Measuring carbon stock in peat soils - Balai Penelitian Tanah

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Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions A reduction of carbon stock translates to carbon emissions and an increase in carbon stock translates to carbon sequestration. Carbon emissions data are normally expressed as CO -e (CO equivalent). 2 2 Peatland emits greenhouse gases in the forms of CO , CH (methane) and 2 4 N O. Of the three gases, CO is the most important because it forms the 2 2 highest amount emitted by peatland, especially converted peat forest to agriculture or settlements. CH is measurable in peat forests that are 4 normally saturated or submerged. CO emissions dominate drained peat, 2 whereas CH emissions decrease significantly or even become undetectable 4 in drained peatland. N O emissions occur from nitrogen-rich soils. Part of the 2 leached nitrate into the anaerobic layer is reduced into N O. In general, CO 2 2 emissions from peat soil can be calculated based on the change in carbon stocks within a given period of time. Carbon storage in peatlands is the largest in (belowground) peat soil, second, in the plant biomass and, third, in the necromass. Each component of carbon stock may be increased or decreased depending on natural factors and human intervention. Droughts result in a decreased watertable, which could subsequently accelerate CO emissions from peat soils. Agricultural 2 land management practices on peatland, such as burning, construction of drainage and fertilization affect CO emission levels. Peat fires can lower the 2 carbon stock in plant biomass and in the peat, which translates to increased emissions from both sources. Fertilization can increase emissions owing to increased microbial activity. On the other hand, reducing the depth of the watertable in drained peatland through installation of canal blocking is likely to reduce the amount of emissions. Plant growth is a process of CO captured from the atmosphere through 2 photosynthesis and stored as carbon in plant tissue. The process of plant growth, especially of tree crops, increases carbon stocks in a landscape. 43
44 Agus et al. (2011) Therefore, the amount of CO2 emissions at a certain time interval can be estimated by the formula: E = ( E a + E bb + E bo — S a ) t E = Emissions owing to aboveground biomass decomposition a E = C x 3.67 a b [10] Where C b is the biomass (and necromass) carbon stocks that are subjected to decomposition upon land-use conversion. The index 3.67 is the conversion factor from C to CO 2 . According to the IPCC (2006), when land is cleared it is assumed that all (100%) of plant biomass carbon is oxidized into CO 2 through either burning or decomposition by microbes or a combination of both. Supposing that a peat forest is cleared with aboveground carbon stock in the plant biomass as high as 100 t/ha, then the amount of emissions from this source are E = 100 t/ha C x 3.67 CO /C = 367 t/ha CO . a 2 2 If the total forest area that was cleared was 6000 ha, then the emissions from the plant biomass would be Ea = 367 t/ha CO x 6,000 ha = 2,202,000 t CO . 2 2 The method for determining carbon stock in plant biomass is elaborated in Hairiah et al. (2011a). E = CO emissions owing to peat fire. When a layer of peat is completely bb 2 burned, then the organic matter will be oxidized, resulting in CO and 2 H O and a number of other gases. 2 E = Volume of burnt peat (m bb 3 ) x BD (t/m3 ) x C (t/t) x 3.67 CO /C org 2 = Volume of burnt peat (m3 ) x C (t/m v 3 ) x 3,67 CO /C 2 The volume of burnt peat can be estimated by measuring the volume of the peat basin formed after the fire, with the basin being the portion of initial peat that is completely burned. For example, if 6000 ha of peat with properties similar to the example in Table 2 burnt evenly to a depth of 30 cm, then
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Practical guidelines Measuring carb
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Citation Agus F, Hairiah K, Mulyani
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Figures Figure 1. Schematic process
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Measuring carbon stock in peat soils - Balai Penelitian Tanah

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