C dyes approved for food use is included in Section 17. 

65. General Physical Chemistry 

This section includes studies on general quantum and statistical mechanics; quantum liquids and solids; 

electronic structure; scattering and collisions of atoms, molecules, and ions; physical properties of atoms 

and molecules; collective properties of pure substances (phase transitions, vapor pressures, compressibilities, 

equations of state); transport properties (diffusion, electrodiffusion, viscosity); structures of liquids, 

gases, and amorphous solids. Studies on biochemical systems appear in the biochemistry sections; reaction 

mechanisms in Sections 22, 35, and 67; spectra in Section 73; statistical thermodynamics in Section 

69; polarizability, electric moments, and electric transport properties in Section 76; kinetics of reactive 

collisions in Section 67; and solution structure in Section 68. Secondary effects of particle beams appear 

in sections appropriate to the principal phenomena under study. 

66. Surface Chemistry and Colloids 

This section includes fundamental studies of surface phenomena involving gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, gassolid, 

liquid-solid, and solid-solid interactions: e.g., dispersions, emulsions, gels, sols, foams, fogs; membranes 

of nonbiochemical interest; sorption; surface and interfacial structure; chromatographic theory; and 

ion-exchange. Applied studies appear in the appropriate use-oriented sections. Surface-structure studies 

are placed here or in Section 75, depending on the degree of emphasis on the adsorbed state. Chemical 

analysis of surfaces or colloids for the purpose of determining composition and analytical chromatographic 

separations appear in Sections 79 or 80 or other appropriate sections that include analytical studies. Surface 

studies directly related to catalysis appear in sections appropriate to the reactions involved (e.g., 

Sections 22, 53, or 67). 

67. Catalysis, Reaction Kinetics, and Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms 

This section includes general studies on heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, catalyst preparation 

and properties, principles of reaction kinetics and kinetic isotope effects, and reaction mechanisms, as well 

as those specific studies on these topics that involve reactions of inorganic compounds and coordination 

complexes. Specific studies on these topics that involve biochemical systems appear in Sections 1-19; organic 

reactions in Sections 21-34 and 45; polymerization in Section 35; industrial inorganic preparations 

in Section 49; and petroleum refining and reactions involving fossil fuels in Section 51. Other sections 

where information on these topics appears are Section 59 (air pollution), Section 72 (electrochemistry), 

Section 74 (photochemistry), and sections that include chemical analyses. 

68. Phase Equilibriums, Chemical Equilibriums, and Solutions 

This section includes studies on phase equilibriums in organic, inorganic, and metallic systems; nonindustrial 

and nonanalytical extractions; gas-, liquid-, solid-phase chemical equilibriums (including formation 

and stability constants); and solution properties and structure. Studies on unary systems appear in Section 

65; liquid crystals, solid solution structure, and crystallographic phase transitions in Section 75; chromatographic 

theory, ion exchange, and colloids in Section 66; industrial extractions and solid electrolytes in the

use-related sections; physical organic studies in Section 22; biochemical equilibriums in the biochemical 

sections; gaseous-ion solvation, diffusion, and viscosity of solutions in Section 65; isotope exchange kinetics 

in Section 67; isotope separation in Section 71; and analytical methods involving equilibriums in 

Sections 79 and 80. 

69. Thermodynamics, Thermochemistry, and Thermal Properties 

This section includes studies on fundamental principles of thermodynamics (especially as applied to chemical 

systems); thermochemical and general thermal properties; and the methodologies of calorimetry, thermometry, 

and thermal analysis. Thermochemical and thermal properties of systems such as polymers, 

fossil fuels, etc., appear in sections appropriate to the subject (e.g., 36, 39, 51). Kinetic activation parameters 

appear in sections appropriate to the processes (e.g., 22, 65, 67); engineering studies and those concerned 

with the technology of energy conversion and storage in Sections 47, 48, and 52; and thermal 

effects such as thermal diffusion, thermooptics, thermography, and thermoelectricity in sections appropriate 

to the principal phenomena under study (e.g., 65, 73, 74, 76). 


This section includes basic studies on nuclear chemistry and physics; elementary-particle physics; exotic 

chemical entities, such as mesonic atoms and positronium species; and astrophysics of such topics as cosmic 

rays, stellar nucleosynthesis, and cosmology. Technology aspects of nuclear chemistry and physics, 

including patent abstracts, and elementary-particle interactions in bulk matter are included in Section 71. 

Particle studies of material characteristics appear in the appropriate sections (e.g., 65, 75, 76, 77); labeling 

of compounds by other than recoil reactions in the appropriate preparative sections; and spectral aspects 

of astrophysics in Section 73. 


This section includes materials and technology required for the design, construction, and operation of nuclear 

reactors, accelerators, and nuclear explosive devices. Health physics, radiation monitoring devices, 

dosimetry, radiation effects in nuclear technology materials and systems, nuclear science patents, radioactive 

waste, and ion, particle, and radiation interactions in bulk matter also appear in this section. Radioactive 

fallout effects on biological systems and its environmental distribution are included in Sections 8 

and 59, respectively. Chemical analysis of nuclear materials appears in Section 79 or 80; radiolysis in Section 

74; radiopharmaceutical preparations and uses in Section 63; and nonfusion plasmas in Section 76. 


This section includes theory and certain practical aspects of the principles of electrochemistry, such as the 

kinetics and mechanism of electrode reactions. Studies of the theory and/or mechanism of corrosion appear 

here, while corrosion studies in which the primary interest is in the metal are included in the metallurgical 

sections. Electrochemical cells are included here, except for cells explicitly intended as power 

sources, which are included in Section 52. Industrial electrochemical processes included here are anodic 

processes (electromachining), cathodic processes (electroplating), electrowinning, and brine and water 

electrolysis. Nonindustrial syntheses appear here if the method of obtaining a product, rather than the 

product itself, is stressed. 

73. Optical, Electron, and Mass Spectroscopy and Other Related Properties 

This section includes spectroscopic studies on absorption, emission, and reflection in the x-ray, ultraviolet, 

visible, infrared, microwave, and radio-wave regions, including Raman scattering and luminescence. Also 

included are electron, Moessbauer, mass, and astrophysical spectroscopy; other optical properties (e.g., birefringence, 

light scattering); and quantum amplifiers (lasers and masers). Spectroscopy intended primarily 

as an investigative tool appears in sections appropriate to the major emphasis of the studies: e.g., in

determining mechanisms of chemical changes in organic compounds and structural determinations of organic 

compounds in Section 22; in determining molecular structures and reaction mechanism of inorganic 

compounds in Sections 65, 67, and 78; of polymers in the macromolecular sections; and in chemical analysis 

in Section 79, 80, or other sections that include analytical studies. 

74. Radiation Chemistry, Photochemistry, and Photographic and Other Reprographic Processes 

This section includes studies of chemical and physical changes induced by ionizing high-energy radiation 

and visible and ultraviolet light; silver halide photography and nonsilver imaging systems; electrophotography 

and other copying processes; information recording and storage. Also included here are printing, 

photoresists, imaging and display devices, and holography. Radiation effects on biological systems and 

in nuclear technology systems appear in Sections 8 and 71, respectively. Chemical analysis of materials 

of interest to this section appears in Sections 79 or 80. Studies in which radiation is used only to effect a 

chemical reaction are included in the appropriate sections, and preparations of organic compounds used in 

photographic or reprographic processes in the appropriate synthetic organic chemistry sections. 

75. Crystallography and Liquid Crystals 

This section includes such aspects of crystal chemistry as crystallization and growth of single crystals; 

structure, phase transitions, mechanical properties; and the methodologies of structure determinations. 

Also included here are the structures, transitions, and physical properties of mesomorphic phases. Crystallography 

of polymers is included in Sections 36 and 39; structures of minerals in Section 53; crystallization 

of technical glasses in Section 57; metallurgical aspects of crystallization, transitions, defect 

structures, and mechanical properties in Sections 55 and 56; industrial crystallizers in such sections as 44 

and 47; crystallographically determined molecular structures of organic natural products in the appropriate 

organic sections; and applications and such physical properties as thermodynamic, optical, electric, etc., 

in sections appropriate to those types of studies (e.g., 69, 73, 76). 


This section includes studies on electrical materials and such phenomena as conduction, insulation, capacitance, 

polarizability, electric moments, gas discharges and plasmas, electron and ion emission, and devices 

related thereto. Electrochemistry is included in Section 72; electrical and electrokinetic properties of 

colloids and surfaces in Section 66; electrical properties of polymers (other than doped polymers) in Sections 

36-39; and devices related to power engineering and thermonuclear plasmas in Sections 52 and 71, 

respectively. Electric phenomena as they relate to biological systems appear in the biochemistry sections, 

and such secondary electrical effects as electrooptics and electrophotography in sections appropriate to the 

principal phenomena under study, (e.g., 73, 74). 


This section includes studies on materials of interest for their magnetic properties (e.g., ferrous alloys, ferrites) 

and such aspects of magnetism as domain structure, hysteresis, magnetostriction, thermomagnetic 

effects, magnets, magnetohydrodynamics, electron and nuclear resonances, and magnetic relaxation. 

Technological applications of magnetohydrodynamics appear in Sections 52 and 71; chemical analysis of 

magnetic materials and use of magnetic phenomena in analysis in Sections 79 and 80; magnetic properties 

of polymers in Section 36; and galvanomagnetic properties such as the Hall effect and magnetoresistance 

in Section 76. 

78. Inorganic Chemicals and Reactions 

This section includes the nonindustrial preparation, purification, and reactions of inorganic substances: elements 

(including carbon); inorganic acids, bases, and salts; synthetic minerals; inclusion compounds; 

charge-transfer complexes; coordination compounds containing inorganic and organic ligands; nonmetal

and metalloid compounds; and carbon-containing compounds such as the carbon oxides, metal carbonyls, 

carbonates and transition metal carboxylates. Industrial preparation of inorganic compounds is included 

in Section 49. Compounds with carbon-metal and carbon-metalloid bonds appear in Section 29. Chemical 

analysis of inorganic compounds appears in Section 79. Chemical and physical properties used primarily 

to characterize new compounds are included here, but the physical properties of known compounds appear 

in the appropriate physical chemistry sections. 

79. Inorganic Analytical Chemistry 

This section includes general analytical methods, as well as methods, apparatus, reagents, and separations 

intended for the detection and determination of constituents of inorganic materials, except when the emphasis 

is on organic analytes, which are included in Section 80. Analysis of biological samples or systems 

is included in Section 9 or other appropriate biochemical sections, forensic analysis in Section 4, archaeological 

analysis and analysis of art objects in Section 20, and pharmaceutical analysis in Section 64. 

Analysis of materials covered by the macromolecular sections is included in Sections 35-46, and of materials 

covered by Sections 50, 51, and 57-62 in those sections. 

80. Organic Analytical Chemistry 

This section includes analytical methods, apparatus, reagents, and separations intended for the detection 

and determination of constituents of organic materials or when the emphasis is on organic analytes. Analysis 

of biological samples or systems is included in Section 9 or other appropriate biochemical sections, 

forensic analysis in Section 4, archaeological analysis and analysis of art objects in Section 20, and pharmaceutical 

analysis in Section 64. Analysis of materials covered by the macromolecular sections is included 

in Sections 35-46, and of materials covered by Sections 50, 51, and 57-62 in those sections.

Introduction 

A Guide to Use of <strong>CA</strong> Sections for Retrospective Searching 

A Guide to Use of <strong>CA</strong> Sections for Retrospective Searching is intended to serve as an aid for users who want to 

search retrospectively on the basis of sections from the 14th Collective Index (14CI) period (1997-2001) to the 

8th Collective Index (8CI) period. 

The starting point of the Guide is the current (11 CI - 14CI) coverage of <strong>CA</strong> sections as described in the 1997 

edition of the Subject Coverage and Arrangement of Abstracts by Sections in CHEMI<strong>CA</strong>L ABSTRACTS (<strong>CA</strong> Subject 

Coverage Manual). For equivalent coverage, the Guide refers you to appropriate sections in the IOCI through 

the 9CI (<strong>CA</strong> Vol. 76 through 95) and the 8CI period (<strong>CA</strong> Vol. 66 through 75). Boldface is used to designate 

changes in section number or title. 

For detailed information about the coverage of each section during the 14CI period, please refer to the 1997 

edition of the <strong>CA</strong> Subject Coverage Manual. For detailed information about the coverage of each section in 

earlier periods, please refer to the 1992, 1987, 1982, and 1975 editions of the <strong>CA</strong> Subject Coverage Manual.

llCI- 14CI Period Section lOC1 and 9CI Period Section 

1982-2001 1972-1981 

SC1 Period Section 

1976-1971 

1. Pharmacology 1. Pharmacodynamics 15. Pharmacodynamics _ 

2. Mammalian Hormones 2. Hormone Pharmacology 4. Hormones 

(Vo1.66-7 1); 

Hormones and 

Related Substances 

(Vo1.72-75) 


(New section in 11CI) 

For related coverage see 

sections 6, and lo-13 

For related coverage 

see sections 2, 7-9, and 11 

4. Toxicology 4. Toxicology 14. Toxicology 

5. Agrochemical Bioregulators 5. Agrochemicals 18. Plant-Growth Regulators 

19. Pesticides 


7. Enzymes 



10. Microbial Biochemistry 


12. Nonmammalian 

Biochemistry 


14. Mammalian 

Pathological 

Biochemistry 


16. Fermentation 

and Bioindustrial 

Chemistry 

17. Food and Feed 

Chemistry 


19. Fertilizers, Soils, 

and Plant Nutrition 

6. General Biochemistry 2. General Biochemistry 

7. Enzymes 3. Enzymes 

8. Radiation Biochemistry 5. Radiation Biochemistry 

9. Biochemical Methods 6. Biochemical Methods 

10. Microbial Biochemistry 8. Microbial Biochemistry 

11. Plant Biochemistry 7. Plant Biochemistry 

12. Nonmammalian Biochemistry 9. Nonmammalian Biochemistry 

13. Mammalian Biochemistry 11. Mammalian Biochemistry 

14. Mammalian Pathological 12. Mammalian Pathological 

Biochemistry Biochemistry 

15. Immunochemistry 13. Immunochemistry 

16. Fermentations 16. Fermentations 

17. Foods 17. Foods 

18. Animal Nutrition 10. Animal Nutrition 

19. Fertilizers, Soils, 20. Fertilizers, Soils, 

and Plant Nutrition and Plant Nutrition


1982-2001 1972-1981 

20. History, Education, 

and Documentation 




1976-1971 



2 1. General Organic 2 1 i General Organic 2 1. General Organic 

Chemistry Chemistry Chemistry 

22. Physical Organic 22. Physical Organic 22. Physical Organic 

Chemistry Chemistry Chemistry 

23. Aliphatic Compounds 23. Aliphatic Compounds 23. Aliphatic Compounds 


25. Benzene, Its Derivatives, 

and Condensed 

Benzenoid Compounds 

(New Section in 1 ICI) 

26. Biomolecules and 

Their Synthetic 

Analogs 


27. Heterocyclic Compounds 

(One Hetero Atom) 


(More Than One 

Hetero Atom) 

29. Organometallic 

and Organometalloidal 

Compounds 

30. Terpenes and 

Terpenoids 


25. Noncondensed Aromatic 

Compounds 

26. Condensed Aromatic 

Compounds 

For related coverage see 

Sec.23-28, and 33 




(More Than One Hetero Atom) 

29. Organometallic and 

Organometalloidal Compounds 


25. Noncondensed Aromatic 

Compounds 

26. Condensed Aromatic 

Compounds 

For related coverage 

see Sec.23-28, and 33 




(More Than One Hetero Atom) 

29. Organometallic and 

Organometalloidal 

Compounds 

30. Terpenoids 30. Terpenes 

(Vo1.66-71); 

Terpenoids 

(Vo1.72-75) 

3 1. Alkaloids 3 1. Alkaloids 3 1. Alkaloids 

32. Steroids 32. Steroids 32. Steroids 

33. Carbohydrates 33. Carbohydrates 33. Carbohydrates

llCI- 14CI Period 

1982-2001 

34. Amino Acids, 

Peptides, and 

Proteins 

35. Chemistry of 

Synthetic 

High Polymers 

(New Section in I ICI) 

36. Physical Properties 

of Synthetic 

High Polymers 


37. Plastics Manufacture 

and Processing 

38. Plastics Fabrication 

and Uses 

39. Synthetic Elastomers 

and Natural Rubber 


(Textiles in 1 ICI) 

4 1. Dyes, Organic Pigments, 

Fluorescent Brighteners, 

and Photographic 

Sensitizers 

42. Coatings, Inks, 

and Related Products 

43. Cellulose, Lignin, 

Paper, and Other 

Wood Products 


45. Industrial Organic 

Chemicals, Leather, 

Fats and Waxes 


46. Surface-Active Agents 

and Detergents 

Section lOC1 and 9CI Period Section 

1972-1981 

34. Synthesis of Amino 

Acids, Peptides, and 

Proteins 

8CI Period Section 

1976-1971 

34. Synthesis of 

Amino Acids, Peptides, 

and Proteins 

35. Synthetic High 35. Synthetic High 

Polymers Polymers 

35. Synthetic High 

Polymers 



37. Plastics Fabrication and 

Uses 

38. Elastomers, Including 

Natural Rubber 

39. Textiles 

40. Dyes, Fluorescent 

Whitening Agents, and 

Photosensitizers 

42. Coatings, Inks, and 

Related Products 


Paper, and Other 

Wood Products 


41. Leather and Related 

Materials 

45. Fats and Waxes 


and Detergents 

35. Synthetic High 

Polymers 



37. Plastics Fabrication and 

Uses 

38. Elastomers, Including 

Natural Rubber 

39. Textiles 

40. Dyes, Fluorescent 

Brightening Agents, 

and Photosensitizers 

(Vol. 66-70); 

Dyes, Fluorescent Whitening 

Agents, and Photosensitizers 

(Vol 7 l-75) 

42. Coatings, Inks, 



Paper, and 

Other Wood Products 


41. Leather and Related 

Materials 

45. Fats and Waxes 


and Detergents


1982-2001 1972-1981 

47. Apparatus and Plant 

Equipment 

48. Unit Operations 

and Processes 

49. Industrial Inorganic 

Chemicals 

50. Propellants 

and Explosives 

5 1. Fossil Fuels, Derivatives, 


52. Electrochemical, 

Radiational, 

and Thermal 

Energy Technology 

53. Mineralogical and 

Geological Chemistry 


Equipment 


and Processes 


Chemicals 

50. Propellants and 

Explosives 

51. Fossil Fuels, Derivatives 


(Vol. 81-95) 

51. Petroleum, Petroleum 

Derivatives, and Related 

Products (Vol. 76-80) 

52. Coal and Coal Derivatives 

(Vol.76-80) 

52. Electrochemical, 

Radiational, and Thermal 

Energy Technology 

(VoLBl-95) 


Equipment (Vol. 76-80) 

48. Unit Operations and 

Processes (Vol. 76-80) 


(Vol. 76-80) 




1976-1971 

47. Apparatus and 

Plant Equipment 


and Processes 


Chemicals 

50. Propellants and 

Explosives 

51. Petroleum, Petroleum 

Derivatives, and 

Related Products 

52. Coal and Coal 

Derivatives 

47. Apparatus and 

Plant Equipment 

48. Unit Operation and 

Processes 




54. Extractive Metallurgy 54. Extractive Metallurgy 54. Extractive Metallurgy 

55. Ferrous Metals and 

Alloys 

56. Nonferrous Metals 

and Alloys 

55. Ferrous Metals and 

Alloys 


and Alloys 

55. Ferrous Metals 

and Alloys 


and Alloys 

57. Ceramics 57. Ceramics 57. Ceramics 

58. Cement, Concrete, 

and Related 

Building Materials 

58. Cement and Concrete 

Products 

58. Cement and Concrete 

Products


1982-2001 1972-1981 

59. Air Pollution and 

Industrial Hygiene 

60. Waste Treatment 

and Disposal 



8CI Period Section 

1976-1971 



60. Sewage and Wastes 60. Sewage and Wastes 

6 1. Water 61. Water 61. Water 

62. Essential Oils 62. Essential Oils and 62. Essential Oils 

and Cosmetics Cosmetics and Cosmetics 

63. Pharmaceuticals 6.7. Pharmaceuticals 6.7. Pharmaceuticals 

64. Pharmaceutical 

Analysis 

65. General Physical 

Chemistry 

66. Surface Chemistry 

and Colloids 

67. Catalysis, Reaction 

Kinetics, and Inorganic 

Reaction Mechanisms 

68. Phase Equilibriums, 

Chemical Equilibriums, 

and Solutions 

69. Thermodynamics, 

Thermochemistry, 

and Thermal Properties 

70. Nuclear 

Phenomena 

7 1. Nuclear 

Technology 


Analysis 


Chemistry 


and Colloids 

67. Catalysis and 

Reaction Kinetics 






and Thermal Properties 


(Vol. 82-95) 


(Vo1.76-81) 


(Vo1.82-95) 


(Vol. 76-81) 

72. Electrochemistry 72. Electrochemistry 

(Vol. 82-95) 


(Vo1.76-81) 


Analysis 


Chemistry 


and Colloids 

67. Catalysis and 

Reaction Kinetics 






and Thermal Properties) 



77. Electrochemistry


1982-2001 1972-1981 

73. Optical, Electron, 

and Mass Spectroscopy 

and Other Related 

Properties 

74. Radiation Chemistry, 

Photochemistry, and 

Photographic and Other 

Reprographic Processes 

75. Crystallography 

and Liquid 

Crystals 

76. Electric 

Phenomena 

77. Magnetic 

Phenomena 

78. Inorganic Chemicals 

and Reactions 

79. Inorganic Analytical 

Chemistry 

80. Organic Analytical 

Chemistry 

73. Spectra by Absorption, 

Emission, Reflection, 

or Magnetic Resonance, 

and Other Optical 

Properties 



Photographic Processes 

75. Crystallization and 

Crystal Structure 

(Vol. 82-95) 



(Vo1.76-81) 

76. Electric Phenomena) 

(Vo1.82-95) 


(Vo1.76-81) 


(Vo1.82-95) 


(Vo1.76-81) 




Chemistry 


Chemistry 


1976-1971 

73. Spectra and Other 

Optical Properties 

(Vol. 66-7 1); 

Spectra by Absorption 

Emission, Reflection, 

or Magnetic Resonance 

and Other Optical 

Properties 

(Vo1.72-75) 



Photographic Processes 








Chemistry 


Chemistry

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