Arab Tribes, the Umayyad Dynasty, and the `Abbasid ... - Epistemology
Arab Tribes, the Umayyad Dynasty, and the `Abbasid ... - Epistemology
Arab Tribes, the Umayyad Dynasty, and the `Abbasid ... - Epistemology
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Marín-Guzmán: <strong>Arab</strong> <strong>Tribes</strong>, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Umayyad</strong> <strong>Dynasty</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>`Abbasid</strong> Revolution 81<br />
that Christianity was found among some members of Rabi`ah, Ghassan, <strong>and</strong><br />
Quda`ah; <strong>and</strong> Judaism among some Himyar, Banu Kinanah, Banu al-Harith<br />
ibn Ka`b, <strong>and</strong> Kindah. The rest were poly<strong>the</strong>ists. Marín-Guzmán, Popular<br />
Dimensions of <strong>the</strong> <strong>`Abbasid</strong> Revolution, 12. See also Marín-Guzmán, Kitab al-<br />
Bukhala’ [El Libro de los Avaros] de al-Jahiz, 44-61.<br />
11. See Fred Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton: 1981), passim, esp.<br />
1-49. In ano<strong>the</strong>r of his works, he studied <strong>the</strong> role of <strong>the</strong> military institutions in<br />
<strong>the</strong> early caliphate. Fred Donner, “The Growth of <strong>the</strong> Military Institutions in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Early Caliphate <strong>and</strong> Their Relation to Civilian Authority,” Al-Qantara 14,<br />
no. 2 (1993): 311-26. See also Fischer, “Kahtan,” 655. For more information<br />
in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Arab</strong>ic sources, see Dinawari, Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal, 113-19.<br />
12. The Qur’an provides <strong>the</strong> explanation for <strong>the</strong> spoils of war (al-anfal) in Surat<br />
al-Anfal, 7:1, 41. The spoils of war have also been explained in <strong>the</strong> Sunnah.<br />
See Al-Sayyid Sabiq, Fiqh al-Sunnah (Beirut: 1969), 691-92. See also M. A.<br />
Shaban, The <strong>`Abbasid</strong> Revolution (Cambridge: 1970), passim.<br />
13. Marín-Guzmán, “Las causas,” 39-67; Marín-Guzmán, El Islam: Ideología e<br />
Historia, 144; Brockelmann, History, 54. For more information on <strong>the</strong> conquest<br />
of Iraq, see al-Tabari, Ta’rikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk (Cairo: n.d.), 4:72<br />
(Egyptian ed.); al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, 255-62; al-Dinawari, Al-Akhbar<br />
al-Tiwal, 119-27; Hasan, Al-Qaba’il al-`<strong>Arab</strong>iyah, 163; Francesco Gabrieli,<br />
Mahoma y las Conquistas del Islam (Madrid: 1967), passim; Al-Mas`udi,<br />
Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf (Beirut: 1981), 266-69; Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat al-<br />
A`yan wa Anba’ Abna’ al-Zaman, 4:233 ff; Leone Caetani, Annali Dell’Islam<br />
(Milano: 1905-26), 2 (2):831-61. For an account of <strong>the</strong> conquest of Iraq <strong>and</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> taxation imposed during <strong>the</strong> time of `Umar, see Ya`qub ibn Ibrahim Abu<br />
Yusuf, Kitab al-Kharaj (Cairo: 1392 a.h.), 30-31; al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-<br />
Buldan, 448-49, where he asserted that <strong>the</strong> taxation impossed in Iraq by `Umar<br />
was according to <strong>the</strong> Prophet’s practices (see also 300-1); al-Ya`qubi, Ta’rikh<br />
al-Ya`qubi, 2:143-44. For <strong>the</strong> jund administration of Iraq (Basrah <strong>and</strong> Kufah),<br />
see al-Tabari, Ta’rikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, 4:115 (Egyptian ed.); al-Ya`qubi,<br />
Ta’rikh al-Ya`qubi, 2:142-47; Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Ma`arif, 182-83.<br />
14. Marín-Guzmán, “Las causas,” 39-67. Marín-Guzmán, El Islam: Ideología e<br />
Historia, 72-73. For more information concerning <strong>the</strong> riddah war <strong>and</strong> Abu<br />
Bakr’s life, see al-Baladhuri, Futuh al-Buldan, 94-100; al-Suyuti, Ta’rikh al-<br />
Khulafa’, ed. Muhammad Muhiy al-Din `Abd al-Hamid (Cairo: 1964), 27-<br />
108; Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Ma`arif, 167-78; al-Ya`qubi, Ta’rikh al-Ya`qubi,<br />
2:123-38; Ibn Majah, Ta’rikh al-Khulafa’, ed. Muhammad Muti` al-Hafiz<br />
(Damascus: 1979), 22; al-Mas`udi, Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf, 263-66; Leone<br />
Caetani, Annali Dell’Islam, 2 (1), 510-18 (for more information on <strong>the</strong> riddah<br />
war, see: II (1) 553-61, especially 727-28). See also Marín-Guzmán, Popular<br />
Dimensions of <strong>the</strong> ´Abbasid Revolution, 12-13.<br />
15. Al-Baladhuri, Ansab al-Ashraf, ed. W. Ahlwardt (Griefswald: 1883), 11:282.<br />
See also Hasan, Al-Qaba’il al-`<strong>Arab</strong>iyah, 142.