EXPERIMENT NO AIM :- To perform water absorption test ... - Raisoni

EXPERIMENT NO 

AIM :- To perform water absorption test on given aggregate sample by oven d rying 

method. 

APPARATUS :- 

Measurin g weights , aggregates immersed in water for 24 hrs , oven . 

FORMULA :- 

Water absorption in % = [ ( W1- W3 ) / ( W2- W1 ) ] x 100 

FIGURE :- 

THEORY :- 

Where 

PROCEDURE :- 

OBSERVATION :- 

Weight of empty container = W1 = _____ Gm 

Weight of soaked aggregate + Weight of container = W2 = _____ Gm 

Weight of oven dried aggregate + Weight of container = W3 = _____ Gm 

Stones having higher water absorption values are porous 

and hence weak . They are generally suitable unless found acceptable based 

on crushing and grinding . The sample is weighted on water and the 

buoyant weight is found . The aggregate is taken out and weighted after th e 

surface is dried . The specific gravity can be calculated by diving dry 

weight of aggregate by weight of equal volume of water. 

The water absorption is expressed as percentage water absorption in terms 

of oven dried weight of aggregate . The specific gravity of rock varies fro m 

2.6 to 2.9 . Rock specimen having more than 0.6 percent of water 

absorption are considered unsatisfactory values found acceptable based 

upon strength tests . However slightly higher value of porosity may be 

acceptable for aggregate used in bitumen pavement construction of the 

aggregate are otherwise suitable 

1)About 2 Kg of dry aggregate sample is placed in wire basket and 

immersed in water for 24 Hrs. 

2) The weight of the sample is taken . 

3)The aggregate sample is placed in oven ( 100 – 110 0 C ) for 24 Hrs. 

4)After complete drying dry weight of the sample is taken . 

5)Percentage of water absorption is calculated .

CALCULATION :- 

RESULT :- 

PRECAUTION :- 

DISCUSSION :- 

Weight of empty container = W1 = _____ Gm 

Weight of soaked aggregate + Weight of container = W2 = _____ Gm 

Weight of oven dried aggregate + Weight of container = W3 = _____ Gm 

Water absorption in % = [ ( W1- W3 ) / ( W2- W1 ) ] x 100 

Percentage of water absorption for a given sample of aggregate is found to 

be _________ %. 

1) The aggregate must be immersed properly in water for 24 Hrs . 

2)The water from surface of aggregate must be dried . 

3)Weight the aggregate carefully in spring balan ce. 

Rock specimen having more than 0.6 % water absorption 

values are considered unsatisfactory unless found acceptable based on 

strength test . However slightly higher value of porosity may be acceptable 

for aggregate used in bituminous pavement construction if aggregate is 

found otherwise suitable.

AIM :- 


To determine flakiness index of aggregate . 

APPARATUS :- 

Aggregate, set of sieves, tray, weight box etc. 

FORMULA :- 

Where, 

w = Weight of aggregate passing 

W = Weight of aggregate retained 

FIGURE :- 

THEORY :- 

PROCEDURE :- 

flakiness index = [ w / W ] X 100 

The principal shape of Aggregate mass is determine by the 

percentage of flaky and elon gated particles contained in it and by its 

angularity . The evaluation of shape of particles made of flakiness index 

and elongated index and angularity numbers . 

The flakiness index of aggregate is the per centage by 

weight of aggregate particles whose least dimensional thickness is less 

than 0.6 times their mean dimension. The test is applicable to size larger 

than 6.3 mm standard thickness is used to guage the thickness of sample . 

1) The sample of aggregate to b e tested is sieved through a set of sieves and 

separated into a specified size ranges. 

2) Now to separate the flaky material , the aggregate which pass through 

the appropriate elongated slot of thickness guage are found .The width of 

the appropriate slot would be 0.6 of the average of the sieve size range. 

3) The flaky material passing the appropriate slot from each size range of 

test aggregate are added up and let the weight be W1. 

4) If the total weight of sample take from different size range is w, the 

flakiness index is given by 

Flakiness Index = [ W1 / W ] X 100

OBSERVATION TABLE :- 

Sieve Weight Weight of 

Sr W 

No. Retained Aggregate passing 

No 

(gm) 

(mm) W(Gm) appropriate slot (gm) 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 


RESULT :- 

DISCUSSION :- 

APPLICATION :- 

flakiness index = [ w / W ] X 100 

F. I. = [ w / W ] 

X 100 

The Flakiness Index of a given aggregate sample is found to be _______ %. 

Elongated aggregate are less workable , they are also likely to 

break under smaller load s than the aggregate which are spherical or cubical 

, flakiness index values in excess of 15 % are generally consider 

undesirable . If is desirable that flakiness index of aggregate used in road 

construction is less than 15 % and normally does not exceed 25 %. 

If the flakiness index is more than the aggregate can take less 

loads and are liable to fail under less load . So it is not desirable to use 

aggregate of higher flakiness index is permanent .

(W2-W1 ) 

FIGURE :- 

(W2-W1 ) 


AIM:- To determine specific gravity of a given aggregate sample by Pycnometer 

Pycnometer balance, Weight –box, aggregate 

APPARATUS:- 

FORMULA:- 

THEORY :- 

Specific gravity = 

(W2-W1) – (W3-W4) 

Where 

Weight of empty Pycnometer = W1 gms 

Weight of Pycnometer + aggregate = W2 gms 

Weight of Pycnometer + aggregate +Water = W3 gms 

Weight of Pycnometer + Water = W4 gms 

Weight of aggregate = (W2-W1) gm. 

Weight of equal volume of distilled water = (W2-W1) – (W3-W4) gms 

Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of given volume of 

dry aggregate to the weight of equal volume of distilled water. 

Let (i) Weight of empty Pycnometer = W1 gms 

(ii) Weight of Pycnometer + aggregate = W2gms 

(iii)Weight of Pycnometer + aggregate +Water = W3 gms 

(iv)Weight of Pycnometer + Water = W4 gms 

Weight of aggregate = (W2-W1) gm. 

Weight of equal volume of distilled water = (W2-W1) – (W3-W4) gms 

Specific gravity = 

(W2-W1) – (W3-W4)

PROCEDURE:- 


SR 

No 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Weight of 

aggregates 

(1)Make the Pycnometer dry &Weight it with its cap &rin g 

(2)Unscrew the cap &Rut 200 gms of aggregate &Weight it 

(3)Add water to the top of brass cap. Remove all the trapped dir by pouring 

additional water 

(4)Dry the Pycnometer & fell it to the top with & weight it 

(5)Repeat the Pro cedure 

(6)Find the average specific gravity by using formula 

Weight of 

empty 

pycnometer 

(W1)gm 

SAMPLE CALCULATION:- 

Weight of 

pycnometer 

+aggregate 

(W2) gm 

Average specific gravity = 

(W2-W1) Specific gravity = 

(W2-W1) – (W3-W4) 

G = 

Weight of 

pycnometer 

+water 

+aggrate 

(W3) gm 

RESULT:- 

Average specific gravity is found to be ___________ 

PRECAUTIONS:- 

DISCUSSIONS:- 

(1) Take the weight carefully. 

(2) Pycnometer must be dry for use. 

Weight of 

Pycnometer 

+water 

(W4) gm 

(3) There should be no air bubble inside the bottle. 

Specific 

gravity 

The value of specific gravity of aggregate is required for 

concrete mix design and useful for calculating water content. Stone having 

higher water absorptions values are porous and this weaker specific gravity 

also indicates strong specimen.


AIM: - To determine the Flash &Fire point for the sample of bitumen taken. 

APPARATUS: - 

Flash point set up, thermometer, heating arrangement etc. 

FIGURE:- 

THEORY: - 

This test gives up the indications of the critical temperatur e 

at which the suitable precautions should be taken while heating bitumen . 

Flash Point:-The temperature at which the volatile material i.e. bitumen 

emits vapours and it catches fire momentarily in the form of flash. 

Fire Point :-The temperature at which the volatile nature i.e. bitumen emits 

vapours get ignited and burns 

PROCEDURE: - 

The material is filled up to the mark of filling in the cup 

liquid is placed too dose to the cup .All accessories including thermometers 

are fixed .The sample is heated at rate of 50to60 0C/min. The first flash as 

applied at test 170 C below actual flash point. 

The flash point as taken as the temperature reading on the 

thermometer at the time of applications of flame that causes bright flash in 

the interior of cup. The heating is continuous till the material’s ignited. This 

gives the fire point. 

RESULT: - 

i) Flash Point = 

ii) Fire Point = 

DISCUSSION:- 

The bitumen material leaves out volatile at high temperature 

depending up on their grades. These volatile catch fire causing a flash. This 

condition is very hazardous. 

PRECAUTION: - 

APPLICATION: - 

If the candle is used as a flame then it should be seen that 

flame should not fall in the bitumen, otherwise it would give flame at less 

Temperature as wax will catch fir e. 

Bitumen is used in construction of pavements so the flash & fire 

point is determined to check for the amount of heating to avoid any 

accidents.


AIM:- To Determine the impact value of a given a aggregate sample 

APPARTAUS:- 

FIGURE :- 

FORMULA:- 

Impact testing machine, aggregates, sieves, weight box, weighing balance 

Where, 

Impact Value = W3 / (W2 – W1) X100 

W1 = empty wt of cylinder. 

W2= wt of Cylinder + aggregate. 

W3= wt of fines passing through 2.25 mm sieve

THEORY: - 

PROCEDURE: - 

OBSERVATION:- 

CALCULATION:- 

RESULT: - 

PRECAUTIONS:- 

DISCUSSION:- 

A test designed for to evaluate the toughness of stone or the 

resistance of aggregate to fracture under repeated impact is called impact 

test. The aggregate impact value indicates relative measur es of resistance of 

aggregate to impact, which has different effect then the resistance to 

gradually incr easing compression stress. The aggregate impact testing 

machine consists of a metal case and a cylindrical cap of internal dia of 10.2 

cm and a depth of 5 cm in which the aggregate specimen is placed A 

hammer of weight 13.5 to 14 kg having a free fall from height 38 cm is 

arran ged to drop through a vertical height. 

(1)Aggregate specimen passing throu gh 12mm sieve retained on 10mm 

sieve is filled in the cylinder in 3 layers by tampin g each other or each layer 

by 25 flows and then measures it. 

(2)The sample is transferred from balance to cap of the aggregate impact- 

testing machin e. The metal hammer is raised to a height of 38cm.Above th e 

upper surface of the aggregate in the cap and is allowed to fall freely on the 

cap specimen After subjected to15blows of metal hammer, the crashed 

aggregate is sieved from 2.36 mm sieve and the sieved weight is noted. 

(1)Weight of empty mould = W1 = 

(2)Weight of mould + aggregate = W2 = 

(3)Weight of tines passing through = W3 = 

Impact Value = W3 / (W2 – W1) X100 

The impact value of given sample of aggregate found out to be 

__________. 

(1)The aggregate used should be of good quality. 

(2)Hammer should be p roperly handed otherwise it may cause physical 

damage or injury. 

The impact value indicates the relative measurement of 

resistance of aggregate to impact, which has a different effect then th e 

r istance to gr adually increased compressive stress. The value less then 10 

% to 20 % is satisfactory for wads. The aggregates should not have impact 

value more then 30 % & if it is used to say to be weaker for base course the 

value should not exceed 40%


AIM:- To Determine California Bearing ratio [CBR] value and sub grade thickness 

for compacted soil under given traffic load. 

APPARTAUS:- 

FIGURE :- 

CBR apparatus consisting of mould of 150mm dia with a base plate and a 

collar, a 50mm dia, gauge for measuring expansion soaking and penetration

THEORY :- 

Hence 

WORKING :- 

PROCEDURE :- 

This method was originally devised by O. J. Parter, then the 

California State Highway, by other authority in USA, notably the US 

Corporation Of Engineering. The method combines a load penetration test 

perform in a lab. This is probably the most widely used method for the 

design of flexible pavement. 

The thickness of various elements comprising a p avement is 

determine by CBR values. It is a small scale p enetration test in which a 

cylindrical plunger 5 mm dia. is pen etrated into a soil mass. The 

observation are taken between the penetr ation resistance into a soil mass at 

the ratio of 0.05 inch / min [1.25 mm / min ]. The observations are tak en 

between the penetration resistance verses the penetration of plunger. The 

California Bearin g Ratio is defined as the ratio of test load to the standard 

load expressed in percentage 

CBR = [Test Load / Standard load ] x 100 

The CBR test is carried on a compacted soil in a CBR 150 

mm dia. and 175 mm height provided with a detachable collar of 50 mm 

deep to be kept in the mould during the sp ecimen penetration which 

enables a specimen of 1 25 mm deep to be obtained . 

The moulding dry density and water content should be same 

as it should be maintained during field compaction. To estimate th e worst 

moisture condition of the field, the specimen is submerged in water for 

about 4 days before testing. Generally CBR value for both soaked and 

unsoaked sample and determined both during soaking and penetration the 

specimen is carried with equal surcharge weights to estimate the effect of 

overlying parameters or particular layer under construction . Each 

surcharge weight 147 mm dia with a general hoe of 153 mm in did and 

weighing 2.5 kg is considered approximately equivalent to 6.5 cm of 

construction . A minimum of two weights are placed as sp ecimen load is 

applied on the penetration piston to obtained the penetration of 1.25 mm / 

min . The max imum load and penetration is recorded if it occurs for 

penetration less than 7 mm. 

The soil sample approximately 2000 gm is weighted and 

transformed in a tray . About 7 % of water of total weight of soil sample is 

added in the soil and mix it properly This moisturized sample is compacted 

in the CBR in different layers . Each layer is compacted by giving 56 no of 

blows by tamp ering rod . After compaction the mould is placed under CBR 

testing machine and adjusted properly . The load is applied gradually by 

this pressure testing machine and various sets of r eadin g are taken until soil 

specimen fails.

OBSERVATIONS:- 

(i) Weight of rammer = 

(ii) Drop of rammer = 

(iii) No. Of layers computed = 

(iv) Blows per layers = 

(v) Wt. of empty mould = 

(vi)Wt. of mould + compacted soil = 

(vii) Volume of mould = 

(viii)Water content of soil = 

(by oven dried method) 

(ix) Wt. of empty tray = 

Plunger Dia = 

Surcharge Wt. = 

Test end of specimen = 1 div = 

Proving ring constant = 1 div = 

PENETRTIO PROVING PROVING LOAD 

N 

PLU NG ON E STANDARD 

LOAD R CBR = 

RING RING 

(KG) (KG ) 

TEST LOAD 

CONSTANT READING 

X 100 

STD. LOAD 

CALCULATION:- 

(1) For penetration 2.5 mm (corrected) CBR 

= X 100 = 

1376 

(2) For penetration 5mm (corrected) % CBR 

= X 100 = 

2055 

CORREC CORREC 

TED TEST TED CBR 

LOAD VALUR

The sub grade thickness is given by 

1.75P A 

t = - 

CBR 9 

Where t = Sub grade thickness 

RESULT:- 


CBR = CBR Value 

P = Wheel Load = 4500 kn 

A = Area of sub grade contact 

P 

A = p = 6.5kg/cm2 

p 

(1) The CBR value for 2. 5mm penetration is found to be = _______ 

(2) The CBR value for 5 mm penetration is found to be = ________ 

This test is meant for soils and also carried out on the sub 

base and granular base coarse material . The CBR Test values are made use 

if an imperial method of flexible pavement design 

Grade of load Depth of construction on Traffic density No. of commercial 

in cm 

vehicle per day exceeding 3 + loaded 

wt. 

A 31 0 - 15 

B 38 15 - 45 

C 44 45 - 150 

D 50 150 - 450 

E 56 450 - 1500 

F 64 1500 - 4500 

G 70 Above 4500


AIM: - To perform penetration test on the given sample of bitumen 

APPARATUS :- 

FIGURE :- 

THEORY :- 

PROCEDURE :- 


Penetrometer is penetration test apparatus 

The penetration test determines the hardness and so ftness 

of bitumen by measuring the depth of needle in mm to which a standard 

loaded needle penetrates vertically 5 sec . The sample is maintained at 250 

C. 

A bitumen sample of depth about 15mm. is taken into a 

container . The sample is arranged on the instrument that the standard 

needle just touches the surface of the bitumen sample . The dial is set to 

zero . Now initial reading is taken and the needle is released for 5 sec. and 

the final reading is taken on the dial gauge . Three reading should be tak en. 

Each test should be performed for at least 10 min apart from each other and 

the mean value is taken . 

Sr Initial Reading Final Reading Differ ence Penetration 

No. 1/10 mm 1/10 mm 1/10 mm Value 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Average 

Penetration 

Value

RESULT :- 

PRECAUTION :- 

The average penetration of the given sample (bitumen ) is 

found to be _____________ mm. 

1)The needle should be cleared properly before taking nex t reading . 

2)The needle should just touch the bitumen. 

3)Minimum 10 min should be maintained between the reading . 


It is the most adopted test for bitumen depending on climate 

condition , type of construction Various bitumen used in permanent constant range 

between 20 to 25 .

FIGURE :- 



To determine the crushing value of aggregate by aggregate crushed test 

APPARATUS :- 

FORMULA :- 

Steel cylinder of 152 cm diameter with a base plate and and plunger 

compression testing machine , sieves , aggregate etc. 

% Crushing Value = [W3 / (W2 – W1 )] x 100 

Where 

W1 = Weight of empty mould = __________ Kg 

W2 = Weight of mould + Aggregate = __________ Kg 

W3 = Weight of pan + crushed aggregate = ___________ Kg

THEORY :- 

PROCEDURE :- 

OBSERVATION :- 


RESULT :- 

PRECAUTION :- 


The strength of coarse aggregate may be determine by 

aggregate crushing strength test . The aggregate crushing value provides a 

relative measure resistance to the crushing order .Gradually applied 

compression load , to achieve a high resistance to crushing or low aggregate 

crushing value are performed . 

Dry aggregate passin g through 12.5 mm sieve and retained 

on 10 mm sieve is filled in the cylinder in three layers . Each layer being 

compacted b y 25 blows of tamping rod of diameter 16 mm.Then the 

plunger is placed on the top of the specimen and a load of 40 ton es/ min is 

applied b y the compression machine .The crushed aggregate are removed 

and sieved in 2.35 mm sieve . The material which passes through this sieve 

is weighed (Ws ). The value of aggregate is in percentage o f crushing 

material passing through 2.35 mm sieve in term of original weight of 

specimen . 

W1 = Weight of empty mould = ___________Kg 

W2 = Weight of mould + Aggregate = __________ Kg 

W3 = Weight of pan + crushed aggregate = ___________Kg 

% Crushing Value = [W3 / (W2 – W1 )] x 100 

The crushing value of the given aggregate is found to be ___________ % 

1)Length of the three layers should be approximately equal . 

2)Aggregate should be perfectly dry . 

3)Mould should be perfectly dry and clean . 

4)Sieving should be done carefully. 

Stone aggregate gives low crushing value . The crushing 

value of good quality aggregate to be used in base coarse should not ex ceed 

45 % and the value for the surface co arse should not be less than 30 %.


AIM :- To determine ab rasion value of coarse aggregate by Los Angelis Abrasion 

Testing Machine. 

APPARATUS :- 

FIGURE :- 

THEORY :- 

PROCEDURE :- 

Los Angelis Abrasion Testing Machine , aggregate , cast iron , spear , 17 

mm sieve 

The principle of Los Angelis Abrasion Test is to find out 

percentage valu e due to the relative rubbing action between the aggregate 

and the steel ball which are used as an ab rasion char ge . 

The test procedure co nsists of a rotating drum . It is rotated 

at a speed of 20 – 30 rpm . In this cylinder the sample along with the balls 

is added . The total weight of sample depends upon the size of aggregate 

and number of steel balls and weight of each steel balls . Maximum weight 

of steel ball is limited to 5 Kg . The sample and the steel ball are rotated 

upto 500 revolution . After completion of revolution , the sample is taken


out . It is allowed to pass through 1.7 mm sieve size . The percentage 

weight passing is called abrasion value of aggregate. 

Weight of aggregate = _________ gm (W1 ) 

Sr Sieve Size 

No (mm) 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Weight 

Retained 

W(gm) 

Cumulative 

Weight retained 

(gm) 

%Cumulative 

Weight 

% Finess 


RESULT :- 

PRECAUTION :- 


Weight of sample passing through 1.7 mm Sieve (W2 ) = _________ gm 

Abrasion value of a given aggregate sample = 

Abrasion value is found to be _________ % of given 

aggregate sample by Los Angelis Abrasion Testing Machine. 

1) Aggregate should be taken by specific size because number and weight 

of steel balls depends upon size of aggregate . 

2) Revolution of rotating drum should be rotated and noted perfectly. 

Abrasion are carried out to test the hardness properly of 

coarse aggregate and d ecide wheth er they are suitable for different road 

construction work. 

The Los Angelis Abrasion value of good quality accepted for cemen t 

concrete , bituminous concrete or other high quality bituminous material 

should be less than 30% . Here percentage of fines or abrasion value is 10 

% , which is less than 30 % and hence given specimen is accepted . 

This test is carried out to test the hardness properly of 

coarse aggregate and to decide whether they are suitable for road 

construction work The test is the best to found out the hardness of 

aggregate



To determine the softening point for the given sample of bitumen 

APPARATUS :- 

Softening point test set up . 

FIGURE :- 

THEORY :- 

PROCEDURE :- 

The softening point of any substance is the temperature at 

which the substance attain a particular degree of softening under specified 

condition of test . The softening point of bitumen is generally found o ut 

by using ring and ball apparatus. 

A brass ring containing test sample of bitumen is suspended 

in liquid like water . Some times glycerin can be taken at a given bitumen 

sample and set up is placed in liquid . The liquid is heated after due coarse 

of time the steel ball fall down because the bitumen is very soft . Th e 

temperature at which the ball falls is called as softenin g point . Hard 

bitumen softens at high temperature.


Ball No. Temperature at which b all falls 


RESULT :- 

PRECAUTION :- 

DISCUSSION :- 


Softening Point = 

The softening point of given of bitumen sample is found to be ______ 0C . 

1)The rate of increase of temperature should be uniform . 

2)The stirrer should be used. 

Temperature at which the substance attends a particular 

degree of softening , This temperature must be kept in mind by the engineer 

while construction works. Hard grade bitumen posses higher softening than 

soft grade bitumen . Therefore the grade of bitumen can be determine by the 

test . 

The softening point of bitumen is found to check whether is 

above the highest surface temperature ,else the bitumen may get slippery . 

In slippery the bitumen may even slide down if the softening point is less .

EXPERIMENT NO AIM :- To perform water absorption test ... - Raisoni

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