Mass estimation in fossil sloths (Xenarthra, Folivora) from the Early ...

humerus in distal view, anterior aspect up; E, left radius in anterior view, proximal
end up; F, left ulna in medial view, anterior aspect right; G, left ulna, anterior view.
Figure 3. Measurements used in this work, as illustrated using the hindlimb of Hapalops. A,
pelvis in left lateral view; B, left femur in anterior view, distal end down; C, left tibia
in proximal view, anterior aspect down; D, left tibia in anterior view, proximal end
up; E, left fibula in anterior view, distal end down; F, left femur in distal view,
anterior aspect up; G, left tibia in distal view, anterior aspect up; H, left astragalus in
dorsal view, anterior aspect down; I, left calcaneum in dorsal view, anterior aspect
down.
Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree following Asher and Helgen (2010), as used in the variance
decomposition test. The nodes are arbitrarily labeled with numbers.
Figure 5. A: Orthogram plot. The bars are proportional to the squared coefficients (white and
gray bars stand for positive and negative coefficients, respectively). The dashed line is
the upper confidence limit at 5%, deduced from 20000 Monte Carlo permutations
(mean value indicated by the horizontal solid line). B: Cumulative orthogram plot.
Circles represent observed values of cumulated squared coefficients, expected values
under H0 are along the straight line, and dashed lines stand for the bilateral
confidence interval. The cumulative decomposition remained between the confidence
limits. C, D, E and F: Histograms of observed values for the four test statistics. The
four statistical tests were all non-significant after 20000 Monte-Carlo permutations.
26
26