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36 He offers a meticulously researched case to support the argument that using weapons of mass destruction should be judged on intent rather than on results. The same reasoning is applied in a detailed expository on such matters as loyalty to the State, contracts, obligations and treaties, the permissibility of espionage, and deception and trickery. For example, on the topic of Muslims killed in combat unintentionally, in the fight against infidels: “When Mus- lims fight non-believers, any Muslim who is killed is a martyr.” 64 Symmetry between 2003 WMD fatwa and 2008 “Exoneration” There is no compelling need for Zawahiri to duplicate and expand on, albeit under the cloak of another purpose, the very same ideas of al-Fahd in vivid detail and similarity, often ex- panding on the issues to provide further legitimacy. While it appears these issues can be bifurcated throughout his text into different themes without any reference to the 2003 WMD fatwa, a large portion of the text is indeed not only similar in many respects, but provides more ‘proof ’ of its validity. Only four months had elapsed from Dr Fadl’s book to completing “Exoneration,” raising the distinct possibility Zawahiri was focused on the subject of WMD for reasons unrelated to the publication of Dr Fadl’s critique. Nasir Al-Fahd (2003) Ayman Zawahiri (2008) Justifying the Unintentional Killing of Noncombatants during Night Raids and General Destruction—including Women, Children and the Elderly Al-Sa’b ibn Jaththamah Ibn Qudamah Ahmad ibn Hanbal Al-Tahawi Salamah ibn al-Akwa Al-Rahibani Al-Tabari Al-Bayhaqi Abu Dawud Al-Sa’b Bin-Jaththamah Ibn Qudamah Ahmad ibn Hanbal Al-Tahawi Salamah ibn al-Akwa Al-Nawawi Al-Bukhari Imam al-Shirazi Malik Al-Shafi’I Abu Hanifa Ibn Abd al-Birr Abu Bakr al-Jassas Islam and the Bomb: Religious Justification For and Against Nuclear Weapons
Justifying Environmental Destruction, Burning, Flooding, and Agricultural Harm Ahmad ibn Hanbal Abu Dawud Usamah ibn Zayd Malik Ibn al-Qasim Al-Sahfi’I Ishaq Al-Thawri Al-Tirmidhi Al-San’ani Al-Mawwaq Ashhab Ibn Majah Al-Bukhari Al-‘Ayni Ibn ‘Umar Ahmad ibn Hanbal Abu Dawud Usama Ibn Zayd Malik Ibn al-Qasim Al-Shafi’i Ishaq Al-Thawri Nafi’ Abu Hanifa Ibn Taymiyyah Al-Zuhari Yahya Ibn Yahya Muhammad Ibn Rumh Al-Layth Qutaybah Ibn Sa’id Imam al-Kasani Justifying the Unintentional Killing of Muslims used as Human Shields—under the Prin- ciple of Necessity—to Defeat an Enemy Ibn Taymiyah Al-Shafi’I Al-Sarakhsi Abu Bakr al-Jassas Al-Mawwaq Ashhab Al-Shaybani Ibn-Taymiyyah Al-Shafi’I Al-Sarakhsi Ibn Qudamah Al-Awza’I Abu Hanifah Al-Thawri Ibn-Qasim Abu al-Layth Al-San’ani Imam al-Kasani Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs | Harvard Kennedy School 37
Page 1: Islam Islam and the Bomb Religious
Page 4 and 5: Belfer Center for Science and Inter
Page 6 and 7: AUTHOR’S NOTE Threats cannot be f
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS Foreword 9 Living in an Ag
Page 10 and 11: 8 Islam and the Bomb: Religious Jus
Page 12 and 13: 10 ing nuclear weapons? Has a decis
Page 14 and 15: NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN THE 21 ST CENTUR
Page 16 and 17: 14 The Allure of Nuclear Weapons Th
Page 18 and 19: 16 Islam. They claim to represent t
Page 20 and 21: 18 In applying this hierarchy of mo
Page 22 and 23: 20 The Court of Public Opinion “C
Page 24 and 25: THE QURAN AND WEAPONS OF MASS DESTR
Page 26 and 27: 24 The first Caliph (successor to t
Page 28 and 29: 26 both Saudi radical cleric Nasir
Page 30 and 31: AL-QAEDA’S RELIGIOUS JUSTIFICATIO
Page 32 and 33: 30 On that basis, and in compliance
Page 34 and 35: 32 ings of US and Saudi targets in
Page 36 and 37: 34 In November, 2007, Sayid Imam Ab
Page 40 and 41: 38 Zawahiri’s Three Operational M
Page 42 and 43: 40 they have done good for their re
Page 44 and 45: 42 Because the document was written
Page 46 and 47: SUNNI VOICES REJECTION OF TERRORIST
Page 48 and 49: Chronology of Sunni Voices Against
Page 50 and 51: Reactions to the anti-WMD Fatwa Dr
Page 52 and 53: SHIA VOICES IRAN AND THE BOMB Follo
Page 54 and 55: 52 “The decree by Khamenei “pro
Page 56 and 57: 54 “From all I can see, it’s no
Page 58 and 59: president of the Kayhan chain of ne
Page 60 and 61: Ayatollah Mohammad Taghi Mesbah-Yaz
Page 62 and 63: you can do whatever you want to def
Page 64 and 65: Comment: For additional information
Page 66 and 67: APPENDICES Appendix A - Background
Page 68 and 69: 66 Early Muslim scholars developed
Page 70 and 71: 68 located in Yemen, Iraq, and part
Page 72 and 73: 70 Appendix B: Al-Qaeda Nuclear Pla
Page 74 and 75: Appendix C: Events from 2003-2010 -
Page 76 and 77: In his book “Cosmology and Human
Page 78 and 79: 76 and hidden matters, the conseque
Page 80 and 81: 78 pressed. Thus, this prohibition
Page 82 and 83: 80 Appendix E: Sunni Biographies Dr
Page 84 and 85: 82 despite our strong oppositions t
Page 86 and 87: 84 to the United Nations. He presen
Page 88 and 89:
86 losophy and in particular Sadra
Page 90 and 91:
88 nied him food and drink until he
Page 92 and 93:
90 Zawahiri: Page 5, 8, 25, 26, 50,
Page 94 and 95:
92 “As everyone knows, whoever at
Page 96 and 97:
94 fought with fire, and Khalid ibn
Page 98 and 99:
96 Sa’id reported to us that al-L
Page 100 and 101:
98 “The Prophet, may God bless hi
Page 102 and 103:
100 and to refrain from them if the
Page 104 and 105:
102 permissible, and one may setup
Page 106 and 107:
104 “Al-‘Ayni said in ‘Umdat
Page 108 and 109:
106 C. The third position on the is
Page 110 and 111:
108 the prophet (may God bless him
Page 112 and 113:
110 facilitate victory over them. T
Page 114 and 115:
112 “In this Hadith there is perm
Page 116 and 117:
114 The Imam al-Nawawi (may God hav
Page 118 and 119:
116 Referencing Al-Ayni Al-Fahd: Pa
Page 120 and 121:
118 board with them. Malik said tha
Page 122 and 123:
120 “They said that this is a gen
Page 124 and 125:
122 that a tradition from the proph
Page 126 and 127:
124 “Similarly, if an non-believe
Page 128 and 129:
126 The second aspect: Muslim leade
Page 130 and 131:
128 beginning of the verse, God giv
Page 132 and 133:
130 book “Consensus on Matters of
Page 134 and 135:
132 Ibn Qudamah also said: “Chapt
Page 136 and 137:
134 Referencing Muhammad Ibn Isma
Page 138 and 139:
136 in the Name of God and in God
Page 140 and 141:
138 Ibn Taymiyyah (may God have mer
Page 142 and 143:
140 a martyr. Anyone undeserving of
Page 144 and 145:
142 Zawahiri: Page 35, 80, 82, 83,
Page 146 and 147:
144 Similar to this is what Muhamma
Page 148 and 149:
146 ENDNOTES 1. Tzu, Sun. The Art o
Page 150 and 151:
148 Times. 29 May 2003. http://www.
Page 152 and 153:
150 115. Intelligence and Terrorism
Page 154 and 155:
152 163. Gomaa, Ali. “Biography.
Page 156 and 157:
154 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report wo
Page 158:
156 Islam and the Bomb: Religious J
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