Guidance for Conducting Risk Assessments and Related Risk ...

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the remedy continues to protect human health and the environment. The rigor of these assessments is dependent on the amount of additional analytical information and ranges from a simple review of existing information to development of a new risk assessment (if site conditions warrant). These reviews will continue to occur as long as residual contamination is present or until the DOE, TDEC, and EPA Region IV decide otherwise. 16
3. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES There are other programs in addition to environmental restoration that fall under the purview of the U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge Operations (DOE-ORO) Environmental Management (EM) Program: waste management, decontamination and decommissioning (D&D), technology development and demonstration, and reindustrialization. Each of these programs uses risk assessment methods and techniques to support decision-making. The following text briefly describes the risk-related activities that are performed for these programs and illustrates the need for active involvement. 3.1 WASTE MANAGEMENT Waste management activities include categorizing wastes (e.g., sanitary, hazardous, low-level radioactive, mixed waste, etc.) to meet disposal criteria under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), DOE Orders, or other regulatory drivers; evaluating the feasibility of on-site versus off-site disposal (including an evaluation of transportation risk); waste reduction efforts; and overall protection of waste management/remedial workers and the public. Risk assessment methods in waste management are used to: • derive estimates of waste volumes and the associated risks/hazards, • evaluate transportation risk, • estimate risk from process waste streams and evaluate the cost/benefit of various waste reduction efforts, • perform cost/benefit analyses of remedial alternatives, • evaluate worker risk and risk to the public from disposal activities, and • develop a Waste Acceptance Criteria Screening process that complies with DOE Orders and the risk goals established under CERCLA and RCRA for the reclassification of radioactive waste so that it may be release to a Subtitle C or D landfill. 3.2 DECONTAMINATION & DECOMMISSIONING The DOE and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a joint policy [Policy on Decommissioning Department of Energy Facilities Under CERCLA (DOE and EPA 1995)] that addresses the implementation of CERCLA at D&D facilities. The policy established that decommissioning activities will be conducted as non-time-critical removal actions where appropriate. This approach recognizes that demolition activities are typically straight forward with limited alternatives available for consideration. The evaluation process conducted prior to the implementation of a non-time-critical removal, as well as the engineering alternatives, are documented in the Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis report. Per guidance from the EPA (EPA 1993) and DOE (DOE 1994, 1997), a streamlined risk evaluation is conducted to focus the remedial action on the specific problem or the existing/imminent health or environmental threats rather than address all potential exposure pathways; therefore, the streamlined risk evaluation may be limited in scope compared to a conventional baseline risk assessment. 17
Page 1 and 2: BJC/OR-271 Guidance for Conducting
Page 3 and 4: Guidance for Conducting Risk Assess
Page 5 and 6: 5.1 COMPARISON TO RISK-BASED PRELIM
Page 7 and 8: ACRONYMS ARARs Applicable or Releva
Page 9 and 10: 1. INTRODUCTION The U.S. Department
Page 11 and 12: Risk assessments and related risk a
Page 13 and 14: Section 4: A more detailed discussi
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Applicable regulatory and
Page 17 and 18: Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant: Th
Page 19 and 20: Site Evaluation Remedial Investigat
Page 21 and 22: Removal Site Evaluation Removal Act
Page 23: The results of these risk analyses
Page 27 and 28: 3.3 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND DEMO
Page 29 and 30: 4.1 DATA EVALUATION The first step
Page 31 and 32: S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge Y
Page 33 and 34: End Use Category Table 6. End Use W
Page 35 and 36: database incorporates information n
Page 37 and 38: Scenarios of Concern. Total noncarc
Page 39 and 40: The guidelines in this document dic
Page 41 and 42: 6. BASELINE HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSES
Page 43 and 44: Note: Remedial Goal Options (RGOs)
Page 45 and 46: Spatial Anaysis and Decision Assist
Page 47 and 48: EPA. 1991d. Appendix D of RAGS, Vol
Page 49 and 50: APPENDIX A RISK ASSESSMENT TECHNICA
Page 51 and 52: ES/ER/TM-28 The Use of Institutiona
Page 53 and 54: spatially homogeneous, factors to a
Page 55 and 56: ES/ER/TM-33/R2 by providing more sp
Page 57 and 58: K/ER-153/R1 Baseline Risk Assessmen
Page 59 and 60: Sections B.1 through B.5 provided i
Page 61 and 62: evaluated by comparison to the repo
Page 63 and 64: slope factor for 234 Th ( 234 Th do
Page 65 and 66: emaining analyses (since it had a l
Page 67 and 68: Analytes for which the maximum dete
Page 69 and 70: This guidance directs the user thro
Page 71 and 72: where: x = arithmetic mean of the b
Page 73 and 74: APPENDIX D GUIDE FOR AIR DISPERSION
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D.2 LAND USE—EXPOSURE SCENARIOS E
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Source Solidification/ Stabilizatio
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a certain depth of space. Two basic
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preclude the use of techniques for
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Technology-specific emission rates
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D-14 APPLICATION: Type Table D.4. S
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D-16 METEOROLOGY: RASCAL MILDOS- AR
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D.4.1.1 Screening-level codes D.4.1
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strongly recommended that external
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The primary difference between the
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1. source term 2. overland pathway
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Briggs, Klug, Brookhaven, St. Louis
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D-28 Table D.5. Atmospheric transpo
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D-30 Attributes CD M Table D.5. (co
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Only portions of the source area th
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D.4.2.2.3 CTDMPLUS The Complex Terr
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D.5. PARAMETERS The major input dat
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D.5.1.1.1 Wind directions In the va
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Table D.7. Meteorological data avai
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The EPA (1988) provides guidance on
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Input CAP88- PC Leafy Vegetables (K
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D.8. REFERENCES ANL (Argonne Nation
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Thibodeaux, L. J. 1989. Theoretical
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Table D.10. Baseline emission rate
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Table D.11. Remedial technologies t
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Table D.14. VOC emission rates for
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Title EPA and NTIS No. Date Estimat
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E.1 INTRODUCTION As one of the prim
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emedial decisions. Establishing a r
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Table E.2. Purpose of model selecti
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eview information from other simila
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its associated uncertainty, the tea
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E.4 REFERENCES Droppo, J. G., J. W.
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F.1 INTRODUCTION Human health risks
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F.2 PLANT MODELS For a complete ana
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Table F.1. (continued) Parameter De
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subsequently deposited on plant sur
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a major concern. F.2.1.2 Plant upta
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F.3 ANIMAL MODELS F.3.1 General Mod
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Table F.2. Recommended default valu
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f p = faction of the year the anima
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closely match the plant types of in
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consumption to a dry-weight basis b
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fat content of a cow (25%) and mult
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pasture, and dairy cattle obtain 60
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4.2.8 Fraction of daily water intak
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Hoffman, F. O., U. Bergstrom, C. Gy
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Peterson, H. T. ,. Jr.. 1983. Terre
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G.1. INTRODUCTION Calculation of th
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G.2.1 Soil Determining the size of
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Site Concentration 50 40 30 20 10 0
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Frequency Frequency Frequency 12000
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Stream G-11 Park Lake or River Figu
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More likely, contamination of sedim
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G.2.3 Groundwater The determination
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uncertainty analysis. G.2.4 Surface
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Figure G.12. ORNL groundwater risk
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G.2.4.1 Recommendations After selec
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G.3.2 Traditional Approach The firs
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G.3.3 Division of Data and the Bonf
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of giving smaller weights to areas
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Figure G.16. Variography of the exa
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5 Figure G.17. Kriged map of contam
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Northing 150 125 100 75 50 25 10 20
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concluded that the DL/2 method was
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The simulation presented in Sect. G
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By defining contamination boundarie
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Gilbert, R. 1987. Statistical Metho
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H.1. INTRODUCTION The quantitative
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(Andelman 1990) K p permeability co
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only (yr) 6 (child) (EPA 1991a) EF
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Table H.1. Uncertain parameters and
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values. These values are used in th
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Table H.4. Results of the uncertain
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and 12%, respectively) on the predi
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parameters that pertains to the adu
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While this methodology could be app
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EPA. 1991a. Risk Assessment Guidanc
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The first step in performing the in
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