the holocaust and colonialism in ukraine - Apple

14 • THE HOLOCAUST AND COLONIALISM IN UKRAINE
5. The other “Little Jerusalem” to the north was Vilnius. On the history of Jews in the
Pale, see Zvi Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet
Union, 1881 to the Present (New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 1988); and
John Klier and Shlomo Lambroza, Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian
History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
6. Einsatzgruppe C members stressed that the region was “Jewish” and Communist,
inciting their more intense manhunts in July and August 1941. See the “Operational
Situation Reports” of Einsatzgruppen C, 15 July–12 September 1941, especially the 12
September report, “The Jewish Question,” United States National Archives and
Records Administration (hereafter NARA), Record Group (RG) 242, T-175, roll (R)
233. As Himmler later stated to his SS men during a meeting in Zhytomyr: “Who
would have dreamed ten years ago that we would be holding an SS meeting in a village
named Hegewald, situated near the Jewish-Russian city of Shitomir. . . . This Germanic
East extending as far as the Urals must be cultivated like a hothouse of Germanic blood. .
. . the next generations of Germans and history will not remember how it was done, but
rather the goal.” See two drafts of Himmler’s speech, with Himmler’s corrections, “Rede
des Reichsführer-SS am 16 September 1942 in der Feldkommandostelle vor den
Teilnehmern an der SS-und Polizeiführer-Tagung, einberufen von SS-Obergruppenführer
Prützmann, Höherer SS-und Polizeiführer Russland-Süd,” NARA RG 242, T-175/R
90/2612809-2612859.
7. Dieter Pohl, “The Murder of Ukraine’s Jews under German Military Administration
and in the Reich Commissariat Ukraine,” in “The Shoah in Ukraine: History,
Testimony, Memorialization,” ed. Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower (manuscript under
review). Quote from Pohl taken from page 28 of author’s manuscript, which is an
expanded account of the “Schauplatz” essay (see note 1 above) translated into English.
8. Ralf Ogorreck, Die Einsatzgruppen und die “Genesis der Endlösung” (Berlin:
Metropole, 1996), p. 202.
9. Heydrich to his Einsatzgruppen chiefs, 1 July 1941, in Die Einsatzgruppen in der
besetzten Sowjetunion, 1941/42: Die Tätigkeits- und Lageberichte des Chefs der
Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, ed. Peter Klein (Berlin: Hentrich, 1997), p. 320. On the
pre-Barbarossa guidelines and agreements, see Richard Breitman, The Architect of
Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (New York: Knopf, 1991), pp. 145–66.
10. See Jeckeln’s Einsatzbefehl of 25 July 1941 for Novohrad Volyns’kyi, NARA RG
242 T-501/R 5/000559-60.
11. The Berdychiv ghetto was formed on August 26. On August 27 Jeckeln ordered that
2,500 Jews be taken from the ghetto and shot (German Police Decodes, 27 August
1941, ZIP/MSGP.28/12 September 1941. G.P.D.’s period 13–31 August, p. 5,