ANSWERS TO EXERCISES The numbers in parentheses that ...

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
The numbers in parentheses that accompany most exercises correspond to the reference numbers
used throughout The Broadview Guide to Writing, 5/e. This is intended to make many of the
exercises “self-correcting”; by reading the entry corresponding to the relevant number in the
body of the book, you can see if your answer is correct.
GENERAL DIAGNOSTIC AND REVIEW EXERCISES
EXERCISE: General Diagnostic or Review Exercise 1
Choose the correct alternatives.
1) Yesterday afternoon when he had eaten [ate/had eaten] his meal, he rushed outside. (A8)
2) Not long ago much of the world was ruled by a few colonial powers. Most of Africa,
indeed, was under colonial rule until [until/untill] the 1960s. Now, however [therefore/
however], only a few countries, such as [for example/such as] French Guiana and the
Falkland Islands, are under colonial rule. (F38, F1, C40)
3) How did his criticism affect [affect/effect] you? (A183)
4) He ran quickly in order [inorder/in order] to reach the bank before it closed. (B12)
5) He is a fundamentalist in that [in that/in the way that] he thinks [thinks/is thinking] nonbelievers
will be damned. (C41, A4)
6) The traffic is very heavy every day [everyday/every day] at this time. (B12)
7) Max invited me to his cottage, where he said we could [can/could] go fishing. (A8)
8) My cousin may be [may be/maybe] coming tonight, but I cannot [can not/cannot] be
there. (B12, B11)
9) Maybe [May be/ Maybe] my friend will be arriving at [arriving to/arriving at/arriving]
O’Hare airport soon. (B11, A74)
10) There [They/There] are a number of stores nearby [near by/nearby]. (B144, B259)
11) She persisted [insisted/persisted] in [in/on] finishing her work before watching
television. (B93)
12) Mrs. Murphy told me that she preferred living [living/leaving] in DeKalb to [than/to]
living [living/leaving] in a large city like Chicago. (F36, A127, F36)
13) He was quite [quite/quiet] eager to avenge [avenge/revenge] the terrible things that had
been done to [to/for] him. (F36, A181, A101)
14) One of the boys is [is/are] responsible for keeping [for keeping/to keep] this dormitory
[domitory/dormitory] tidy. (A2, A64, F38)
15) If he shot [shoots/shot] an innocent man, the officer would be dismissed. (A10)
16) It was so wet that [wet that/so wet that/too wet that/very wet that] there [they/there] was
mud everywhere. (C44–C45, B209)

EXERCISE: General Diagnostic or Review Exercise 2
Correct the error(s) in each of the following.
1) They discussed about the bilateral agreement. (A99)
2) All the people who was their they were there were happy. (A2, F36, A174)
3) Businessmen Business people create wealth just as surely as do fishermen fishers and
farmers. (D58, B1, D58)
4) The police arrived at their house quiet quite unexpectedly; than then they arrested Mr.
Svoboda. (F36, F1, F36)
5) I can not cannot meet you later today; I have a prior engagement. (B11, F1)
6) In these circumstances moral morale and efficiency in the organization declines decline.
(F36, A2)
7) He had drank drunk more than was good for him. (A28)
8) He assured me that he was capable to do of doing the work. (A49)
9) Two other types of corporate concentration gives give rise to concern. (A2)
10) She accepted agreed to organize the activities for Parents Day. (A45, F20)
11) All of the students had good behaviors behaved well during the church service. (A153)
12) The complaints against the law by the business community suggests suggest that it must
have had some affect effect. (A2, A183)
13) I know that Prof. Curtis is unhappy with her work, because he gave her an ‘F’. (D45,
C31)
14) In addition to the gun which that was used to commit the crime, the police is are also in
possesion possession of other evidence. (C46, A172, F38)
15) The airlines carry children at lower fairs fares than adults, even though they children
take up seats and generally need more attention from airline staff. (F36, A178)
16) She wanted some advise advice on how to invest her money. (A182)
17) I had been told to try and to not do make any mistakes. (B205, B186)
18) There are few people living in the Kalahari dessert desert are few, and food is short
scarce. (B2, F36, B195)
19) If one believes the rate of interest will rise, it is wise to keep ones’ one’s asset’s assets in
cash untill until the rise has taken place. (F18, F38)
20) For years the USSR refused to allow its satellite states to be become independent. (B28)
21) Everything seem seems to be running satisfactory satisfactorily; let’s let sleeping dogs
lie hold steady rather than changing horses in mid-stream. (A2, A181, C59–C60)
22) She asked me if I can could loan lend her fourty forty cents. (A10, A196, F38)
23) Costa Rica is rather unique amoung among Central American nations. (B149, F38)
24) Rebecca always want wants to try and to succeed. (A2, B205)
25) Taking this into account, it becomes apparent that either this This factor must be ignored
or significantly downplayed if an accurate assessment is to be made. (A13, B5)
26) In my opinion I think people People with heavy jobs, for example such as minors
miners, should be paid well. (D31, C40, F36)
27) Instead of alternatively alternately fighting inflation and unemployment, the goverment
sometimes find finds that they have it has to fight both at the same time. (B19, F38, A2,
A165)

28) On the eighteenth, too, the Canadians captured Trun, the village proposed by
Montgomery for the meeting place with the Americans, who themselves were now
nearing the village of Chambois just a few miles away. and yet Yet on the night of August
the nineteenth in a drizzly rain and early morning fog thousands of trapped German
soldiers made their way stealthily through the narrow gap, and when the fog lifted on the
morning of the twentieth the gap was still packed by the escaping army. (F1)
29) To be sure, the American economy has continued to be the greatest engine for the
creation of wealth and expansion of opportunity known to man humanity, and Johnson’s
last vignette describes how women have conquered the professions and workplace and
achieved equality. But is that all the American civic religion, the noble experiment, comes
to in the end? Where does Paul Johnson come out on all this? [Walter A. McDougall,
Book Review, Times Literary Supplement] (D58)
EXERCISE: General Diagnostic or Review Exercise 3
Correct the error(s) in each of the following.
1) In Scott Fitzgeralds’ Fitzgerald’s story “The Ice Palace,” which appear appears in the
collection, This Side of Paradise, Sally Carroll displays many sides to her character.
(F18, A2, F9, F38)
2) Susan has two brothers; one of them is looking forward to start starting university next
year, and the other one is about to start high school. (F1, A57)
3) He lied when he said that his friend had been trying to kill him. (B185)
4) It was there their first time at the circus, and they were so very excited. (B144, B197)
5) Coffee may be short scarce this year if demand remains at it’s its current high level.
(B195, A195)
6) Tide is not more superior than to any of the other detergents. (B154, A140)
7) All the students talked to each other one another. (A162)
8) None of the wheels on my bicycle turn turns properly. (A151)
9) The doctor told him not to drink and or smoke for at least six months. (B158)
10) Jackson was had been a member of the university’s security force for close to four years
at the time of his death. (A8)
11) Neither of these books are is very well-written. (A163)
12) Humanists tends tend to downplay the usefulness of statistics, Whereas whereas, all too
often, social scientists ignore information which that cannot be quantified. (A2, C22,
C46)
13) Could you please meet me on Wednesday rather than on Thursday? (D45)
14) Perhaps the comparison between the moon landing and the discovery of the Titanic
is valid, but for most of us the moon landing wins for sheer drama and technological
ingenuity. But then Of course, it cost billions of dollars more, so it should have had a
bigger impact. But in long-term benefits, the two achievments achievements may not be
so different. (C18, F38)
15) We have no plans to reintroduce the legislation. there’s There are a lot more important
things to do. (F1, A2)

16) The proposed movie would include Nesmith, who choose chose to remain at home rather
than join the current Monkees reunion tour. (A25)
17) Both the The American administration and the Canadian government wanted a free
trade agreement and so did the Canadian government, which would cover almost all
goods and services. (A177)
18) Its It’s important to always be always to be careful about punctuation. (A195, A1)
19) When a corporation is expanding quickly, they it often experience experiences cash-flow
problems. (A2)
20) She visited a doctor with when she had a bad case of the flu. (B1)
21) When you are traveling Traveling 1,800 feet upwards in a matter of seconds, the CN
Tower seems very impressive. (A13)
22) Her sister, who lives in a suburb of Buffalo, has been visiting her this week. (F9)
STYLISTIC FLUENCY (WORD CHOICE, METAPHORS, BALANCE AND
PARALLELISM, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE)
EXERCISE: Word Choice: Jargon, Abstraction, and Doublespeak (pages 53–56)
Translate each of the following into more easily understood English.
[There is no single right answer to any item in an exercise of this sort; each of the sentences
listed below is an acceptable answer, but certainly not the only possible phrasing.]
1) The new pen has negative vulnerability to is water entry resistant.
2) The building in which the reactor is situated was apparently constructed with a view to
structural rather than containment integrity is sturdy, but is not designed to prevent
leaks.
3) The former aide to the President tries to help clients strategize whatever their objectives
may be vis-à-vis Washington, D.C. or the world decide what they want from the
American government and from other countries.
4) Since data is central to the issue of implementation guidance we believe it is advisable
to examine the data that your organization is assembling, in order to maximize the
actualization of projects designated for implementation, and to preclude unintended
effects Data are important; if you want to get things done efficiently (and prevent
unintended side-effects), we advise you to examine the quality of the data that your
organization is assembling.
5) With regard to the staff members’ requests for supplements to the level of remuneration,
management is of the opinion that it would be injudicious to advocate an increment at the
present time The staff has asked that wages and salaries be increased; management
does not feel it can recommend an increase now.
6) The loss of Columbia put NASA into a temporary hiatus of led to a halt in shuttle
flights. They regarded it as certain that they would have a shortfall in the national launch
capability in the near term NASA knew it would not be able to launch shuttles for
some time.

EXERCISE: Mixed Metaphors (pages 58–59)
Unmix the following metaphors.
[Note that there may be more than one correct answer.]
1) We don’t want to throw the baby out with the bath water lose a good opportunity before
we check to see if the coast is clear.
2) Unless every clause in the agreement is airtight the deal could come unglued may not
occur and we’d be left up the creek without a paddle be left with a difficult situation .
3) The government’s scorched earth policy in response to the rebels has dampened lessened
hopes for an early settlement of the war.
4) We were all swamped by an avalanche the large amount of paperwork.
EXERCISE: Balance and Parallelism (pages 59–63)
Rewrite the following sentences to have better rhythm and balance.
[Note that there is no one correct wording.]
1) Some prefer Shakespeare’s comedies such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream or Twelfth
Night to tragedies such as Othello or Hamlet or to history plays such as Henry IV and
Richard III.
2) Sir Ian McKellen is well-respected both as a stage actor and for his work in film. He has
either won or been nominated for numerous awards.
3) In this situation they have only two possible alternatives: either to try fixing the car
themselves or to call a mechanic.
4) It is significant to note that this doctor’s medical office has had a troubled history. He and
his partner have each been sued more than once for malpractice.
EXERCISE: Active and Passive (A12)
GRAMMAR (A1–A211)
In each of the following sentences, change the verb from the passive voice to the active.
1) Legislation has been passed by the The government has passed legislation to ensure that
the rights of individuals are protected.
2) After careful deliberation, it the council has been decided that to approve the application
for residential zoning to change the zoning of the building to be changed from residential
to commercial will be approved.
3) The economy was subjected to two Two serious oil price shocks struck the economy
in the 1970s; those with cars were forced to line up for hours to obtain gasoline, and
everyone was affected by inflation.

4) Samuel Smith first carried out research Research in this area was first carried out by
Samuel Smith in the 1990s. A team directed by and was completed after his death by a
team directed by Marjorie Mullins completed the work after his death.
5) My dress was made by my My mother made this dress. She is a superb seamstress.
6) A bird chased a lizard in In the middle of the afternoon, a lizard was chased by a bird.
7) Two days before her exhibit began, the artist finished the The painting was finished
by the artist just two days before her exhibit began.
EXERCISE: Split Infinitives (A1)
Change the following split infinitives.
1) They did not want to quickly decide the issue quickly.
2) We were asked to patiently await the decision patiently.
3) The contractor said that they would have to carefully restore the house carefully.
4) Their policy was perpetually to perpetually maintain a state of economic equilibrium.
5) The choir began to loudly sing the anthem loudly.
6) The sun began to brightly shine brightly into my eyes.
EXERCISE: Simple Present Tense (A2)
Add an s where necessary to plural nouns, third-person singular verbs, etc.
1) Train Trains in Burma usually run on time, although it sometime sometimes take takes
many hours to get from one place to another. The trip from Belowa to Rangoon, for
example, last lasts about eleven hour hours. The Railway Corporation use uses several
different type types of locomotive—steam, electric, and diesel. The newest are the
electric locomotive locomotives that travel between Rangoon and Mutisa.
2) Most of the electricity that the State need needs come comes from the dam. When the
water flow flows over the large turbine turbines, it turn turns them and this produce
produces large amount amounts of electricity.
3) When a debate start starts, the Chair alway always introduce introduces the topic and
then three speaker speakers from each team argue for or against the resolution. Each
speaker talk talks for several minute minutes. At the end of the debate the Chair give
gives all those in the crowd who wish to comment a chance to do so.

4) In politic politics as in everyday life the variation variations that interest us occur in two
dimension dimensions. Sometime Sometimes political scientist scientists are curious
about variation variations over time. For instance, they may ask why the number of vote
votes received by the various parties fluctuate fluctuates so much from one election to
the next. At other time times political scientist scientists concentrate their attention on
variation variations over space. They may be interested, for example, in why one nation
nation’s government seem seems to enjoy more success than it its neighbor in combating
inflation, or protecting human right rights.
5) Christmas tree trees are usually raised on tree farm farms. Sometime Sometimes people
cut down their own, but it take takes a lot of effort. There are many different style styles
for decorating tree trees. One of my parent parents prefer prefers a style that is more
traditional, with candle candles for light lights, while the other like likes to use mini-light
mini-lights instead.
6) One of the most cherished feature features of dinosaur dinosaurs—their gigantism—is
also one of the most mysterious. Why in the world were these animal animals so huge?
Some specie species of dinosaur dinosaurs may have evolved to a larger stature as a way
of escaping predator predators or gaining a competitive advantage. A study of growth
ring rings in dinosaur bone bones by Greg Erickson of Florida State University and other
others show shows that baby dinosaur dinosaurs grew to maturity at dazzling speed.
(National Geographic)
EXERCISE: Subject-Verb Agreement (A2)
Correct the subject-verb agreement error in each of the following.
1) Fowler (1962) pointed out that concern about the dangers of premature cognitive
training and an overemphasis on personality development had delayed inordinately the
recognition that the ability to talk, read and compute increase increases the child’s selfrespect
and independent functioning.
2) Idaho’s chances of making it to the televised finals, where the big payoff payoffs to
sponsors come, are not great. (Financial Post)
3) To make matters worse, none of the three in the Lakers’ training camp have has much
playoff experience. (Toronto Star)
4) The technical aspect of the newspaper has also be been re-evaluated. Typos, or mistakes
in spelling and grammar, which makes make comprehension difficult, has have
been made almost a thing of the past. (Editorial in the student newspaper of the State
University of New York at Stony Brook, as quoted in The New Yorker)
5) Even if it’s dark outside, she still wear wears her sunglasses!
6) Dr. Seuss’s story “The Sneeches” have has a serious point.
7) Her often-ambiguous views on “clean coal” technology has have alienated hard-line
environmentalists.

EXERCISE: Simple Present Tense (A2–A3)
Fill in the correct tense of the verb.
1) Every day the sun rises [to rise] in the east and sets [to set] in the west. Because of this,
some people think [to think] that the sun revolves [to revolve] around the earth. In fact,
the opposite is [to be] true; the earth circles [to circle] the sun once every day. While the
sun shines [to shine] on one side of the earth, it is [to be] night on the other side. (A3)
2) This year she has followed [to follow] the same pattern of teaching in many lessons.
As soon as she comes [to come] into the class she asks [to ask] several questions on
the previous day’s work. Then she usually introduces [to introduce] a new topic, and
talks [to talk] to us about it for several minutes. More often than not she then assigns
[to assign] a written exercise to do in class. If the students finish [to finish] the exercise
before the end of the class, she corrects [to correct] it on the board. Sometimes if there
are [to be] a few minutes remaining she tells [to tell] a story or asks a student to tell a
story. (A3)
3) Shylock is [to be] the most important character in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice.
We sympathize [to sympathize] with him despite his streak of cruelty, because we are
made [to be made] to understand his resentment against the Christians. When Shylock
accuses [to accuse] Antonio in Act One of having sworn at him and spat on him merely
because of his religion, Antonio—far from denying the charges—says [to say] that he
would do the same again. Moreover, Antonio’s prejudice against Jews seems [to seem] to
be shared by all the Christian characters in the play. (D55)
4) The company’s new Seek and Find service lets [to let] cellphone users zero in on the
location of kids or other Telus subscribers who don’t mind sharing their whereabouts. For
$5 a month parents will be able [to be able] to have another link added to the electronic
leash to their children. Once the service is introduced, Telus says [to say] its customers’
privacy still will be [to be] protected.
EXERCISE: Conditional Sentences (A9, A10)
Complete the following sentences in any appropriate way.
[Note that there is no one correct answer.]
1) If I wore no clothes at all, I would feel a bit chilly on a day like today.
2) If Congress reduces taxes, it will also need to reduce services in order to balance the
budget.
3) He would buy a truck if he had the money.
4) He will buy a truck if he is able to find one he can afford.
5) If a decision is made next month, she will surely get a new computer.

6) She will win if she can appeal to the urban voter.
7) She would win if she were able to appeal to the urban voter.
8) If money were abolished, it would probably quickly be reinvented in some other form.
9) Local farms would be more productive if costs were lower.
10) If he sends me the money in time I will be very grateful.
EXERCISE: The Conditional (A9, A10)
Fill in either the conditional tense or the simple future tense in the main clause.
Example: I ____________ [to help] him if I could.
I would help him if I could. (conditional)
1) If I found someone’s wallet lying on the ground, I would return [to return] it.
2) If I find the wallet that you have lost, I will return [to return] it.
3) You would find [to find] the weather extremely cold if you lived at the North Pole.
4) You will find [to find] the weather extremely cold when you come to Minnesota this
coming January.
5) If he gets here before three o’clock, I will take [to take] him to see the museum.
6) If you were the President, what would you do [to do] about the situation?
7) I will be [to be] very happy if the company hires me as an apprentice.
8) If I were very rich, I would buy [to buy] a house in the Hamptons.
9) If I decide to go to the party, I will bring [to bring] some food.
10) You would be [to be] very overweight if you ate only fast food.
11) I will have [to have] a lot of luck when I find a four-leaf clover.
12) I would have [to have] a lot of luck if I found a four-leaf clover.
13) If I knew the proper steps, I would love [to love] to try swing dancing.
14) If she stopped cheating, she would not get [to get] into trouble.
15) He would make [to make] more saves if he kept his eye on the puck.
Fill in either the simple past or the simple present tense in the subordinate clause.
16) I will ask him about it if I see [to see] him again later today.
17) If I win [to win] the lottery I will buy my parents a new car.
18) If I won [to win] the lottery I would buy my parents a new car.
19) He would do better if he worked [to work] harder.
20) He will do better if he works [to work] harder next term.
21) If a burglar came [to come] into your room at night, what would you do?
22) I will lend you this CD if you promise [to promise] to take good care of it.

23) He would look much better if he arranged [to arrange] his hair differently.
24) There can no longer be any doubt that people live [to live] longer if they smoke [to
smoke] less.
25) If we go [to go] swimming later, remember to bring your towel.
EXERCISE: Conditional Sentences (A9, A10)
Fill in the missing verbs.
1) He would supply [to supply] our company with what we need if we paid [to pay] him
$50,000. However, we only have [to have] $30,000 in liquid assets.
2) If he replies [to reply] to me quickly, as I think he will, I will be able [to be able] to make
reservations for our holiday.
3) If she believed [to believe] in God she would pray [to pray]. However, she is [to be] an
atheist.
4) My friend and I are thinking of going to the game this afternoon. If we go [to go] we
probably will take [to take] our wives with us.
5) If we had arrived [to arrive] sooner, we would have been able to help him.
6) If Montcalm’s most important officer had not been hiding [to be hiding] away with his
mistress, the French troops would have been assembled [to be assembled] earlier and
the British would have lost [to lose] the battle on the Plains of Abraham.
7) We would have been better off if we had planted [to plant] wheat instead of cotton.
8) If you had spoken to me about it, I would have done [to do] something sooner.
9) I would have told them the truth if they had asked [to ask] me.
10) The Titanic would probably not have sunk [to sink] if it had struck the iceberg head on.
EXERCISE: Conditional and Past Conditional (A11)
Correct the error in each of the following.
1) If we sent send the check by special delivery now, it will reach her by Thursday.
2) If you would pay attention, you will understand a good deal more of what is said.
3) If they all had won prizes, I’m sure some of them will would still be sullen and unhappy.
4) If you would have had eaten anything poisonous, there would have been some indication
of trouble by now.
5) If they would have had thought about it beforehand, they would not have acted so very
foolishly.
6) And if second baseman Manny Lee had made a play on a Scott Bradley grounder in the
fourth, the Jays could have been out of the inning, trailing only 3–2. (Toronto Star)
7) Had he been with the last year’s Blue Jay team, his deficiencies may might not have been
all that conspicuous. (The Globe and Mail)
8) If you would have had come when I first called you, none of this would have happened.

9) If you do not water your plants, they would will die.
10) I will would have gone out to dinner with you, if I had not already made plans.
EXERCISE: Verb Tenses: General Review (A2–A11)
Fill in the correct tenses of the verbs.
1) This train always leaves [to leave] at exactly five o’clock. (A3)
2) As he was climbing [to climb] the mountain he lost [to lose] his grip and plunged [to
plunge] five hundred feet to his death.
3) After we had made [to make] our way through the forest, we sat down to rest. (A8)
4) This machinery is [to be] very reliable. It almost never breaks [to break] down, and it
needs [to need] very little maintenance. (A3)
5) He told [to tell] me before the meeting yesterday that they had reached [to reach] a
decision already. (A8)
6) The Cleveland Indians are improving [to improve] at the moment, but I do not think [to
not think] that they are [to be] as good as the Red Sox yet. (A4)
7) The government has oppressed [to oppress] the people of Zimbabwe for many years. I
hope [to hope] that it soon will be [to be] forced to change its ways. (A7)
8) Have you ever seen [to see] a flying saucer? (A7)
9) I would tell [to tell] him what I knew if I trusted [to trust] him. Unfortunately, I don’t
trust him. (A10)
10) If he found out [to find out] about this he would be [to be] very angry, but I am sure he
will not find out. (A10)
11) Greene’s novel recounts [to recount] the story of an alcoholic Mexican priest during a
period in which the government is suppressing [to suppress] organized religion. (A6)
12) New research shows [or has shown] [to show] there has been [to be] a sharp increase in
disfiguring skin cancers, particularly in women under the age of 40. (A6)
13) If I had known [to know] yesterday what I know [to know] today, I would not have gone
to the concert. (A10, A6)
EXERCISE: Dangling Constructions and Misplaced Sentence Parts (A13–A16)
Correct the following sentences.
[In each case there is more than one way of correcting the problem.]
1) As he was riding Riding the bus to work, his wife waved at him from the sidewalk.
2) When the walls are covered with aluminum siding, we will have a much more saleable
house.
3) Regarding the fiscal requirements of the government, an An increase in taxes will be
required if the deficit is to be reduced.

4) Looking for a moment at What are the implications of Smith’s argument? he He allows
us to justify our selfish behavior.
5) Having We have covered the issue of stratification; the means of redistributing income
will be dealt with next.
6) To obtain a sense of the density of much postmodern theory, a A few examples should
suffice to give a sense of the density of much postmodern theory.
7) We have asked for a random survey of the attitudes of consumers. carried out randomly.
8) Considering all All of this evidence, there is no doubt suggests that an increased
awareness of the usefulness of uniform and objectively defined time led to the spread of
clocks, and not the other way round.
9) Widely Truman was widely regarded as a failure by observers at the time; we can now
see that Truman he was a remarkably successful president.
10) To begin this essay, Faulkner’s novel is written from several points of view.
11) To If you wish to obtain a refund, any copies damaged in shipment must be returned
promptly.
12) Having settled Once the issue of independence was settled, questions of economic
growth came to the fore in the public consciousness.
13) Smothered The steak was smothered in mushrooms and lashed with HP sauce; I
enjoyed the steak it immensely.
14) Although the 250 workers were being declared redundant, the company president said
the 250 workers they would be offered alternative jobs.
15) To help reduce the beaver colonies, the Department of Natural Resources has even begun
allowing novice trappers to learn to trap in the comfort of their own living rooms.
(The Globe and Mail)
16) As reconstructed by According to police, Pfeiffer at first denied any knowledge of the
Byrd murder.
(The New York Times, reprinted in Theodore Bernstein, Watch Your Language)
17) A few weeks before her death, the The woman had moved into an apartment where she
was killed. a few weeks before her death. (quoted from a Montreal newspaper in Word
Watching, a language newsletter)
18) When Remy hit an RBI single, the ball bounced off Hass’ leg and which rolled into
right field. (Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage)

19) When they are stewed, I like prunes.
20) She is very fond of reading,; one of the selections on her reading list was the latest
Ishiguro novel.
21) Far from America has not been showing great leadership on global trade,. A more a
frequent question in Washington is whether the country can avoid slipping backwards.
22) After trudging the players had trudged back into position following the rain delay, play
was stopped again only 16 minutes later.
[Note: Numbers 13–19 of the above exercise were quoted by Robertson Cochrane in a
column in The Globe and Mail.]
EXERCISE: Dangling Constructions (A13–A16)
For each of the following write a complete sentence that incorporates the phrase given but does
not allow it to dangle.
[There is no single correct answer to any of these questions.]
1) Turning to Margaret Atwood’s later novels…
2) Considering the developments of the past few years in Eastern Europe…
3) Looking at the connection between economic history and the history of ideas…
4) Regarding the claim that women and men are intrinsically different…
5) Having surveyed the four main theories of…
6) Watching the movie closely…
7) After examining all the clues the bank robber left behind…
8) Upon receiving the up-to-date statistics…
9) Once it was reviewed thoroughly, the report…
10) Cleaning up after everyone had left, the waitress…

EXERCISE: Sequence of Tenses (A17–A19)
Correct the following sentences.
[Note that it is often possible to correct these sentences in more than one way.]
1) The Vice President said, that “We will have to improve our productivity.”
2) Tennyson’s Ulysses says, that “I have suffered greatly, both with those/That loved me,
and alone.”
3) Churchill claimed in 1940, that “This is our finest hour.”
4) Johnson at first believed that the Vietnam war will would be over before the 1968
election.
5) For the most part the story of Chopin’s The Awakening is narrated in a detached manner
that leaves the reader to make her own inferences about the characters involved.
Occasionally though, the narrative voice adopts a clear point of view: Such is the case,
for example, when Mr. Pointellier “could Mr. Pointellier “could see plainly that she
was not herself. That is, he could not see that she was becoming herself and daily casting
aside that fictitious self which we assume like a garment with which to appear before the
world.” Quite clearly, the aside concerning the “fictitious self” comes from the narrator,
not from Mr. Pointellier.
6) The teacher was unhappy with her students’ test scores. She turned to them and said that
they will have would have to improve their study habits.
EXERCISE: Irregular Verbs (A20–A44)
Correct whichever of the following are incorrect.
1) She can do whatever she choses chooses.
2) The book is well-written and beautifully layed laid out.
3) He says that he rung rang twice and got no answer.
4) They have stole stolen everything I own.
5) This blouse shrunk shrank when I washed it in hot water.
6) The ship sunk sank in three hundred feet of water.
7) He drunk drank the whole quart of milk in less than a minute.
8) We went out Christmas Eve and sung sang Christmas songs to seniors.
9) The dress was very lose loose on her.
10) We cot caught her sneaking out of the house last night.
Fill in the simple past tense of the verbs indicated.
1) She chose [to choose] the material that was [to be] least expensive.
2) Samuel drank [to drink] too much beer last night.
3) All the pipes burst [to burst] and water covered the floor.
4) The little baby fell [to fall] asleep as soon as he lay [to lie] down.

5) The soldiers fled [to flee] as soon as they saw [to see] the size of the opposing force.
6) As soon as I apologized, my parents forgave [to forgive] me.
7) We ground [to grind] the seeds into a fine powder.
8) He laid [to lay] his book down for a moment, and then he forgot [to forget] where he had
put it.
9) I lent [to lend] him five dollars yesterday.
10) The letter carrier rang [to ring] the bell four times.
11) His whole family sought [to seek] refuge here after leaving Guatemala.
12) The moon shone [to shine] very brightly last night.
13) The bandits shot [to shoot] the policeman in the back.
14) This sweater shrank [to shrink] when I washed it in hot water.
15) He sang [to sing] at the top of his voice all afternoon.
16) When the Titanic sank [to sink], over 1,500 lives were [to be] lost.
17) All my food slid [to slide] off my plate onto the floor.
18) He spent [to spend] his entire wages on beer and cigarettes.
19) The car spun [to spin] out of control as it went [to go] around the corner.
20) He spat [to spit] in disgust on the pavement.
21) She split [to split] the log into two easily.
22) The cougar sprang [to spring] out of the undergrowth at the deer.
23) We swam [to swim] in the pool below the falls.
24) She wept [to weep] for hours when she heard [to hear] the sad news.
25) The python wound [to wind] itself around his neck.
26) He wrung [to wring] out the wet clothing, and put it on the line.
EXERCISE: Infinitive or Gerund? (A45–A68)
Fill in the correct choice.
1) Mr. Carruthers accused me of laughing [to have laughed/of laughing] at him behind his
back.
2) He has a tendency to speak [to speak/of speaking] before he has thought about what
effect his words may have.
3) Mary is certainly capable of getting [to get/of getting] an ‘A’ in this course.
4) He has often tried to discourage me from trying [to try/from trying] to get into medical
school.
5) They seemed to be [as if they were/to be] about to attack us.
6) The press suspected the senator of having been involved [to have been involved/of
having been involved] in a conflict of interest.
7) The woman said she felt justified in suing [in suing/ to sue] her husband because he had a
history of infidelity.
8) They planned to have [on having/to have] her baby shower at the community hall.
9) He was forbidden to go into [from going into/to go into] the store for the next three years
because he had been caught shoplifting.

EXERCISE: Prepositions (A69–A148)
Fill in the correct preposition, or leave blank if no preposition is needed.
1) My father was very angry with me when I did not do what he had asked me to.
2) We should arrive in Denver in time for dinner.
3) The three of them were chased away from school.
4) The group departed from Paris in the early morning.
5) We discussed the problem with him for a whole afternoon.
6) We were told to continue our work.
7) We must refer to the first chapter to find the most important clue to the protagonist’s
identity.
8) The geopolitical situation in late 1938 was different from what it had been only a few
months earlier.
9) He asked me what type of vehicle we wanted.
10) She is convinced that this brand of detergent is superior to that one.
11) The car collided with a large truck.
Which of the following sentences are incorrect? Correct whatever preposition mistakes you find.
1) By the time troops arrived at the Russian Parliament buildings, Yeltsin and his supporters
had built barricades and were prepared.
2) Sarkozy had intended to consult with his advisors before making a statement.
3) We must draw a different conclusion than the one we had expected.
4) Tyson departed from Las Vegas amidst a storm of controversy over the incident.
5) The controversy over whether or not special lanes for bicycles should be built along
major thoroughfares centers on the issue of safety.
6) At the state legislature today, a group of citizens protested against the government’s
decision.
7) He compared her with to a wild rose, saying she was just as beautiful and unique.
8) My grandfather joined up with the army as soon as he turned 16.
9) Some say she has been suffering with from bad arthritis since she was a teenager.
10) I was surprised at by how well my daughter learned to speak Japanese.
11) We looked underneath of the table but we still couldn’t find her contact lens.
12) Melissa was homesick after her first week of college and wanted to return back to her
parents’ house.
13) We ran inside of the house so the bee couldn’t sting us.
14) My father graduated from high school in 1975.

EXERCISE: Singular and Plural (A149–A173)
Make the changes necessary to ensure that the parts of the sentence are in agreement.
1) Either John or his brother is responsible for causing the disturbance. (A163)
2) None of the excuses we were given is satisfactory. (A170)
3) Each of the members feel feels that the application should be rejected. (A151)
Choose the correct alternative in each of the following.
4) The aurora borealis is still a largely unexplained phenomenon [phenomenon/
phenomena]. (A171)
5) There appear to be at least two foci [focuses/foci] in Bruegel’s Fall of Icarus. (A149)
6) There were several Attorneys General [Attorney Generals / Attorneys General] during
the administration of George W. Bush. (A149)
7) Television is generally considered to be the most influential medium [media/medium].
(A167)
Correct any mistakes in the following sentences.
1) The second criteria criterion that Locke puts forward is closely connected to the first.
(A159)
2) The data we were shown is are not sufficient to convince us. (A161)
3) As the twentieth century began, the newspaper was the media medium that affected
North Americans most profoundly. (A167)
EXERCISE: Pronoun Referencing (A176, A178)
Correct the pronoun problem in each of the following.
[Note that it may be possible to correct the problem in more than one way.]
1) A shopkeeper’s life is Shopkeepers’ lives are usually a very busy one. They often have
to work at least twelve hours a day.
2) Frank is not as good as Henry at the high jump. He Frank usually jumps about five feet.
3) Larson argues that the sexual stereotypes of modern Western society will not be
eradicated until the economic system alters, whereas Myers feels that a degree of
stereotyping is an inevitable, if regrettable, result of genetic differences. This Myers’
point is important to recognize.
4) Harvard must maintain the high standards that make people like Henry Rosovsky and I
me work twice as hard. (from an address by Harvard University president Derek Bok)
5) No one consulted Shannon and myself me about the change in work shifts.
6) Jennifer Aniston and Courteney Cox were both on the TV show, Friends. Now, however,
she Aniston is pursuing a movie career.

7) My aunt and uncle drove to South Dakota to see the badlands They’re , which are really
hot in the summer.
8) There is no need to repay past debts between you and I me: we’re friends!
Find and correct the pronoun problems.
1) Typically, a deconstructionist deconstructionists searches search for deeply hidden
structures, which even the author may not have been aware of. Indeed, a deconstructionist
is often uninterested in whatever structure the author may have declared she has
attempted to impose on the text.
2) Writing business letters is an important skill to learn. Normally, of course, it a business
letter should begin with a salutation.
3) Ownership rights certainly protect a sphere of liberty for the rights owners, but they
may also interfere with the rights of others who are no longer at liberty to use what they
previously could. If this interference were more widely realized we might be less likely
to think of liberty as an unqualified good.
EXERCISE: Who and Whom (A179)
Fill in who or whom, whichever is correct.
1) Who will be waiting for you?
2) To whom should I address the parcel?
3) She is a writer about whom I know very little.
4) Who should I say is calling?
5) Andrew Johnson was the President who followed Lincoln.
6) Andrew Johnson was the President whom Lincoln preceded.
7) D’Arcy McGee was the leader who was assassinated while John A. Macdonald was
Prime Minister of Canada.
8) It was John A. Macdonald who said to D’Arcy McGee, “We can’t afford to have two
drunkards in the Cabinet; you’ve got to stop.”
9) It was D’Arcy McGee whom John A. Macdonald was speaking to when he said, “We
can’t afford to have two drunkards in this Cabinet; you’ve got to stop.”
10) If I could paint as well as Picasso, to whom would I sell my paintings?
EXERCISE: Part of Speech Conversions (A180–A211)
Correct the mistake in each sentence.
1) He did not give me very good advise advice. (A182)
2) To some extend extent what you say is true, but I cannot agree with you completely.
(A210)
3) There maybe may be a chance that you can still convince him to do what you want.
(A199)

4) She was eager to revenge avenge what they had done to her. (A210)
5) The team’s four starters voted unanimous unanimously to start on four days rest. (A181)
6) I loaned lent him the money to buy a car. (A210)
7) He was careful not to loose lose track of the argument. (A198)
8) The above quote quotation illustrates just how short-sighted nineteenth-century
educators could be. (A208)
9) Whether we want to admit it or not, environmental issues effect affect us all. (A183)
10) There are two reasons why I would like to get the job. First and foremost, I love the
hours, and secondly second, the pay is great. (A190)
11) Her beauty stole his breathe breath away. (A186)
12) He wasn’t sure if he wanted to buy the house. It’s Its windows were too small and the
lawn was covered in weeds. (A195)
13) The school’s main principal principle was a no-tolerance attitude towards violence.
(A205)
14) The salesman assured me that the sofa was made with quality leather of high quality.
(A207)
15) Dan Bern is an American songwriter who’s whose lyrics are often thought-provoking.
(A211)
EXERCISE: Like and As (A194)
Choose the correct alternative in each of the following sentences.
1) We should meet at ten o’clock as [like/as] we agreed.
2) As [Like/As] she said when we began this discussion, we have to choose between the
lesser of two evils.
3) Like [Like/As] Russia, Canada is dominated geographically by vast areas of frozen
wasteland.
4) In many ways copper behaves as [like/as] silver does.
5) Many people think my sister looks like [like/as] me.
6) “As [Like/As] I already have told you a hundred times, you have to clean your room!” his
mother shouted.
EXERCISE: Word Order (B1–B10)
WORDS (B1–B208)
Improve the word order in the following sentences.
1) This could be the result either of of either natural events or human actions. (B5)
2) In the end, Hitler neither conquered conquered neither Britain nor the Soviet Union.
(B5)

3) We should first ask what are the conditions the conditions are under which an electronics
industry is likely to flourish. (B9)
4) Passions can interfere either either interfere sporadically on particular occasions, or they
can be a continual influence on one’s actions. (B5)
5) The conclusions we draw will be largely determined by what are the assumptions we start
with are. (B9)
EXERCISE: Word Order (B1–B10)
There is a word order mistake in each of the following. Correct it.
1) The There were few Angels supporters in the crowd were few. (B2)
2) The I need the books I lent to my friend I need them back soon. (B4)
3) The men who are responsible for installing the joists, the The supervisor wanted to see
them the men who are responsible for installing the joists. (B4)
4) He neither wants wants neither pity nor charity. (B5)
5) They were given sentences of between one and three years all All except those who had
not committed any violent offenses were given sentences of between one and three
years. (B6)
6) I and my My friends and I usually spend holidays together. (B7)
7) In this class there are three students only three students. (B8)
8) I asked Faith how was she was feeling. (B9)
9) My professor asked me what was I was doing. (B9)
10) They asked us what was wrong?. (B9)
11) I borrowed the young man’s a truck belonging to a young man who had bought it only
the day before. (B10)
12) You can order by telephone a personal computer system that will be delivered the next
day by telephone. (B10)
13) Greville is now represented by the best of both of his love poems and of his sonorous
Calvinist laments. (B3) [poet Thom Gunn, writing in the Times Literary Supplement]

EXERCISE: One-Word/Two-Word Problems
Correct the errors in the following sentences.
1) If any one anyone wants to go out tonight, give me a call later.
2) I can’t believe you were late for the movie! By the time you came, alot a lot had already
happened.
3) The artist was not all together altogether happy with her latest work.
4) Inspite In spite of the circumstances, she still wanted to go out with him.
5) We tried to organize the party, but noone no one had time to help.
6) We tried to organize the party our selves ourselves, but we didn’t have enough time.
7) The dish was still in tact intact even though it fell from the table.
8) The White House showed no sign of giving into in to Republican pressure.
EXERCISE: Difficulties with Meaning I (A183, B13–B153, F36)
(These various problems with the meanings of words are treated in “Word Meanings: Are Cars
Ever Stationery?”, beginning on p. 209.)
Choose the correct word or expression.
1) Do you think your action will have any effect [effect/affect]? (A183)
2) The shopkeeper did not want to accept [accept/except] a credit card. (B13)
3) The tape recording complements [compliments/complements] the study guide. (B43)
4) The council [council/counsel] deliberated for seven hours before reaching a decision.
(F36)
5) One approach is to break down the questionnaire results by age and sex. Alternatively
[Alternately/Alternatively], we may study the variations among different income levels.
(B19)
6) He is very conservative and would never wish to flout [flout/flaunt] the college
administration. (B76)
7) The stage can be disassembled [dissembled/disassembled] within two hours. (B57)
8) The two elements must be seen as entirely discrete [discreet/discrete]. (B54)
9) She told me definitely [definitely/definitively] that she would not support the motion.
(B50)
10) The United States, Iran, and the People’s Republic of China resort to capital [capitol/
capital] punishment frequently, whereas Canada, Australia, and the many nations of
Western Europe all abolished the practice many years ago. (B35)
11) The majority believe that theft is immoral [amoral/immoral] in any circumstances. (B22)
12) No politician is averse [adverse/averse] to publicity. (B15)
13) They were eager to declare the amount as a capital [capitol/capital] gain. (B35)
14) The company always purchases stationery [stationary/stationery] in bulk. (B140)
15) The book is laden with a preface, a foreword [foreword/forward] and an introduction.
(B79)

16) The spokesperson implied [inferred/implied] that the withdrawal would be made, but he
would not state it explicitly [explicitly/implicitly]. (B88, B72)
17) The judge felt that the guilt of the accused was mitigated [mitigated/militated] by the
manner in which he had been provoked; the victim was his supervisor at work, and had
been persecuting [persecuting/prosecuting] him for years. (B106, B117)
18) The musician adapted [adopted/adapted] the song to bring it within his vocal range.
(B15)
19) Receiving good news always invigorates [enervates/invigorates] me! (B68)
20) My friend says that his grandmother lost all her teeth during a thunder and lightning
[lightning/lightening] storm. The story is that his grandmother was talking on the phone
when the outside pole was struck. It supposedly caused an electric current to run through
the line and knock out her teeth. (B101)
EXERCISE: Difficulties with Meaning II (B13–B153)
In each of the following there is a mistake. Correct it.
(These various problems with the meanings of words are treated in “Word Meanings: Are Cars
Ever Stationery?”, beginning on p. 209.)
1) A lot of emigrants immigrants entered the United States last year. (B66)
2) Most sports stars who ‘write’ books do it by corroborating collaborating with a
professional writer. (B42)
3) The experiment would of have worked if we had calculated the angles correctly. (B112)
4) Anyone can may park here; there are no restrictions. (B34)
5) The Committee is made up of imminent eminent people from all walks of life. (B67)
6) Like any intelligent and hard-working young person, she is liable likely to succeed. (B99)
7) The percent percentage of the sample that responded to question 12 was very low.
(B191)
8) The entire town was ravished ravaged by the violent storm. (B127)
9) There were to too many people there; I felt claustrophobic. (B146)
10) He has little or no interest in sex, but he is otherwise a very sensual sensuous man.
(B134)
11) Her writing is completely eligible illegible; I can hardly make out a word. (B65)
12) Ms. Jenkins persuaded encouraged me to invest in her business, but I decided it would
not be a good idea. (B118)
13) My aunt is a very amicable amiable person; she is always friendly and has a great sense
of humor. (B21)
14) Whether or not the criminal committed armed robbery in his past is besides beside the
point. The real question is if he committed the crime he was accused of last month. (B30)
15) Some of the styles of the 1970s (i.e., e.g., of clothing, of furniture) have become
fashionable again. (B62)

EXERCISE: Usage (B154–B207)
Each sentence contains one mistake. Correct it.
1) Please do not do make any changes before you have asked me about them. (B167)
2) There are less fewer people in Sweden than there are in the city of New York. (B184)
3) He did made a lot of mistakes on his tax form. (B186)
4) Nadal does not want to go to Wimbledon nor or the US Open this year. (B188)
5) He could not do nothing about the problems that he faced. (B189)
6) The college would like to increase the number of places available in residence. (B177)
7) A revolution is occurs when the government changes hands as a result of a violent
uprising. (B181)
8) The reason the The ozone layer is being destroyed is because as a result of the effects of
aerosol sprays. (B195)
9) The plaintiff now intends to try and to regain custody of the child. (B206)
10) We did not want to go on the hike, and anyways anyway, it was raining. (B159)
11) She thinks her father can be able to will be able to fix her car by tomorrow morning.
(B165) [or can fix…]
12) My parents say that there use used to be more snow when they were children. (B207)
13) I was very grateful thankful that no one was hurt in the car accident. (B204)
14) I could not hand in my essay because I forgot left it at home. (B173)
EXERCISE: Usage (B154–B207)
There is one mistake in each of the following sentences. Correct it.
1) According to science, it It is impossible to travel faster than the speed of light. (B154)
2) As When he had got into the car, he turned the key in the ignition. (B160)
3) The European powers wanted to colonize Africa because of for the following reasons.
(B163)
4) There are several birds (i.e. e.g., penguins, ostriches) that cannot fly. (B62)
5) He often forgets leaves his office key at home. (B173)
6) The reason she likes him is because that he is a well-known personality. (B195)
7) Students The number of students at this college will be substantially increased next
year. (B177)
8) The police did made a thorough investigation, and could find no evidence of wrongdoing.
(B179)
9) She lied when she said that she had not stolen any money. (B185)
10) He is opposed against to legalizing marijuana. (B191)
11) The dog can’t can hardly walk anymore because of the arthritis in his legs. (B175)
12) There were a large amount number of protestors at the rally yesterday. (B157)
13) She could not find the address in the phone book, on the Internet, and or at the post
office. (B158)

14) The percent percentage of people in Massachusetts that smoke is going down each year.
(B192)
15) I always vote for the Republican party, irregardless regardless of scandals. (B180)
EXERCISE: They, There, Their and Were, Where (B144, B153)
Fill in the correct choice.
1) The boys told their mother that they would be late.
2) There were many people at the political rally.
3) They are very happy to live in such a nice house.
4) There are a great many machines in that factory.
5) Their car is old, but they keep it in good condition.
6) There are many students who have not yet handed in their term papers.
7) Were you pleased that the Tigers won yesterday?
8) He could not tell me where the tools were kept.
9) My brother and I were walking to the store, where we hoped to meet several friends.
10) There were a lot of people in the audience.
EXERCISE: Of and Have (B112)
Fill in the blanks with either of or have.
1) I would have come if I had been able to.
2) I should have done more work at the beginning of the term.
3) The tragedy could not have been prevented.
4) It was very kind of you to write.
5) We would have gone to the play if we had remembered the correct date.
6) He might have been nominated for an Oscar if he hadn’t offended the Academy in the
past.
7) Most of my friends are bilingual.
8) The groom must have escaped through the open window in the washroom.
9) If it hadn’t rained, the outdoor concert would have been a success.
10) He appeared at the door, out of the blue.

EXERCISE: Paragraphing (C1)
PUTTING IDEAS TOGETHER (C1–C47)
1) Organize the following passage concerning the ideas of Karl Marx into three paragraphs.
Marx is unusual among social theorists in that he is famous as much for his calls
for revolutionary change as for his analyses of society, or for the theoretical framework he
developed. The Communist Manifesto is the work that most vigorously and memorably
expresses his revolutionary rallying cry, and its ringing conclusion—translated most frequently
as “workers of the world unite!”—has continued to strike a chord among many readers even into
the twenty-first century. This famous short work originated at the December 1847 congress of the
new Communist League; Marx and Engels were commissioned to write a manifesto to express in
summary form the league’s principles, and to act as a guide and an inspiration for the proletarian
movement in their struggles against capitalist authority. Interestingly, however, the emphasis in
the Manifesto is more on placing the revolutionary ferment of the time into a larger historical
context than it is on the struggle for immediate change. Even when the Manifesto presents
something resembling an agenda for change, it is couched as a prediction of developments that
will be historically necessary, rather than as a call for action.
The revolutionary movements of 1848 to which The Communist Manifesto had lent
support all failed to achieve their immediate objectives, and Marx continued to analyze more
thoroughly the conditions in relations he thought might eventually lead to the overcoming of
capitalist relations of production. In the longer term, however, his ideas turned out to be more
influential than those of any other social theorist. Governments based on Marxist principles (or
at least claiming to be claimed on Marxist principles) were in power for most of the twentieth
century in much of the world, with the Soviet Union and its satellite states for most of this period
one of the world’s two great powers. And even in liberal democratic states during this period
Marx’s ideas exerted some influence; it is noteworthy that several of the “agenda items” in the
above list came to be adopted as standard policy in most liberal democratic capitalist societies
during the twentieth century.
The fall of the Soviet Union and the communist states of Eastern Europe in 1989–90 was
thought by many to signal the death of Marxism, but in the years since then Marxist thought
has proved to be surprisingly resilient. No doubt such resilience is in part connected to the
degree to which inequality has persisted and indeed grown in many parts of what is now almost
exclusively a capitalist world economy. Today we can also witness the movement of enterprises
to countries with cheaper labor and the push also to expand markets to more countries. Not a
few observers are suggesting that there is a tendency towards crisis in the current situation which
will ultimately prove unmanageable for the capitalists. For Marx, this meant the opportunity for
revolutionary action on the part of the proletariat. This, of course, has not happened, but social
activism of a variety of sorts continues to be inspired at least in part by the sort of social and
economic analyses of class and inequality that Karl Marx first provided.

2) Organize the following business report into seven paragraphs, as follows:
• general bookshops
• prices
• nature of Australian universities
• university bookshops
• booklists for university courses
• sales calls on academics at Australian universities
• issues for Australian academics regarding textbooks
Report: Broadview and the Australian Market
The Australian book market is in most respects closer to the UK model than it is to the
Canadian or American one. On the Trade or General bookselling side of things, chain bookshops
(with Angus & Robertson being somewhat down-market, Dymocks more up-market, and Borders
also having a presence) are very strong, but do not seem to have been able to ride roughshod over
publishers to quite the same degree as in North America. Even chain booksellers, for example,
do not take credit for returns before the returns have been acknowledged as received in good
condition by the publisher. Discount structures are also similar to those in the UK, with Trade
books typically sold at discounts of 40% or more and academic books or textbooks sold at a 33%
discount off the list price. There is no equivalent to the reverse discounting or “agency plans”
that North American publishers use to differentiate text and Trade sales on crossover titles, but
a distributor such as UNIREPS will class crossover titles as having a 40% discount to start,
dropping to 35% after one year.
There seems to be a broad degree of acceptance of high prices, though perhaps
“acquiescence” is a better word—I did speak to a number of students and former students who
were somewhat resentful at the high prices charged for textbooks. In most cases prices are
perhaps 20% beyond what one would project from bank conversion rates, which is quite bearable
if one is looking at a paperback novel costing $25 rather than $20, but starts to bite if an already
somewhat overpriced textbook from a North American multinational costs $120 rather than $95.
Australian universities are also broadly similar to those in the UK in many respects.
The 19th-century buildings at the University of Sydney and the University of Melbourne, for
example, are remarkably similar to those of an old college at Oxford or Cambridge, and similarly
the physical layout of the University of New South Wales is not unlike that of a “redbrick” such
as the University of Reading. Like the UK, there are often undergraduate courses co-taught by
several people with one convener or coordinator. Australia seems to have gone even farther
down the route of courses on focused topics than have Canada, the United States, and the UK;
particularly in English Studies, there are surprisingly few survey courses on, for example,
Romantic or Victorian literature and conversely even more courses focused on a special topic
within Romantic or Victorian studies. In many areas, though, the organization of courses is
broadly similar. Courses in Medieval History, International Relations, Anthropological Theory,
Philosophy of Mind and many more of the common categories found in North America and the
UK are also common in Australia. In English Studies too, many of the texts used are similar;
Penguins and Oxford Worlds Classics are ubiquitous.
University bookshops tend to be arranged in a similar way to those in the UK. As in
the UK, university bookshops do not have separate sections for textbooks, which are stacked

everywhere at the beginning of term, with the copies remaining after the first week or two simply
shelved in the normal way among the other titles. Though bookshop staff are sometimes not
used to being asked for information as to which academics have been recommending particular
titles for their students, a substantial number seem quite happy to try to provide the information
when asked. Similarly, departmental staff are generally quite friendly and forthcoming when
asked for information. Unlike either North America or the UK, many university bookshops
are under a cooperative umbrella; the co-op Bookshop (University Cooperative Ltd.) operates
shops at almost half the university campuses. (Their website, http://www.coop-bookshop.
com.au, includes textbook lists, often with lecturer notes for all these campuses.) In contrast
to the sort of marking-up of retail prices that is not uncommon in North America in university
shops, Australian co-op bookshops and some other university bookshops typically offer a slight
discount off the retail price.
There has been some pressure at a few departments to get booklists in extremely early—
as early as August for the full academic year beginning in February, and at some departments
the booklists are “cast in stone” early on by inclusion in the departmental handbook. In the
majority of departments, however, people do not have to focus on text choices for the coming
year until October, and the end of October seems to be a very common time for decisions having
to be made. The norm does seem to be for decisions to be made at this point for both terms. In
September directly before the mid-term break or in early October directly after the mid-term
break is thus an ideal time for academic calling, whereas calling in the middle of the first term
would probably have much less potential for immediate impact.
As in the UK, academic calling (sometimes called “corridor calling” in Australia) is not
practiced by all firms. Several people did mention to me that they had been called on at one time
or another by representatives from Norton (represented jointly with John Wiley in Australia).
The largest multinationals (Pearson, Thomson, McGraw Hill) have regular academic sales
representation much as they do in North America; David Levimalouf, the text buyer at the ANU
bookshop, told me that he would typically expect to see the reps from those companies twice a
year—once in September/October, and then again in April/May. One academic I spoke of was
particularly frank about the influence that even occasional in-person contact from the Norton
representative had had over the years; he acknowledged that as a result he had been much more
likely to recommend Norton Critical Editions. It is also noteworthy that the Norton Anthology
of English Literature seems to be used for a variety of courses in all of the larger English
departments in Australia. There was almost no resistance that I experienced from academics to
someone coming round to knock on their door and let them know about new publications in their
area—particularly if complimentary copies were on offer! Indeed, academics on the whole were
very welcoming, and particularly if and when they discover that Broadview is a Canadian press;
there really does seem to be a strong sense of affinity—not surprisingly, no doubt, given the
shared British heritage.
There is also among academics (at least in the Humanities and Social Sciences) a high
degree of sensitivity to issues of price and availability. Given the frequent difficulties many have
experienced in obtaining books from North America or the UK and given the relatively high
prices, it is not surprising that course pack readers are used even more frequently in Australia
than they are in North America or the UK—a fair bit more frequently though this does vary
considerably. (In the History Dept. at the University of Sydney, for example, only one or two
courses had course packs as texts, whereas in the History Dept. at the University of Melbourne

only one or two courses did not have course packs as texts.) In the short term that makes it more
difficult to sell a reader such as First Philosophy or Readings in Medieval History. But there
do seem to be quite a number of academics who would prefer to use books rather than course
packs (also sometimes called “bricks”) in these situations, and if we can establish something of
a reputation for making our books available in Australia on a reliable basis and at reasonable
prices, I think we may be able to develop significant markets for these sorts of titles before
too long. In the meantime, substantial markets seem to exist already for texts such as A Short
History of the Middle Ages, books such as Human Rights and Propaganda, and certainly for the
Broadview Literary Texts series. Though the latter is still not well known in Australia, academics
respond very positively to the editions—as have bookshops when contacted by UNIREPS.
3) Organize the following passage from an essay into six paragraphs, as follows:
• introduction: symbolic importance of skyscrapers
• skyscrapers in the history of painting
• skyscrapers in the modern imagination
• skyscrapers as works of art in themselves
• period in the history of painting and photography in which skyscrapers were important
subjects
Skyscraper Art
There is no image more symbolic of the twentieth century than the skyscraper, and the
attacks on the World Trade Center in 1993 and 2001 indelibly mark the century’s end. The
second of these in particular prompted considerable discussion of the degree to which cities and
skyscrapers act as symbols of the Western world, and as such become focal points for distrust
and hatred of the Western world. Skyscrapers are symbols of capitalism; they are symbols of
finance; and they are symbols of ambition.
For all that they have been central images in Western (and especially in North American)
culture, skyscrapers have a remarkably low profile in twentieth-century Western painting. A
number of important artists (Edward Hopper, L.S. Lowery, David Milne) focused on portraying
city life at street level, and on a human scale. A number (Fernand Léger, Charles Demuth)
focused on the stark or brutal lines of industrial forms; and a number (Andre Derain, Raoul Dufy,
Fred Varley, James Wilson Morrice) painted cityscapes that had the feel of landscapes—views
across water that are lovely but have to them no sense of the urban, let alone anything resembling
a skyscraper. Some of the finest of twentieth century city painting has been characterized in one
way or another with disengagement. Edward Hopper’s city paintings (never from a vantage point
that would allow a skyscraper to be seen in its entirety) convey something essential of the feel
of the American city, and yet are eerily withdrawn from it; “I don’t think I ever tried to paint the
American scene,” he said; “I’m trying to paint myself.” Oskar Kokoschka, for his part, withdrew
from the art world in his later years, and upwards, into the air; his later cityscapes of European
centers, painted from a birds-eye view, are among the finest of twentieth century expressionist
works. But they evoke the city as a place of history and of nature writ large, not the city that the
skyscraper has come to symbolize and to dominate.
The ambition associated with skyscrapers is in part of course economic, but it is just
as fully an aesthetic ambition. And, as Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit have pointed out in

discussing why skyscrapers have been a target for ‘occidentalist’ terrorists, it is “an explicitly
secular ambition challenging the natural order of things. In the minds of the occidentalists, these
qualities are linked as well to the notions of cities as repositories of “mixed populations, artistic
freedom, sexual license.”
But here lies a significant irony, for within the Western urban world—and especially
within the world of artists in the city—artistic freedom and economic free enterprise are more
often seen as antithetical than as inextricably linked. Within the city, the group that has most
often shared the occidentalist distrust of economic freedom and its icons has been that which
has flocked to the city in order to enjoy and to exercise artistic freedom. (Not infrequently, of
course, these artistic communities have also comprised “mixed populations” and have enjoyed a
disproportionate share of whatever “sexual license” was in the offing.) But, however much artists
have flocked to the city of skyscrapers, they have never tended to feel entirely comfortable with
the world the skyscraper represents. No doubt largely for that reason, the skyscraper’s place in
the modern imagination as a whole is a good deal larger than its place in the history of twentiethcentury
art.
The ancient tensions between the worlds of art and of commerce in the Western world,
however, may not in themselves be enough to explain why the most prominent symbol of
Western society in the twentieth and early twenty-first century has not been a more significant
artistic presence. Robert Hughes argues that “no American painting or sculpture between World
War I and World War II was able to accumulate, at least in the ordinary public’s eye, the kind of
cultural power that the skyscraper had,” and even if they were ambivalent as to what skyscrapers
symbolized, the artists themselves may have partaken of the general public’s shared sense that
skyscrapers were themselves works of art of the highest importance. To the extent that such was
the case, one may imagine a certain reluctance to “appropriate” the extraordinary lines of, say,
the Chrysler Building for the purposes of a painting.
For perhaps twenty years from the early teens through to the early 1930s, of course,
the skyscraper did have a significant presence in Western art, and American art in particular.
Photographers led the way, and the images of Steichen, of Steiglitz, of Berenice Abbott, and of
Lewis Hine have remained popular icons ever since. To a large extent it may be that subsequent
artists—painters at least as much as photographers—have been unable to escape the shadow
cast by those great images. Gone by the late thirties was the extraordinary enthusiasm over the
buildings themselves as something new and something extraordinary in human history; such
enthusiasm saturated New York and Chicago in the early years of century, and through to the
end of the twenties. And then too, there was the Depression; it is no doubt not a coincidence that
the great photographic images which best convey the strength, grandeur, and excitement of New
York skyscrapers almost all date from the years before the Depression began to bite deepest.
EXERCISE: Summary
For each of the above three passages, write a summary of between 75 and 125 words.

EXERCISE: Joining Words (C14–C46)
Fill in appropriate joining words from the following list: but, however, though, although, despite,
whereas, yet, also, and, as well, indeed, in fact, further, moreover, not only…but also.
1) Surrey has been growing enormously in recent years; indeed, it now has twice the
population that it had only ten years ago.
2) The opening of the Coquihalla Highway in 1987 made it much easier for cars to travel
from Vancouver to Kamloops; indeed, it cut almost two hours off the journey. Trucks,
however, found it almost as slow as the old route via Cache Creek, since the very steep
grades force them to slow down considerably.
3) Although the opening of the Coquihalla Highway in 1987 as a toll road made it much
easier for cars to travel from Vancouver to Kamloops, it was not much of a help to heavy
trucks. A fully-loaded transport truck could only climb the steep grades very slowly.
Moreover, the toll charges levied made the journey more expensive than travel via the
Trans-Canada Highway. (Tolls on the route were removed in 2008.)
4) Not only were fully-loaded transport trucks unable to climb the steep grades at more than
a snail’s pace, but they had to also pay for the privilege.
5) Deconstructionists followed Derrida’s lead in arguing that nothing but the text is
deserving of study—indeed, that there is nothing but the text. Some have argued that to
refer to an author’s life is to engage in idle speculation. Surely in at least some cases,
though, what the author intended to say is of more than passing interest. Surely in at least
some cases, indeed, information about the author’s life will help to shed life on the text.
6) Deconstruction argues in favor of a separation between the text and the world when it
comes to any consideration of the author as an individual. Deconstruction is eager to
show, however, how a text is conditioned by the society in which it was created—and the
dominant ideology of that society. The bias is towards the collective and the unconscious.
The conscious motivations and intentions of the author are deemed to be irrelevant,
whereas it is the job of the critic to reveal the unconscious motivations.
7) Although the legal drinking age in Alberta is 18, it is 19 in most other Canadian
provinces.
8) Wearing yellow on camera can make a person appear larger than they are, whereas
wearing green can make someone look smaller.
9) Despite the apparent length of certain dreams, on average they last only between 5 and
20 minutes.
EXERCISE: Joining Words (C16–C20, C22)
Fill in but, however, though, although, despite or whereas—whichever is correct.
1) There is no question that the Padres have on balance lost run-scoring potential with the
replacement of Smith, Jones and Brown with Martinez, Womack and White. They have
gained better defense, however, and a more positive attitude. Whether or not these will
be enough to enable them to win the World Series championship that has so far eluded
them is not yet clear, but most fans seem glad of the changes.

2) Although the Padres have on balance lost run-scoring potential with the replacement
of Smith, Jones and Brown with Martinez, Womack and White, they have gained better
defense and a more positive attitude.
3) Despite the loss of the run-scoring potential of Smith, Jones and Brown, the Padres
should still produce a lot of runs from the bats of Martinez, Womack and White.
Moreover, they have gained better defense and a more positive attitude.
4) Some aspects of deconstruction proved easy to mock—none more so, perhaps, than its
emphasis on the text rather than the author. “Do deconstructionists think the text writes
itself?” skeptics sneered. But it may well sometimes be a worthwhile endeavor to act as
if the text has no author.
5) Some aspects of deconstruction proved easy to mock—none more so, perhaps, than its
emphasis on the text rather than the author. “Do deconstructionists think the text writes
itself?” skeptics sneered. In fact, however, it may sometimes be an entirely worthwhile
endeavor to act as if the text has no author.
6) Despite their skepticism, those opposed to deconstruction were sometimes influenced by
deconstructionist techniques of analysis.
7) In the beginning of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, it seems as though Elizabeth
Bennett and Mr. Darcy would be the last two people in the world to fall in love. As the
story progresses, however, things slowly start to change.
8) In general, cats are very independent and self-sufficient, whereas dogs tend to be more
reliant on their owners.
9) Although driving a car is very convenient, riding the bus is better for the environment.
10) Whereas seals and pandas appear to be gentle and docile, they can, in fact, be very
aggressive and violent if provoked.
EXERCISE: Putting Ideas Together—Cause and Effect (C31–C38)
List as many effects as you can of any two of the following events:
1) the aging of the North American population
2) the spread of social networking sites such as Facebook
3) the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in 1989–90
4) an increase in the value of the American dollar
5) the introduction of the shot-clock in basketball
Predict as many effects as you can for any one of the following:
1) a sudden downward revision in estimates of total world oil and gas reserves
2) a significantly increased percentage of the population coming to believe that modern
intensive farming practices entail widespread cruelty to animals

3) a change in the rules of basketball such that each team would play four players rather
than five
List as many causes as you can for any two of the following events:
1) Tiger Woods winning four consecutive major golf tournaments
2) Michelle Wie and some other women golfers occasionally filling “sponsor’s slots” at
men’s golf tournaments
3) the recent rise/fall in support for the federal government
4) 20th and 21st century American interventions in Central America
5) global warming
6) the rapid pace of economic growth in southeast Asia over the past thirty years
EXERCISE: Cause and Correlation (C31–C38)
What causal relationships (if any) do you think underlie the following correlations? In each case
one may be the cause of the other; it may be one of the causes of the other; or there may be no
causal relationship. If you think there is a causal connection, state if you think it likely to be the
only cause; if not, list as many other possible contributing causes as you can think of.
1) a rise in crime/a rise in unemployment
2) a rise in violent crimes (such as rape and murder)/a rise in unemployment
3) a reduction in the whale population off the Pacific coast of North America; a reduction in
the salmon population off the Pacific coast of North America
4) increases in government support for the performing arts/better plays being written and
performed
5) Korean children spending far more time in school than do North Americans/higher
productivity in the Korean economy
6) a large decrease in rain in Somalia/famine in Somalia
7) record potato crops in the 1840s in Ireland/the potato famine in the 1840s in Ireland

EXERCISE: Putting Ideas Together (C16–C20, C31–C32, C35)
Fill in but, although, however, despite, because or as a result. Pay close attention to the
punctuation.
1) Because he was sick, he could not come to work yesterday.
2) Although he was sick, he came to work yesterday.
3) He was sick yesterday. However, he still came to work.
4) Despite his sickness, he still came to work yesterday.
5) He was sick yesterday. As a result, he did not come to work.
6) He was sick yesterday, but he still came to work.
7) She has practiced for many long hours. As a result, she is now a good player.
8) She has practiced for many long hours, but she is still not a good player.
9) She is now a good player because she has practiced for many long hours.
10) Although she has practiced for many long hours, she is not yet a good player.
11) She has practiced for many long hours. However, she is not yet a good player.
12) Despite her long hours of practice, she is not yet a good player.
EXERCISE: But (C18)
Rephrase so that consecutive sentences do not include the word but.
1) There is no question that the Padres on balance have lost run-scoring potential with the
replacement of Smith, Jones and Brown with Martinez, Womack and White. But It is
true that they have gained better defense and a more positive attitude. But it is not at first
clear whether these will be enough to enable them to win the World Series championship
that has so far eluded them.
2) Having the right to own private property is generally considered an important liberty in
this society, but for many people there is more interference with liberty under a system of
private ownership than there would be under a system such as that of the native peoples
of North America (under which the land is held in common). But this This objection
does not show that a system of common use or common ownership is necessarily right
for Western society today. But it should make us question our often unthinking allegiance
to private property rights.
3) I love cooking. There is nothing better in the world than sitting down to a homemade
meal, especially after it has been customized to include your favorite flavors. There
are some people who prefer to go out and eat. But this is This lifestyle can be very
expensive and not always healthy. But I prefer knowing what is going into my food and
that it is being cooked exactly how I like it.
4) My grandfather is Spanish and my grandmother is French. They met during WWII when
my grandfather was in the army. But it It wasn’t easy for them in the beginning. It took
some time for my grandmother to learn how to communicate with my grandfather. But
they eventually Eventually, they got the hang of it after using a lot of hand gestures and
dictionaries.

EXERCISE: Because (C31–C34)
In each of the following sentences because is used incorrectly. Explain why, and rephrase to
correct the problem. (You may replace because if you wish.)
1) The compound in the red beaker is lighter than the compound in the black beaker because
it weighs less.
2) Shakespeare mixes comedy with tragedy frequently; because he includes comic material
such as the gravediggers’ scene in Hamlet and the Fool’s banter in King Lear, in his
tragedies.
3) The Danish family unit has broken down; because statistics show that the proportion of
Danish children born illegitimately has tripled over the past twenty years.
4) The fact that the proportion of Danish children born illegitimately has tripled over the
past twenty years does not in fact indicate any increase in the number of single parents.
because What has caused the change is that two-parent families are having fewer
children.
5) Everyone had a good time because the The party was considered a success because
everyone had a good time.
EXERCISE: Because, So, As a Result (C31, C32, C36)
Fill in because, so or as a result.
1) Because he writes carefully and checks his work, he usually does well.
2) He writes carefully and checks his work, so he usually does well.
3) He writes carefully and checks his work. As a result, he usually does well.
4) I think that party has done a good job in government, so I will vote for it.
5) I will vote for that party, because I think it has done a good job governing.
6) I think that party has done a good job governing. As a result, I will vote for it.
7) In the past I used to eat a lot of take-out, but now I like to eat food that is healthy. As a
result, I have lost weight and have more energy.
8) I have lost weight and have more energy because I now eat food that is healthy.
9) I eat food that is healthy so that I can have more energy.
10) I missed the bus and showed up late for my job interview. As a result, I didn’t get the
job!
11) I showed up late for my job interview, so I didn’t get the job.
12) I didn’t get the job because I missed the bus and showed up late for my job interview.

EXERCISE: Punctuation and Joining Words (F1,C16, C18, C19, C36, C38)
Punctuate the following.
1) Jones was not even in the same city at the time. hence Hence he could not have
committed the murder.
2) The team was heavily favored to win the division. three Three of its best pitchers,
however, were injured for long periods. hence Hence it was unable to finish better than
fourth.
3) Gauthier’s proviso is a general principle. hence Hence it applies both to property owners
and to those whose land has been expropriated. as As we shall see, however, it is not a
principle that can successfully be used as a ground on which to base private property
rights.
4) George H. W. Bush was sometimes thought of as being too concerned with popularity
and unwilling to lead. in In his actions, however, he frequently went against the dictates
of public opinion. the The North American Free Trade Agreement, for example, was
opposed by a majority of Americans. should Should politicians in fact always follow
public opinion or do they have a duty to do what they believe to be right regardless of
what the majority feels? if If we on the left try to deny conservative governments the
right to make unpopular decisions, then in order to remain consistent we will also have
to insist that liberal or social democratic governments only put forward legislation that is
popular.
EXERCISE: For Example and Such As (C40, C42)
Fill in for example or such as.
1) A number of his friends, such as Frank Jones and Joshua Smith, have criminal records.
2) A number of his friends have criminal records. Frank Jones and Joshua Smith, for
example, have each spent several years in jail.
3) At several points in the play, Antonio acts cruelly. For example, he insults Shylock even
when the Jew is prepared to lend him money.
4) Christian characters such as Antonio and Gratiano act cruelly towards Jews throughout
The Merchant of Venice.
5) Certain forms of transportation, such as bicycles and canoes, cause no damage
whatsoever to the environment.
6) Certain forms of transportation are friendly to the environment. Bicycles and canoes, for
example, cause no damage whatsoever.
7) There is a connection here between literary tendencies and political ones. Just as
postmodern theorists are more alive to the collective influences at work upon the creation
of a text, so too they tend to be more concerned in the political sphere with collective
rights than with individual ones. The collective rights of women and of minorities, for
example, tend to be given more weight than the individual rights (such as freedom
of speech) that have traditionally been the concern of the British and North American
tradition. This distinction lies close to the heart of the debate over “political correctness.”

8) Many people believe that the age of the “sitcom” came to an end with the rising
popularity of reality TV. Shows such as American Idol began to earn higher ratings than
their competition.
9) There are several surprising things that people with peanut allergies cannot eat. Ice cream
and candy, for example, may have come in contact with nuts during their production and
are considered risky.
10) There are several surprising things that people with peanut allergies cannot eat. Foods
such as ice cream and candy may have come in contact with nuts during their production
and are considered risky.
EXERCISE: So That, So…That or Such…That (C44, C45)
Fill in so that, so…that or such…that.
1) His prose is so convoluted that it is difficult to understand what he means.
2) It is such a convoluted prose style that it is difficult to understand what he means.
3) He writes in an inaccessible way so the reader will sense the difficulty inherent in the
ideas themselves.
4) Her actions were so rude that I do not want to speak to her again.
5) It was such a fast car that it spun out of control.
6) She was so rushed getting dressed that she forgot to tuck in her blouse.
7) The dog was so hungry that he started to eat the grass.
8) There was such a commotion that I could not study for my exam.
9) The show was so funny that I had tears in my eyes from laughing too hard.
EXERCISE: Comparisons (C44, C45)
too so…that so that such…that very
From this list of expressions choose the one that fits into each of the sentences below.
1) After the birth of their first child they both felt very happy.
2) He was so late that the meeting was almost over.
3) She is now such a big girl that none of her clothes fit properly.
4) The sun is very bright today.
5) The sun is so bright today that you have to shield your eyes.
6) There is such a bright sun today that you have to shield your eyes.
7) I shielded my eyes so that I could see more clearly.
8) You should do your work now so that you will be able to enjoy yourself this
evening.
9) This table is very/too big; it will not fit through the door.
10) This table is so big that it will not fit through the door.
11) This table is too big to fit through the door.
12) The tea is too sweet for me. I can’t drink it.

13) The tea is so sweet that I can’t drink it.
14) This tea is very/too sweet. I can’t drink it.
15) He was such a good-mannered person that he impressed my mother immediately.
EXERCISE: That or Which (C46)
Fill in that or which.
1) The essay that I wrote last week was eleven pages long.
2) The essay, which I wrote in only one night, was eleven pages long.
3) This comparison, which Fitzgerald first makes in the book’s opening paragraph, is
repeated frequently throughout the text.
4) The comparison that Fitzgerald makes in the book’s opening paragraph is repeated
frequently throughout the text. [or nothing]
5) A button fell off the shirt that I had only worn once.
6) The movie, which was based on a true story, was filmed in Chicago.
7) In her diary, Anne Frank wrote that she wanted to become a famous journalist one day.
8) There are still many people who believe that Elvis is still alive.
9) When you are an amateur, the odds of hitting a hole-in-one are 1 in 12,750. These are
odds that my brother believes he can beat.
10) Some scientists believe that goose bumps, which occur when you’re cold or frightened,
evolved as part of a fight-or-flight reaction to attackers. This heightened reaction
increases your heart rate, causing blood to rush to your muscles, giving them additional
oxygen.
In which of the above could that or which be omitted? 1, 4, 8, 9
EXERCISE: Putting Ideas Together (C14–C46)
In each of the following there is one mistake. Correct it.
1) He went away in the morning and he came home the same night. and he He told me that
he had had a good trip. (C26)
2) Although he has short legs, but he is a fast runner. (C16)
3) Despite that Although the professor marked hard, we all passed. (C19)
4) Mark was sick because he stayed in bed all day because he was sick. (C32)
5) Because the players would not give up, so they achieved victory. (C37)
6) Michipicoten Island on Lake Superior is very beautiful, but it is also and very
inaccessible. However, it is possible to reach it by private boat. (C18)

EXERCISE: Putting Ideas Together (C14–C46)
Fill in appropriate joining words or expressions, choosing from those in the lists provided.
For (1), choose from:
as well as a result however despite
and ; [semicolon] though
1) The idea of building a canal from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea is centuries old;
it was considered even in the time of the Roman Empire. However, it was not until the
late nineteenth century that the project was actually begun. Despite many difficulties,
the canal was finally completed early in this century, and for many years most ships
bypassed the Cape of Good Hope. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, however, ships that
were too large for the canal began to be built. As well, conflict between Israel and Egypt
caused the canal to be closed at various times. As a result, a great deal of sea traffic now
once again travels right around Africa, just as it did before the Suez Canal was built.
For (2), choose from:
despite although such as as a result
and moreover however
2) Uganda is again becoming one of Africa’s more developed countries. Although it
has certain natural disadvantages, such as having no sea port, it has a relatively good
infrastructure, and its agricultural sector is increasingly productive. Moreover, it exports
more products than do most of its neighbors. Despite political difficulties with rebels in
the north of the country, the government remains stable. As a result, many nearby nations
look to Uganda for leadership. However, Uganda is of course much less well-off than are
most European countries.
For (3), choose from:
such as and although
but despite
3) It’s not exactly a guilt-free pleasure, but food researchers say cocoa beans could be good
for you. Cocoa beans have natural compounds called flavanols, and a growing pile of
scientific research suggests they do good things to blood vessels. Despite the enthusiasm,
flavanols are missing from much of the chocolate on store shelves today. Flavanols make
chocolate and cocoa taste bitter, and confectioners have spent years trying to perfect
ways to remove the pungent flavor. Flavanols are found in other foods, such as red wine,
grapes, apples and green tea, although cocoa beans are a particularly rich source. (CNN.
com)

For (4), choose from:
nevertheless because ; [semicolon]
even if as well and
4) Controversy usually surrounds Michael Moore. This is because his documentaries
often challenge political leaders and right-wing organizations. He has a reputation for
going against the normal style of traditional documentary making. Nevertheless, Moore
has won many awards for his work. He has gained many adversaries as well. Many of
his critics feel that his films are biased and misleading. Even if you do not agree with
Moore’s opinions, his movies are worth seeing; they are usually very entertaining.
EXERCISES: Sentence Combining (C47)
[For sentence combining exercises there are numerous ways of answering correctly. Exercises
with answers resume below at D1.]
EXERCISE: Joining Whole Kernels (C47-a)
Using coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, subordinating conjunctions, or marks
of punctuation alone, join the following groups of kernels into single sentences, eliminating
unnecessary repetition. Try out different variations for each group, and compare the results; be
prepared to justify your preferred arrangements.
Examples:
1) Peacocks are gorgeous.
2) Peacocks sure make a racket.
Peacocks are gorgeous, but they sure make a racket.
Although peacocks are gorgeous, they sure make a racket.
While they sure make a racket, peacocks are gorgeous.
1) He plugged in the flash drive.
2) The power went out.
After he plugged in the flash drive, the power went out.
He plugged in the flash drive—the power went out.
The power went out just as he plugged in the flash drive.
1) The barbecue was smoking.
2) The burgers were black.
3) The storm roared on.
4) Lulu hid under the bed.

5) Dinner was finished.
6) Darren showed up.
7) The ship docked.
8) Queasy people staggered off the ship.
9) The invitation specified formal dress.
10) Melvyn wore paisley.
11) Aunt Selma knitted a “Call of the Wild” sweater.
12) Franklin had to wear the “Call of the Wild” sweater.
13) The party really perked up.
14) Bob brought out the puppets.
15) The weather was bad.
16) The tent leaked.
17) The Plimleys went camping.
18) The party goers yelled, “Surprise!”
19) Felicity’s door burst open.
20) Felicity’s mouth was full of spinach.
21) Fluffy wouldn’t get out of the basket.
22) Fluffy was sulking.
23) No one would open a can of tuna.
24) Shirley is laundry-challenged.
25) Shirley washed lights and darks together.
26) All my underwear is purpley-brown.
EXERCISE: Embedding Kernels with Punctuation (C47-b)
For each pair, embed one kernel in another using punctuation (parentheses or dashes) only.
Example:
1) Abbey is such a geek.
2) Abbey wore Vulcan ears to the Star Trek movie.
Abbey (she is such a geek) wore Vulcan ears to the Star Trek movie.
1) The trees are very tall.
2) The trees loom over the little house.

3) The equations seemed unsolvable.
4) The math is fairly difficult.
5) Sherman’s personal life is terribly complicated.
6) Sherman’s personal life is a mess.
EXERCISE: Embedding Kernels as Relative Clauses (C47-c)
Convert one of each pair of kernels into a relative clause and combine it with the other. Try to
come up with a variety of different combinations, and evaluate the effectiveness of each. Choose
an appropriate relative pronoun from this list: who, which, that, where, and when. Remember that
who takes different forms: it is who if it takes the place of the subject of a verb, whom if it takes
the place of the object of a verb, and whose if it takes the place of a possessive noun. Before
choosing between which and that, review C46, and punctuate all completed sentences according
to the advice given in F8.
Example:
1) The chipmunk lobbed berries.
2) The berries landed on Tillie’s head.
The chipmunk lobbed berries, which landed on Tillie’s head.
The berries that the chipmunk lobbed landed on Tillie’s head.
Berries that were lobbed by the chipmunk landed on Tillie’s head.
Berries landed on Tillie’s head, which were lobbed by the chipmunk.
Note the awkward placement of the relative clause in the last combination example. As such
examples illustrate, it is generally best to put relative clauses next to the words or phrases they
modify.
1) Lloyd’s car is a clunker.
2) Lloyd’s car died on the way to Peoria.
3) Lloyd remembers the precise moment.
4) The car stalled at a precise moment.
5) Josie is a gourmet wannabe.
6) Josie subscribes to fifteen food magazines.
7) Perkins loves his dictionary.
8) Perkins says his dictionary is the only book worth having.

9) The coffee mug has a dancing pig on it.
10) The coffee mug stays in the cupboard.
11) Harlen is proud of the spice rack.
12) Harlen made the spice rack himself.
13) The workers just finished pouring the sidewalk.
14) Wanda couldn’t help scratching her initials into the sidewalk.
15) The customer always gives me a headache.
16) The customer just walked in the door.
17) Lucy tries to avoid the restaurant.
18) The Swainsons always go to the restaurant.
19) Sweeney’s socks were mismatched.
20) Sweeney kept crossing his ankles.
EXERCISE: Embedding Kernels as Present Participle Phrases (C47-d)
For each kernel pair, choose one to embed into the other as a present participle. Then change the
kernel order and see if the sentence still means the same thing. Finally, see if you can transform
the kernel that became the main clause into the participle; note the change of emphasis in each
combined sentence.
Example:
1) Patty pretended to listen to Bea.
2) Patty played computer solitaire.
Playing computer solitaire, Patty pretended to listen to Bea.
Patty pretended to listen to Bea playing computer solitaire.
Pretending to listen to Bea, Patty played computer solitaire.
Patty played computer solitaire, pretending to listen to Bea.
Patty, playing computer solitaire, pretended to listen to Bea.
Patty, pretending to listen to Bea, played computer solitaire.
Note that sentence two, which says that Bea is playing computer solitaire, does not mean the
same thing as the other sentences.
1) She wasted the day.
2) She waited for Sheldon.
3) The frying pan lay by the side of the road.
4) The frying pan filled with rain.

5) Ralph hovered over the menu.
6) Ralph agonized over his choice.
7) Tipsy flirted shamelessly.
8) Tipsy rolled on her back for a belly rub.
9) Sherilee fumed inside.
10) Sherilee calmly picked up the pieces of the vase.
11) Morton cheered Number Seven on.
12) Morton waved enthusiastically at Number Seven.
EXERCISE: Embedding Kernels as Past Participle Phrases (C47-e)
For each kernel pair, choose one to embed into the other as a past participle. Then change the
kernel order and see if the sentence still means the same thing. Finally, see if you can transform
the kernel that became the main clause into the participle; note the change of emphasis in each
combined sentence.
Example:
1) Millions saw the show.
2) A shy man wrote the show.
Seen by millions, the show was written by a shy man.
The show, seen by millions, was written by a shy man.
Seen by millions, a shy man wrote the show.
Written by a shy man, the show was seen by millions.
Written by a shy man, millions saw the show.
Millions saw the show written by a shy man.
The show, seen by millions, was written by a shy man.
The show was written by a shy man seen by millions.
The show was seen by millions written by a shy man.
Note that not all the sentences above mean the same thing; while most of the sentences say that
the show was seen by millions, sentences three and eight say that the man was seen by millions.
Also, whereas in most of the sentences the shy man wrote the show, in sentences five and nine,
the shy man wrote millions. Not only do the various rearrangements sometimes mean different
things, they also don’t all make good sense. Note these kinds of effects as you recombine each
pair of kernels.
1) The cat condo was shabbily maintained.
2) The cat condo hung in shreds.

3) The gnome lay partly buried in a dim corner of the yard.
4) The gnome lay face down.
5) Brad was cursed by powers of darkness.
6) Brad could never make can openers work.
7) The old movie house slumped across the street.
8) The old movie house was slated for demolition.
9) No one forgot Fran’s careless remark.
10) Fran’s careless remark lived on.
11) Erwin’s prank was spectacularly ill-timed.
12) Erwin’s prank fell flat.
13) Beulah’s neon afghan was made out of polyester.
14) No one fully appreciated Beulah’s neon afghan.
EXERCISE: Embedding Kernels as Noun, Verb, Infinitive, and Prepositional Phrases and
Single-Word Adjectives and Adverbs (C47-f)
For each of the following groups of kernels, choose one kernel to be a main clause, and then
shorten the others into an appropriate modifying word or phrase and combine all into a single
sentence. You will need to choose how to shorten the subordinate kernels; the examples below
will give you some guidelines. Combine each set of kernels into as many arrangements as you
can think of, and again judge whether all the resulting sentences for a given kernel group mean
the same thing or have the same stylistic effect.
Examples:
Verb phrase:
1) Bertha puts on sunglasses.
2) Bertha lurks by the water fountain.
Bertha puts on sunglasses and lurks by the water fountain.
Noun phrase:
1) A bucket of popcorn is never enough for a double bill.
2) A can of root beer is never enough for a double bill.
A bucket of popcorn and a can of root beer are never enough for a double bill.

Infinitive phrase:
1) Stewart likes something.
2) Stewart runs backward into the ocean.
Stewart likes to run backwards into the ocean.
Prepositional phrase:
1) The donut is on the left.
2) The donut looks especially appealing.
The donut on the left looks especially appealing.
Single-word adjective:
1) Opening more champagne is an idea.
2) The idea is fabulous.
Opening more champagne is a fabulous idea.
Single-word adverb:
1) The refrigerator rumbled.
2) The rumbling was ominous.
The refrigerator rumbled ominously.
Kernel groups for combining:
1) We have meetings.
2) The meetings are many.
3) The meetings are tedious.
4) We discuss policies.
5) Barb sleeps at a certain time.
6) Nolan sleeps at a certain time.
7) The time is through all our meetings.
8) Barb snores.
9) The snoring is gentle.
10) Barb’s head tilts back.
11) Barb’s head is heavy.
12) Barb’s mouth opens.
13) The opening is slight.

14) Nolan’s head falls.
15) The falling is forward.
16) Nolan’s head hits the table.
17) The hitting happens with a thunk.
18) Everyone pretends something.
19) No one notices.
20) Barb misses the muffins.
21) Barb misses the coffee.
22) Nolan misses the muffins.
23) Nolan misses the coffee.
24) We get goodies.
25) The goodies are extra.
26) Someone wakes Barb up.
27) Someone wakes Nolan up.
28) The waking happens at a certain time.
29) The meeting is over.
30) Barb pretends something.
31) Nolan pretends something.
32) Barb is thinking.
33) Nolan is thinking.
34) The thinking concerns policies.
EXERCISE: Spotting and Correcting Ambiguous Sentences (C47-g)
The meaning of each of the following sentences is ambiguous. “De-combine” each into two
different sets of kernels, and then recombine each set into a distinct sentence.
Example:
Louise has a fake alligator-skin purse.
1) Louise has a purse.
2) The purse is made of alligator skin.
3) The alligator skin is fake.
Louise has a purse made of fake alligator skin.
4) Louise has a purse.
5) The purse is made of alligator skin.
6) The purse is fake.
Louise has a fake purse made of alligator skin.

1) Entertaining children can be fun.
2) He’s too hairy to see.
3) I found a penny rollerblading.
4) Lester is a pedantic book lover.
5) Garth spotted a spider mite with his reading glasses.
6) Penelope bathes and cuts her hair monthly.
7) Passing cars should be allowed here.
8) The Web site sells colorful elephant paintings.
EXERCISE: Combining Several Kernels into a Single Sentence (C47-h)
Combine each set of kernels into a single sentence, then recombine them twice more. Add any
transitional words you feel are appropriate. Compare the recombinations for each set. What does
each arrangement emphasize? Which are stylistically more effective and why?
1) Jenkins was fascinated.
2) Earlobes fascinated him.
3) The earlobes were Vanessa’s.
4) The earlobes were uneven.
5) Jenkins tried not to stare.
6) Not staring was impossible.
7) The afternoon was sultry.
8) The afternoon was hot.
9) Bebe suggested watermelon.
10) Hubert harbored a desire.
11) The desire was secret.
12) Hubert wanted beef.
13) The beef was roasted.
14) Hubert wanted potatoes.
15) The potatoes were mashed.
16) Hubert was disappointed.
17) Grant was alarmed.
18) Eliot was alarming.
19) Eliot collected spiders.
20) The spiders lived in a room.
21) The room was Eliot’s.
22) The spiders crawled.
23) The spiders were loose.

EXERCISE: Combining Many Kernels into a Passage (C47-i)
Look carefully at the following list of kernels:
1) Mary Shelley wrote a novel.
2) The novel’s title is Frankenstein.
3) The Monster is a character in the novel.
4) The Monster has murdered people.
5) The victims are innocent.
6) The Monster feels justified.
7) Human society has rejected the Monster.
8) The Monster cannot be judged.
9) The judgment is not fair.
10) The judgment is done according to laws.
11) The human society made the laws.
12) The Monster believes these things.
13) This conclusion does not stop the Monster.
14) The Monster judges himself.
15) The Monster condemns himself.
16) The judgment has a basis.
17) The condemnation has a basis.
18) The basis is a moral standard.
19) The standard governs conduct.
20) The standard does not apply to the Monster.
21) The Monster argues this.
22) The Monster rationalizes his crimes.
23) The Monster is tormented.
24) The Monster loathes himself.
Below is one possible combination of these kernels.
The Monster of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein feels he murders the innocent
justifiably, because humans have rejected him from their society and so cannot
fairly judge him by their own laws. Coming to this conclusion, however, does
not stop him from using that same code of conduct to pass judgment on and
subsequently condemn himself, even as he argues that the code has no application
to him. He is torn between rationalizing his crimes and punishing himself with the
torment of self-loathing.
Write two more combinations, and compare all three. Which parts of which ones do you feel are
most effective, and why?

EXERCISE: “De-Combining” and Recombining Sentences (C47-j)
“De-combine” the following sentences into kernels, then recombine them into at least two more
arrangements each.
1) If Kathy had only paid enough attention to Roland, we wouldn’t be in this mess.
2) Slugs are definitely slimy and devastating in the vegetable garden, but they have a certain
scientific fascination, too.
3) Jonquil’s ballet career came to a sudden halt when she discovered the seductive pleasures
of the polka.
4) Everyone had high hopes for Julian’s innovative plumbing scheme, but the plan was
fraught with problems from the start.
5) No longer graced with software support, the once-expensive laser printer lay sadly on the
recycling pile.
6) During a sudden and prolonged downpour, my umbrella got soaked right through and
started raining on me.
7) Those cheap headphones cannot do justice to Wilma’s latest composition for accordion
and bassoon.
8) Jerry was skeptical, but Dora knew that the closet organizers would change their lives
forever.
EXERCISE: Analyzing Challenging Texts (C47-k)
Examine the following pieces of writing. Break each into a list of kernels, then recombine them
into a paraphrase to help you better understand the original. Make special note of places where
your paraphrase must supply material that is not explicit in the passage; can you justify your
inclusions? Are other readings possible? It will be illuminating to do this exercise with one or
two other people; discuss and compare your various readings.
1) Lines 1–8 from the poem “On Shakespeare,” by John Milton
What needs my Shakespeare for his honored bones
The labor of an age in piled stones,
Or that his hallowed relics should be hid
Under a star-ypointing pyramid?
Dear son of memory, great heir of fame,
What need’st thou such weak witness of thy name?
Thou in our wonder and astonishment
Hast built thyself a livelong monument.

2) From Preface to Lyrical Ballads, with Pastoral and Other Poems, an essay on poetry
by William Wordsworth
I have said that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes
its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity: the emotion is contemplated
till by a species of reaction the tranquillity gradually disappears, and an emotion,
kindred to that which was before the subject of contemplation, is gradually
produced, and does itself actually exist in the mind. In this mood successful
composition generally begins, and in a mood similar to this it is carried on; but
the emotion, of whatever kind and in whatever degree, from various causes is
qualified by various pleasures, so that in describing any passions whatsoever,
which are voluntarily described, the mind will upon the whole be in a state of
enjoyment.
3) Lines 1–9 of “Spring and Fall: To a Young Child,” by Gerard Manley Hopkins
Margaret, are you grieving
Over Goldengrove unleaving?
Leaves, like the things of man, you
With your fresh thoughts care for, can you?
Ah! as the heart grows older
It will come to such sights colder
By and by, nor spare a sigh
Though worlds of wanwood leameal lie;
And yet you will weep and know why.
4) Choose another puzzling passage of writing, perhaps something you’ve been asked to
read for coursework. Follow the “de-combining” and recombining instructions above.
It would be helpful to do that exercise with another one or two people.
EXERCISE: Analyzing Style (C47-l)
Examine the following passages of writing. Break each into a list of kernels, and examine the
result carefully. What elements of structure make up the passage’s style? It will be helpful to do
this exercise with one or two other people.
1) From The Penelopiad, a novel by Margaret Atwood (Toronto: Knopf, 2005. Print.).
Here the speaker is the shade of Penelope, who is the wife of Odysseus in Homer’s
Odyssey, and who is now in Hades, the afterworld:
It’s dark here, as many have remarked. “Dark Death,” they used to say. “The
gloomy halls of Hades,” and so forth. Well, yes, it is dark, but there are
advantages—for instance, if you see someone you’d rather not speak to you can
always pretend you haven’t recognized them.

There are of course the fields of asphodel. You can walk around in them
if you want. It’s brighter there, and a certain amount of vapid dancing goes on,
though the region sounds better that it is—the fields of asphodel has a poetic lilt to
it. But just consider. Asphodel, asphodel, asphodel—pretty enough white flowers,
but a person gets tired of them after a while. (15)
2) From Time’s Arrow, Time’s Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological
Time, a work of non-fiction by Stephen Jay Gould (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP,
1987. Print.):
We live embedded in the passage of time—a matrix marked by all possible
standards of judgment: by immanent things that do not appear to change;
by cosmic recurrences of days and seasons; by unique events of battles and
natural disasters; by an apparent directionality of life from birth and growth to
decrepitude, death, and decay. (10)
3) From Six Memos for the New Millennium, a work of non-fiction by Italo Calvino (New
York: Vintage, 1988. Print.):
We might say that throughout the centuries two opposite tendencies have
competed in literature: one tries to make language into a weightless element that
hovers above things like a cloud or better, perhaps, the finest dust or, better still,
a field of magnetic impulses. The other tries to give language the weight, density,
and concreteness of things, bodies, and sensations. (15)
4) From Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation, a work
of non-fiction by Lynne Truss (New York: Gotham-Penguin, 2003. Print.). Here Truss
is describing the arguments about commas between writer James Thurber and Harold
Ross, his editor at The New Yorker magazine:
It is pleasant to picture the scene: two hard-drinking alpha males in serious trilbies
smacking a big desk and barking at each other over the niceties of punctuation.
According to Thurber’s account of the matter (in The Years with Ross [1959]),
Ross’s “clarification complex” tended to run somewhat to the extreme: he seemed
to believe there was no limit to the amount of clarification you could achieve if
you just kept adding commas. Thurber, by self-appointed virtuous contrast, saw
commas as so many upturned office chairs unhelpfully hurled down the wideopen
corridor of readability. (68)
5) From Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, a play by Tom Stoppard (New York:
Grove, 1967. Print.). The play focuses on the two title characters, who are also minor
characters in Shakespeare’s Hamlet and are here explaining to a traveling player that
they have been charged with finding out what is wrong with Prince Hamlet:

Ros: Hamlet is not himself, outside or in. We have to glean what afflicts him.
Guil: He doesn’t give much away.
Player: Who does, nowadays?
Guil: He’s—melancholy.
Player: Melancholy?
Ros: Mad.
Player: How is he mad?
Ros: Ah. (To Guildenstern) How is he mad?
Guil: More morose than mad, perhaps.
Player: Melancholy.
Guil: Moody.
Ros: He has moods.
Player: Of moroseness?
Guil: Madness. And yet.
Ros: Quite.
Guil: For instance.
Ros: He talks to himself, which might be madness.
Guil: If he didn’t talk sense, which he does.
Ros: Which suggests the opposite. (67)
6) Lines 1-9 from the poem “Ancestors,” by P. K. Page (The Glass Air: Selected Poems.
Toronto: Oxford UP, 1985. 143-44. Print.):
The cavernous theatre filled with them,
going back
generation on generation,
dressed in the colours of power:
scarlet and purple and black,
plumed and surpliced and gowned.
Men with arrogant Roman faces,
women like thoroughbred horses
held in check.
7) Choose a passage of a text that you find admirable or intriguing, and use sentence “decombining”
to help you analyze its style.
STYLE (D1–D58)
EXERCISE: Slang and Informal English (D1–D14)
Rewrite each sentence to eliminate slang words or expressions.
1) She has five kids children and fifteen grandchildren.
2) The work he handed in was truly awful abysmal.

3) It is kind of quite difficult to understand why public perceptions of British Prime
Minister Gordon Brown changed so quickly.
4) There is a bunch of are many reasons why the federal government’s debt became so
large in the 1980s and early 1990s.
5) I was kind of rather disappointed that she did not join us for the outing.
6) Bill Gates became rich after he bought an 8086 operating system off from Tim Patterson at
Seattle Computer Products. He then reworked it, and sold it to IBM as PC-DOS.
7) A bunch group of people gathered around the band and started dancing.
EXERCISE: Too Many Words or Too Few Words (D15–D48)
In each of the following there are either too many or too few words. Improve each sentence.
1) I myself I think that it It is not wise to have more than three or four children. (D32)
2) In my opinion I think men Men are just as intelligent as women. (D31)
3) It was the general consensus of opinion that no expensive new projects of an expensive
nature should be embarked upon at that point in time. (D42, D45, D39)
4) The protagonist has fallen in love with a girl he met at the fair the previous weekend.
(D45)
5) She said that she did not want to work at the factory, no matter how much she was paid.
(D45)
6) Insects such as moths, butterflies, and fruitflies etc. can adapt very quickly to
environmental changes. (D27)
7) It is interesting to note that Harris and Rosenwein’s findings support this hypothesis.
(D35)
8) Nob Hill is in close proximity to near the San Francisco harbor. (D25)
9) Due to the fact that Because many people are not attending church anymore, many
parishes have had to close. (D29)
10) We decided to finish the conversation at a later date later. (D20)
11) There are many Many parents who believe that too much television is bad for their
children. (D44)
EXERCISE: Choosing the Correct Tense (D55–D56)
Put the following sentences in the correct tense.
1) The Rolling Stones are were the first rock group to blend American strands of music
into a new form of pop music. Their first recordings include included covers of Hank
Williams and Chuck Berry. They were considered to encompass the true essence of rock
and roll.
2) In Life of Pi, Yann Martel challenged challenges the limits of your imagination and faith
in his book Life of Pi. He left leaves it up to readers to decide if they believed believe
Pi’s first recollection of his journey to the detectives or if they believed prefer the second
version instead.

3) Rhett Butler’s decision to leave Scarlett at the end of Gone with the Wind was is a very
famous scene. When Margaret Mitchell’s publishers first read the manuscript they ask
asked her to change the ending. so that they ended up together. Mitchell, however,
remains remained steadfast and refuses refused. There was is only one account of
Mitchell commenting on Scarlett and Rhett’s future. When writing In a letter to her
publisher she writes, wrote: “I think she gets him in the end.”
4) In the opening paragraphs of The Hitch Hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, Douglas Adams
displayed displays his humorous writing style in the opening paragraphs of his book, The
Hitch Hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. In the third paragraph, he wrote writes: “This planet
This planet has—or rather had—a problem, which was
this: most of the people living on it were unhappy for
pretty much of the time. Many solutions were suggested
for this problem, but most of these were largely concerned
with the movements of small green pieces of paper, which
is odd because on the whole it wasn’t the small green
pieces of paper that were unhappy. (15)
EXERCISE: Gender Bias in Language (D58)
Rewrite each of the following so as to make it gender-neutral.
1) Any doctor is obliged to put his patients’ concerns ahead of his own.
Doctors are obliged to put patients’ concerns ahead of their own.
(probably the best option)
OR
Any doctor is obliged to put his or her patients’ concerns ahead of his or her own.
(correct but wordy)
2) Simply increasing the number of policemen police officers on the streets will not
necessarily lead to a decrease in crime.
3) The history of mankind humankind forms only a short chapter in the history of the
planet.
OR “The history of humanity forms…”
OR “Human history forms…”
4) A majority of the freshmen first-year students at American universities are now women.
5) In short, except for his reproductive power, a child has a fully developed capacity for love
long before puberty. (Sigmund Freud, “The Sexual Enlightenment of Children”)
OR “…his or her reproductive power, a child has…”
OR “their reproductive power, children have…”

6) In most cases the genius has reached the height of his or her intellectual powers by his or
her early twenties.
OR “In most cases geniuses have reached the height of their intellectual powers by
their early twenties.”
7) Our Stone Age ancestors are often crudely characterized as cavemen cave dwellers.
EXERCISE: Biased and Bias-free Usage (D58, D59)
Each of the following sentences contains at least one example of language colored by gender,
ethnic or religious bias; rewrite each sentence using bias-free wording.
1) Man’s The war-like behavior of men has often been linked to the effects of testosterone.
2) Man’s The human gestation period is nine months.
3) Early man humans walked upright, but had developed only rudimentary language skills.
4) California’s population now includes a large number of orientals Asians.
5) There was no night watchman watcher on duty that night at the warehouse.
OR no security guard
6) Flutie, the quarterback, stands only 5 foot nine; Smith, the center, is a huge black man–6
foot ten, 330 pounds.
7) The first spaceman astronaut was the Russian, Yuri Gagarin.
8) She has been a keen fisherman fisher since she was very young.
OR
“…a keen angler…”
9) She is Jewish careful with her money. (if the intent is to praise)
OR “She is stingy with her money.” (if criticism is intended)
10) He acts like a Christian generously towards panhandlers and beggars. (if one associates
Christian attitudes with generosity)
OR “He makes it clear to panhandlers and beggars that he believes God helps those
who help themselves.”
11) She has occupied the Chairman’s Chair’s position in the organization for many years.
OR
“…the position of Chair…”
12) Of the eight policemen police officers at the scene, six were men and two were women.

EXERCISE: Biased and Bias-free Usage (D58, D59)
This exercise is for discussion; there are no absolutely right and wrong answers.
For discussion: Of the following words or expressions, which (if any) seem to you to express
bias towards a particular group; which (if any) seem to you to entail euphemistic or unnecessary
concessions to “political correctness”; and which seem to you to express a proper concern for
appropriate language and for the feelings of those being referred to? (In some cases you may feel
that both or all terms in a grouping are appropriate or inappropriate.)
1) This new tax measure will help the rich and hurt poor people / help those with higher levels
of income and wealth, and hurt the economically disadvantaged.
2) Over 20% of the American population is fat / overweight / obese.
3) The young man was retarded. / The young man suffered from a mental disability. / The
young man was mentally challenged.
4) Both the husband and the wife should see a shrink / a counsellor / a facilitator.
EXERCISE: Articles (E1–E2)
ESL (E1–E18)
Fill in the appropriate article(s) where necessary; take them out when they are not needed.
1) Could you order an ice cream cone for me?
2) My father painted the fence last year, but the color is already fading.
3) Book The book was really good; I couldn’t put it down.
4) The yogurt Yogurt is a great source of calcium.
5) This weekend we’re going skiing. Weather The weather is supposed to be nice and the
snow will be just right.
6) In Canada, the hockey is a popular sport. In 1988, Windsor, Nova Scotia, declared itself
to be the birthplace of the sport, but several other cities across the country claim the same
title.
7) Building the log homes can be a long and complicated process.
8) It takes an hour to get to my school on the bus. The traffic Traffic is usually backed up in
the morning.
9) Riding a unicycle is a lot harder than riding a bike. It requires a lot more balance and the
focus.
10) What is in the box? I think it is moving!

EXERCISE: Subjects and Predicates (E3–E4)
Fill in the appropriate article(s) or pronoun(s) where necessary; take them out when they are not
needed.
1) Is It is dangerous not to carry around an inhaler when you have asthma.
2) Currently, the moon it is approximately 225,745 miles from Earth; it moves 1.5 inches
further away from our planet each year.
3) The cake we made for Ethan’s birthday it was coconut cream.
4) It will be easy to sell our house. My brother-in-law is a real estate agent, and he will get a
good price for it quickly.
5) The pizza it is from Healthy Pies. The cook was a gourmet chef at a high-end restaurant
in his youth, but he quit and decided to open his own pizza shop instead. He uses only
organic ingredients.
6) The Christmas tree it was too big for the house. Was It was blocking the window.
7) My first time skating was quite an adventure! I fell a few times because my skates they
were very slippery, but by the end I improved.
EXERCISE: Plurals (E5)
Correct the following sentences.
1) Digital watch watches are great because they tell you the exact time and they usually
have added feature features.
2) Many person people take the subway in this city; it’s more convenient than waiting in
traffic.
3) Hawthorne Academy is a new high school in our community. Many of the student
students are looking forward to the upcoming year because they will each be given a
laptop computer.
4) My wife’s closet is overflowing with stuff. She has twenty-six pairs of shoe shoes that
she claims she needs.
5) Canada’s Food Guide recommends eating 5–12 servings of grain product products a day,
despite the new trend of low-carbohydrate diet diets.
6) How many blades of grasses grass do you think are on your lawn?
7) Wow, this meal comes with three pieces of fishes fish, a side salad, a piece of bread, and
french fries!
8) Some nutritionists are now saying that drinking eight glasses of waters water is not
necessary; on average, people are able to meet their adequate hydration needs from juice,
milk, coffee, tea, soda, fruits, vegetables, and other foods and beverages.
9) You received a lot of mails mail today.
10) I went to three concert concerts last month—a jazz concert, a rock show, and an acoustic
performance. I love listening to different types of musics music.

EXERCISE: Gendered/Neutered Words and Possessives (E6–E7)
Correct the following sentences.
1) My sister is always taking mine my clothes! Sometimes she tries to tell me they belong to
him her, but I know the difference!
2) The house down the street is for sale. He It has four bedrooms, new appliances and two
bathrooms.
3) Our children, which who are very athletic, have a lot of sports equipment! Our shed is
filled with soccer balls, tennis rackets, and hockey sticks.
4) Dr. Maria Sanchez checked her watch and sighed. She was already late for her 9:00 a.m.
appointment and she was worried. The previous time she had been late, her office had
filled up with more clients than she had had time to see. By the time she walked into
the door, her office was as bad as she had anticipated; he it was bursting with a mass of
people.
5) My uncle, that whom I greatly admire, won a humanitarian award yesterday, for all the
charity work he does.
6) Even though it was raining when I first went to the Calgary Stampede, he it was still
crowded.
7) After dining at the restaurant twice, they decided she it did not have a nice atmosphere.
EXERCISE: Negatives and Double Negatives (E8–E9)
Correct the following sentences.
1) After my wife cheated on me, I did not want to speak to her for a long time.
2) It is difficult to do well in a calculus class without no a scientific calculator.
3) I never not eat greasy food twice in one week.
4) I enjoy going to the beach, but I do not like swimming in water that is deeper than my
waist.
5) She does is not be a good enough actress to star in her own movie.
6) My baby sucks never sucks not her thumb.
7) Massachusetts does not allow capital punishment.
8) Information on the Internet is never not always reliable.
EXERCISE: Comparatives and Superlatives (E10)
Correct the following inaccurate comparatives/superlatives.
1) I wanted to have the most largest cake the store could make for my wedding.
2) That was the most bestest best movie I have ever seen.
3) The sandwich store down the street makes the more largest sub in town.
4) Our daughter did not want the less smaller sized ice cream cone.

5) Shannon believes that her dog behaves more better than mine.
6) Last summer had the most worst weather our city has seen in 40 years.
7) Monet’s Water Lilies is the beautifullest most beautiful painting in his collection.
8) The Eiffel Tower in Paris is more high higher than the Space Needle in Seattle.
9) Mrs. Jenkins is the goodest best teacher in the school.
10) The last apartment we saw had the lesser least amount of new appliances.
EXERCISE: Compound Verb Formations and Phrasal Verbs (E11, E13)
Each sentence contains a mistake. Fill in the appropriate verb formations or infinitives.
1) The flowers are blooming early this year.
2) She took up with the wrong crowd up in school, and her grades started suffering.
3) The robber broke into the house in last night when everyone was asleep.
4) No one in the neighborhood heard the noise, so the police were not called.
5) My father ran over my bike over because I left it in the driveway.
6) They do not know how to sail, so they are nervous about the boat trip.
7) Could you please remember to take off your shoes at the door off?
8) There is a store downtown where you can trade in your recyclables for money in.
9) I was mowing the grass when I noticed the bird’s nest.
10) The janitor did not like picking up the students’ garbage up because it was often
disgusting.
EXERCISE: Infinitives and Gerunds (E12, E15)
Correct the following sentences.
1) She was just starting dancing to dance when she was paged over the intercom.
2) The police officer was thinking of to run running after the suspect after he heard his
partner could not keep up.
3) We realized that no one was going showing to show up for the performance ten minutes
after the curtain went up.
4) Sarah was discouraged from to help helping her blind daughter walk around the room so
that her daughter would learn how to do it herself.
5) I was looking forward to go going on the camping trip, but I was called in to doing do an
extra shift at work.
EXERCISE: Prepositions (E16)
Fill in the appropriate preposition.
1) My teacher was angry with me because I had not handed in my homework.

2) I believe this product is inferior to that one.
3) What could be worse than having a hurricane flood your home?
4) Janice argued with the hotel manager, who was falsely accusing her of making longdistance
calls from her room.
5) Sometimes people borrow food from their neighbors.
6) The lawyer was interested in the case because it seemed like a challenge.
7) President Barack Obama graduated from Columbia University in 1983.
8) This type of product irritates my skin.
9) I am worried about the rising price of gas.
10) Her boss congratulated her on finishing the project on time.
EXERCISE: Word Order (E17–E18)
Put the words in their correct order.
1) Ocean I enjoy swimming in the ocean.
2) For her birthday she received three beautiful old beautiful necklaces.
3) The I was driving the car I was driving very fast.
4) Fell The sandwich she was eating fell apart the sandwich she was eating.
5) How many homemade wooden homemade bookshelves do you have?
6) The celebrity’s assistant for the celebrity was holding her phone.
7) After he rejected the first set of documents, we the second set gave him the second set.
8) These red, delicious, red strawberries will be a perfect topping for the cake.
9) That energetic, young, energetic worker is exactly what we need in this office.
10) Big I ate a big piece of lemon pie for dessert I ate.
PUNCTUATION, FORMAT, AND SPELLING (F1–F38)
EXERCISE: Run-on and Incomplete Sentences (F1–F7)
Correct each of the following run-on or incomplete sentences.
[There is usually more than one way to correct such problems.]
1) “She’s miniature; her hands are about the size of my thumb,” he said.
2) How much influence the book might have, how it compares to other philosophical books,
how it fits in with the current trends in philosophy; these are all very hard to determine.
3) It had taken the best part of an hour to put the plan forward; it took another five minutes
before I got my answer. (F.H. Winterbotham, Ultra Secret)
4) The informant did not lie to us; he gave us his idea of what the people believed they were
doing.

5) Another positive element is that outside firms will bring new or substantially revitalized
agricultural resources into use. they They will create new employment to operate the
production facilities.
6) Suppose an industry which is threatened by foreign competition is one which lies at the
very heart of your national defense. where Where are you then? (Economist W. Hewins,
quoted in The Atlantic)
7) Hydrochloric acid is a very dangerous substance, So so always handle it very carefully.
8) The rookie sidearmer didn’t merely have a fine year in the team’s bullpen; his campaign
ranks as one of the very best seasons in baseball history.
9) In Heriot, Scotland, a run on the bank isn’t a sign of financial instability; it’s just the way
things always have been and still are, every Thursday from 3:30 to 4:30. The That’s the
only time the bank is open. The good things in life stay that way. (Advertisement)
10) The freedom fighter spun around just in time, then he and fired quickly.
11) Getting the right price for your residence is not just good luck. it’s It’s getting the right
agent to help you. (Advertisement)
12) At first Bauer had no trouble with the climbing. At 7.8 km he was second best; only
Delgado was faster.
13) A major breakthrough came in 1912; two BASF scientists made the world’s first synthetic
ammonia, which remains the key ingredient in most fertilizer. (Financial Post)
14) Jones argues that the world is overpopulated. This doesn’t make sense because Although
Jones says that the world has too many people, but in some areas they don’t have enough.
(Sociology essay)
15) Television executives don’t really care if a show is good or not, so long as it is popular;
the larger the audience, the better. TV is a mass medium. (Communications essay)
16) When Coca Cola altered its formula it forgot that the biggest ingredient in the brand’s
success was its traditional place in North American culture. They weren’t just tampering
with a recipe; they were changing a social institution.
17) Terry Fox was diagnosed with osteogenic sarcoma (bone cancer) when he was 18
years old. he He was inspired to raise money for cancer research after seeing the plight
of young cancer victims while he was in the hospital. he He named his campaign the
Marathon of Hope.
18) White bread carries little nutritional value. hence Hence, it is better to eat loaves that are
either whole wheat or multi-grain.
19) Some students have a difficult time making the transition from elementary school to
junior high. and they can often Often, they may feel intimidated by the older students.
Who who feel the need like to throw their weight around.
20) Originally, John Wilkes Booth had originally planned to kidnap President Abraham
Lincoln. He thought he could in an attempt to use the President as leverage to make
for an exchange of imprisoned Confederate soldiers. his However, his kidnapping plans
failed. however, an after After the Civil War ended, Booth heard hearing President
Lincoln speaking at the White House declaring declare that he would give voting rights
to former slaves. Booth became angry and swore that it would be the last speech he the
President would ever give. and ultimately Ultimately, this statement became true after
Booth shot Lincoln in Ford’s Theatre days later.

EXERCISE: Common Comma Pairings (F9)
Punctuate the following.
1) she She stepped gingerly over the fallen body. then Then she screamed.
2) harper’s Harper’s argument, then, was that an elected senate Senate would be both more
representative and more effective than an appointed one.
3) however However old you are, you can still enjoy the outdoors.
4) he He would like to go skiing. his His age and infirmity, however, prevent him from
doing so.
5) the The complex plot structure that byatt Byatt employs in her novel weaves together
strands from many literary traditions.
6) byatts Byatt’s novel, which employs a complex plot structure, weaves together strands
from many literary traditions.
7) my My professor, Dr. Hawthorne, likes to give oral exams instead of written tests. and he
He believes oral exams are better for showcasing what students have learned.
8) the The ingredients for the pizza dough are the following: cornmeal, flour, olive oil,
yeast, and sugar.
9) cell Cell phones are causing problems in schools. some Some students, students are
using them their phones for sending to send test answers and messages to their friends in
class.
10) he He walked outside and watered his plants. then Then he pruned his shrubs.
EXERCISE: Colon or Semicolon (F13, F14)
Add either a colon or a semicolon to each of the following sentences.
1) Images of air and sky occur repeatedly in the first three stanzas of Heaney’s poem: “the
eye concedes to / Encroaching horizon,” “Between the sights of the sun,” “An astounding
crate full of air.”
2) The company is in disarray; it filed for bankruptcy last week.
3) This was how the Governor phrased it: “If he wants to choose Shreveport over New
Orleans, well then I guess he knows something about Shreveport that I don’t.”
4) A key feature in Locke’s justification of property is the famed Lockean Proviso: the claim
that property rights can arise without consent “at least where there is enough, and as
good, left in common for others.”
5) David Phillips, Environment Canada’s Senior Climatologist, claims that Medicine Hat,
Alberta, is the sunniest city in the country with 2,512.85 hours of sunshine a year;
Estevan, Saskatchewan, is a close second with 2,434.75 hours.
6) No country in the world has an extradition treaty with all other nations; America, for
example, does not have treaties with the following: the People’s Republic of China,
Namibia, and Korea. Canada does not allow extradition to countries that have the death
penalty unless they are assured capital punishment will not be imposed.
7) More than 100,000 people attended the concluding ceremony at Beijing; London will
host the next summer Olympics in 2012.

8) Albert Einstein did not believe in Judaism even though he was raised Jewish. Instead, he
admired the beauty of nature and the universe. In 1954, Einstein wrote: “I do not believe
in a personal God…. If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the
unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it.”
9) Thomas Mann’s personal diaries were revealed to the world in 1975; as the diaries
confirmed, the German novelist had difficulty coming to terms with his bisexuality.
10) Our new union contract states that we will receive pay for the following holidays: New
Year’s Day, Easter, Labor Day and Christmas.
EXERCISE: The Semicolon (F13)
The semicolon is one of the most useful—and one of the most underused—punctuation marks
(see pages 467–470). The following exercise should help to show its usefulness both as a means to
more concise writing (enabling the writer to eliminate joining words or expressions) and as a way
of eliminating the impression of jerkiness that short sentences create.
Rewrite each of the following, using a semicolon in each case.
1) “Liberal” can mean many things; The the Oxford English Dictionary lists thirty-seven
definitions.
2) Great theatre companies often have humble beginnings; New York’s Public Theater
began as a Shakespeare workshop.
3) This policy is an unwise one for the government to follow; because it would make the
poor even poorer.
4) Showing that the law has not been violated during this affair establishes at best that the
Minister is not a criminal; but it fails to show that he deserves to retain a place in the
Cabinet.
5) The law does not require you to compensate others for their loss if you are not at fault; It
it only requires you to pay compensation if you have caused the damage.
6) These theories permit people to be treated as objects; because of the way in which they
allow people to be used as material means for the production of morally good states of
affairs.
7) Helen Fielding’s Bridget Jones’ Diary is loosely based after Jane Austen’s Pride and
Prejudice; This is because Fielding was inspired to write the best-selling novel after
watching the BBC miniseries of Austen’s beloved classic.
8) The Halifax Explosion, one of the largest human-caused explosions in history until the
1945 atomic bomb, occurred on December 6, 1917; and it killed 1,632 people and injured
thousands more.
9) I always have smoothies for breakfast; they are nutritional and easy to make.
10) My parents are very traditional when it comes to Christmas preparations; and they always
cut down their own tree.

EXERCISE: Punctuation (F1–F21)
Correct the punctuation mistake in each of the following.
1) Mbabane, which is the capital of Swaziland, is a small town encircled by hills. (F9)
2) “Why did you come here?” he asked me. (F12)
3) We all rode in my brother’s car to Detroit. (F20)
4) Both Mandela and de Klerk believed that apartheid couldn’t could not last much longer.
(F19)
5) “Help Wanted.” Full Full- and part time part-time positions available. (F15)
6) My parents (who just recently had their 25th wedding anniversary) do not believe in
eating sweets between meals. (F17)
7) The manager’s son said that he earned the job as assistant manager in his father’s
company because he was the most: “most qualified” candidate. (F14)
8) She yelled to her two daughters, “time Time to come in!” (F22)
9) William Golding’s, Lord of the Flies, begins with the sentence, “The boy with the fair
hair……began hair…began to pick his way towards the lagoon.” (F8)
EXERCISE: Punctuation (F1–F23)
Punctuate the following passages.
[Note that it may be possible to correct the problem in more than one way.]
1) “What did you think of the American election?” he asked me early in 2001.
“I was surprised and disappointed that the Supreme Court ruled as it did,” I replied.
“I felt the same way. I think they should abolish the Electoral College so the same
thing can never happen again,” he agreed.
2) “I just don’t know what to do,” said Don. “I can’t seem to punctuate properly in English
so I keep on writing incomplete sentences and run-on sentences.” Mary suggested several
things that might help.
“First of all,” she said, “you should read each word out loud and notice when you
pause. Also,” she added, “remember that the words ‘so’ and ‘and’ should not begin
sentences. Remember too that the word ‘because’ cannot begin a main clause. Finally,
the word ‘that’ should not be used to join two clauses together into one sentence.” Don
thanked her for this advice. Then he began to write.
3) For some time she was amused, without thinking beyond the immediate cause; but as
she came to understand the family better, other feelings arose. She had taken up a wrong
idea, fancying it was a mother and daughter, a son and son’s wife, who all lived together;
but when it appeared that the Mr. Martin who bore a part in the narrative and was always
mentioned with approbation for his great good nature in doing something or other was a
single man—that there was no young Mrs. Martin, no wife in the case—she did suspect
danger to her poor little friend from all this hospitality and kindness, and that if she were
not taken care of, she might be required to sink herself forever. (Emma 45)

4) She has 27 WTA singles titles and more than $10 million US in prize money. But it is
what’s missing from Kim Clijsters’ resume that gets the most attention. Despite reaching
four Grand Slam finals, the Belgian has yet to hoist a winner’s trophy, and she’s getting
a bit tired of hearing about it. “A lot of people just focus on the things that I don’t have,”
she said. “I know I haven’t won a Grand Slam but I’ve won a lot of other things. I’ve
been working very hard and I’m not stopping yet. I’m at least going to play for a couple
or three more years.” (The National Post)
5) Students at Empire High School started class this year with no textbooks—but it wasn’t
because of a funding crisis. Instead, the school issued iBooks—laptop computers by
Apple Computer Inc.—to each of its 340 students, becoming one of the first U.S. public
schools to shun printed textbooks. School officials believe the electronic materials will
get students more engaged in learning. Empire High, which opened for the first time this
year, was designed specifically to have a textbook-free environment. “We’ve always been
pretty aggressive in use of technology and we have a history of taking risks,” said Calvin
Baker, superintendent of the Vail Unified School District, which has 7,000 students
outside of Tucson. (CNN.com)
EXERCISE: Direct and Indirect Speech (F22–F27)
Rephrase the following so as to make each sentence grammatically correct.
1) The President asked if “Will the country would accept double-digit inflation?”.
2) In Lentriccia Lentriccia’s words, argues: “Regardless “regardless of Byron’s intention,
the meaning of the text is opaque.”
3) In the mid-1950s social scientists were concerned that perpetually increasing leisure time
“will would lead to vast social changes by the year 2000.”
4) The detective turned to the suspect. He yelled, “Where were you on the night of October
12th”? 12th?”
5) The doctor told me that he will would try to arrange an operation date as soon as
possible.
6) Professor Benson looked at his class and said, “I hope you’ve all studied.” Then he
passed out the exams.
EXERCISE: Spelling (F35–F38)
Each sentence contains spelling errors. Correct them.
1) At the beggining beginning of the year the commitee committee made its dicision
decision. (3 errors)
2) The goverment government of Malawi was long dorminated dominated by President
Banda. (2 errors)
3) A scene with over fourty forty charachters characters in it is a very unusual occurence
occurrence in a Pinter play. (3 errors)

4) We have learned about garmetes gametes, gemination germination, and photosinthesis
photosynthesis. (3 errors)
5) They tried to leave serreptitiously surreptitiously so that the school principle principal
would not notice their departure. (2 errors)
6) The yeild yield on a stock like this is likely to be non-existant non-existent; one buys it
only for the capitol capital gain. (3 errors)
7) Socialist groups around the world often critacize criticize the United States president.
(1 error)
8) I like to bath bathe late at night when my children are in bed. During the day they are
always running around the house, weather whether or not they’re their friends are over.
(3 errors)
9) British humor is quiet quite diffrent different from the comedy of other countries. (2
errors)
10) With thirty-six contending groups from accross across the continent, the chior choir
comptition competition was tough. (3 errors)
11) Basiccally Basically, the sponsers sponsors were not happy with the product we
produced. They felt the slogen slogan was aimed towards a demographic they were not
targeting. (3 errors)
12) My parents told me that it was a privelage privilege to eat zuccinni zucchini bread. It is
my favorite desert dessert, and I am only allowed to have a piece when I behave well for
my babysitter. (3 errors)
13) Jean’s birthday is the forth fourth of May. She said she would like me to get her a
medeval medieval novel for a present. (2 errors)
14) We ordered an expresso espresso after dinner. The drinks at the resterant restaurant were
extrordinary extraordinary. (3 errors)
15) The meeting’s itinery itinerary for Febuary February 12th was printed on recycled
paper. (2 errors)