Supply Chain-Based Solution to Prevent Fuel-Tax Evasion: Proof of ...

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3.5 SENSOR SYSTEM LAYOUT AND CONFIGURATION ...................................................... 47 3.5.1 Approach ...................................................................................................................... 47 3.5.2 Off-Trailer Evaluation and Development .................................................................... 47 4. COMMUNICATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 51 4.1 SELECTION OF METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 51 4.1.1 Use of Currently Existing Telematics Device .............................................................. 51 4.1.2 Use of ORNL DAS ...................................................................................................... 52 4.2 DESIGN OF THE T2TCU ........................................................................................................ 54 4.3 DATA RETRIEVAL ................................................................................................................ 56 5. GEO-FENCING AND EVIDENTIAL REASONING APPLICATIONS .......................................... 59 5.1 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................... 59 5.1.1 Geo-Fencing Basics ..................................................................................................... 59 5.1.2 Fundamentals of Evidential Reasoning Methods ......................................................... 59 5.1.3 Challenges .................................................................................................................... 61 5.2 REAL-WORLD FUEL DELIVERY OPERATION DATA COLLECTION EFFORTS......... 62 5.2.1 Real-World Information Relating to Pilot Tanker Truck Operations .......................... 62 5.2.2 Truck Travel Behavior Data (PeopleNet Fleet Manger Reports) ................................ 66 5.2.3 Service Station, Terminals, and Wholesale Customer Locations ................................ 68 5.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUCK TRAVEL BEHAVIOR DATA ........................................................ 71 5.3.1 Duration of Stops ......................................................................................................... 71 5.3.2 Travel Routes ............................................................................................................... 74 5.4 GEO-FENCING APPLICATION ............................................................................................. 74 5.4.1 Methodologies to Detect Out-of-Fence Travel Behavior ............................................. 74 5.4.2 TRC Roadway Network ............................................................................................... 75 5.4.3 Location Tracking at the TRC ..................................................................................... 77 5.4.4 Geo-fencing Example .................................................................................................. 77 5.5 EVIDENTIAL REASONING APPLICATION ....................................................................... 77 5.5.1 Overview of Concepts .................................................................................................. 77 5.5.2 Development of Detection Rules ................................................................................. 79 5.5.3 Determining Uncertainties in Marker Concentration and Fuel Level Measurements .............................................................................................................. 81 5.5.4 Basic Algorithms ......................................................................................................... 83 5.6 INTEGRATING THE GEO-FENCING AND EVIDENTIAL REASONING RULES ........... 84 5.6.1 Initial Setup with Passenger-Car Simulation Runs ...................................................... 84 5.6.2 Additional Passenger Car Simulation Scenarios on Actual Truck Routes................... 84 6. TEST TRACK ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................................. 87 6.1 PRELIMINARY TESTING ...................................................................................................... 87 6.1.1 Fuel Loop Sensor Testing ............................................................................................ 87 6.1.2 Passenger Car Communications Testing ...................................................................... 90 6.2 FIELD TEST ............................................................................................................................. 94 6.2.1 Integration .................................................................................................................... 94 6.2.2 Testing Activities ......................................................................................................... 98 6.2.3 Results and Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 100 6.2.4 De-Instrumentation .................................................................................................... 116 7. LESSONS LEARNED ..................................................................................................................... 117 7.1 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 117 7.2 FUEL MARKER .................................................................................................................... 117 iv
7.3 SENSORS ............................................................................................................................... 118 7.4 COMMUNICATIONS ........................................................................................................... 121 7.5 EVIDENTIAL REASONING ................................................................................................. 121 8. ARCHITECTURE AND COSTS ..................................................................................................... 123 8.1 RECOMMENDED ARCHITECTURE .................................................................................. 123 8.1.1 System Components ................................................................................................... 123 8.1.2 Data and Communications ......................................................................................... 123 8.2 COST ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................ 125 8.2.1 Real-time Interdiction System ................................................................................... 126 8.2.2 Centralized System .................................................................................................... 127 8.2.3 Fuel-marker Break-even Cost .................................................................................... 127 9. FUTURE DIRECTIONS .................................................................................................................. 129 9.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PHASE II .............................................................................. 129 9.1.1 Approach and Methodology ...................................................................................... 129 9.1.2 Fuel Marker ................................................................................................................ 129 9.1.3 Sensors ....................................................................................................................... 130 9.1.4 Communications ........................................................................................................ 132 9.1.5 Evidential Reasoning ................................................................................................. 133 9.2 LONG-TERM EFFORTS AND APPLICATIONS ................................................................ 134 APPENDIX A. FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA ....................................................................................... A-1 APPENDIX B. FUEL MARKER SENSOR SCHEMATICS AND LAYOUT....................................... B-1 APPENDIX C. FUEL MARKER SENSOR MECHANICAL DRAWINGS .......................................... C-1 APPENDIX D. FUEL MARKER SENSOR BILL OF MATERIALS .................................................... D-1 APPENDIX E. FUEL MARKER SENSOR FIRMWARE SOURCECODE .......................................... E-1 APPENDIX F. FUEL MARKER SENSOR COMMAND SPECIFICATION......................................... F-1 APPENDIX G. CUSTOM SIGHT GLASS DRAWINGS ...................................................................... G-1 v
Page 1: ORNL/TM-2011/132 Supply Chain-Based
Page 5: CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..........
Page 10 and 11: 31 Differential pressure sensor sch
Page 13: LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 SiNaph
Page 17: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ORNL would like to
Page 20 and 21: tractor-to-trailer communications u
Page 23 and 24: 1.1 BACKGROUND 1. INTRODUCTION Reve
Page 25: able to identify, in real time, the
Page 28 and 29: Fig. 2. Some typical cyanine dyes.
Page 30 and 31: Solvent Red 26, also known as C.I.
Page 32 and 33: esponse accompanied by increased ch
Page 34 and 35: green or purple; green is generally
Page 36 and 37: Fig. 7. Fluorescence spectra collec
Page 38 and 39: Response factor, marker to 0.600 0.
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 11. Absorption spectra of IR67
Page 42 and 43: Comparison of Fig. 14 with Fig. 11
Page 44 and 45: contaminant surrogate samples were
Page 46 and 47: Fig. 20. Excitation and emission ch
Page 48 and 49: Fig. 23. Low-temperature marked die
Page 50 and 51: performs acceptably. Figure 26 illu
Page 53 and 54: 3. SENSORS A suite of sensors attac
Page 55 and 56: 3.2 HATCH AND VALVE SENSOR DEVELOPM
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Fig. 31. Differential pressure sens
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3.4 MARKER SENSOR DEVELOPMENT In co
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window” and onto an imaging plane
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Fig. 37. Focal point for blue LED (
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The sensor’s prototype housing de
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Fig. 41. Marker sensor back view. F
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Based on these early results, the p
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Fig. 47. Sensors mounted on trailer
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vehicles and cargo, record driver h
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4.2 DESIGN OF THE T2TCU Fig. 50. Fu
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Table 5. Summary of sensors per fue
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Once the user was ready to start th
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5.1.2.1 Rule-based logic reasoning
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Another major limitation was the av
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When the loading process was comple
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the ~100 mile region are served by
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In addition to viewing the report o
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Fig. 61. Pilot and Flying J service
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landmark (e.g., Pilot headquarters)
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5.3.2 Travel Routes In addition to
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Fig. 68. Selected simulated refuel
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Fig. 70. Predetermined nominal scen
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unscheduled location. The level of
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data analysis purposes. Thus, varia
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where L is the number of attributes
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lot. To make things even more suspi
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Fig. 78. Fuel loop test rig. As the
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Sensor Response (Ratio) 0.9 0.8 0.7
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Data collected from these test scen
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6.2 FIELD TEST Fig. 86. Sample scen
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Fig. 89. Instrumented hatch located
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The Analysis Team members began tes
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All post-processed data files from
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Fig. 95. Activities from offloading
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Fig. 97. Activities from loading of
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Warning level estimates after offlo
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Warning level estimates Fig. 102. A
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Fig. 103. Activities of loading fir
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unmarked (rather than the 300 gal o
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Same unscheduled stop with addition
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6.2.4 De-Instrumentation Fig. 110.
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It was found that, in general, the
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For the POC test, the sensor’s ho
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interval originally set for the pre
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Fig. 112. Data flow for recommended
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Discrete sensors Table 6. Summary o
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9.1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PHASE II 9.
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Fig. 114. Valve with dust cover sen
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and provide real-time alerts. The i
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10. REFERENCES 1. Wiley Online Libr
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APPENDIX B. FUEL MARKER SENSOR SCHE
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B-3
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APPENDIX C. FUEL MARKER SENSOR MECH
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Fig. C.5. Critical PCB component pl
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APPENDIX E. FUEL MARKER SENSOR FIRM
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set the STDIO cursor location and d
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auto int nIn1; auto char cOut; //--
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channel = 0; sprintf(s, "\t%6.3f",
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yte Day; // Curent Day byte Month;
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if (!getOk) abort; yield; sprintf(&
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} decimal=ln; while (*ln>='0' && *l
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if (!strncmp(ln,"fault",5) && ln[5]
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UpdateFlashStatus(); // sprintf(out
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INTRODUCTION APPENDIX F. FUEL MARKE
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$get reddet Reply: Summary ddd.ddd
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APPENDIX G. CUSTOM SIGHT GLASS DRAW
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