The Advocate - May 2012 - Idaho State Bar - Idaho.gov

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Co n j u n C t i o n ju n C t i o n: Ma k i n g Co n j u n C t i o n s fu n C t i o n f o r yo u Tenielle Fordyce-Ruff Rainey Law Office Remember this great song from Schoolhouse Rock? Conjunction Junction, what’s your function? Hooking up words and phrases and clauses. Conjunction Junction, how’s that function? I got three favorite cars That get most of my job done. Conjunction Junction, what’s their function? I got “and,” “but,” and “or,” They’ll get you pretty far. While these three conjunctions would get most school children pretty far, as legal writers, we need a more nuanced repertoire to help readers understand our meaning and how the words, phrases, and clauses we use relate to each other. So, to help you better understand how to make conjunctions function, let’s take a look at coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions to connect ideas. Coordinating conjunctions These conjunctions are used to join grammatically equal elements. The main coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. 1 They coordinate because they draw equal attention to two or more ideas. You can use them to draw attention to equal words: The speech was not vulgar, Tenielle Fordyce-Ruff lewd, obscene, or plainly offensive. Or equal phrases (a group of related words): The government’s actions violate the establishment clause unless, the government’s action (i) has a secular legislative purpose, (ii) does not have the primary effect of either advancing or inhibiting religion, and (iii) does not result in an “excessive government entanglement” with religion. Or equal clauses (a group of related words with both a subject and a verb): The Federal Constitution limits the government’s ability to abridge free speech, but the Idaho Constitution grants to every person the right to speak freely. In additional to creating equal emphasis on ideas in your sentence, coordinating conjunctions can be used to add variety to the length of sentences in a paragraph. Longer sentences are always useful if you want to avoid having the reader hear machine gun fire as he reads your writing. For instance, The first ten amendments are the Bill of Rights. The First Congress proposed them to the several states on September 25, 1789. New Jersey ratified them on November 20, 1789. Virginia ratified them on November 3, 1791. Connecticut ratified them on April 19, 1939. That paragraph is much more pleasant to read if you add coordinating conjunctions to vary the length: The first ten amendments are the Bill of Rights. The First Congress proposed them to the several states on September 25, 1789. New Jersey ratified them on November 20, 1789, and Virginia ratified them on December 15, 1791. But, Connecticut didn’t ratify them until April 19, 1939. Don’t go too far in the direction of combining every sentence. Remember, the occasional short sentence has punch and demands the reader’s attention. The first Congress proposed the Bill of Rights to the several states on September 25, 1789. Between November 20, 1789, and December 15, 1791, eleven of the states ratified the Bill of Rights. One hundred forty-eight years later, the last of the several states ratified the Bill of Rights. Connecticut takes its time! Don’t go too far in the direction of combining every sentence. Remember, the occasional short sentence has punch and demands the reader’s attention. Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are also used to connect grammatically equal elements, but these conjunctions come in pairs: either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, whether/or, both/and. When using correlative conjunctions, make sure the phrases or clauses you are connecting are both grammatically equal (don’t mix and match phrases and clauses). For example, don’t say: Wrong: Her speech was either protected as political speech, or she could have been making a religious statement. Correct: She was making either a political statement or a religious statement. The first sentence is incorrect because “protected as political speech” does not have a subject and a verb, so it’s a phrase. The Advocate • May 2012 51
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The Advocate - May 2012 - Idaho State Bar - Idaho.gov

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